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Cambridge Preterm Non-Intensive Ancient Greek language pack This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of Ancient Greek before coming to Cambridge It is based on the vocabulary and grammar the OCR ASA Level syllabus Please read this letter carefully You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge You will be expected to bull identify any Greek word from the ASA Level vocabulary list included here bull write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be
given a starter form) bull write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you
will be given a starter form) bull translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will
find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and then and to assist your Director of Studies and us in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus but no matter in order to prepare for this assessment all the material to be tested is presented here in this packet As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the following resources helpful We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar H W Smythrsquos Greek Grammar (revised by G M Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most extensive one-volume grammar in English it can be found new or used for between pound25 and pound30 try to find a hardcover version as this will last better Alternatively W W Goodwinrsquos Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) for about pound20 though second-hand copies can be found for as cheap as pound5 on amazoncouk and bookfindercom Again hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than a paperback edition (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar you can in fact download the entire correct version for free from charlieslanguagepagecom archiveorg or textkitcom) There are other perhaps more user-friendly school grammars out there (eg Abbot and Mansfield or Morwoodrsquos Oxford Grammar) but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Ancient Greek at the level required by your set texts (eg you will find very little help with advanced syntax or the language of Homer in these)
If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms) to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and Goodwin) then we recommend H J K Usherrsquos Outline of Greek Accidence We will however provide many paradigms here in this pack and in our Faculty classes and you will find a variety of supplementary online materials at charlieslanguagepagecom In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our classes you may find these volumes helpful bull A Studentrsquos Introduction to English Grammar by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) bull English Grammar for Students of Latin by Norma Goldman (ISBN 0-93-403434-6) As far as dictionaries go we strongly recommend H G Liddell and R Scottrsquos Abridged Greek Lexicon (ISBN 0199102074) the Intermediate version of this Lexicon has longer entries but it has no more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive The Abridged lexicon also has many entries that are meant to help beginners these are omitted from the Intermediate version The massive pound150 Greek-English lsquoLSJrsquo is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal reading purposes though you can download it for free via a PC and Mac application called lsquoDiogenesrsquo thatrsquos online (just search for it) and even load it into an iPhone or iPad via an app called lsquoAncient Greekrsquo (by Paul Hudson) from the Apple App Store Both the Abridged and the LSJ are available on charlieslanguagepagecom Android has recently begun to display Polytonic Greek correctly you can find Ben Linkseyrsquos serviceable lsquoAncient Greek Lexicon amp Syntaxrsquo in the Google Play store (inter alia) and any browser should be able to display the version of LSJ at philologus The full LSJ and the Intermediate version are searchable on Perseus You will find in this pack
bull a checklist of grammatical topics
bull a vocabulary list
bull paradigms etc
bull a list of verb principal parts We have created online activities for vocabulary revision at
bull wwwcharlieslanguagepagecomCWslanguagepageOCRmaterialshtm
Good luck with your studies and see you soon
checklist of grammar topics for Non-Intensive Greek students
On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some choice)
Section A Vocabulary you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here) Section B Accidence you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word as specified here(you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) Section C Principal Parts you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in
this pack (you will be given a starter form and you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) Section D Syntax you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as
specified below
The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer so each test will be unique Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all
adjectives and nouns etc bull understanding of gender case and number in nouns and adjectivesbull declension and use of the definite articlebull noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary listbull form and use of demonstratives and $ amp( and )ampbull form and use of personal reflexive and relative pronounsbull form and use of comparatives including irregulars for +)- ) ) 01)and 23 etcbull form and use of gerunds and gerundives
verbs bull understanding of the formation and function of person number tense voice and mood in verbsbull understanding of verbal lsquoaspectrsquobull conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (eg 34) in all tenses voices and moods including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull conjugation of contract verbs in in all tenses voices and moods including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull full conjugation of (50 lsquobersquo (60$ lsquoshall gorsquo and 6) lsquoknowrsquo including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull full conjugation of athematic verbs such as 40$ plus infinitives and participlesbull understanding of aorist perfect and future tense forms in all moods and voices including participles and infinitives
syntax bull understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack)bull constructions with comparative expressionsbull form and use of participles including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively)bull understanding of verbs that take participles eg 7894bull understanding of verbs that take infinitives eg 30)$bull understanding of independent mood usage such as the indicative or optative with or without lt or deliberative subjunctivesbull understanding of the sequence of moodsbull understanding of indirect speech command and question structuresbull a general understanding of the variety of subordinate clauses in Ancient Greek (document supplied in pack)
NB The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (eg when reading Homer) Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (eg =) and adscript (4$) forms as an aid to recognition sometimes long (eg gt) and short () marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements
conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms
substantives 1 alpha stems (5 paradigms) $ amp() +)- $) $0)$1)2 omicron stems (5) 2$(345 67(5$ $58 9)$58$ $073 consonant stems (15) 41 (3$ 4(lt) =gt3( $ $gt( (Agt( $5 () B(3 4CA
2DE F G)DA0 $)8
4 adjectives (13) )C 2HA5 I03 (ED58 gt 0J04A G013$ amp6 ) )(10A 4lt
) 45
5 comparatives (10) )C 9)9C 9)C ) 19(5 K15 45 =L6A5 ) M156 participles (8) 3$ D) E01 6A65 60A9$ 0E9 A7$ 45A7$7 pronouns (13) )NC )EC$ C gt5E O P60 5Q5 90R$5 1 amp A P PDA8 adverbs
9 correlatives
verbs $ amp ()
10 0F1 sum (7) pres ind inf ptc subj opt impv impf
11 0SA ibo (5) lsquomdashrsquo
12 5S6) (7) lsquomdashrsquo
- verbs +
13 3 present tense stem (10) active amp middlepassive etc
14 3 aorist tense stem (TED) first aorists) (12) active middle and passive
15 3 perfect tense stem (E9) first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2) act and mp
16 3 future simple tense (D3) (6) active middle and passive
contract verbs 17 A+3 alpha contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
18 45A3 epsilon contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
19 6C3 omicron contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
20 irregular contracts 1 (15 U+3 5 (+5)A 5 and =AC3 5)
21 irregular contracts 2 (10 43 5 + 65)A 5)
root forms etc 22 thematic root aorists TA45$ (10=5x2)
23 athematic root aorists TG$ 4 T$3$ 4 and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4)
24 second perfects IDA + 665A9) (10=2x5)
25 consonant stem perfects 0A)A 9 (12=6x2)
-amp verbs the lsquobig fourrsquo amp varia 26 6163A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
27 T639) aor (12) active middle and passive
28 1A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
29 T9) aor (12) active middle and passive
30 IDA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
31 TDD) aor (16) active (1st and 2nd aor) middle and passive
32 IA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
33 ἧ9) aor (12) active middle and passive
34 6019$EA (10) active amp middlepassive
35 W)A 9+)A and 90R)A present stem forms (13=3+5+5)
36 M1 and X1 present stem forms (6=5+1)
TOTAL 364 key paradigms
first or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp (Attic amp for -stem =Reading Greek 1a) lsquocraftrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp $ $() voc $amp $ $() acc $amp $ $ gen $amp $() +$ dat $- $amp) $() $()
( stem =RG 1b) lsquodayrsquo (NB Ionic shows amp for these words amp)
sing dual pl nom () voc () acc gen () + dat 0 () () ()
123(4 (4 stem =RG 1c) lsquosearsquo
sing dual pl nom 123(4 1(32 123(() voc 123(4 1(32 123(() acc 123(4 1(32 1(32 gen 1(32amp 1(32() 1(3( dat 1(32- 1(32amp) 1(32() 1(32()
5 (6amp (Attic amp for -stem masculine =RG 1d) lsquosailorrsquo
sing dual pl nom (6amp (6 (7() voc (74 (6 (7() acc (6amp (6 (6 gen (689 (6() (9 dat (6- (6amp) (6() (6()
5 + (-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) lsquoyoung manrsquo
sing dual pl nom + + +() voc + + +() acc +v + + gen +89 +() +) dat +0 +() +() +()
NB -stem contracts such as lt (lt +- lsquoearthrsquo) = (lt (- lsquominarsquo) 5 gtlt (lt gt+- lsquoHermesrsquo) and 5 8=
(lt 8+-) decline like $amp (6amp and + respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases
second or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp() (=RG 2a) lsquomanrsquo lsquowomanrsquo lsquohuman beingrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp() +$amp( $amp()- voc $amp( +$amp( $amp()- acc $amp()$ +$amp( +$amp() gen +$amp() +$amp()-$ +$amp($ dat +$amp(0 +$amp(- +$amp()-$ +$amp()-
12 34amp)$ (=RG 2b) lsquogiftrsquo
sing dual pl nom 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 voc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 acc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 gen 3amp) 3amp)-$ 3amp$ dat 3amp0 3amp- 3amp)-$ 3amp)-
$)6 (contracted from $7)-) lsquomindrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom $)6 (lt $7)-) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) voc $)6 (lt $7) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) acc $)6$ (lt $7)-$) $ (lt $7) $)6 ($7)) gen $)6 (lt $7)) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $4$ (lt $7$) dat $ $4- (lt $7-) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $) (lt $7)-)
12 lt5$)6$ (contracted from lt5$=)-$) lsquobasketrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) voc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) acc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) gen lt5$)6 (lt lt5$=)) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$4$ (lt lt5$=$) dat lt5$ lt5$4- (lt lt5$=-) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$) (lt lt5$=)-)
$ (so-called lsquoAttic declensionrsquo because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) lsquotemplersquo
sing dual pl nom $ (Ionic $7-) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) voc $ (no special form) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) acc $$ (Ion $7-$) $ (Ion $) $ (Ion $)B) gen $ (Ion $)6) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $$ (Ion $4$) dat $ $- (Ion $) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $ $- (Ion $))
similar words C$=D E lsquodawnrsquo (Ion F) D lsquopeoplersquo (Ion DG7) ltHD lsquocablersquo (Ion ltHD))
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms) to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and Goodwin) then we recommend H J K Usherrsquos Outline of Greek Accidence We will however provide many paradigms here in this pack and in our Faculty classes and you will find a variety of supplementary online materials at charlieslanguagepagecom In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our classes you may find these volumes helpful bull A Studentrsquos Introduction to English Grammar by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) bull English Grammar for Students of Latin by Norma Goldman (ISBN 0-93-403434-6) As far as dictionaries go we strongly recommend H G Liddell and R Scottrsquos Abridged Greek Lexicon (ISBN 0199102074) the Intermediate version of this Lexicon has longer entries but it has no more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive The Abridged lexicon also has many entries that are meant to help beginners these are omitted from the Intermediate version The massive pound150 Greek-English lsquoLSJrsquo is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal reading purposes though you can download it for free via a PC and Mac application called lsquoDiogenesrsquo thatrsquos online (just search for it) and even load it into an iPhone or iPad via an app called lsquoAncient Greekrsquo (by Paul Hudson) from the Apple App Store Both the Abridged and the LSJ are available on charlieslanguagepagecom Android has recently begun to display Polytonic Greek correctly you can find Ben Linkseyrsquos serviceable lsquoAncient Greek Lexicon amp Syntaxrsquo in the Google Play store (inter alia) and any browser should be able to display the version of LSJ at philologus The full LSJ and the Intermediate version are searchable on Perseus You will find in this pack
bull a checklist of grammatical topics
bull a vocabulary list
bull paradigms etc
bull a list of verb principal parts We have created online activities for vocabulary revision at
bull wwwcharlieslanguagepagecomCWslanguagepageOCRmaterialshtm
Good luck with your studies and see you soon
checklist of grammar topics for Non-Intensive Greek students
On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some choice)
Section A Vocabulary you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here) Section B Accidence you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word as specified here(you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) Section C Principal Parts you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in
this pack (you will be given a starter form and you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) Section D Syntax you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as
