Paul WhiteHead of Statistics and Forecasting

International Lead and Zinc Study Group

International Secondary Lead Conference1 September 2008 – Macau

Calculating the Recycling Efficiency Rate for Lead

22

Presentation Outline

• Recycling in Context

• Need for a Standardised Approach

• Development of Common Metals Recycling Rates

• Focus on Lead

• Next Steps

33

ILZSG Overview

Intergovernmental organization set up within the UN system

Significant level of industry representation

Established by UN in 1959 in New York

Moved to London in 1977

From start of 2006 ILZSG, ICSG & INSG co-located in Lisbon, Portugal

www.icsg.org www.insg.org

444

ILZSG Membership

Membership open to any country involved in lead and/or zinc production, usage, or trade.

30 members (>85% of global lead/zinc industry):

Australia

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

China

Finland

France

Germany

India

Iran

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea Rep.Morocco

Serbia

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Thailand

United States

European Community

Namibia

Netherlands

Norway

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Russian Fed.

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ILZSG Overview – Work of the Group

Promote Market Transparency

– Closely monitor production, consumption, prices, stocks, trade flows and market balances

– Reports and directories

Facilitate Co-operation Between Government and Industry

– Twice yearly meetings

– Special conferences/seminars

In-depth Research into Issues of Interest/Concern to Members– Environmental legislation– Economic developments

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Recycling in Context

• Legislation increasing– EU Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of

Natural Resources– OECD Material Flows and Resource Productivity

Programme– G8 “3R” Initiative– Numerous National Strategies– Landfill restrictions increasing

• Need for preparation

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Need for Standardised Approach I

• Performance of metals in recycling assumed to be good – but difficult to demonstrate and communicate

• Recycling rates often used in wrong context– Performance of metals may be

underestimated– Potential for increasing metals recycling

may be overestimated

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Need for Standardised Approach II

• Definitions applied to metals recycling have not been consistent across different metals and different regions

• Need to harmonize methodologies and calculate consistent rates resulted in creation of Recycling Project Team (RPT) in 2003

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Recycling Project Team

ILZSG, ICSG, INSG European Aluminium Association (EAA) European Copper Institute (ECI) European Nickel Industry Association Eurofer Eurometaux International Lead Association (ILA) International Wrought Copper Council (IWCC) International Zinc Association (IZA) Nickel Institute Org of Aluminium Refiners and Remelters (OEA) International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM)

1010

RPT Objectives

1. Develop common set of recycling indicators to be used by the whole NFM Industry

2. Facilitate collection of necessary data and monitor methodology used to calculate rates

3. Ensure proper communication to all stakeholders

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Development of Rates

• Variations in processing and use of different metals had to be taken into consideration

• Agreed set of rates developed over 2 year period

12

Life cycle

Mining/Concentrates

Metal

Semi’s

Products

Prod. at end-of-life

Metal collected

Metal recycled

Refining, Smelting -> Waste

Processing -> Residues

Manufacturing -> Scrap

Dissipative uses

Hoarding – Dispersed (Municipal waste stream)

Landfilled

Source: IZA / ILZSG

13

Life cycle

Smelting -> Waste

Processing -> Residues

Manufacturing -> Scrap

Dissipative uses

Hoarding – Dispersed(Municipal waste stream)

Landfilled

New scrap

1 to 6 months

Mining/Concentrates

Metal

Semi’s

Products

Prod. at end-of-life

Metal collected

Metal recycled

Source: IZA / ILZSG

14

Life cycle

Smelting -> Waste

Processing -> Residues

Manufacturing -> Scrap

Dissipative uses

Dispersed(Municipalwaste stream)

Landfilled

Old scrap

1 to 100

years

Mining/Concentrates

Metal

Semi’s

Metal in products

Prod. at end-of-life

Metal collected

Metal recycled

Source: IZA / ILZSG

15

Metal available for recycling (old + new scrap)

