Cm th th gic - nhng nguyn l c bn

ng ngy: 22/09/2010 12:18

Trong 5 gic quan ca con ngi th gic, khu gic, xc gic, thnh gic, v gic, c th ni cm th th gic chim ti 80% t trng ca s cm th khng gian th. Chnh v vy vic hiu r nhng kha cnh ca cm th th gic l c s rt quan trng nh gi v thit lp cc khng gian.

I. Nhng yu t vt l th gicKh nng nhn thc ca mt trong khng gian th.Mt ngi ch c th nhn thy mt phm vi nht nh theo mt hng. Ranh gii ca n khng han tan l ranh gii cng, v vy ta c th gi phm vi nhn thy ca mt l trng nhn-Trng nhn:L phm vi nhn thy ca mt theo mt hng nht nh.Trng nhn theo phng ngang: Mt ngi nhn sang hai bn c mt gc l 130o (mi bn 65o), khng k vic quay u.Trng nhn theo phng ng: So vi ng nm ngang, mt ngi nhn ln c mt gc l 30o, nhn xung mt gc l 45o.Trng nhn tp trung: L phm vi nhn trong mt hnh nn c gc nh l 30o, thng vi hng nhn.V trng nhn khng c ranh gii cng nn c th c nhiu kin v phm vi chnh xc ny. Nhng x dch mt vi vn c th c chp nhn.-Ngng nhn xa , kh nng phn bit ca mt:Mt ngi c kh nng nhn bit, phn bit cc vt th cc khong cch khc nhau ty thuc kch thc, chi tit ca cc vt th. Lm kim han hay thu ren ng nhin khang cch nhn l phi rt gn, nhng i vi cc vt th trong th nh cng trnh v cc chi tit kin trc, nhng khong cch sau c coi l nhng ngng nhn thy theo cc cp :+ Khong cch 3 m: Nhn bit c nhng chi tit nh ca cng trnh (hoa st, ph iu)+ Khong cch 25 m: Nhn bit c nhng chi tit ln cu cng trnh (ca s, lan can)+ Khong cch 140m: Phn bit nhng mng khi ca cng trnh.+ Khong cch 140-1200m: Bng dng, hnh khi c bn ca cng trnh.+ Ngoi 1200 m, cng trnh tr thnh phng, nn cho cc vt th ng trc. Vi s nh hng ca kh hu, nh sng, mt ngi ch nhn thy c nhng bng dng m ca cc cng trnh ln, bng dng ni i . V vy c th coi l gii hn nhn,Mt ngi c kh nng phn bit c 3500 ln kch thc ca vt th. Chng ta nhn bit c hot ng ca mt ngi khong cch ti a l 130m, nhn ra mt khun mt khong cch ti a 24 m v nhng c ng ca nt mt ti a khong cch 12m (1).y l nhng gii hn sinh hc rt c bn ca con ngi, qua 2 yu t ny chng ta cn lu :+ Nhng vt th t trn cao khng nn thit k nh hoc nhiu chi tit bi gc quan st phi t rt xa v nh vy khng th cm th c tc phm c kch thc nh.+ S cm th ca phn ln con ngi trong th l cm nhn v thc tc khng c ch nh nhn ngm mt vt th no. V th cng trnh ch o phi c t trong trng nhn chnh, l nhng hng nhn thng theo cc trc giao thng, tuyn i li chnh trong th. Nhng cng trnh nm ngoi trng nhn chnh do b che lp bi vt th khc thng b thit thi bi kh nhn bit v cm th.Thi gian cm th Cm th khng gian trong s chuyn ngMt ngi cn c mt khong thi gian nht nh c th quan st v cm th c vt th. Thi gian cm th vt th ph thuc vo mc n gin hay phc tp ca vt th, khi lng thng tin m vt th mun biu t. Cng nhng cng trnh quan trng trong khng gian cng cn nhu thi gian c th quan st, nhn r v cm th chng.Tuy nhin con ngi cm th khng gian th hu ht l trong qu trnh chuyn ng: i b, xe p, xe my, tNh vy thi gian cm th vt th trong th nhn chung l c gii hn. Thi gian c tnh bngQang ng nhn r vt th (trong trng nhn )T cm th = Tc chuyn ngCn ch c tnh ny khi thit k cc cng trnh cnh cc tuyn ng giao thng c tc khc nhau. Cc vt th cnh ng cao tc nn s dng hnh khi n gin, kch thc ln. Cn vi cc tuyn i b do thi gian ngm nhn c lu hn li rt cn quan tm n chi tit ca cc cng trnh, nn ng.Tng i