specified below
The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer so each test will be unique Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all
adjectives and nouns etc bull understanding of gender case and number in nouns and adjectivesbull declension and use of the definite articlebull noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary listbull form and use of demonstratives and $ amp( and )ampbull form and use of personal reflexive and relative pronounsbull form and use of comparatives including irregulars for +)- ) ) 01)and 23 etcbull form and use of gerunds and gerundives
verbs bull understanding of the formation and function of person number tense voice and mood in verbsbull understanding of verbal lsquoaspectrsquobull conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (eg 34) in all tenses voices and moods including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull conjugation of contract verbs in in all tenses voices and moods including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull full conjugation of (50 lsquobersquo (60$ lsquoshall gorsquo and 6) lsquoknowrsquo including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull full conjugation of athematic verbs such as 40$ plus infinitives and participlesbull understanding of aorist perfect and future tense forms in all moods and voices including participles and infinitives
syntax bull understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack)bull constructions with comparative expressionsbull form and use of participles including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively)bull understanding of verbs that take participles eg 7894bull understanding of verbs that take infinitives eg 30)$bull understanding of independent mood usage such as the indicative or optative with or without lt or deliberative subjunctivesbull understanding of the sequence of moodsbull understanding of indirect speech command and question structuresbull a general understanding of the variety of subordinate clauses in Ancient Greek (document supplied in pack)
NB The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (eg when reading Homer) Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (eg =) and adscript (4$) forms as an aid to recognition sometimes long (eg gt) and short () marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements
conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms
substantives 1 alpha stems (5 paradigms) $ amp() +)- $) $0)$1)2 omicron stems (5) 2$(345 67(5$ $58 9)$58$ $073 consonant stems (15) 41 (3$ 4(lt) =gt3( $ $gt( (Agt( $5 () B(3 4CA
2DE F G)DA0 $)8
4 adjectives (13) )C 2HA5 I03 (ED58 gt 0J04A G013$ amp6 ) )(10A 4lt
) 45
5 comparatives (10) )C 9)9C 9)C ) 19(5 K15 45 =L6A5 ) M156 participles (8) 3$ D) E01 6A65 60A9$ 0E9 A7$ 45A7$7 pronouns (13) )NC )EC$ C gt5E O P60 5Q5 90R$5 1 amp A P PDA8 adverbs
9 correlatives
verbs $ amp ()
10 0F1 sum (7) pres ind inf ptc subj opt impv impf
11 0SA ibo (5) lsquomdashrsquo
12 5S6) (7) lsquomdashrsquo
- verbs +
13 3 present tense stem (10) active amp middlepassive etc
14 3 aorist tense stem (TED) first aorists) (12) active middle and passive
15 3 perfect tense stem (E9) first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2) act and mp
16 3 future simple tense (D3) (6) active middle and passive
contract verbs 17 A+3 alpha contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
18 45A3 epsilon contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
19 6C3 omicron contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
20 irregular contracts 1 (15 U+3 5 (+5)A 5 and =AC3 5)
21 irregular contracts 2 (10 43 5 + 65)A 5)
root forms etc 22 thematic root aorists TA45$ (10=5x2)
23 athematic root aorists TG$ 4 T$3$ 4 and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4)
24 second perfects IDA + 665A9) (10=2x5)
25 consonant stem perfects 0A)A 9 (12=6x2)
-amp verbs the lsquobig fourrsquo amp varia 26 6163A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
27 T639) aor (12) active middle and passive
28 1A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
29 T9) aor (12) active middle and passive
30 IDA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
31 TDD) aor (16) active (1st and 2nd aor) middle and passive
32 IA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
33 ἧ9) aor (12) active middle and passive
34 6019$EA (10) active amp middlepassive
35 W)A 9+)A and 90R)A present stem forms (13=3+5+5)
36 M1 and X1 present stem forms (6=5+1)
TOTAL 364 key paradigms
first or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp (Attic amp for -stem =Reading Greek 1a) lsquocraftrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp $ $() voc $amp $ $() acc $amp $ $ gen $amp $() +$ dat $- $amp) $() $()
( stem =RG 1b) lsquodayrsquo (NB Ionic shows amp for these words amp)
sing dual pl nom () voc () acc gen () + dat 0 () () ()
123(4 (4 stem =RG 1c) lsquosearsquo
sing dual pl nom 123(4 1(32 123(() voc 123(4 1(32 123(() acc 123(4 1(32 1(32 gen 1(32amp 1(32() 1(3( dat 1(32- 1(32amp) 1(32() 1(32()
5 (6amp (Attic amp for -stem masculine =RG 1d) lsquosailorrsquo
sing dual pl nom (6amp (6 (7() voc (74 (6 (7() acc (6amp (6 (6 gen (689 (6() (9 dat (6- (6amp) (6() (6()
5 + (-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) lsquoyoung manrsquo
sing dual pl nom + + +() voc + + +() acc +v + + gen +89 +() +) dat +0 +() +() +()
NB -stem contracts such as lt (lt +- lsquoearthrsquo) = (lt (- lsquominarsquo) 5 gtlt (lt gt+- lsquoHermesrsquo) and 5 8=
(lt 8+-) decline like $amp (6amp and + respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases
second or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp() (=RG 2a) lsquomanrsquo lsquowomanrsquo lsquohuman beingrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp() +$amp( $amp()- voc $amp( +$amp( $amp()- acc $amp()$ +$amp( +$amp() gen +$amp() +$amp()-$ +$amp($ dat +$amp(0 +$amp(- +$amp()-$ +$amp()-
12 34amp)$ (=RG 2b) lsquogiftrsquo
sing dual pl nom 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 voc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 acc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 gen 3amp) 3amp)-$ 3amp$ dat 3amp0 3amp- 3amp)-$ 3amp)-
$)6 (contracted from $7)-) lsquomindrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom $)6 (lt $7)-) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) voc $)6 (lt $7) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) acc $)6$ (lt $7)-$) $ (lt $7) $)6 ($7)) gen $)6 (lt $7)) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $4$ (lt $7$) dat $ $4- (lt $7-) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $) (lt $7)-)
12 lt5$)6$ (contracted from lt5$=)-$) lsquobasketrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) voc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) acc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) gen lt5$)6 (lt lt5$=)) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$4$ (lt lt5$=$) dat lt5$ lt5$4- (lt lt5$=-) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$) (lt lt5$=)-)
$ (so-called lsquoAttic declensionrsquo because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) lsquotemplersquo
sing dual pl nom $ (Ionic $7-) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) voc $ (no special form) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) acc $$ (Ion $7-$) $ (Ion $) $ (Ion $)B) gen $ (Ion $)6) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $$ (Ion $4$) dat $ $- (Ion $) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $ $- (Ion $))
similar words C$=D E lsquodawnrsquo (Ion F) D lsquopeoplersquo (Ion DG7) ltHD lsquocablersquo (Ion ltHD))
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
checklist of grammar topics for Non-Intensive Greek students
On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some choice)
Section A Vocabulary you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here) Section B Accidence you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word as specified here(you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) Section C Principal Parts you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in
this pack (you will be given a starter form and you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) Section D Syntax you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as
specified below
The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer so each test will be unique Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all
adjectives and nouns etc bull understanding of gender case and number in nouns and adjectivesbull declension and use of the definite articlebull noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary listbull form and use of demonstratives and $ amp( and )ampbull form and use of personal reflexive and relative pronounsbull form and use of comparatives including irregulars for +)- ) ) 01)and 23 etcbull form and use of gerunds and gerundives
verbs bull understanding of the formation and function of person number tense voice and mood in verbsbull understanding of verbal lsquoaspectrsquobull conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (eg 34) in all tenses voices and moods including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull conjugation of contract verbs in in all tenses voices and moods including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull full conjugation of (50 lsquobersquo (60$ lsquoshall gorsquo and 6) lsquoknowrsquo including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)bull full conjugation of athematic verbs such as 40$ plus infinitives and participlesbull understanding of aorist perfect and future tense forms in all moods and voices including participles and infinitives
syntax bull understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack)bull constructions with comparative expressionsbull form and use of participles including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively)bull understanding of verbs that take participles eg 7894bull understanding of verbs that take infinitives eg 30)$bull understanding of independent mood usage such as the indicative or optative with or without lt or deliberative subjunctivesbull understanding of the sequence of moodsbull understanding of indirect speech command and question structuresbull a general understanding of the variety of subordinate clauses in Ancient Greek (document supplied in pack)
NB The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (eg when reading Homer) Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (eg =) and adscript (4$) forms as an aid to recognition sometimes long (eg gt) and short () marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements
conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms
substantives 1 alpha stems (5 paradigms) $ amp() +)- $) $0)$1)2 omicron stems (5) 2$(345 67(5$ $58 9)$58$ $073 consonant stems (15) 41 (3$ 4(lt) =gt3( $ $gt( (Agt( $5 () B(3 4CA
2DE F G)DA0 $)8
4 adjectives (13) )C 2HA5 I03 (ED58 gt 0J04A G013$ amp6 ) )(10A 4lt
) 45
5 comparatives (10) )C 9)9C 9)C ) 19(5 K15 45 =L6A5 ) M156 participles (8) 3$ D) E01 6A65 60A9$ 0E9 A7$ 45A7$7 pronouns (13) )NC )EC$ C gt5E O P60 5Q5 90R$5 1 amp A P PDA8 adverbs
9 correlatives
verbs $ amp ()
10 0F1 sum (7) pres ind inf ptc subj opt impv impf
11 0SA ibo (5) lsquomdashrsquo
12 5S6) (7) lsquomdashrsquo
- verbs +
13 3 present tense stem (10) active amp middlepassive etc
14 3 aorist tense stem (TED) first aorists) (12) active middle and passive
15 3 perfect tense stem (E9) first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2) act and mp
16 3 future simple tense (D3) (6) active middle and passive
contract verbs 17 A+3 alpha contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
18 45A3 epsilon contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
19 6C3 omicron contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
20 irregular contracts 1 (15 U+3 5 (+5)A 5 and =AC3 5)
21 irregular contracts 2 (10 43 5 + 65)A 5)
root forms etc 22 thematic root aorists TA45$ (10=5x2)
23 athematic root aorists TG$ 4 T$3$ 4 and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4)
24 second perfects IDA + 665A9) (10=2x5)
25 consonant stem perfects 0A)A 9 (12=6x2)
-amp verbs the lsquobig fourrsquo amp varia 26 6163A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
27 T639) aor (12) active middle and passive
28 1A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
29 T9) aor (12) active middle and passive
30 IDA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
31 TDD) aor (16) active (1st and 2nd aor) middle and passive
32 IA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
33 ἧ9) aor (12) active middle and passive
34 6019$EA (10) active amp middlepassive
35 W)A 9+)A and 90R)A present stem forms (13=3+5+5)
36 M1 and X1 present stem forms (6=5+1)
TOTAL 364 key paradigms
first or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp (Attic amp for -stem =Reading Greek 1a) lsquocraftrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp $ $() voc $amp $ $() acc $amp $ $ gen $amp $() +$ dat $- $amp) $() $()
( stem =RG 1b) lsquodayrsquo (NB Ionic shows amp for these words amp)
sing dual pl nom () voc () acc gen () + dat 0 () () ()
123(4 (4 stem =RG 1c) lsquosearsquo
sing dual pl nom 123(4 1(32 123(() voc 123(4 1(32 123(() acc 123(4 1(32 1(32 gen 1(32amp 1(32() 1(3( dat 1(32- 1(32amp) 1(32() 1(32()
5 (6amp (Attic amp for -stem masculine =RG 1d) lsquosailorrsquo
sing dual pl nom (6amp (6 (7() voc (74 (6 (7() acc (6amp (6 (6 gen (689 (6() (9 dat (6- (6amp) (6() (6()
5 + (-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) lsquoyoung manrsquo
sing dual pl nom + + +() voc + + +() acc +v + + gen +89 +() +) dat +0 +() +() +()
NB -stem contracts such as lt (lt +- lsquoearthrsquo) = (lt (- lsquominarsquo) 5 gtlt (lt gt+- lsquoHermesrsquo) and 5 8=
(lt 8+-) decline like $amp (6amp and + respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases
second or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp() (=RG 2a) lsquomanrsquo lsquowomanrsquo lsquohuman beingrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp() +$amp( $amp()- voc $amp( +$amp( $amp()- acc $amp()$ +$amp( +$amp() gen +$amp() +$amp()-$ +$amp($ dat +$amp(0 +$amp(- +$amp()-$ +$amp()-
12 34amp)$ (=RG 2b) lsquogiftrsquo
sing dual pl nom 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 voc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 acc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 gen 3amp) 3amp)-$ 3amp$ dat 3amp0 3amp- 3amp)-$ 3amp)-
$)6 (contracted from $7)-) lsquomindrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom $)6 (lt $7)-) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) voc $)6 (lt $7) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) acc $)6$ (lt $7)-$) $ (lt $7) $)6 ($7)) gen $)6 (lt $7)) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $4$ (lt $7$) dat $ $4- (lt $7-) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $) (lt $7)-)
12 lt5$)6$ (contracted from lt5$=)-$) lsquobasketrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) voc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) acc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) gen lt5$)6 (lt lt5$=)) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$4$ (lt lt5$=$) dat lt5$ lt5$4- (lt lt5$=-) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$) (lt lt5$=)-)