Collection & Recycling rates

Metal recycled Total metal production

RIR =

Recycled metalRER=

Recycling input rate

Overall Recycling Efficiency Rate

Metal recycled

Metal available for collection (old scrap) EOL/RER =

End of Life Recycling Efficiency Rate

Source: IZA / ILZSG

16

Recycling Input Rate

Concentrates

Metal

Semi’s

Metal in products

Prod. at end-of-life

Metal collected

Metal recycled

Smelting -> Waste

Processing -> Residues

Manufacturing -> Scrap

Dissipative uses

Hoarding – Dispersed (Municipal waste stream)

Landfilled

RIR

Source: IZA / ILZSG

17

RER

Recycling Efficiency Rate

Concentrates

Metal

Semi’s

Metal in products

Prod. at end-of-life

Metal collected

Metal recycled

Smelting -> Waste

Processing -> Residues

Manufacturing -> Scrap

Dissipative uses

Hoarding – Dispersed (Municipal waste stream)

Landfilled

New scrap

Source: IZA / ILZSG

18

EOL/RER

End-of-Life Recycling Efficiency Rate

Concentrates

Metal

Semi’s

Products

Prod. at end-of-life

Metal collected

Metal recycled

Smelting -> Waste

Processing -> Residues

Manufacturing -> Scrap

Dissipative uses

Hoarding – Dispersed (Municipal waste stream)

Landfilled

New scrap

Source: IZA / ILZSG

19

Additional Collection & Recycling rates (EOL)

Metal Collected

Metal available for collection from EOL scrap EOL/CR =

Metal recycled

Metal collected EOL/RR =

EOL Collection rate

EOL Recovery rate

Is the responsibility of the downstream sectors

Is the responsibility of the recyclers/metal producers

Source: IZA / ILZSG

20

2005

80%

1%

6%

3%

2%

5%

3%

20

Focus on LeadLead End Uses – 1960 vs 2005

Source: ILZSG

1960

27% 18%

18%

3%

11%10%

13%

BatteriesCable Sheathing

Rolled & ExtrudedShot/AmmunitionAlloysPigments & Compounds

Miscellaneous

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Recycling Input Rates (RIR) for lead

• Apparent RIRs for lead in 2008:

– Europe 71.2%

– Americas 77.1%

– Asia 34.8%

– World 52.1%

Source: ILA / ILZSG

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RIR is a Statistical Mesurement

• RIR does not provide information about recycling efficiency

• Calculation of RER requires additional research and analysis– product lifetimes– historical end use data– trade in lead containing products– trade in lead scrap– secondary lead production data

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Lead RER – Product Lifetimes

Product Lifetime (years)SLI batteries 5

Industrial batteries 10

Sheet and pipe 50

CRT glass 10

Crystal glass 50

Plastics stabilisers 20

Ceramic glazes 10

Electronic solders 10

Sporting shot 1

Shot (for alloying) 25

Gasoline additives 1

Cable sheathing 40

Miscellaneous 12 Source: ILA / ILZSG

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Lead RER for the EU15 in 2005

Product Lifetime (years)

Year lead originally used

Lead available for recycling in 2005* (tonnes)

SLI batteries 5 2000 736,000

Industrial batteries 10 1995 215,000

Sheet and pipe 50 1955** 221,000

CRT glass 10 1995 78,000

Crystal glass 50 1955** 40,000

Plastics stabilisers 20 1985 71,000

Ceramic glazes 10 1995 19,000

Electronic solders 10 1995 36,000

Sporting shot 1 2004 28,000

Shot (for alloying) 25 1980 16,000

Gasoline additives 1 2004 8,000

Cable sheathing 40 1965 396,000

Miscellaneous 12 1993 75,000

Total     1,939,000** Note: No data available, 1960 data used as surrogate Source: ILA / ILZSG

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Refinements Needed for Final Calculations

• Clarification of current status of cables

• Clarification of current status of lead pipe

• Factor trade in scrap into calculations

• Factor trade in lead containing products into calculations

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Next Steps

• Reactivate Recycling Project Team• Identify additional sources of data and facilitate

data collection• Continue to promote application of a common

methodology accross the metals• Conduct further work on material flow analysis

in cooperation with Yale University• Further examination and quantitification of

diffuse emissions• Workshop held in June with follow-up planned

for 2010

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THANK YOU!