hoc cc cng trnh quan trng nht thit phi c t v tr c thi gian cm th ln, tc l qung ng quan st di hoc c tc chuyn ng ca ngi quan st chm.Tnh lin kt th gic- lc th gicNhng vt th t gn nhau to nn mt lc lin kt chng v mt th gic. c tnh ny to nn kh nng dn hng ca cc vt th vi hot ng ca con ngi. V d nhng dy ct xp theo ng cong s lm mt ta hng theo ng cong .Vt th cng t gn nhau lc th gic cng mnh v ngc li. Khi nim gn hay xa ny khng ph thuc vo khong cch tht m tu theo v tr ta quan st cc vt th. Mt hng cy bn ng nu chng ta ng v tr vung gc vi ng s khng cho chng ta cm gic v mt di cy xanh mnh bng nu ta nhn chng gc phi cnh, nhng ci cy t gn nhau, thm ch che lp nhau mt phn s to nn mt tuyn cy xanh vi s dn hng r rt.Tnh lin kt th gic hay lc th gic l c tnh quan trng chng ta vn dng trong vic t hp cc khng gian dn dt, khng gian lin kt, khng gian ng m .Nhng yu t tc ng n s cm th th gicCc vt th to hng nhn:Do c tnh lin kt ca lc th gic m trong khng gian mt ngi b dn hng bi cc vt th. Nhng vt th ny c th to s tp trung tia nhn hoc cng c th lm phn tn tia nhn i vi mt hng nhn chnh hoc mt cng trnh ch o.Quan h phng hnh: tng phn phng hnh do nh sng, mu sc, cao , khi hoc cht liu to ra cho chng ta kh nng phn bit nhn bit vt th khc nhau. tng phn cng ln chng ta cng d nhn bit v cm th c vt th.ngvin(sky line, xiluyet):L ranh gii gia cng trnh, qun th cng trnh hoc ton th vi bu tri. Cm th th gic v ranh gii ny rt r do tng phn gia cng trnh v bu tri mnh. Nht l khi nhn ton cnh hoc khi quan st khng gian vo lc chiu mun. Cm gic xa- gn gia cc cng trnh nho i v ch cn bng dng ca cc cng trnh, hoc nt vin phn gip vi bu tri sm in trn nn tri.Rt cn lu n yu t ny khi thit k cc cng trnh cao tng, hnh thc mi ca cng trnh phi quan tm n siluyet ton cnh v n l thnh phn quan trng to nn nhng n tng v khng gian chung ca th.Chui phi cnh:Hnh nh th l mt chui nhn thc v cc cnh, hnh nh, chng oc lin kt v s l qua b no to nn mt n tng, mt s cm th chung v khng gian. V vy cn ch ti khng gian th trn cc chui phi cnh, theo tuyn cc im nhn k tip.Cc cnh trn tuyn cn c s tng ng, lin kt, chuyn ho mi to c nhng hnh nh thng nht v thV d : Mt ng ph ton hoa phng; Mt ng ph c nhiu cng trnh vi phong cch kin trc Php ; Ph c H Ni vi nhng mi ngi l x, bun bn, sn xut tp npn tng ny c c l do s cm th ca chui ca cc hnh nh mang tnh c trng trn tuyn.Nhng tuyn ph ln xn l nhng tuyn khng c c nhng chui hnh nh, chui phi cnh p. C th ch c nhng bc nh p ring l.II. Nhng yu t tm l th gicNgoi nhng yu t vt l th gic mang tnh ph bin vi mi ngi, yu t tm l th gic vi tng c nhn cng l yu t tc ng n vic th cm khng gian. Th hin qua cc kha cnh- Tm l ca ngi cm th: Trng thi tm l vui, bun cho s cm nhn v khng gian khc nhau.- Trnh , vn ho, tp qun, tn ngng ca ngi nhn thc: V d khch du lch quc t Ty u coi trng v p t nhin, hoang s, thch c tip xc vi t nhin. Tm l thch nhiu mu sc (, vng) trong trang tr ca ngi Trung Quc.- Tm l theo la tui, gii: Thanh nin, thiu nin a thch cc khng gian vui nhn, sng ng s c cm nhn tch cc vi cc khng gian cng cng ng c hn ngi c tui. Ph n thch nhngkhng gian c cm gic an tan. Yu t tm l ny cn c quan tm khi thit k cc khng gian cho cc i tng, la tui khc nhau.