$ (so-called lsquoAttic declensionrsquo because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) lsquotemplersquo
sing dual pl nom $ (Ionic $7-) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) voc $ (no special form) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) acc $$ (Ion $7-$) $ (Ion $) $ (Ion $)B) gen $ (Ion $)6) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $$ (Ion $4$) dat $ $- (Ion $) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $ $- (Ion $))
similar words C$=D E lsquodawnrsquo (Ion F) D lsquopeoplersquo (Ion DG7) ltHD lsquocablersquo (Ion ltHD))
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms
substantives 1 alpha stems (5 paradigms) $ amp() +)- $) $0)$1)2 omicron stems (5) 2$(345 67(5$ $58 9)$58$ $073 consonant stems (15) 41 (3$ 4(lt) =gt3( $ $gt( (Agt( $5 () B(3 4CA
2DE F G)DA0 $)8
4 adjectives (13) )C 2HA5 I03 (ED58 gt 0J04A G013$ amp6 ) )(10A 4lt
) 45
5 comparatives (10) )C 9)9C 9)C ) 19(5 K15 45 =L6A5 ) M156 participles (8) 3$ D) E01 6A65 60A9$ 0E9 A7$ 45A7$7 pronouns (13) )NC )EC$ C gt5E O P60 5Q5 90R$5 1 amp A P PDA8 adverbs
9 correlatives
verbs $ amp ()
10 0F1 sum (7) pres ind inf ptc subj opt impv impf
11 0SA ibo (5) lsquomdashrsquo
12 5S6) (7) lsquomdashrsquo
- verbs +
13 3 present tense stem (10) active amp middlepassive etc
14 3 aorist tense stem (TED) first aorists) (12) active middle and passive
15 3 perfect tense stem (E9) first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2) act and mp
16 3 future simple tense (D3) (6) active middle and passive
contract verbs 17 A+3 alpha contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
18 45A3 epsilon contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
19 6C3 omicron contract verbs (10) active amp middlepassive
20 irregular contracts 1 (15 U+3 5 (+5)A 5 and =AC3 5)
21 irregular contracts 2 (10 43 5 + 65)A 5)
root forms etc 22 thematic root aorists TA45$ (10=5x2)
23 athematic root aorists TG$ 4 T$3$ 4 and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4)
24 second perfects IDA + 665A9) (10=2x5)
25 consonant stem perfects 0A)A 9 (12=6x2)
-amp verbs the lsquobig fourrsquo amp varia 26 6163A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
27 T639) aor (12) active middle and passive
28 1A pres (10) active amp middlepassive
29 T9) aor (12) active middle and passive
30 IDA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
31 TDD) aor (16) active (1st and 2nd aor) middle and passive
32 IA pres (10) active amp middlepassive
33 ἧ9) aor (12) active middle and passive
34 6019$EA (10) active amp middlepassive
35 W)A 9+)A and 90R)A present stem forms (13=3+5+5)
36 M1 and X1 present stem forms (6=5+1)
TOTAL 364 key paradigms
first or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp (Attic amp for -stem =Reading Greek 1a) lsquocraftrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp $ $() voc $amp $ $() acc $amp $ $ gen $amp $() +$ dat $- $amp) $() $()
( stem =RG 1b) lsquodayrsquo (NB Ionic shows amp for these words amp)
sing dual pl nom () voc () acc gen () + dat 0 () () ()
123(4 (4 stem =RG 1c) lsquosearsquo
sing dual pl nom 123(4 1(32 123(() voc 123(4 1(32 123(() acc 123(4 1(32 1(32 gen 1(32amp 1(32() 1(3( dat 1(32- 1(32amp) 1(32() 1(32()
5 (6amp (Attic amp for -stem masculine =RG 1d) lsquosailorrsquo
sing dual pl nom (6amp (6 (7() voc (74 (6 (7() acc (6amp (6 (6 gen (689 (6() (9 dat (6- (6amp) (6() (6()
5 + (-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) lsquoyoung manrsquo
sing dual pl nom + + +() voc + + +() acc +v + + gen +89 +() +) dat +0 +() +() +()
NB -stem contracts such as lt (lt +- lsquoearthrsquo) = (lt (- lsquominarsquo) 5 gtlt (lt gt+- lsquoHermesrsquo) and 5 8=
(lt 8+-) decline like $amp (6amp and + respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases
second or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp() (=RG 2a) lsquomanrsquo lsquowomanrsquo lsquohuman beingrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp() +$amp( $amp()- voc $amp( +$amp( $amp()- acc $amp()$ +$amp( +$amp() gen +$amp() +$amp()-$ +$amp($ dat +$amp(0 +$amp(- +$amp()-$ +$amp()-
12 34amp)$ (=RG 2b) lsquogiftrsquo
sing dual pl nom 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 voc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 acc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 gen 3amp) 3amp)-$ 3amp$ dat 3amp0 3amp- 3amp)-$ 3amp)-
$)6 (contracted from $7)-) lsquomindrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom $)6 (lt $7)-) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) voc $)6 (lt $7) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) acc $)6$ (lt $7)-$) $ (lt $7) $)6 ($7)) gen $)6 (lt $7)) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $4$ (lt $7$) dat $ $4- (lt $7-) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $) (lt $7)-)
12 lt5$)6$ (contracted from lt5$=)-$) lsquobasketrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) voc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) acc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) gen lt5$)6 (lt lt5$=)) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$4$ (lt lt5$=$) dat lt5$ lt5$4- (lt lt5$=-) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$) (lt lt5$=)-)
$ (so-called lsquoAttic declensionrsquo because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) lsquotemplersquo
sing dual pl nom $ (Ionic $7-) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) voc $ (no special form) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) acc $$ (Ion $7-$) $ (Ion $) $ (Ion $)B) gen $ (Ion $)6) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $$ (Ion $4$) dat $ $- (Ion $) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $ $- (Ion $))
similar words C$=D E lsquodawnrsquo (Ion F) D lsquopeoplersquo (Ion DG7) ltHD lsquocablersquo (Ion ltHD))
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
first or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp (Attic amp for -stem =Reading Greek 1a) lsquocraftrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp $ $() voc $amp $ $() acc $amp $ $ gen $amp $() +$ dat $- $amp) $() $()
( stem =RG 1b) lsquodayrsquo (NB Ionic shows amp for these words amp)
sing dual pl nom () voc () acc gen () + dat 0 () () ()
123(4 (4 stem =RG 1c) lsquosearsquo
sing dual pl nom 123(4 1(32 123(() voc 123(4 1(32 123(() acc 123(4 1(32 1(32 gen 1(32amp 1(32() 1(3( dat 1(32- 1(32amp) 1(32() 1(32()
5 (6amp (Attic amp for -stem masculine =RG 1d) lsquosailorrsquo
sing dual pl nom (6amp (6 (7() voc (74 (6 (7() acc (6amp (6 (6 gen (689 (6() (9 dat (6- (6amp) (6() (6()
5 + (-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) lsquoyoung manrsquo
sing dual pl nom + + +() voc + + +() acc +v + + gen +89 +() +) dat +0 +() +() +()
NB -stem contracts such as lt (lt +- lsquoearthrsquo) = (lt (- lsquominarsquo) 5 gtlt (lt gt+- lsquoHermesrsquo) and 5 8=
(lt 8+-) decline like $amp (6amp and + respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases
second or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp() (=RG 2a) lsquomanrsquo lsquowomanrsquo lsquohuman beingrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp() +$amp( $amp()- voc $amp( +$amp( $amp()- acc $amp()$ +$amp( +$amp() gen +$amp() +$amp()-$ +$amp($ dat +$amp(0 +$amp(- +$amp()-$ +$amp()-
12 34amp)$ (=RG 2b) lsquogiftrsquo
sing dual pl nom 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 voc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 acc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 gen 3amp) 3amp)-$ 3amp$ dat 3amp0 3amp- 3amp)-$ 3amp)-
$)6 (contracted from $7)-) lsquomindrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom $)6 (lt $7)-) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) voc $)6 (lt $7) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) acc $)6$ (lt $7)-$) $ (lt $7) $)6 ($7)) gen $)6 (lt $7)) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $4$ (lt $7$) dat $ $4- (lt $7-) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $) (lt $7)-)
12 lt5$)6$ (contracted from lt5$=)-$) lsquobasketrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) voc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) acc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) gen lt5$)6 (lt lt5$=)) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$4$ (lt lt5$=$) dat lt5$ lt5$4- (lt lt5$=-) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$) (lt lt5$=)-)
$ (so-called lsquoAttic declensionrsquo because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) lsquotemplersquo
sing dual pl nom $ (Ionic $7-) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) voc $ (no special form) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) acc $$ (Ion $7-$) $ (Ion $) $ (Ion $)B) gen $ (Ion $)6) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $$ (Ion $4$) dat $ $- (Ion $) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $ $- (Ion $))
similar words C$=D E lsquodawnrsquo (Ion F) D lsquopeoplersquo (Ion DG7) ltHD lsquocablersquo (Ion ltHD))
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
second or -stem declension nouns five paradigms
$amp() (=RG 2a) lsquomanrsquo lsquowomanrsquo lsquohuman beingrsquo
sing dual pl nom $amp() +$amp( $amp()- voc $amp( +$amp( $amp()- acc $amp()$ +$amp( +$amp() gen +$amp() +$amp()-$ +$amp($ dat +$amp(0 +$amp(- +$amp()-$ +$amp()-
12 34amp)$ (=RG 2b) lsquogiftrsquo
sing dual pl nom 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 voc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 acc 34amp)$ 3amp 34amp5 gen 3amp) 3amp)-$ 3amp$ dat 3amp0 3amp- 3amp)-$ 3amp)-
$)6 (contracted from $7)-) lsquomindrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom $)6 (lt $7)-) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) voc $)6 (lt $7) $ (lt $7) $) (lt $7)-) acc $)6$ (lt $7)-$) $ (lt $7) $)6 ($7)) gen $)6 (lt $7)) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $4$ (lt $7$) dat $ $4- (lt $7-) $)$ (lt $7)-$) $) (lt $7)-)
12 lt5$)6$ (contracted from lt5$=)-$) lsquobasketrsquo (89 Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
sing dual pl nom lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) voc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) acc lt5$)6$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$ (lt lt5$=) lt5$gt (lt lt5$=5) gen lt5$)6 (lt lt5$=)) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$4$ (lt lt5$=$) dat lt5$ lt5$4- (lt lt5$=-) lt5$)$ (lt lt5$=)-$) lt5$) (lt lt5$=)-)
$ (so-called lsquoAttic declensionrsquo because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) lsquotemplersquo
sing dual pl nom $ (Ionic $7-) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) voc $ (no special form) $ (Ion $) $ $- (Ion $)A) acc $$ (Ion $7-$) $ (Ion $) $ (Ion $)B) gen $ (Ion $)6) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $$ (Ion $4$) dat $ $- (Ion $) $$ $-$ (Ion $)$) $ $- (Ion $))
similar words C$=D E lsquodawnrsquo (Ion F) D lsquopeoplersquo (Ion DG7) ltHD lsquocablersquo (Ion ltHD))
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
third or consonant-stem declension nouns
three key stop stems lsquostopsrsquo are labials (π β φ) palatals (κ γ χ) and dentals (τ δ θ)
ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) lsquohopersquo (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)
ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) lsquoold manrsquo
τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) lsquothingrsquo (=RG 3b) sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)
Cf ἡ θρίξ lsquohairrsquo θρίξ θρίξ τρίχα τριχός τριχί etc and ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς lsquobirdrsquo ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑ ὄρνῑν ὄρνῑθος ὄρνῑθι etc (similarly ἡ χάρις lsquogracersquo) three key liquid (λ ρ) amp nasal (ν) stems
ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) lsquospeakerrsquo
ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) lsquocontestrsquo (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)
ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) lsquomanrsquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)
three key sigma stems (stems in ndashες and ndashας with intervocalic σ disappearing ΝΒ Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms)
ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) lsquotriremersquo (=RG 3d)
τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) lsquokindrsquo (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)
τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) lsquoprizersquo sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom τριήρης τριήρει (ltεε) τριήρεις (ltεες) γένος γένει γένη (ltεα) γέρας γέρᾱ (ltαε) γέρᾱ (ltαα) voc τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc τριήρη (ltεα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen τριήρους (ltεος) τριήροιν τριήρων (ltεων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (ltαος) γερῷν γερῶιν γερῶν dat τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (ltεσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)
ΝΒ Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς Περίκλεις Περικλέᾱ Περικλέους Περικλεῖ stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ- NB ἡ αἰδώς lsquoshamersquo is the only ndashος stem in Attic αἰδώς αἰδώς αἰδῶ (ltοα) αἰδοῦς (ltοος) αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς lsquodawnrsquo)
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
six key semivowel stems
$ (amp$ϝ-) lsquoherorsquo
amp () (+)-) lsquocityrsquo (=RG 3e)
- 0 (10-) lsquotownrsquo (=RG 3f)
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
voc $ $2 $2 $ () ()2 ()2 0 2 3
acc $4 $ $5 $2 $4 $ ()5 ()2 ()2 0 2 3
gen $+ $ amp6+5 amp6$5 ()2$ (-+ Trag) +)7+5 ()2$5 2$ 17+5 2$5
dat $ 8 $ amp6+5 $(5) ()2 +)7+5 ()2(5) 2 17+5 2(5)
9lt (90-) lsquofishrsquo (=RG 3h =gtlt)
4)2lt lsquokingrsquo (=RG 3g)
amp 54 lsquoshiprsquo
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing dual pl nom 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2lt 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
voc 9lt 9lt2 9lt2 4)2 4)A 4)A 4)2B later 54 5A2 5A2
acc 9lt5 9lt2 9 4)7C 4)A 4)7C 4)2B later 545 5A2 54
gen 9lt+ 9lt+5 9lt$5 4)7$ 4)7+5 4)7$5 526 52+B5 52D5
dat 9ltE 9lt+5 9lt(5) 4)2B 4)7+5 4)2(5) 53F 52+B5 540G(5)
NB stems in ndash+ amp 26 lsquopersuasionrsquo 26 2+B 26 2+ 2+B similarly amp H6 lsquoechorsquo and I4gt6 duals and plurals are second declension
some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])
()
4)2lt
54 sing pl sing pl sing pl nom () ()2 -32 4)2lt 4)A2 -72 Hdt 53 572 voc () ()2 4)2 4)A 4)2B 54 5A2 acc ()5 ()J -4 -34 4)A4 -7K 4)A4 5A4 574 5A4 574 gen ()+ -3+ +)G$5 4)A+ -7+ 4)7$5 53( 52( 53D5 dat ()J -E -3 ()(5) -G2(5) 4)A -7E 4)L2 53F 530G(5) 5L2(5) 572(5)
three irregular nouns
amp M05L lsquowomanrsquo
0N( (0[N]+- 0[N]2- 0N-) lsquosonrsquo (exclusively Homeric forms in red)
O2lt
sing dual pl sing dual pl sing nom M05L M054BP2 M054BP2 (Com M054G) 0N( 0N7+ 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2lt
voc Mlt54 M054BP2 M054BP2 0N7 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+G 0(N)2B 0N72 0Q2 O2
acc M054BP4
(Com M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4 (Com M05R) 0N(5 0N74 0Q4 0N6 0N2B 0Q2 0(N)+lt 0(N)2B 0N74 0Q4 SG4 (OA54)
