Calculator - Copy

8/2/2019 Calculator - Copy

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Presented by :

Rupak Kumar09D02033


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User memory (RAM) - The store where numbers can be stored by the user. User

memory contents can be changed or erased by the user.

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) - The ALU executes all arithmetic and logic instructions,

and provides the results in binary coded form.

Decoder unit - converts binary code into "decimal" numbers which can be displayed

on the display unit.

Display panel - displays input numbers, commands and results. Seven stripes

(segments) are used to represent each digit in a basic calculator.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory


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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and

logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a

computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining

timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs)

accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a

number of ALUs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing


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A simple example arithmetic logic unit

(2-bit ALU) that does AND, OR, XOR, andaddition

Most ALUs can perform the following

operations:

Bitwise logic operations (AND,NOT, OR,

XOR) Integerarithmetic operations (addition,

subtraction, and sometimes multiplication and

division )

Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a

word by a specified number of bits to the left

or right, with or without sign extension).

Shifts can be seen as multiplications and

divisions by apower of two.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_extensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_twohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_twohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_extensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation


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Adder:

A full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out. A one-bit

full adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A, B, and Cin

; A and B are the operands,

and Cin

is a bit carried in (in theory from a past addition). The circuit produces a two-bit

output sum typically represented by the signals Cout

and S, where sum = 2 x Cout + S


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Subtractor:

The full-subtractor is a combinational

circuit which is used to performsubtraction of threebits. It has three

inputs, X (minuend) and Y (subtrahend)

and Z (subtrahend) and two outputs D

(difference) and B (borrow).

Easy way to write truth table

D=X-Y-Z (don't bother about sign)

B = 1 If X


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Thank You

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Calculator - Copy