- Cm gic v thi gian, du n ni chn (k nim, tnh cm) cng tc ng ln s cm th th gic khc nhau.III. Mt s phn tch khng gian trn c s cm th th gicCng trnh trng tm trong khng gian th:Phi kt cc c s v th gic trn ta thy mt cng trnh tr thnh trng tm trong khng gian th cn thit phi c cc iu kin:+Cng trnh nm trong trng nhn tp trung (ca mt hoc nhiu hng). Khong cch nhn hp l quan st v cm th vt th.+C thi gian cm th vt th cho ngi quan st vi tc di chuyn ca s ng.+Cng trnh chnh c cc vt th khc dn hng tp trung tia nhn.+Cng trnh c phng, hnh r rng, khng b ln.Cm nhn v khng gian ng:y l nhng khng gian cho cm nhn v s kn o, gn gi , m cng vi nhng ranh gii khng gian c xc nh r rng.Trn mt bng: Cc hng nhn b gii hn, khp kn trong khng gian (do lc th gic chi phi), kh nng nhn ra cc hng khc nh.Trn mt ct: Vt th c chiu cao gii hn tia nhn trn.Gc tia nhn nh ca vt th vi ng nm ngang:+ To gc 14 o: Bt u c cm gic c vt th chn trc mt+ To gc 18 o: Cm gic c vt th chn pha trc+ To gc 30o: Gii hn trn ca tia nhn, ranh gii gia cm gic ng v m.+ To gc 40o : Cm gic ng han tan.Cn lu v v tr nhn ph bin trong khng gian xc nh chiu cao cho khng gian ng. V tr nhn ph bin trung tm khng gian hay t mp bin khng gian s cho yu cu v chiu cao khng gian ng khc nhau.Cm nhn v khng gian mTrn mt bng cc tia nhn c hng ra ngai khng gian theo mt hoc vi hng. Trn mt ct, tia nhn cng khng b cc vt th che chn han tan (tia nhn trn nh hn gc 14-30o). Khng gian m c th l nhng khng gian xanh, b bin vi tm nhn v mi pha l khng gii hn. Cng c th l nhng khng gian c hng m ch v mt hoc hai pha v c lin kt vi khng gian khc.Khng gian c t l pThc t cho thy trong khng gian c cc tia nhn trn vi gc t 14o 40o mang li nhng cm gic d chu, khng gian khng ng kn qu cng khng qu m, trng tri. Chnh v vy nhng khng gian c t l chiu cao/chiu rng t 1/2 n 1/4 l nhng khng gian c coi l c t l p. Kt hp vi t l ca con ngi, khng gian cho cm gic m cng, thn mt thng mi chiu khng qu 25m. Mt khng gian th khng nn rng qu 130m mi chiu.Nhng b cc to nhp iu, s cn xng, i xng, hi ha, tng phn trong khng gian kt hp vi t l cng l yu t to nn v p ca hnh thi khng gian.Cc khng gian lin kty l nhng khng gian thung gp trong th, to nn s phong ph trong chc nng, hnh thi ca tuyn hot ng.+Trc ht phi tn ti cc khng gian vi nhng sc thi ring, khng gian c m v hng lin kt.+C khu vc khng gian chuyn tip, khu vc m th gic cm th c c 2 khng gian, hay ngi quan st cm thy va thuc v khng gian ny va thuc v khng gian khc.Hng lin kt c quyt nh bi cc vt th dn hngTng ng hng khng gian v hng giao thng:Xu th hot ng v mt th gic do hng khng gian quyt nh. Tuy nhin hot ng v mt c hc li theo hng ca ng giao thng quyt nh. V vy cn c s tng ng gia 2 yu t ny, ht sc trnh vic nh hng khng gian theo mt pha nhng tuyn giao thng li i theo pha khc, d to ln s ln hng, kh nng lc li cao.Thp trc khng gian:L s t hp cc khng gian k tip theo mt tuyn, cc khng gian ny c lin kt vi nhau c th i km lin kt giao thng hoc c th ch lin kt bng lc th gic. y l th php thng s dng trong phm vi t chc khng gian tan cnh th. V d to trc khng gian lin kt cc cng trnh cao tng, im nhn t trn cc ngn ni v vi cc khng gian trong th.Trn y ch l mt s phn tch trong nhng kha cnh kh phc tp ca vn cm th th gic. Qua cng cho thy s cn thit phi nm vng v vn dng c nhng c tnh ca cm th th gic trong t chc khng gian mi c th to c nhng khng gian th thnh cng.