gen M054P( M054P+B5 M054PD5 0(N)+ 0(N)7+ 0Q+ 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)D5 0(N)7$5 S( (O35()
dat M054PG M054P+B5 M054TG(5) 0(N)U 0(N)2B 0N7E 0Q 0N+B5 0N7+5 0(N)+B 0(N)7(5) 0NR(5) SF (O35G)
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
adjectives 13 key paradigms
$amp ( lsquogoodrsquo
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ voc $- $ $( $) $ $) $+ $ $ acc $( $( $( $) $ $) $+amp $amp $ gen $+ $0amp $+ $+1( $1( $+1( $2( $2( $2(
dat $3 $24
$5 $04
$3 $24 $+1( $1( $+1( $+1amp $1amp $+1amp
674+amp 8 +( lsquoworthyrsquo nom 674+amp 78 674+(
79 78 79
674+4 6744 674 voc 674 78 674+( 79 78 79 674+4 6744 674 acc 674+( 78( 674+( 79 78 79 7+amp 78amp 674 gen 7+ 78amp 7+ 7+4( 74( 7+4( 79( 79( 79(
dat 7lt 794
7= 74
7lt 794 7+4( 74( 7+4( 7+4amp 74amp 7+4amp
gt9amp 9( lsquopropitiousrsquo (lsquoAttic declensionrsquo) mampf n
mampf n
mampf n nom gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt voc gt9amp gt9( gt9 gt9 gtlt gt94 gt acc gt9( gt9( gt9 gt9 gt9amp gt gen gt9 gt9 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gt9( gt9( dat gtlt gt94 gtlt gt94 gtlt( gt94( gtlt( gt94( gtltamp gt94amp gtltamp gt94amp NB similar adjectives 2amp lsquosafersquo (also 2+amp) and A-9amp lsquofullrsquo A-9amp has three endings A-9amp A-8 A-9( BC
DEF+amp 0 +( lsquogoldenrsquo (contract adjectives in ndash+amp and ndash++amp Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)
nom DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+(
DEF) DEFG DEF)
DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG voc DEF+amp DEF0 DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+1 DEF1 DEFG acc DEF+( DEF0( DEF+( DEF) DEFG DEF) DEF+amp DEFGamp DEFG gen DEF+ DEF0amp DEF+ DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF2( DEF2( DEF2(
dat DEF3 DEF24
DEF5 DEF04
DEF3 DEF24 DEF+1( DEF1( DEF+1( DEF+1amp DEF1amp DEF+1amp
NB similar adjectives EE+amp lsquosilverrsquo 4HE+amp lsquoironrsquo I(++amp lsquowell disposedrsquo and JA+amp lsquosimplersquo
K$amp -amp lsquotruersquo (sigma stem with intervocalic disappearing Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom K$amp K$-amp
K$1 (-)
K$1amp (-amp) K$0 (-) voc K$-amp K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 acc K$0 (-) K$-amp K$1 K$1amp K$0 gen K$+amp (-+amp) K$+amp K$+1( K$2( K$2( dat K$1 (-4) K$1 K$+1( K$-4(() K$-4(()
IA4amp 4 lsquohopefulrsquo nom IA4amp IA4
L-A4H
L-A4Hamp L-A4H voc IA4 IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H acc IA4( IA4 L-A4H L-A4Hamp L-A4H gen L-A4H+amp L-A4H+amp LAH+4( LAH9( LAH9( dat L-A4H4 L-A4H4 LAH+4( L-A44(() L-A44(()
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp ( lsquobetterrsquo nom $amp )$(
$(
$(+ $(+ $(- $amp voc )$( )$( $( $(+ $(+ $(- $amp acc $(- $amp )$( $( $(-+ $(+ $(- $amp gen $((+ $((+ $( $amp $amp dat $( $( $( $(() $(()
012+ 34 2 lsquopleasantrsquo nom 012+ 013- 012
01) 015 01)
013+ 013- 01)- voc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 013- 01)- acc 012 013- 012 01) 015 01) 013+ 015+ 01)- gen 01)(+ 015+ 01)(+ 01)( 01- 01)( 01)amp 016 01)amp
dat 013 017 01- 013 01)( 01- 01)( 01)() 01-+ 01)()
8)5+ -4 - lsquoblackrsquo nom 8)5+ 8)-- 8)-
8)- 8-5 8)-
8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- voc 8)- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)-+ 8)-- 8)-- acc 8)-- 8)-- 8)- 8)- 8-5 8)- 8)--+ 8-5+ 8)-- gen 8)-(+ 8-9+ 8)-(+ 8( 8-- 8( 8amp 8-6 8amp
dat 8)- 8- 8-9 8)- 8( 8-- 8( 8)-() 8--+ 8)-()
NB adjectives in -9 -4 - decline similarly (eg $)lt9 $)lt- $)lt [gen $)lt(+ $lt9+ =$] lsquotenderrsquo)
gt-lt+ 4 lsquogracefulrsquo (stems in $) nom gt-lt+ gt-lt- gt-lt
gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$
gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- voc gt-lt gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$+ gt-lt)- gt-lt$- acc gt-lt$- gt-lt- gt-lt gt-lt$ gt-lt)5 gt-lt$ gt-lt$-+ gt-lt)5+ gt-lt$- gen gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)9+ gt-lt$(+ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt)$amp gt-lt6 gt-lt)$amp
dat gt-lt$ gt-lt) gt-lt)9 gt-lt$ gt-lt)$( gt-lt)- gt-lt)$( gt-lt() gt-lt)-+ gt-lt()
NB adjectives in -+ and -+ decline similarly (eg 8$+ lsquohoniedrsquo and amp+ lsquovoicedrsquo they can contract 8$(A+)
BC+ BC4 BC lsquoallrsquo nom BC+ BC- BC
dual not attested in Classical Greek
B$+ BC- B$- voc BC+ BC- BC B$+ BC- B$- acc B$- BC- BC B$-+ B5+ B$- gen B-$+ B9+ B-$+ B$amp B-6 B$amp dat B-$ B B9 B-$ BC() B-+ BC()
8)D-+ 8D9 8)D- nom 8)D-+ 8D9 8)D-
8Damp 8D5 8Damp
8D( 8D- 8D- voc 8D 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D- acc 8)D- 8D9 8)D- 8Damp 8D5 8Damp 8D(+ 8D5+ 8D- gen 8D( 8D9+ 8D( 8D( 8D- 8D( 8Damp 8Damp 8Damp
dat 8DE 8Damp
8D 8D9
8DE 8Damp 8D( 8D- 8D( 8D(+ 8D-+ 8D(+
B(2+ B( B(2 nom B(2+ B( B(2
dual not attested
B(( B(- B( voc B(2 B( B(2 B(( B(- B( acc B(2 B( B(2 B((2+ B(+ B( gen B((A B(F+ B((A B(6 B(6 B(6
dat B(G B(6
B(H B(F
B(G B(6 B((3+ B(-3+ B((3+
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
comparative adjectives
regular comparative forms
positive comparative superlative
eg - -$ -amp
important irregular comparative forms
(amp) good +$-- 01 aptitude or worth
2$3- 24301 virtue 5$11- 5601 superiority
378- (Att 39-) 31 desirability (3$ poet)
5amp5 bad 5amp5- 56501 cowardice
lt$- lt$01 insufficiency
=11- =501 (can also go with +05 and gt3()
(rare yet adv =501amp common)
5amp3 beautiful 5amp33- 563301
+4(amp great +$- +4(01
+05 small +05$ +05amp
3611- 36lt01 size or quantity +$- (+$A1 rare) (can also go with gt3()
gt3( little (gt3$- rare) gt3(01
gt30(7$ (late)
B3C much B3$- B3$A1
also B34-
DEF0 easy DE- DG1
ampltC quick )611- 6lt01 (ampltC1amp)
H3 dear (H3$ poet) H3amp
H03amp$ H03ampamp
(H03- Hom)
the declension of 2$3- (watch carefully for alternate forms)
mf sing neut sing mf pl neut pl
nom 2$3- 2430- 2$3-$ 2$3-amp
2$3I 2$3
acc 2$3-amp 2430- 2$3-amp 2$3-amp
2$3 2$3I 2$3
gen 2$3- 2$3- 2$30-- 2$30--
dat 2$3-0 2$3-0 2$310(-) 2$310(-)
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
participles 8 key paradigms
$ amp( )$ present active participle of
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
voc $ amp )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
acc $+ amp$ )$ $+ amp- $+ $+ amp $+
gen $+ amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp1$+$ ampamp2$ amp1$+$
dat $+ amp3 amp0 $+ amp1$+$ amp$ amp1$+$ amp($) amp amp($)
( )$ aorist active participle of
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
voc )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ $+
acc $+ $ )$ $+ amp4- $+ $+ amp4 $+
gen $+ amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ amp4$+$ amp2$ amp4$+$
dat $+ amp43 amp40 $+ amp4$+$ amp4$ amp4$+$ ($) amp4 ($)
amp56 amp57( amp58$ aorist passive participle of (so +56 pres act ptcp of +6509)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
voc amp56 amp57 amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp57 amp58$+
acc amp58$+ amp57$ amp58$ amp58$+ amp56- amp58$+ amp58$+ amp56 amp58$+
gen amp58$+ amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp58$+$ amp52$ amp58$+$
dat amp58$+ amp563 amp560 amp58$+ amp58$+$ amp56$ amp58$+$ amp57($) amp56 amp57($)
)( 1$ present active participle of 69 (so aor act ptcp of 69) singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
voc ) 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ ) 1$+
acc 1$+ )$ 1$ 1$+ - 1$+ 1$+ 1$+
gen 1$+ 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ 1$+$ amp2$ 1$+$
dat 1$+ 3 0 1$+ 1$+$ $ 1$+$ )($) )($)
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp $() $amp present active participle of +$- (so amp 2nd aor act ptcp of amp)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
voc $amp $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp1 $()0 $amp10
acc $amp10 $()0 $amp $amp1 $amp)2 $amp1 $amp10 $amp)0 $amp10
gen $amp13 $amp)4 $amp13 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $amp1 $)5 $amp1
dat $amp1 $amp)6 $amp)4 $amp1 $amp13 $amp)0 $amp13 $()() $amp)0 $()()
77$8 77$9 77$ perfect active participle of 7amp singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
voc 77$8 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$1 77$90 77$10
acc 77$10 77$90 77$ 77$1 77$+2 77$1 77$10 77$+0 77$10
gen 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$1 77$5 77$1
dat 77$1 77$+ 77$+0 77$1 77$13 77$+0 77$13 77$)() 77$+0 77$)()
1-5 1-5) 1-5 present active participle of 1-lt
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
voc 1-5 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-51 1-5)0 1-510
acc 1-510 1-5)0 1-5 1-51 1-8)2 1-51 1-510 1-8)0 1-510
gen 1-513 1-8)4 1-513 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-81 1-)5 1-81
dat 1-51 1-8)6 1-8)4 1-51 1-813 1-8)0 1-813 1-5)() 1-8)0 1-5)()
=35 =33() =33( present active participle of =3gt (so 475 pres act ptcp of 47)
singular
dual
plural
m f n m f n m f n
nom =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
voc =35 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(1 =33()0 =33(10
acc =33(10 =33()0 =33( =33(1 =33amp)2 =33(1 =33(10 =33amp)0 =33(10
gen =33(13 =33amp)4 =33(13 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33amp1 =33)5 =33amp1
dat =33(1 =33amp)6 =33amp)4 =33(1 =33amp13 =33amp)0 =33amp13 =33()() =33amp)0 =33()()
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
pronouns 13 key paradigms
personal pronoun
singular
dual
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
nom $ mdashmdashmdashmdash amp $ $() Hom +)- +)- $)- acc + +) $ $) 0 1 amp $ $() Hom +2- +2- $2- gen +34 +35 $34 $35 36 3 amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +9amp +9amp $9amp dat +3 +3 $3 $3 3lt 3= amp7amp $7amp $(8amp Hom +amp +amp $amp
NB The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic the third singulars are rare in Attic prose Att gtAamp = Hom +amp Trag ampamp
intensive pronoun gtA-
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom gtA- gtB gtA gt gtC gt gt3 gtgt gtC acc gtAamp gtBamp gtA gt gtC gt gt3- gtC- gtC gen gt34 gtD- gt34 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt9amp gt9amp gt9amp
dat gt7
gt9 gtE
gtD gt7
gt9 gt3amp gtgtamp gt3amp gt3- gtgt- gt3-
FG gtA- as adjective (in predicate wo w def art) = ipse in attributive wo w def art = idem as an oblique pronoun = is
reflexive pronoun +gt5Aamp (no dual)
singular
plural 1 2 3 1 2 3
acc +gt5Aamp Bamp $)gt5Aamp Bamp ($gt5Aamp) 1gt5Aamp Bamp A (gtAamp) +2- gt3- C- +2- gt3- C- $2- gt3- C- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
gen +gt534 D- $)gt534 D- ($gt534) 1gt534 D- 34 (gt34) +9amp gt9amp +9amp gt9amp $9amp gt9amp or
1gt59amp (gt9amp)
dat +gt57 E
+gt59 D $)gt57 E ($gt57)
$)gt59 D ($gt59) 1gt57 E 7 (gt7)
1gt59 D 9 (gt9) +amp gt3- gt- +amp gt3- gt- $$amp gt3- gt- or
1gt53- (gt3-)
possessive pronoun +A- (no dual) declines like HgtIA-
singular
plural m f n m f n
1 +A- +B +Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp
2 $A- $B $Aamp +)J3- +)JK +)J3amp 3 L- or 1A- Hom M or 1B Hom Lamp or 1Aamp Hom $)J3- $)JK $)J3amp
FG L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer
reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)
dual
plural m f n m f n
acc HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBNgt- ONNPNgt
gen HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp HNNBN(amp dat HNNBN3amp HNNBNgtamp HNNBN3amp HNNBN3- HNNBNgt- HNNBN3-
definite article Q
singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Q A 3= gt= C acc Aamp Bamp A 3- C- C gen 34 D- 34 3amp 3amp 3amp 9amp 9amp 9amp dat 7 9 E D 7 9 3amp 3amp 3amp 3- gt- 3-
NB C and gtamp are very rare in the feminine dual
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
demonstrative pronoun (iste) can take deictic suffix -$ amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom () ( ( ( + - ( acc () (0 () ( ( ( (+12 (2 ( gen (+3 (42 (+3 (+5 (+5 (+5 (6 (6 (6
dat (7 (68
(9 (48
(7 (68 (+5 (+5 (+5 (+52 (-52 (+52
NB other demonstratives built on (+2)2 lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8)2 lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt)2 lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun +=(+gt (hic) can take deictic suffix -$ +(+2amp singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom +=(+gt -( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc (+3(+ (-1( (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+Bgt (-1(-gt (-3(- gen (+1(+B (-1(gt (+1(+B (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A
dat (+1(C (+1(A8
(-1(D (-1(8
(+1(C (+1(A8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8 (+1(+8gt (-1(-8gt (+1(+8gt
NB other demonstratives built on +=(+gt (+2+3(+gt lsquoso muchrsquo (tantus) (+8+3(+gt lsquosuchrsquo (talis) (8lt+3(+gt lsquoof such an agersquo
demonstrative pronoun Elt5+gt (ille) singular
dual
plural m f n m f n m f n
nom Elt5+gt Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Elt5+8 Elt5-8 Elt5- acc Elt5+ Eltamp Elt5+ EltampA EltampA EltampA Eltamp+Bgt Eltamp-gt Elt5- gen Eltamp+B Eltampgt Eltamp+B Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 EltampA EltampA EltampA
dat EltampC EltampA8
EltampD Eltamp8
EltampC EltampA8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8 Eltamp+8gt Eltamp-8gt Eltamp+8gt
interrogative pronoun (ampgt (quis)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (ampgt (amp (amp (ampgt (amp- acc (amp- (amp (amp (amp-gt (amp- gen (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+gt or (+3 (amp+8 (ampA (ampA dat (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp8 or (7 (68 (amp+8 (amp28() (amp28()
indefinite pronoun (8gt ([ali]quis) an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentencemdashfreq it has none)
singular
dual
plural m amp f n m amp f amp n m amp f n
nom (Fgt (F (8G (8Ggt (8 (sts H((-) acc (8 (F (8G (8gt (8 (sts H((-) gen (8)gt or (+3 (8)gt or (+3 (8+5 (86 (86 dat (8amp or (7 (68 (8amp or (7 (68 (8+5 (82amp() (82amp()
relative pronoun gt (qui)
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom gt I + - J acc I +gt Jgt J gen += Kgt += +L M M M dat N M8 O K8 N M8 +L +Lgt -Lgt +Lgt
indefinite relative pronoun 2(8gt (quicumque) o3 0 or 0P+( may be added eg (8---P+(-+3
singular
dual
plural m f n m amp f amp n m f n
nom 2(8gt (8gt (8 (sts (8) I(8 +(8gt -(8gt J(8- (sts J((-) acc (8- (8- (8 (sts (8) I(8 +2(8-gt J2(8-gt J(8- (sts J((-) gen +=(8+gt or (+B K2(8+gt +=(8+gt or (+B +L(8+8 M(8A or (A M(8A M(8A or (A
dat N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8
O(88 K8(88
N(88 M8(88 or (C (A8 +L(8+8 +L2(828() or (+8gt -L2(828() +L2(828() or (+8gt
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
table of correlatives
interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative
or indirect interrogative
τίς (quis) lsquowhorsquo
τις ([ali]quis) lsquosomonersquo
ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) lsquothisrsquo οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)
ὅς (qui) lsquowhorsquo
ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) lsquowhoeverrsquo
πότερος (uter) lsquowhich of tworsquo
πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])
ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])
πόσος (quantus) lsquohow muchrsquo ποσός (aliquantus)
τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)
ὅσος (quantus)
ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)
ποῖος (qualis) lsquoof what sortrsquo ποιός (qualis)
τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)
οἷος (qualis)
ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)
πηλίκος (quotus) lsquoof what agersquo πηλίκος
τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)
ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος
ποῦ (ubi) lsquowherersquo που (alicubi)
ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)
ὅπου (quōcumque)
πόθι (ubi) lsquoat what placersquo ποθί (alicubi)
τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc illīc ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)
ὅθι οὗ (quō)
ὁπόθι (quōcumque)
πόθεν (unde) lsquofrom what
placersquo ποθεν (alicunde)
τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)
ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)
ὁπόθεν (undecumque)
ποῖ (quō) lsquoto what placersquo ποι (aliquō)
ἔνθα poetic (istūc hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)
ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)
ὅποι (quōcumque)
πότε (quando) lsquowhenrsquo ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum tunc) ὅτε
(quando) ὁπότε
(quandocumque)
πηνίκα lsquoexactly whenrsquo mdashmdashmdashmdash
τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα
ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα
πῇ (quā) lsquoby what wayrsquo πῃ (aliquā)
τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)
ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)
πῶς (quō quī) lsquohowrsquo
πως (aliquō aliquī)
ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc illō) ἐκείνως (illō)
ὡς (quō quī)
ὅπως (quōcumque)
ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)
lsquohow frequentlyrsquo
ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)
τόσακις (totie[n]s)
ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)
ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
adverbs (see Smyth sectsect341ndash345) 1 Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms eg
nominative $ amp() accusative (very common) +- - (01 2(3- -4 genitive -5 -6 7-5 89 0-lt= (-lt= dative gt gtlt3 lt(-A)B 0-gt 4CB locative -D0- -E FAC(-E CA GC2A 4 03E lt(3E instrumental HI 04I -JI Klt3 0LM9 4CN ablative O -PI 8QI
2 Typical adverb endings
-I lt0)I 0+ - $( (4 4R S0 TR -0 -40 (L40 lt3040 -lt lt2lt AL2Ult Hlt U2lt -lt- Vlt- ARQlt- amp(Mlt1 Llt1 - -A C3-) WA)
3 Place-adverbs
place where place from place towards - -C -A or -oL -C3 -lt3 -X3 -A3 -D0- -D0-C -D0-C3 -D0lt3 -Y01lt3 H-C ampR-5 H-C3 ampR1C3 H-A3 ampR1A3 amp(M-QIC amp(M-QIC3 amp(M-QIA3 R-E R1C3 R1A3 7-5 71C3 71A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3 Z(1A3 GC2A GC2C3 GC2X3 [L()A [L()C3 [L()X3
4 Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms superlatives on neuter plurals 0+ 04- 04A (4 (- (4A 3] H(3- HA A-M+ A-M=3- A-M= HI ampIQI ampI4I 1I -IQI -I4I
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
prepositions
accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases
$ round about near concerning about (poetic) amp$ to toward for on on () after with among in (Epic) amp+) to contrary to from chez apud amp+$ round about concerning about because of concerning amp+- to toward on the side of at besides in addition to amp under by under under by taking 2 cases
) up along through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2() along over down from against according to amp3+ over beyond above on behalf of taking 1 case
($ opposite to in return for amp from away from 4- (-) into to 2 5 out out of from from within in amp+ before for 67 (57) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy) if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases eg plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc rei (lsquoaccusative of the matterrsquo) and gen pers (lsquogenitive of the personrsquo) accusative can be said to fall into four major uses
1 direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses eg in Indirect Speech) 2 marking motion or extent (of time or place) Romam quattor dies 3 cognate accusative vitam vivo δίκας δικάζομαι (aka figura etymologica) 4 adverbial accusative (asymp accusative of respect) quid τι lsquosomewhatrsquo lsquoin respect of somethingrsquo quid τί lsquowhyrsquo
genitive (= Eng lsquoofrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 ABLATIVE 2 PARTITIVE 3 OF BELONGING (lsquoPertinentivrsquo) 4 SYNCRETISTIC 1 lsquoadnominalsrsquo are any genitives that lsquoqualifyrsquo or depend on nouns fratris mors = mors fraterna 2 lsquoadverbialsrsquo are eg genitive of the charge memory (and forgetting) source of emotion 3 possessive τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ NB hominis errare est ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4 subjective amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5 objective amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6 partitive tantum pecuniae εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7 of definition (lsquoappositionalrsquo) Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον virtus iustitiae (Eng lsquothe city of Londonrsquo but Lat urbs Roma) 8 of description homo eius modi 9 of price and value magni facio (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10 lsquotime within whichrsquo anni ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11 lsquoof the spherersquo or lsquorespectrsquo ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur Med 1028 (does this cover lsquoverbs of forgettingrsquo etc) 12 Gk only of separation (Lat abl) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13 Gk only of comparison (Lat abl) dative (= Eng lsquotorsquo and lsquoforrsquo) NB Schwyzerrsquos Gk categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo DATIVE 2 LOCATIVE 3 INSTRUMENTAL 4 SYNCRETISTIC
1 of the indirect object librum mihi da 2 of reference or advantage (or disadvantage) me tibi exorno 3 of agent mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4 ethic quid mihi Celsus agit lsquoTell me what is Celsus up torsquo (cf Gk τοι lsquoI tell yoursquomdashfreq in Homer and Plato) 5 of possession est mihi liber we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied) but not always 6 predicative or purpose + reference LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN saluti urbi fuit praesidio mihi es
7 Gk only of instrument (Lat abl) 8 Gk only of degree of difference πολλῷ μείζων (Lat abl) 9 Gk only of time and place (Lat abl) 10 Gk only comitative χρόνῳ lsquowith timersquo (Lat abl) (nb special idiom w dat αὐτός) 11 Gk only of manner σπουδῇ σιγῇ (Lat abl) 12 Gk only of cause νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat abl) 13 Gk only of specification (or respect) (Lat abl) ablative (= Eng lsquofromrsquo lsquowithrsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquoinrsquo) NB L-H-Srsquos Lat categories 1 lsquoTRUErsquo ABLATIVE 2 INSTRUMENT 3 LOCATIVE 1 of separation or lsquotruersquo ablative (Gk gen) libera me metu 2 of agent with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3 of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4 of comparison be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well (Gk gen) 5 of cause morbo perire (Gk dat and gen) 6 of association (or lsquocomitativersquo) normally with cum this is the origin of abl abs (Gk dat and gen) aka lsquoattendant circumstancersquo 7 of instrument distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat) 8 of description vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9 of specification (or respect) mirabile dictu umero saucius 10 of degree of difference multo maior (Gk dat) 11 of manner magno (cum) studio (Gk dat) 12 of place or time die tertio (Gk dat) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (19651972) Schwyzer E Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock E A new Latin syntax (1959)
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms
A B C D E F G H I J
key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form
1 $ sum pres $ amp( )amp +amp +-(
2 fut 0-1( 0--( 2-3amp14 2-1$amp
3 ( ibo pres ( 5amp( 6amp +7 +1(( +( 8
4 19 pres 19 95amp( 964 9 9$amp +-( 9
5 fut +-1( +--( -3amp14 -1$amp
6 thematic verbs pres act lt=7 lt=(amp lt=7amp lt=7 lt=1(( ltgt 0lt1amp
7 pres midpass lt=1( lt=-( lt3amp14 lt=7( lt1$amp lt=1 2lt3amp
8 1st aorists
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
(lt -(amp7 Alt)
aor act 0lt- ltgt-( lt=-4 lt=-7 lt=-(( ltgt-1amp
9 aor mid 2lt-Bamp lt=--( lt-Bamp14 lt=-7( lt-$amp ltgt-(
10 aor pass 2lt=amp ltCamp( lt$4 lt lt$amp lt=A(
11 aor act 0A(amp ADamp( A$amp4 A$amp7 A$amp( ADamp1amp
12 aor act 0Eamp ECamp( EFamp4 EFamp7 EFamp(( ECamp1amp
13 1st perfects perf act lt5lt ltlt5amp( ltlt64 [ltlt=7] [ltlt=1((] lt5lt 2ltlt=
14 perf midpass lt5lt( ltlt=-( ltlt5amp14 [ltlt=7(] [ltlt1$amp] lt5lt-1 2ltlt=amp
15 fut perf act [ltlt=G7] [ltlt=G(amp] [ltlt=G7amp] [ltlt=G1((]
16 fut perf midpass [ltlt=-1(] [ltlt=--(] [ltlt-3amp14] [ltlt-1$amp]
17 future fut simple act lt=-7 lt=-(amp lt=-7amp lt=-1((
18 fut simple mid lt=-1( lt=--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
19 fut simple pass ltF-1( ltF--( lt-3amp14 lt-1$amp
20 alpha contracts pres act A(B7 A(Hamp A(amp A( A(Iamp A$ 2A$7amp
21 pres midpass A(B1( A(H-( A(6amp14 A(( A(Iamp A( 2A(6amp
22 epsilon contracts pres act J1(57 J1(Damp J1(amp J1( J1(1$amp J1$( 2J1$1amp
23 pres midpass J1(51( J1(D-( J1(1=amp14 J1(( J1(1$amp J1(1gt 2J1(1=amp
24 omicron contracts pres act 9lt37 9lt1gtamp 9ltamp 9lt 9lt1$amp 9Flt1 29lt1gtamp
25 pres midpass 9lt31( 9lt1gt-( 9lt1=amp14 9lt( 9lt1$amp 9lt1gt 29lt1=amp
26 irregular contracts KB7 LMB1( N(O37 Jlt57 951( 27 thematic root aorists aor act 0lt(J1amp lt(JDamp lt(J6amp lt$J7 lt$J1(( lt$J
28 aor mid 2lt(J3amp lt(J5-( lt(J3amp14 lt$J7( lt(J1$amp lt(J1gt
29 athematic root aorists aor act 0Pamp PCamp( PB4 P P$amp PC(
30 aor act 09amp 9gtamp( 9=4 9=7 9$amp 9gt(
31 aor act 0Oamp7amp Oampamp( Oamp1=4 Oamp Oamp1$amp Oamp(
32 2nd perfects perf act 959( 99(5amp( 99(64 99$7 99($amp 959(( 299$
33 consonant stems mp lt5lt(( J5J(-( J5JMO( 2ltFltO( QOOlt( J5E-( 34 9$97( pres act 9$97( 9(93amp( 9(91=4 9(9 9(91$amp 9$91 29$91amp
35 097 aor act 097 91gtamp( 91=4 9 91$amp 934
36 A$( pres act A$( A(5amp( A($4 A( A($amp A$( 2A$amp
37 0 aor act 0 Damp( $4 $amp 54
38 R-A( pres act R-A( S-ABamp( S-AB4 S-A S-A$amp R-A R-Aamp
39 0-A- 1st aor act 0-A- -AC-( -AF-4 -AF-7 -AF-(( -AC-1amp
40 0-Aamp 2nd aor act 0-Aamp -ACamp( -AB4 -A -A$amp -AC(
41 R( pres act R( S5amp( S$4 S S$amp R( Ramp
42 T aor act T Tamp( R4 U Ramp V4
43 9$amp( pres act 9$amp( 9(amp=amp( 9(amp=4 9(amp=7 9(amp=1(( 9$amp 29$ampamp
44 irregular athematics W( B( D( E$ amp X$
forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic eg ltltY4 for perfect subjunctive ltlt=7
= form rare or hypothetical
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp(
( Ion
1 ) + Ion
mdash )( 1 -( Ep
mdash -( prose
0( poet Pl ( Ep
2 amp1 ampamp Hom
amp2( amp2
2 0 ampamp$ Hom 03 Ion
amp24( amp2 2 53 63 73 Hom
62( 62 2 -3 3 Hom
-2( 02( Pl
-2 prose
02 poet Pl
3 amp2+ amp2+( amp2+( amp2+amp8( Pl Dem 9(2+( Pl inscrr
3 amp2$(() amp24( amp$(() 8amp(() Hom
3 5 6 7 Hom 7amp(() Hom 5amp(() Hom 2+ late
62( )amp(() +amp(() Ion
3 - Hom
2-( 2-( Pl
-amp8( prose
0( prose amp poet Pl
INFINITIVE 0(8 (8 ( (8 ( Hom PARTICIPLE lt( =ampgt 9( ( amp8 ( Ion imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 6 6( later 68 ( ampA( Hom 8 Ion -( late
mdash 6( 18 late
1 amp8 ampamp8 Hom
not attested amp418 amp$-( not attested amp$18
2 6amp18 63 rare 6amp183 rare -amp18 Ion ampA3 Ep 83 Hdt 6amp late
6amp2( 62 6amp2 rare 82 Hdt
2 amp amp7 amp-
ampamp1( ampamp1 amp ampamp1( ampamp1
3 6( 6( -( -( ampA(() Hom 6amp2 late
amp2-( 6amp8( ampA( Ion amp8( Hom
3 amp28 amp28 Hom ampamp28 Hom ampampB28 Hom
ampamp1( amp(28 amp2 amp$amp1-( amp(2
INFINITIVE ampamp18 ampampamp18 Hom PARTICIPLE amp4(3 -- -( ampamp4(3 Hom
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp 1 mdash amp (amp Hom
1 ($$ )(+amp
mdash ($amp 2 $ -(amp -
2 Hom 0 Hesiod
-(amp - 2 10 +$0 1 Hom
+-(amp +- 2 ($0 ($-(amp ($- 3 - -amp )2amp-amp -amp Xen Pl
3 $(amp) -(amp $(amp) 3 1 +$ 1$(amp) Hom
+-(amp $(amp) 3 ($ )(-+amp ($amp
INFINITIVE )3amp$ amp$ amp Hom PARTICIPLE )4amp )(56 )2amp imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7 8$ older
9$amp $$amp later Ion
mdash 7amp 8$amp 9$amp v late 9(amp Hom
2 9$ $$ older 9$0 $$0 later 0 Hom
7-(amp 8$-(amp
7- 8$- 9$- v late
3 9$(amp) $$(amp) older 9$ $$ later (amp) 7(amp) (amp) Hom
9-+amp $-+amp -+amp Hom
7amp 8$amp 9amp $amp prose amp amp (amp Hom
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash amp()
$() Ion () Ion
1 (+ (- Ion - Hom (- Hom
mdash (+() (-() Ion (() Hom
1 (() mdash ((0() poetry amp prose ((() prose
only
2 amp12 amp3) amp3(
2 amp1$ $4 Ion and
late amp1$4 Comedy
amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp3( $3( Ion
and late
2 (54 (624
(63) (63( ((3( Hom
2 ((4 ((03) ((03( poetry amp prose ((3( prose only
3 amp3- amp3-) amp3-) amp3-amp$)
late
3 (()) amp3) $3) Ion and
late
amp$amp2()) $amp2()) Ion
and late
3 (5 (62
(63) (+amp2()) (-amp2()) Ion
3 (( ((3) ((0() poetry amp prose ((amp$) prose
only
INFINITIVE ()$2 ()$2 () Hom PARTICIPLE (74 (809 (4 80$ Hom imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (2) later ($ Ion lt((2) Ep
mdash =amp() (2() late (() rare
1 (amp$2 (gtamp- Ion
not attested (amp(1$ (gtamp() Ion
(amp) not attested (amp(1$
2 amp1$ (24 later (2amp1$ Attic lt(4 Hom
=amp3) =amp3( (23( late (3( rare $3( Ion
2 (amp(2 (amp (amp2 (gtamp(24 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp(amp1( (gtamp(3( Ion
(amp2 (amp2amp1) (amp2amp1(
3 (2()) ((()) Ion lt( Hom
amp3) =amp$) (amp$) (2amp$) late amp$) Ep
3 (amp(3$2 (gtamp(2 Ion
(amp(amp1) (amp)3$2 (gtamp8amp2()) Ion
(amp23 (ampamp1) (amp2)3
INFINITIVE (amp(amp1$2 (gtamp(2) Ion (gtamp(() Hom PARTICIPLE (amp()4 - -)
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash $amp
1
mdash amp 1 $(( mdash $(amp
2 )amp amp$ ampamp 1 +$ mdash -$amp
2 amp(
amp$ ampamp 2
0(
0$ 0amp 2 $(
$($ $(amp 3 1 1 2
134
2 +amp -amp$ -ampamp
3 amp( amp$ $3(() 3
0( 0$ 3(() 3 $( $50 $(amp
3 +amp() -10 +$
INFINITIVE amp(
PARTICIPLE $36 )$
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $4( 2amp7$ 2amp74
1 4(
8amp7$ 8amp74 1 $50 $5amp7$ $5amp74
2 $ amp37$ amp37amp 1 -20 -2amp7$ -2amp74
2 amp(
0(
amp37$ amp37amp 2
0(
037$ 037amp 2 $($
$(37$ $(37amp 3 137 137 137
13734
2 -$ -amp37$ -amp37amp
3 amp4( amp37$ $4( 3 04( 037$ 4( 3 $($ $5370 $($ 3 -amp$ -1370 -$$
INFINITIVE amp374(
PARTICIPLE 2amp$ 0 $
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
aorist stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (amp)+
1 amp
mdash amp)+ 1 amp) mdash amp)+
2 -amp+ amp+ amp INFINITIVE -amp
2 $amp0
(amp+ (amp 2 amp10
amp20
amp2+ amp2 2 amp0
amp0
amp+ amp 3 amp3 amp3+ amp3++
PARTICIPLE amp0
amp4amp5
-amp5+
3 $amp(+) (amp32+ $amp+ 3 amp1
amp2 amp2+ ampamp(+) 3 amp
amp(+)
amp62+ amp+
amp+
middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (amp3)2+ (amp3)7+ (amp3)7
1 amp)
amp8)7+ amp8)7 1 amp6)2+ amp6)7+ amp6)7
2 -amp ampamp7+ ampamp7
INF ampamp7
2 (amp
(ampamp7+ (ampamp7 2 amp1
amp2
amp2amp7+ amp2amp7 2 amp ampamp7+ ampamp7 3 amp3amp7 amp3amp7+ amp3amp7+
PT amp3)+0
2 +
3 (amp (amp3amp72+ (amp+ 3 amp2 amp2amp7+ amp+ 3 amp amp6amp72+ amp+
passive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 (72+ mdash (72)+
1 79
mdash 79)+ 1 762+ mdash 7)+
762)+
2 72 72+ 72
INF 7+
2 (720
(72+ (72 2 7lt0
70
7+ 7 2 7620 7+
762+
7
762
3 7= 7=+ 7gt++
PT 760
7amp5
7gt+
3 (72 (7=2+ (72amp+ 3 7lt
7
7+ 79amp(+) 3 762 762+
7=2+
7+
762amp+
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (NB These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms second perfect forms [eg $$amp( lt $)$amp(+] do not show the otherwise
they are identical to first perfects)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 -( mdash (
1
mdash 1 amp++
-amp)
mdash amp+
2 - 0amp 0
2 -(1 (0amp (0 2 21
+1
0amp 0 2 amp+1
-amp)1
amp+0amp amp+0 3 -0 -0 -30
-04(
3 -() (0amp 54+() 3 2
+ 0amp 4+() 3 amp+
-amp)
-amp)0 amp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-61 7+ 0 -81 9 0 -81 0 -81 4+ 0
INFINITIVE -(+
PARTICIPLE -61 --lt( -31
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 =
=+
mdash =
=+
1 gt
mdash gtamp 1 gtamp++ mdash gtamp+
2 =1
=+1
=0amp
=+0amp
=0
=+0
2 gt+1 gt0amp gt0 2 gtamp+1 gtamp+0amp gtamp+0
3 =+ =-0
=-)0
=4(
=+4(
3 gt+ gt0amp gtamp-4+() 3 gtamp+ -gtamp)0 gtamp+
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic
-81 0 -81 4amp(+ 0 -81 =4amp)
INFINITIVE gt+ -81 44(+
PARTICIPLE gt
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)
IMPERATIVE rare in simple
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα
1 λελύωμαι
λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα
1 λελυοίμην λελυίμην
λελυοίμεθον λελυίμεθον
λελυοίμεθα λελυίμεθα
2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε
2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ λελύηι
λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο λελύῑο
λελύοισθον λελύῑσθον
λελύοισθε λελύῑσθε
3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων
3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται
3 λελύηται
λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο λελύῑτο
λελυοίσθην λελυίσθην
λελύοιντο λελύῑντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ
INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον
PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα
1 λελύσομαι
λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα
2 ἐλέλυσο
ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει λελύσῃ λελύσηι
λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε
3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο
periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
future tense forms
active
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $amp( 1 $)amp) mdash $)amp( INFINITIVE $)(
2 $) $+( $+ 2 $) $)+( $)+ PARTICIPLE $( $$- $(
3 $) $+( $$)(() 3 $) $+0( $)(
middle
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp1) $2amp3( $2amp31 1 $amp0( $amp3( $amp31 INFINITIVE $$31)
2 $)
$4
$0)
$$3( $$3 2 $) $)$3( $)$3 PARTICIPLE $2amp( 0 (
3 $+1) $$3( $(+1) 3 $)+ $$30( $)(+
passive
INDICATIVE OPTATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 35$amp1) 30$2amp3( λυθησόμεθα 1 30$amp0( 30$amp3( 30$amp31 INFINITIVE 35$$31)
2 35$)
35$4
35$0)
35$$3( 35$$3 2 35$) 35$)$3( 35$)$3 PARTICIPLE 30$2amp( 0 (
3 35$+1) 35$$3( 35$(+1) 3 35$)+ 30$$30( 35$)(+
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp()
(-())
1 +)
-)
(-))
or
amp (-)
mdash +()
-()
(-())
or
()
amp()
(-())
2 0
(-()
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
1 2)
(-))
mdash 2amp()
(-())
2 34
14
(-(4)
1)
(-())
1(
(-(()
2 34
14
(-54)
1)
(-))
1(
(-()
2 +4
-4
(-4)
or
4
amp4
(-4)
+)
-)
(-))
or
)
amp)
(-))
+(
-(
(-()
or
(
amp(
(-()
3 $
(-()
$)
(-())
-))
(-)))
$6)
(-(6))
2 204
(-(4)
21)
(-())
21(
(-(()
3 3
1 (-()
1)
(-())
amp6())
(-76) 3 3
1 (-5)
1)
(-))
amp6())
(-6) 3 +
-
(-)
or
amp (-)
89)
9)
(-))
or
+)
-)
(-))
+6)
-6)
(-6))
or
()
amp()
(-())
3 20
(-()
2$)
(-())
2)
(-))
INFINITIVE 1) (-())
PARTICIPLE amp) (-)) amp6 (-76) amp) (-))
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 amp (-)
-()
(-())
-(
(-()
1 +)
-)
(-o))
+()
-()
(-())
+(
-(
(-()
2 amp
(-7)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
1 2-)
(-))
2-()
(-())
2-(
(-o()
3
1 (-(5)
16)
(-(6))
16(
(-(6()
2 3
1 (-5)
16)
(-6))
16(
(-6()
2
amp
(-)
6)
amp6)
(-6))
6(
amp6(
(-6()
3 $6
(-(6)
$6)
(-(6))
$6)
(-(6))
$66)
(-(66))
2 2amp
(-7)
216)
(-(6))
216(
(-(6()
1 (-()
16)
(-(6))
amp) (-))
3 1 (-)
16)
(-6))
amp) (-))
3
amp
(-)
+6)
-6)
(-6))
)
amp)
(-))
3 21
(-()
2$6)
(-(6))
2amp)
(-))
INFINITIVE 16 (-(6)
PARTICIPLE -()4 ) (-()4)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)
(-))
1 +
(-)
or
-) (-))
mdash +)
(-))
or
-)
(-))
2 + (-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1 +0
(-)
mdash ()
(-))
2 -1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
2 21
31
(-41)
3
(-)
3
(-)
2 +1
(-1)
or
-1
(-1)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
+
(-)
or
-
(-)
3 +
(-)
+
(-)
5
(-)
+67
(-67)
2 +1
(-1)
-
(-)
-
(-)
3 - (-)
-
(-)
(6()
(-06) 3 2
3 (-4)
3
(-)
amp6()
(-6) 3 +
(-)
or
- (-)
8
(-)
or
+
(-)
+67
(-67)
or
-
(-)
3 + (-)
+
(-)
+0
(-)
INFINITIVE - (-)
PARTICIPLE amp (-) (69 (-069) ( (-)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7
(-)7) 5)
(-))
5)7
(-)7)
1 amp)7 (-)7)
)
(-))
)7
(-)7)
1 +)
(-o))
+)
(-))
+)7
(-)7)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
1 5)
(-))
5)
(-))
5)7
(-o)7)
-
2
3 (-4)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
2 2
3 (-4)
36
(-6)
36
(-6)
2 -
(-)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
3 +6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+6
(-6)
+667
(-667)
2 (
(-0)
-6
(-6)
-6
(-6)
-7 (-7)
-6
(-6)
(7 (-7)
3 37 (-7)
36
(-6)
amp7 (-7)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
-
(-)
3 -
(-)
+6
(-6)
(
(-)
INFINITIVE -67 (-67)
PARTICIPLE 5)1 (-)1)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp
(-)
mdash ()+
(-)+)
1 amp
(-)
mdash amp)+
(-)+)
1 +
(--+)
or
)- (--)-)
mdash )+
(--)+)
or
)+
(--)+)
2 0
(-)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
1 20+
(-+)
mdash 2()+
(-)+)
2 3
(--3)
(1+
(-1+)
(1
(-1)
2 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp1
(-1)
2 3
(--3)
or
3
(--3)
1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
1
(--1)
or
1
(--1)
3 51
(-1)
51+
(-1+)
5+1+
(-+1+)
5167+
(-167+)
2 203
(-3)
2(1+
(-1+)
2(1
(-1)
3 (--)
(1+
(-1+)
(6-(+)
(-06-) 3
(-43)
amp1+
(-1+)
amp6-(+)
(-6-) 3
(--)
or
(--)
-1+
(--1+)
or
1+
(--1+)
67+
(--67+)
or
+
(--+)
3 20
(-)
251+
(-1+)
20+
(-+)
INFINITIVE (+ (--+)
PARTICIPLE amp+ (-+) (68 (-068) (+ (-+)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
()7- (-)7-)
5)9+
(-)9+)
5)97
(-)97)
1 amp)7- (-)7-)
)9+
(-)9+)
)97
(-)97)
1 )+
(-o-)+)
)9+
(--)9+)
)97
(--)97)
2 (
(-0)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
1 25)+
(-)+)
25)9+
(-)9+)
25)97
(-o)97)
(--4)
(69+
(-69+)
(69
(-69)
2 (-4)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp69
(-69)
2
(--)
69+
(--69+)
69
(--69)
3 569
(-69)
569+
(-69+)
569+
(-69+)
56967+
(-6967+)
2 2(
(-0)
2(69+
(-69+)
2(69
(-69)
(17- (-17-)
(69+
(-69+)
(+17- (-+17-)
3 amp17- (-17-)
amp69+
(-69+)
amp+17- (-+17-)
3 1
(--1)
69+
(--69+)
+1
(--+1)
3 2(1
(-1)
2569+
(-69+)
2(+1
(-+1)
INFINITIVE (697- (-697-)
PARTICIPLE 5)+3 + (-)+3)
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
irregular contract verbs 1 long vowel stems
(similarly $amp ( ( )( + - amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash (
1 mdash (
1 0
or
12( 32(
mdash 0( (
or
12( 32(
2 4
45 late
467( 46 1 8(
82(
v rare
mdash 9(
2
4
467( 46 2
4
467( 46 2 0
or
12 32
067( 67(
or
1267( 3267(
06 6
or
126 326
3 lt6 lt6( 3(6(
lt6+=(
2 82 8267( 946
3
4
467( +(() 3
4
467( +(() 3 0
or
12 32
162( 162(
or
gtlt62( lt62(
0( (
or
12+=( 32+=(
3 82 9lt62( 8(
INFINITIVE 4(
PARTICIPLE ( + (
-7=
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
-= -357( -35=
1 -= -357( -35=
1 -12(
-32(
-157(
-357(
-15=
-35=
2 - -4+57( -4+5 1 9-32( 9-357( 9-35=
-
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -
-4
-4+57( -4+5 2 -07
-7
-0+57(
-+57(
-0+5
-+5
3 -lt+5 -lt+5( -lt+5(
-lt+5+=(
2 9- 9-4+57( 9-4+5
-46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -46= -4+57( -(6= 3 -067
-67
-1+52(
-3+52(
-0(67
-(67
3 9-467 9-lt+52( 9-(67
INFINITIVE -4+5=
PARTICIPLE -3(7 2 7(
AB (can conjugate as A- or A7- [ie like $2C7-] similarly D$B)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
A mdash A(
A7E(
1 A mdash A( 1 A0 A12(
or
A7F A7G2(
mdash A0( A12(
or
A7F( A7G2(
2 A
A7E
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
1 9GA(
9GA7H(
mdash 9A(
9A7E(
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A6
A7E6
2 A0
A7F
A67( A6 2 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A067( A1267(
or
A7F67( A7G267(
A06 A126
or
A7F6 A7G26
3 A36
A7I6
A36(
A7I6(
A3(6(
A36+=(
or
A7I(6(
A7I6+=(
2 9GA
9GA7H
9A67(
9A7E67(
9A6
9A7E6
A0
A7F
A67(
A7E67(
A+(()
A7E+(()
3 A0
A7F
A67( A+(() 3 A0 A02
or
A7F A7G2
A162( Agtlt62(
or
A7G62( A7lt62(
A0( A12+=(
or
A7F( A7G2+=(
3 9GA
9GA7H
9A362(
9A7I62(
9A+=(
9A7E+=(
INFINITIVE A( A7E(
PARTICIPLE A( A+ A( A( A7E+= A7E(
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
irregular contract verbs 2 monosyllabic - stems (no contraction with or )
$amp (so (amp (amp 2 [lsquoneedrsquo not lsquobindrsquo] )amp amp +amp amp -amp amp)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $0+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+
1 $amp
mdash $amp1+ 1 $amp212 mdash $amp21+
2 $0 $0-+ $0-
2 $03
$0-+ $0- 2 $amp43
$amp523
($63 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp5- 2 $amp23 $amp2-+ $amp2- 3 $7- $7-+
$8+-+
$7-9+
PT $amp+
$amp9lt
$amp+
3 $0 $0-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp4
$amp52 ($6 rare)
$amp5-+ $amp92(+) 3 $amp2 $7-5+ $amp2+
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 =$+ mdash gt$amp1+
2 =$23 gt$0-+ gt$0-
3 =$2 gt$7-5+ =$+
(amp12 2 (lsquoneedrsquo lsquorequestrsquo so +amp12)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF (092
(amp12 (81+ (81
1 (amp12
(1+ (1 1 (715+ (71+ (71
2 (amp (09+ (09
(amp2 or
(amp4 (amp52
(09+ (09
((9 Com)
2 (amp4
(amp52
(amp59+ (amp59 2 (amp2 (amp29+ (amp29 3 (79 (79+
(79+
(799+
PT (81+3 5
+
(0-2 (09+ (amp+-2 3 (amp5-2 (amp59+ (amp+-2 3 (amp2- (795+ (amp2+-
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 gt(815+ gt(81+ gt(81
2 gt(amp gt(09+ gt(09
3 gt(0- gt(795+ gt(amp+-
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
ἔλιπον (lt λείπω) thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον ἔδακον ἔδαρθον ἔδρακον ἔδραμον ἔθανον εἶδον εἷλον εἶπον ἔκαμον ἔκιχον ἔλαβον ἔλαθον ἔλαχον ἔμαθον ἔμολον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἔπιθον ἔπιον ἔπορον ἔπραθον ἔσχον ἔταμον ἔτεκον ἔτεμον ἔτραγον ἔτραπον ἔτυχον εὗρον [also ηὗρον] ἔφαγον ἔφυγον ἤγαγον [dupl root] ἦλθον ἤνεγκον ἥμαρτον ἤμπλακον ἤραρον ἤριπον ὤφελον ὦφλον κτλ these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον lt λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)
active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον mdash ἐλίπομεν
1 λίπω
mdash λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι mdash λίποιμεν
2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε
2 ἔλιπες
ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς
λίπηις
λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις
λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων λιπέτωσαν
3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ λίπηι
λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν
INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών λιποῦσᾰ λιπόν
middle (so ἐγενόμην ἐπτόμην ἐπυθόμην ἑσπόμην ἠγρόμην ᾐσθόμην ἠρόμην ἱκόμην ὑπεσχόμην ὠλόμην κτλ)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα
1 λίπωμαι
λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα
2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε
2 ἐλίπου
ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ
λίπηι
λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο
λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων λιπέσθωσαν
3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ amp$ and $($ three key root aorist athematic stem forms $ lt )$( (so +$ lt +-$( amp $ lt 012 34) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash 15$
1 6
mdash 615$ 1 )$ mdash )715$
)15$ 2 82
-9 Poet 8$ 85 INFINITIVE 8$)2
2
$ 5 2 lt
82
8$ 85 2 ) )7$ )$
)75 )5
3 =( =($ -$($ =()$
PARTICIPLE - gt -$
3 =$ )$ 3 lt 82
8$ 62($) 3 ) )$ )2=$
)75$ ))$
AB Homer shows short-stem forms eg -$ (3 d) and )$ (3 pl)
NB Homer shows forms such as =C (uncontracted) and 515$
amp$ lt D( (so +amp$ lt +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 E$ mdash E15$
1 D(
mdash D(15$ 1 D$
[E$] mdash F15$
[D215$] 2 F2 F$ F5 INFINITIVE F$)2
2 E
E$ E5 2 DC
D2
D$ D5 2 D [E]
F$ [D2$]
F5 [D25]
3 D( D($ D$($ D()$
PARTICIPLE D F D$
3 E D$ E)$ E$ Poet
3 DC D2
D$ D(2($) 3 D [E]
D$ [E$]
F5$ [D25$]
$($ lt 2$G3( (so H-4($ lt I431)2 and ($ lt 2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $($ mdash $(15$
1 $6
mdash $615$ 1 $$ mdash $715$
$15$ 2 $62 $6$ $65 INFINITIVE $6$)2
2 $(
$($ $(5 2 $K
$62 $6$ $65 2 $ $7$
$$ $75 $5
3 $G( $G($ $J$($ $G()$
PARTICIPLE $D $F $J$
3 $( $G$ $()$ 3 $K $62
$6$ $62($) 3 $ $$ $2=$
$75$ $)$
NB Homer shows forms such as $GL (uncontracted) and $G15$
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
2nd perfect stem forms
$amp (1st perfect $() ( used in singular +-($ ( in pluperfect singular)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 mdash mdash )+
1 0 mdash 0+ 1 )1$ mdash )2+
)1$+
2 )3amp )4 )+ 1 mdash mdash )+
2 mdash
)4 )+ 2 56
7amp6
74 7+ 2 )1$6
)24
)1$4
)2+
)1$+
3 89 89 89
89)
2 mdash )4 )+
3 mdash )4 amp() 3 5
7amp 74 0amp() 3 )1$ )1$
)amp-$
)2+
)1$)
3 mdash 8$ ))
INFINITIVE 8)amp
PARTICIPLE 6 0lt =6
gtgtamp) (1st perfect gtgt4amp() ( freq in singular gt+gt41($ ( in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A9B) CampCD(9 C)19 B1B4)amp gt89 B+1D9
EDF4)amp 3G(9 E4amp() (D8H9 4) I8F9 I+139 I1I9 89 ()
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically gt+gtamp+1$ () singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 gtgtamp) mdash gtgtamp+
1 gt+gt19 mdash gt+gt19+ 2 gtgtamp3amp mdash gtgtamp+ 1 gt+gt1$
gt+gt1+amp
mdash gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
2 gtgtamp)6
gtgtamp4 gtgtamp+ 2 gt+gt1J6
gt+gt1$amp6
gt+gt1$4 gt+gt1$+ 3 gt+gt19 mdash mdash 2 gt+gt1$6
gt+gt1+amp6
gtgtamp4
gtgt+amp4
gtgtamp+
gtgt+amp+
3 gtgtamp+() gtgtamp4 gt+gt1)amp() 3 gt+gt1J
gt+gt1$amp gt+gt1$4 gt+gt19amp()
3 gt+gt1+amp gt+gt1$
gt+gt+1$
gtgtamp)
gtgt+amp)
INFINITIVE gt+gtamp)amp
PARTICIPLE gt+gtamp6 gt+gtampK2lt gt+gtamp=6
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
consonant stem perfect middlepassives $amp$ lt () stems ending ( + (lsquolabialsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so (-) (-) (-) 0+) 1(-) 2(-) 23(-) 204(-) (() 5(-) 5(-) 62(-7amp$ 628(-) 629(-) -0() -0) -4(-) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $amp$
17 1amp 2 $7 $+17 $+1
INFINITIVE lt+1amp$
2 $amp$ $+17 $+1 3 +1) +1) +1) +1)6amp
PARTICIPLE $7= gt 7
3 $(-amp$ $+17 +amp-amp$
(($6amp$ lt (1) stems ending - 1 (lsquodentalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 6() +0) 4) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (($6amp$
((617 ((61amp 2 (($67 (($617 (($61
INFINITIVE ((lt61amp$
2 (($6amp$ (($617 (($61 3 ((61) ((61) ((61) ((61)6amp
PARTICIPLE (($67= gt 7
3 (($6-amp$ (($617 ((6amp-amp$
((0ampamp$ lt (0--) stems ending 2 A (lsquopalatalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so B) C--) D27amp$ (2) -amp0--) ---) +4) +E--) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ((0ampamp$
((017 ((01amp 2 ((0ampF7 ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1
INFINITIVE ((0GA1amp$
2 ((0ampFamp$ ((0ampA17 ((0ampA1 3 ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1) ((0A1)6amp
PARTICIPLE ((0amp7= gt 7
3 ((0amp2-amp$ ((0ampA17 ((0Aamp-amp$
H8amp$ lt HA) stem ending A (subj and opt always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H8amp$
Hgt17 Hgt1amp 2 H8F7 H8A17 H8A1
INFINITIVE HgtA1amp$
2 H8Famp$ H8A17 H8A1 3 HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1) HgtA1)6amp
PARTICIPLE Hgt7= gt 7
3 H82-amp$ H8A17 Hgtamp-amp$
Iamp$ lt C) stems ending 0 (lsquoliquidsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so ampJ0) H0) (7$2) 6-) 6+) -) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 Iamp$
K17 K1amp 2 I67 I17 I1
INFINITIVE K1amp$
2 I6amp$ I17 I1 3 K1) K1) K1) K1)6amp
PARTICIPLE K7= gt 7
3 I-amp$ I17 Kamp-amp$
(+amp6amp$ lt +amp) stems ending (lsquonasalsrsquo subj and opt always periphrastic) (so 10amp) amp) Eamp7amp$ amp0amp) $amp) )0amp) Famp) Fgt0amp) (0amp) (7$amp) 5E(amp) 6gtamp) L+amp) 2-) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (+amp6amp$
(+617 (+61amp 2 (+amp67 (+amp17 (+amp1
INFINITIVE (+1amp$
2 (+amp6amp$ (+amp17 (+amp1 3 (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1)6amp
PARTICIPLE (+amp67= gt 7
3 (+amp-amp$ (+amp17 (+amp-amp$
These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words eg --Aamp-amp$ 3 pl lt ---)
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash $()
1
mdash $() 1 amp) mdash +$()
amp$()
2 -) -( 1 ) mdash $()
2
-) -( 2 0
-) -( 2 amp
+-)
amp-)
+-(
amp-(
3 1- 1-) 1)-)
1-23)
2 -) -(
3 2()) -) 142()) 3 0
-) 2()) 3 amp -amp)
5-amp)
+()
amp23)
3 1-amp) 23)
INFINITIVE 1)3
PARTICIPLE 6 728 1)
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
$3 1$(9) 1$(93
1 $3
$(9) $(93 1 $amp) $(9) $(93
2 2 29) 29( 1 1$amp) 1$(9) 1$(93
23
29) 29( 2 0
29) 29( 2 +
+29) +29( 3 129 129) 129)
12923)
2 2 29) 29(
-3 29) )-3 3 -3 29) )-3 3 +- 29amp) +)- 3 - 129amp) )-
INFINITIVE 293
PARTICIPLE 1$() amp )
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 () mdash (amp$+
1 -
mdash -$+ 1 amp mdash amp$+
amp$+
2 0 1amp 1+ INFINITIVE amp2
2 ()0
(amp1amp (amp1+ 2 30
-0
-1amp -1+ 2 amp0 amp1amp
amp1amp
amp1+
amp1+
3 1 1 1
14
PARTICIPLE amp50
amp246
3 ()+() 71 (amp4 3 3
- -1amp -4() 3 amp amp1
amp81
amp+
amp4
middle (2nd aorist stem amp-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 49
1 7$ 7$+9amp 7$+9
1 -$
$+9amp $+9 1 amp$ amp$+9amp amp$+9
2 amp2 49amp 49+
2 (amp
(amp49amp (amp49+ 2 3
-
-49amp -49+ 2 ampamp amp49amp amp49+ 3 49 49 49
494
PT $+amp0
amp
3 (amp1amp 749 (amp1amp 3 -1 -49amp -1 3 amp1amp amp49 amp1amp
passive (1st aorist stem + 9 amp + 9 like 7-lt5-9-)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ( forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp9=
79 mdash 79$+
1 amp9-
mdash amp9-$+ 1 amp9+ mdash amp9+$+
amp9+$+
2 91 91amp 91+
790
791amp 791+ 2 amp9gt0
amp9=0
amp9=1amp amp9=1+ 2 amp9+0 amp9+1amp
amp9+1amp
amp9+1+
amp9+1+
3 amp981 amp981 amp91
amp9814
PT amp9+0
amp9+46
amp9
79 7amp981 794 3 amp9gt
amp9=
amp9=1amp amp9-4() 3 amp9+ amp9+1
amp9+81
amp9++
amp9+4
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash (
1 amp)
mdash amp)( 1 amp$( mdash amp(
amp$(
2 amp +( 1 $( mdash (
2 $-
+( 2 amp-
ampamp-
amp+( amp 2 amp$-
amp+(
amp$+(
amp
amp$
3 amp01 amp01( amp0(1(
amp0123(
2 amp- +(
3 $2amp(() +( amp042amp(() 3 amp
ampamp amp+( amp)2amp(() 3 amp$ amp$(
ampamp5$(
amp(
amp$23(
3 amp amp0$( 23(
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE amp0(3amp
PARTICIPLE amp- amp26 amp0(
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3amp amp0+( amp03
1 amp)3amp
amp7+( amp73 1 amp$( amp+( amp3
2 2+ 2+( 2 1 amp0$( amp0+( amp03
23amp
2+( 2 2 amp
ampamp
amp2+( amp2 2 amp+
amp2+( amp2 3 amp021 amp021( amp021(
amp02123(
2 2+ 2+( 2
3amp 2+( (3amp 3 amp3amp amp2+( amp)(3amp 3 amp+ amp2$( amp(+ 3 + amp02$( (+
NB +amp for amp here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 23amp
PARTICIPLE amp0(+- $ +(
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp aorist stem forms
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 ($) mdash (+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 0+ INFINITIVE -+amp
2 ($)
(0+ ( 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 3 3+ +3+
34+
PARTICIPLE
-45
+
3 ($)(+) 6$+ (4+ 3 1
2amp 20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 4amp
1 6$+ 60+ 6
1 amp
80+ 8 1 $+ 0+
2 09 40+ 4
2 (0
(40+ (4 2 1
2amp
240+ 24 2 -0 -40+ -4 3 43 43+
43+
434+
PT +0 $
0+
3 (0 64$+ (+0 3 2amp 240+ +amp 3 -0 4$+ -+0
NB 0amp for amp here is rare but Classical
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like 6-lt-$-+ deaspirates to before $ by Grassmannrsquos law)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 2+amp
1 6$+ mdash 6$+
1
mdash + 1 $+ mdash -+
$+
2 $amp $0+ $
2 6$
6$0+ 6$ 2 1
2amp
20+ 2 2 $ -0+
$0+
-
$
3 73 73+ +3+
734+
PT
-45
+
3 6$ 67$+ 6$4+ 3 1
2amp
20+ 4amp(+) 3 $ $+
amp7$+
-+
$4+
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $amp mdash ()
1 +
mdash +() 1 $) mdash -()
$()
2 $ ) ( 1 $) mdash ()
2 $
) ( 2 0
1amp
1) 1( 2 $
-)
$)
-(
$(
3 23 23) 2)3)
23)
2 $ ) (
3 $amp()) ) 4amp()) 3 0
1amp 1) +amp()) 3 $ $)
amp5$)
-()
$)
3 $ 2$) )
INFINITIVE 2)amp
PARTICIPLE 2 46 2)
middlepassive (so 78amp 9)amp ltamp =gtamp gtamp ltgtamp A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
amp 2(B) 2(B
1 +amp
C(B) C(B 1 $) (B) (B
2 B) B( 1 2$) 2(B) (B
amp
B) B( 2 0
1amp
1B) 1B( 2 -
-B) -B( 3 2B3 2B3) 2B3)
2B3)
2 B) B(
amp B) )amp 3 1amp 1B) +)amp 3 - B$) -) 3 2B$) )
INFINITIVE Bamp
PARTICIPLE 2() $ )
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp aorist stem forms
1st aorist active (stem $- like ()- in () lt (+ transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash -0
1
mdash 0 1 ampamp mdash amp0 2 120 20 INFINITIVE 1amp
2 $3
-20 - 2 43
$amp3
$20 $ 2 amp3
amp3
amp20 amp 3 $5 $50 $500
$50
PARTICIPLE 3
6
10
3 $(0) -$5$0 $0 3 4
$amp $20 amp(0) 3 amp
amp(0)
$7$0 amp0
amp0
2nd aorist active (stem $-- intransitive lsquostandrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $0 mdash $0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 1amp 120 1 INFINITIVE 10amp
2 $3
$20 $ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 500
50
PARTICIPLE 53
lt6
50
3 $ -$0 $0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
middle (1st aorist like -()5$0 transitive lsquomake to standrsquo)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF amp 1 -$5$0 -$520 -$5
1 amp
$=20 $= 1 $7$0 $720 $7
2 1amp 20
2 -
-20 - 2 4
$amp
$20 $ 2 amp2 amp20 amp 3 $5 $50
$50
$50
PT $5023
$ 20
3 -2 -$5$0 -02 3 $amp $20 0amp 3 amp2 $7$0 amp02
passive (1st aorist stem + $ + $ like --(+-$-0)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (amp$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 10amp 1 -5$0 mdash -5$0
1 8
mdash 80 1 7$0 mdash 90
7$0
2 5$amp 5$20 5$
2 -5$3
-5$20 -5$ 2 3
1amp3
120 1 2 7$3 920
7$20
9
7$
3 0 gt00
0
PT 73
96
gt0
3 -5$ -$0 -5$0 3
1amp 120 8amp(0) 3 7$ 7$0
amp$0
90
7$0
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present stem forms
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ mdash amp
1 (
mdash (amp 1 )amp mdash amp
)amp
2 $ +amp + 1 amp mdash amp
2 -
$-
+amp + 2 -
$-
+amp + 2 )-
+amp
)+amp
+
)+
3 0+1 0+1amp 0amp+1amp
0+123amp
2 $- +amp +
3 2$(amp) +amp 42$(amp) 3
$ +amp (2$(amp) 3 ) )+amp
$5+amp
amp
)23amp
3 $ 0+amp 23amp
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 0amp3$
PARTICIPLE )- 26 0amp
middlepassive
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
3$ 07amp 073
1 (3$
87amp 873 1 )amp )7amp )73
2 2 27amp 27 1 0amp 07amp 73
23$
27amp 27 2
$
27amp 27 2
27amp 27 3 0271 0271amp 0271amp
027123amp
2 2 27amp 27
+3$ 27amp amp+3$ 3 +3$ 27amp (amp+3$ 3 + )27amp amp+ 3 + 027amp amp+
NB $ for $ here is rare but Classical
INFINITIVE 273$
PARTICIPLE 0amp- amp
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)
active (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp( mdash ))+
1
mdash )+ 1 )+ mdash ))+
))+
2 - -0+ -) INFINITIVE )+($
2 amp(
)0+ )) 2 1
amp$
amp0+ amp) 2 ) )0+
)0+
))
))
3 -2 -2+ -+2+
-23(+
PARTICIPLE )
)34
-+
3 amp)(+) )+ )3(+ 3 1
amp$ amp0+ 3$(+) 3 ) )+
)56+
))+
)3(+
middle (2nd aorist stem -)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF -37($
1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
1 ($
8)70+ 8)7( 1 )+ ))70+ ))7(
2 09 -370+ -37)
2 )30
)370+ )37) 2 1
amp$ amp370+ amp37) 2 )0 )370+ )37) 3 -372 -372+
-372+
-3723(+
PT -)+0
0+
3 )0 )37+ )+0 3 amp($ amp370+ +($ 3 )0 )37+ )+0
passive (1st aorist stem + 7 + 7 like -lt-7-+)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF 7=+($
1 )7+ mdash )7)+
1 7gt
mdash 7gt)+ 1 7)+ mdash 7))+
7))+
2 -7$ -70+ -7)
2 )7
)70+ )7) 2 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7=) 2 7) 7)0+
7)0+
7))
7))
3 762 762+ 7B+2+
7623(+
PT 7)
7)34
7B+
3 )7 )576+ )73(+ 3 7A
7=$
7=0+ 7gt3$(+) 3 7) 7)+
7)$6+
7))+
7)3(+
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp( present stem forms (so )+( +( -+( +( 01+( 02+( $3+( $45+( $3+( $6+( +( 47+( 899+( 8+( +(
lt63+( lt=+( gt=+( gt2+( 5+( $3+( 6+( 62+( A2+( $69)
active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF ($1(
1 $+( mdash $+
1 ($1B
mdash ($1B 1 ($14(( mdash ($14(
2 $amp $+64 $+6
2 $+C
$+64 $+6 2 ($1DC
($1E(C
($1E64 ($1E6 2 ($14(C ($14(64 ($14(6 3 ($16B ($16B
($16B
($16B
PT ($1C
($FG
($1
3 $+(() $+64 ($1(() 3 ($1D
($1E(
($1E64 ($1B(() 3 ($14( ($+46E ($14(
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H$+ mdash H$+
2 H$+C H$+64 H$+6
3 H$+ H($16E H$+
middlepassive (so 7+( )+( 3+( 63+( $69)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
INF $+I(
$+( ($1I4 ($1I
1 ($1B(
($+2I4 ($+2I 1 ($+4E ($+4I4 ($+4I
2 $+4 $+I4 $+I
$+(
$+I4 $+I 2 ($1D
($1E(
($1EI4 ($1EI 2 ($14(4 ($14(I4 ($14(I 3 ($1IB ($1IB
($1IB
($1IB
PT ($14C
E 4
$+6( $+I4 $+6( 3 ($1E6( ($1EI4 ($1B6( 3 ($14(64 ($+4IE ($14(64
IMPERFECT
singular dual plural
1 H($1E H($1I4 H($1I
2 H$+4 H$+I4 H$+I
3 H$+64 H($1IE H$+64
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ (poetic) present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 $ amp() amp 2 ( () amp 1 +) amp() amp
2 $ () amp 3 ) ) 2 ( () amp
3 -$ () )-$ 3 -( +) )-(
INFINITIVE $ PARTICIPLE amp)( + ()
0+$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
0+$ 1amp() 1amp 1 2$ 3amp() 3amp 1 (4+) (4amp() (4amp 2 0+( 0+() 0+amp 1 51+)
or
1+)
51amp()
or
1amp()
51amp
or
1amp
0+$ 0+() 0+amp 2 6
7$ 7() 7amp 2 (8( (8() (8amp 3 1 1) 1) 2 50+(
or
7(
50+()
(r
7()
50+amp
or
7amp
0+-$ 0+() 0+)-$ 3 7-$ 7() 2)-$ 3 (8-( (4+) (8)-( 3 50+-(
or
7-(
or 7-(
51+)
or
1+)
50+)-(
or
7)-( INFINITIVE 7$ PARTICIPLE 1amp)( + ()
amp8$ present stem formsINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
1 amp8$ amp4amp() amp4amp 1 9$ amp3amp() amp3amp 1 amp(4+) amp(4amp() amp(4amp 2 amp8( amp8() amp8amp 1 5amp4+) 5amp4amp() 5amp4amp
2 amp8$ amp8() amp8amp 2 9
9+$ 9+() 9+amp 2 9($( 9($() 9($amp 3 amp4 amp4) amp4) 2 amp$( amp$() amp$amp
3 amp8-$ amp8() amp8)-$ 3 9+-$ 9+() 9)-$ 3 9($-( amp(4+) 9($)-( 3 amp$-( 5amp4+) amp$)-(
INFINITIVE amp8$
PARTICIPLE amp4amp)( + ()
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ present stem forms (principal parts $ amp (amp) [( also 2 aor] mdash +))- mdash) active (so verbs in --- - 0$1- 2$- +1- +$3- amp0$- 034 middle forms 1))- +$4))- 034 NB middle forms of $ appear in Homer 5 ()amp6 ()36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $ mdash )
1 7
mdash 78 1 )$ mdash )98
)$8 (rare)
2 )$ -
36 38 1 ( mdash ()8
2 lt -lt sts lt
)3= )3 2 gtlt -lt
36 38 2 )$lt
not attested )$38 3 3 3 3
2 (amp) (lt
()36 ()38
3 amp$() )3= amp$() 3 gt -
36 7amp-() 3 )$ not attested )98 )$amp) (rare)
3 ( 53 ()amp)
AB With the exception of the 2nd s all pres ind forms are enclitic like 8C$ sum
INFINITIVE )- PARTICIPLE lt DampE F$ (Lat a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F$ 1 G
2 mdash 2 mdash
3 Famp$() 3 G
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth sect2189 and Kennedy sect410) classified in three ways
1 substantival clauses behave like nouns 2 adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (ie predicate) to the action at hand 3 adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (ie attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy c lauses are being compared to words Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns adverbs and adjectives 1a Jim annoys me 1b The fact that Jim does that annoys me 1c I cant stand Jim 1d I cant stand the fact that Jim does that 2a Jim ran quickly 2b Jim ran when he realized he was late 2c Jim ran because he realized he was late 2d Jim ran although he didnt need to 3a Ive made an unforgivable mistake 3b Ive made a mistake which is unforgivable In each of these examples a clause underlined in a (b) (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence Each kind of clause has further subclasses
1 substantival clauses a relative clauses (best treated as adjectivalmdashsee below) b indirect speech c indirect question d indirect command
2 adverbial clauses a purpose (aka final) clauses b object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) mdashwith verbs of effort mdashwith verbs of fear c causal clauses d result (aka consecutive) clauses e proviso clauses f conditional clauses g concessive clauses h temporal clauses i comparison
3 adjectival clauses relative clauses a definite b indefinite [c conditional relative clauses in Gk]
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts
present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning
$ amp( )amp )+amp -( lead
amp01 amp023 456(
708amp
(90amp08amp Hdt)
70+amp (90amp0+amp Hdt)
01-( take (mid choose)
amplt0
(940 Ion and
poet)
901
(9401)
)0amp
(40amp) )08amp )0+amp 0-(
(=10-() lift remove
ampgt3-(+amp ampgt3-23+amp 3-A+( B3-+amp perceive
98C 98C3+amp 8D3amp 98E8amp 8D3+amp =8C3-( hear
F6G38+amp F6H3+amp IJ6( IJ68amp be caught
966KK 966$ 66amp$amp 66ampamp 66amp+amp
1 =66-( usu
trag
2 =66(
change exchange
F+amp0K( F+amp0K23+amp L+amp0K( M+0K8amp M+0K+amp M+amp0K2-( err
NOK NP QPamp Q++amp LR-( fasten light (mid
touch)
9R8(1+amp 9R$+amp 9R8A+( 9RS+amp arrive
T66 Tamp61 UTamp6( T1T68amp T1T6+amp VT62-( throw pelt
amp+1 amp+1
(later amp+23) U+amp 4+8amp 4++amp Vamp+2-(
marry (of the
man mid of the
woman)
(+amp ((+amp Ion and
later)
4(23+amp V4(A+( 1(amp
(1ampamp Epic) 41(+amp V4(2-( become
(H38 (H3+amp U(( U(8amp U(3+amp V(H3-( recognise
W48(D+ (W48(X poet)
W4$
(W1$ Ion)
UW4$amp
(UW4$amp Yon) W1W4amp
W1W4+amp (W1W4+amp Ion
W4W4+amp Epic)
VW4-(
(VW1-( Ion) show
W1+amp (W18+amp Ion)
W1$+amp VW4$+(
(VW1+( Epic) W1W4+amp VW1-( receive
W6A W6Z3 VW263amp W4W268amp W4W26+amp VW6Z-( show reveal
WW+ WZ3
UW8amp
(VWA+( mid)
W1W8amp W1W+amp VWA-( give
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
ἐγείρω ἐγερέω ἤγειρα 1 ἐγήγερκα 2 ἐγρήγορα (intrpres)
ἐγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην arouse
ἐρωτάω 1 ἐρωτήσω2 ἐρήσομαι
1 ἠρώτησα2 ἠρόμην ἠρώτηκα ἠρώτημαι ἠρωτήθην ask
ἔχω ἕξω σχήσω
ἔσχον (poet ἔσχεθον)
ἔσχηκα (Epic ὄχωκα) ἔσχημαι ἐσχέθην have
ἵημι ἥσω ἧκα (εἵμην mid) εἷκα εἷμαι εἵθην shoot let go
send
ἵστημι στήσω 1 ἔστησα trans 2 ἔστην intr
ἕστηκα (as pres intr) ἕσταμαι ἐστάθην set up (intr
stand)
λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην take
λανθάνω λήσω 1 ἔλησα (poet)2 ἔλαθον(Hom ἐλέλαθον)
λέληθα (perf pres) λέλησμαι ἐλήσθην escape notice of (mid forget)
λέγω λέξω ἐρέω
ἔλεξα εἶπον
εἴρηκα (λέλεχα rare)
εἴρημαι λέλεγμαι ἐλέχθην say
λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα λέλειμμαι ἐλείφθην leave
λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἐλύθην release
μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα learn
νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα νενόμικα νενόμισμαι ἐνομίσθην think consider
ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1 ὤλεσα trans 2 ὠλόμην intr
1 ὀλώλεκα trans 2 ὄλωλα intr
destroy (mid perish)
ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον 1 ἑώρακα (ἑόρακα)
2 ὄπωπα (poet)
1 ἑώραμαι2 ὦμμαι ὤφθην see
πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα πέπομφα πέπεμμαι ἐπέμφθην send
πίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐπτώθην fall
ποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα πεποίηκα πεποίημαι ἐποιήθην make do
πράττω πράξω ἔπραξα 1 πέπραχα trans 2 πέπραγα intr πέπραγμαι ἐπράχθην act fare
στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην send
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp () $+ (-$ mid) $+
0ampamp (+01amp freq Att synonym)
-$ place put make
+)
2) (poet) 23amp
0+3 3+ 04amp -5$ (poet) bear
67) 68) 1 608 2 673 (Epic) 639 6amp
1 -69$ (-69$ Ion) 2 -67$
turn
69) 68) 608 639 6amp -69$ rear nourish
lt45) 0=23amp lt53 0=5$+ lt4amp -=5$ happen chance
9) 9) 9$
1 794+ trans 2 79$ intr
79(amp 1 -9$ poet 2 -9$ intr
reveal (mid appear seem)
96) 3gt()
04+3 (Ion 0amp+3 rare) 04+ (Ion 0amp+) ( Epic
-35 -04amp (Ion -0amp4amp)
A5$ (Ion A05$) bear carry
9B) 9B()
1 9lt( trans 2 9lt intr
79lt+ intr -9B$ produce
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed)
bull this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (ASA Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009))
bull it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections
bull the list contains 761 words
bull links to online flashcards etc can be found here httptinyurlcomlanguagepacks2012
$amp good
( too much
)+ I announce
-amp messenger
(-)+ I do not know
- market-place
amp field countryside
+ I lead
0( contest trial
123 sister
12amp brother
145)+ I wrong (someone)
1456 a wrong wrong-doing
145-amp criminal
6 always
7$8(4 Athens
7$9(-4 Athenians
$-6lt+ I gather
$=gt)+ I am despondent
1)-gt4 I respect revere
gt blood
A)+ I take
A)-gt4 I choose
B+ I raise lift
C$(-gt4 I perceive
CDamp disgraceful ugly
CDE(+ I shame
CDE(-gt4 I am ashamed
F)+ I ask for
F6 cause charge blame
F4-gt4 I blame accuse
BF4-amp responsible
Dgt+F-amp prisoner
5-E+ I hear
5-amp top (of)
5F3 shore
5+( unwilling
9$3amp true
G4amp enough
but
3-=amp each other
-amp other
Ggt at the same time together with
gtF(+ I make a mistake miss fail
gtE(+ I ward off defend
gtE(-gt4 I resist
gt26 + acc around about
gt2F-amp both
( would could (indefinite)
( + acc up
(H6(+ I board (ship) mount (horse) put to sea
(4(0C5+ I read
(5lt+ I compel
(59 necessity
(-gt4 I put to sea
(D+)+ I retreat
(16 courage manliness
(1-amp brave manly
(gt-amp wind
(E + gen without
(3 man husband
($+I-amp person man
(F6 + gen instead of
J4-amp worthy deserving
J4+ I think fit expect
GIamp all every
I4)+ I threaten
I)D+ I keep off I am distant (intransitive)
I + gen from
I-$(KC5+ I die am killed
I-56(-gt4 I answer
I-5F6(+ I kill
I=gt4 I lose destroy
I--)-gt4 I make my defence
I-)+ I am at a loss
I-6 perplexity difficulty
I-CF)+ I deprive
I-C159F-amp unexpected
GIF-gt4 I lay hold of reach
hellip then hellip
L = a question
E4-( money
=-Mamp made of silver
F3 excellence virtue
4$gtamp number
4CFamp left
Ggt chariot
Ilt+ I seize
F4 recently
D3 beginning rule
D+ I rule
D-gt4 I begin
CH3amp impious
C$(3amp weak
Cgt(-amp glad
CI6amp shield
CF= city
C24 safety
C23amp safe
GF in as much as seeing that
N N$4amp in turn again
OJ(+ I increase grow
P4-( tomorrow
OF65 at once
OFamp himself same him her it them
245()-gt4 I arrive
26CF9gt4 I (make to) revolt
26CFgt4 I revolt
H16lt+ I walk
H$Eamp deep
H6(+ I go
H+ I throw fire at
HH-amp non-Greek
HEamp heavy grievous
HC4Qamp king
HC64 queen
H)H4-amp firm trusty sure
H6 force
H6-amp life
HIF+ I harm
H)I+ I look
H-+ I shout
H-3 shout
H-3$4 help
H-9$)+ I help
H-=E+ H-=E-gt4 I discuss plan consider
H-=3 counsel council
H-E-gt4 I wish
H1Eamp slow
HRgt-amp altar
gt)+ gt)-gt4 I marry
for
at any rate at least
+ I laugh
)(-amp type family race
)+( old man
)2= bridge
8 land earth
6(-gt4 I become happen
4(0C5+ I get to know realise understand
RCC tongue language
(0gt9 opinion judgement intention
-M( at any rate at least
2+ I write
=gt(amp naked unarmed
=(3 woman wife
15E+ I weep
1) and but
1 it is necessary
165(=gt4 I show
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$amp terrible clever strange ($)$ meal $+)$ tree - right hand amp right skilled ) I ask need 0amp bond fetter 0123amp prisoner 0(23amp master 0()$ mistress 4+) hither 5) I receive welcome 6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 6()7 of course perhaps 82 of course certainly 89)amp clear certain 39 I show point out 8)amp people - + acc on account of right through - + gen through 2lt why = gt9lt)7 soon lt$ I cross 9) I converse ABlt+ I destroy corrupt -0C I teach tell lt I give 3) I narrate ltC)amp upright just fair ltC3 justice lawsuit penalty 2 because 1C I pursue prosecute )C I seem think )C + dat it seems good 9)amp trickery opinion glory )79D I am a slave )49)amp )D93 slave )79 I enslave +- I do +)amp flight run D$ I can D$amp power capacity 7$2amp powerful able possible 702756amp unfortunate E+)$ gift F-$ G$ if H72$ I2$ himself F- I allow FDamp near (as prep takes gen) F1 or F1 F72$ I myself FB9 I am willing wish JB$)amp tribe K if KCamp probability Klt I am K+6$3 peace Kamp + acc into to K0-99 I invade K0)96 invasion pass L2 then M2 hellip M2 hellip whether hellip or hellip FC or F + gen out of from F )N since the time when J + gen outside OC02)amp each OC2+)amp each (of two) FC there FCB$ thence FC0 thither FC$)amp that FCC930lt assembly FCAD I escape HC1$ willing F9D$ I drive F97B+lt freedom F9DB+)amp free F97B+ I free O9C I drag P99amp Greece P993$ Greek F9(ltQ I hope expect Famp my
F$ + dat in on F$-$2)amp opposite contrary O$C + gen on account of for the sake of J$B there then when F$B- here there F$B$ from there from when F$72amp year J$) some F$lt)2 sometimes F$$) I consider think of J$)C)amp inhabitant F$24B here there then F$24B$ hence thence thereupon F$275-$ I meet FltA$3amp suddenly F(2- I deceive J02 it is allowed is possible H)+26 festival F($ I praise F($+5) I return F(lt F(6 F(-$ since when F(R 2-502 as soon as J(2 then afterwards F(lt + acc against on on condition of F(lt + gen on F(lt + dat on condition of beside F(9$B-$) I forget F(lt02 I understand know (how to) F(02)96 letter F(26 provisions F(2+( I entrust O() I follow F+-Q) I work J+)$ work deed F+8)amp deserted J+5) I go come F+2- I ask (a question) F0Blt I eat H0(+ evening west J052)amp last furthest H2+)amp companion O2+)amp one the other different J2 still yet O2))amp ready J2)amp year S well T$6amp noble Tlt$ happy prosperous TBDamp at once I+lt0C I find T+Damp broad T06amp pious T2756amp fortunate lucky U5) I pray boast FA= V2 on condition that F5B+amp hostile J5 I have hold + adverb be Oamp while until Q- I live WDamp Zeus Q32 I seek G G hellip G hellip than or either hellip or hellip X1$ leader guide X) I lead consider G3 now already Y) I enjoy am glad XDamp pleasant sweet YC02 least not at all YC I have come Y9)amp sun Yamp XZamp T2)Damp we ourselves X+ day [= X+ at daybreak X2+)amp our G(+)amp mainland X075-Q I am calm am quiet B-900 sea B-$2)amp death B-(2 I bury B++ B+0 I am confident B7-Q I am amazed admire B-) I look at B- goddess
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
$ god amp() I care for )+ amp+amp servant -$ summer () I hunt 0+ wild beast amp1($ reckless bold 234 daughter (amp door () I sacrifice 5amp6 breast plate 7amp4$ doctor 8($ priest 8+ temple 8$ holy 9 I send hurl 8amp+$ sufficient capable 9+amp so that in order to 8($ cavalryman 8() I ride 9$ horse cavalry lt1$ equal lt1)$ perhaps 914 I make to stand 914ampamp I stand 71=2$ strong amp(gt) I sleep amp) I make to sit down sit down amp14 I make appoint put (into state of hellip) amp14ampamp I am appointed get (into the state of ) amp and even also actually amp although amp$ right time opportunity amp4 and yet amp) I burn set on fire amp$ bad cowardly ampA-) I call summon ampA$ fine beautiful +) I toil am weary (of) am tired by amp4 + acc down according to by (land sea) amp41$ spy amp4ampB+-) I despise amp43-) I accuse Camp I lie am situated A() I order +$ empty -amp$ horn wing BampA0 head 026 herald (11) I proclaim +gt2+() I risk I am likely to +gt2+$ danger +-) I move arouse A-4) I steal +$ common A) I punish ) I bring convey 4) I cut hit girl amp4-) I control conquer 4$ might force +) I judge 40$ judge (4) I hide 4amp I obtain 4Damp possession 2E+04$ helmsman (A$ circle )A() I prevent hinder 5 village AF secretly Gampgtamp+ the Spartans AampE+) I take capture Aamp++) I escape the notice of A-3) I say tell A) I leave (behind) A$ stone A0+ harbour A+ marsh A3$ word account reason A3= spear A$ remaining 4H AI+ in the future
A=amp3$ commander A2-) I annoy harass A( pain grief A() I loose A(amp I ransom amp$ long Aamp very A14amp very much especially JAA+ more amp++) I learn understand amp+4C+ oracle +4$ prophet 4+ in vain = fight =amp I fight -3amp$ great big -AA) I intend hesitate am going to -+amp I remember hellip -+ hellip gt- on the one hand hellip on the other hellip [marks a contrast] -+4 however certainly -+) I remain await -$ part share -1$ middle 4 + acc after 4 + gen with 4amp-amp I send for -= until 0 (and compounds) see under K 0+ month 04 mother $ small 1-) I hate 1$ reward fee A$ scarcely with difficulty ++ only +$ alone L$ word story M$ foolish stupid +amp yes +amp2amp=-) I fight a sea-battle +amp2amp=amp sea-battle +ampL$ ship +amp240$ sailor +amp24+ fleet +amp+amp$ young man +$ corpse +-$ young new +D1$ island +) I conquer + victory +) I consider believe +$ law custom +1-) I am ill +1$ illness +L$ mind +L+ now +(6 night 6-+$ stranger foreigner friend host guest 6B$ sword 6(A+$ wooden N the Ogt this Ngt$ road journey O+ whence P whither Qgtamp I know ltampgt homewards 7-) I dwell 7Ramp house home lt+ from home lt at home Q$ home 74) I pity Q+$ wine P$ such (as) P$ 4S 7 I can TA3$ small few U+2 I swear O$ similar like NA3-) I agree admit O)$ nevertheless U+amp name
$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
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$amp() behind in future () arms armour +)- I arm +)01 hoplite (1 so that +23 I see 4256 anger 425-78 I become angry 4291 straight correct (271 oath +28378 I set out 271 hill mountain (1 who ($71 how much how big ($1 whoever (amp ( when ( because that 7 where (relative) 7lt 7lt 7lt= 7lt= 86 not 7ltgt87 80gt87 nowhere 7ltgt81 80gt81 in no way 7ltgtA 80gtA and not nor not even 7ltgtamp1 80gtamp1 no one 7ltgtA7amp 7B7amp 80gtA7amp 867amp never 7ltA 80A no longer 7B7C not 7lt7 therefore then 7D and so 7Bamp 7Bamp 86amp 86amp neither nor 771 this 7E 7E1 thus so 4F)891 eye gtampG I educate train H1 boy girl child 3) formerly )91 former ancient 3) back again 23 + acc contrary to along 23 + gen from 23 + dat beside 2gtgt8 I hand over surrender 2$ampC3- I prepare 32amp8 I am present 32amp$ it is possible 2A= I provide 2A71 virgin I1 every all =7 everywhere 3$= I suffer 62 father 21 fatherland 2J71 of a father G I stop G78 I cease ampgt7 plain amp-K on foot amp-7 infantry amp I persuade amp78 I obey amp2378 I try amp)$61 light-armed soldier A8 I send escort amp2 + acc around amp2 + gen about LA2$01 Persian 0gt3 I leap A- I press hard upon I drink I fall $ampG I believe trust $91 reliable faithful )A I sail )M71 crowd large number )6 + gen except )029 I fill man (a ship) )7H7 boat )71 voyage )7G$71 rich 7A I make do 7A78 I value amp2N 7))7 7ampH$ to value highly 7H71 +7H71 of what sort such as 7)amp8A I fight a war
7)A871 enemy 9)amp871 war 7)72A I besiege 9)1 city-state city 7)01 citizen 7))31 often 7)G1 much many 7A I toil suffer 971 toil pain 72ampG78 I march 922 29$ forwards far away 9$71 +9$71 how great how much how many as much as 7891 river 9amp or +9amp 7amp when at some time 9amp27 hellip O hellip (whether) hellip or hellip 9amp271 +9amp271 which of two 9amp (7amp whence 7H (7 whither 7 (7C where 7C I suppose 7G1 foot 2I58 thing matter 23$$ I do fare 2A$PC1 2A$Pamp1 (pl) elder ambassadors 2 before until 29 + gen in front of 295771 ancestor 27gtgt8 I betray 27C8A I am eager 27C8 eagerness zeal 29C871 eager ready 291 + acc to towards against in addition to 27$P3)) I attack 29$amp Q827$amp before 27amp2 the day before 29amp27 before 2R early 27 first G)0 gate C378 I ascertain learn 2 fire 1 or (1 1 how in some way STgt71 easy S62 speaker politician S I throw $F61 clear $M8 sign signal $08 I show give a sign $68amp27 today $53 I am silent $56 silence $H71 corn food bread $ampG0 equipment baggage $06 tent $7A I look at examine $971 darkness $91 your $7F cleverness wisdom $7F91 clever wise $7gt treaty $3gt7 [pl $3gt7] stade [a unit of length] $A)) I send equip $amp91 narrow $9)71 expedition $98 mouth $23ampC8 army $2ampG I march $205A I am general $20591 general $23 army $2U01 soldier $27ampgtampG78 I encamp $29ampgt7 camp $291 army $V $ampC9 you yourself $C55amp61 related kin $C5=2A I agree $C))A5 I collect assemble $C8P7C)ampG I advise $C88= alliance $G88=71 ally $C8F723 disaster event
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help
+ dat with $amp $amp ()amp them themselves $+)-amp their $- very much 0 nearly almost 123 I save keep 3)4-5 safety 67 body 8$-3 sensible sober moderate )9amp arrangement rank (battle) order )-93 I throw into confusion )93 I draw up arrange )9$amp tomb )90 )lt0 = quickly perhaps perhaps )0amp quick ) ) hellip ) and both hellip and hellip )0523 I fortify )507 fortification )gt0amp wall ))93 I end die ))A end )+amp end (adv in the end) )+73 I cut )+04 craft skill )5B47 I place make )793 I honour )7A honour )73-+3 I punish avenge )73-+7 I take vengeance on )5amp who )amp (a) certain someone something ) I assure you )C)amp such )7 daring )793 I dare )7 arrow )3 I shoot ) bow ))4amp archer )Damp place )C)amp so great so many )) at that time )-C7 wound )-7)523 I wound )-+D3 I turn rout )-+03 I run )-A-4amp trireme )-Dgt trophy )-Damp way manner custom )E093 I happen hit )D)3 I strike )04 chance luck fortune FG-523 I insult H3- water Iamp son H4 wood F7gtamp F7amp ()amp you yourselves F7+)-amp your FD+- + acc above beyond over FD+- + gen on behalf of FD0+7 I promise HDamp sleep FD + gen under by F)-5 the next day H)-amp latter later H)- later FJ4amp high $57 I appear seem $+-3 I bear + adverb (eg KK6amp) = I take it (ill) $E3 I flee am accused am banished $475 I say $B93 I do something first $B+3 I grudge resent envy $Bamp grudge envy $+3 I love am accustomed $5 affection $5amp dear friendly $5amp $54 friend $G+7 I fear $Gamp fear $3 I murder kill $E9amp an exile $EA exile
$ guard $93 I guard $3A voice 05-3 I rejoice 0Damp difficult harsh 0KCamp brazen 09- L03 I thank 078 winter storm 05- hand 0B+amp yesterday 0-97 I use treat 0-A it is necessary 0-M7 thing money (in pl) 0-47amp useful 0-4)A- oracle 0-amp time 0-amp gold 0-Camp golden 08- land place 03-+3 I go 03-5 place J3 I cheat deceive J7 I lie I am mistaken J4$527 I vote N o O thus P- time Qamp as when that because how Qamp + superlative adverb as as possible PD- as if P) so that R$+3 I benefit help