CAG Report on Defence Services

8/4/2019 CAG Report on Defence Services

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cag-report-on-defence-services 1/91

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9/ Ylw|lt} `hy ^yh~htgj = 77

4/ ]ldcofdgj gom @fljm Lpgj|g}fho 71 76

=/ ]ldcofdgj Hplytfac} Dheef}}llyldheelomg}fho

7 =

</ Dheelydfgj Olah}fg}fho }h

`fogjfrg}fho h` dho}ygd}

0 7>

]h}gj ]fel 96 =6





9<

Gt gagfot} }cl lopftgalm }fel h` 96 eho}ct* }cl ~yhd|ylelo} }hhk =6 eho}ct

m|l }h mljgv fo lgdc t}gal/ ]cft g~gy}* qf}c }cl }qh dho}ygd}t ilfoa tfaolm hojv

fo B|jv 9>>6* }cl lo}fyl ~yhdltt }hhk ehyl }cgo 77 vlgyt/ Gfy Clgmw|gy}lyt

#Gfy CW qcfjl gmef}}foa }cg} }clyl qgt g phfm fo }cl gfy ml`lodl* t}g}lm fo

Tl~}leily 9>7> }cg} ylelmfgj gd}fhot cgpl illo }gklo }h lot|yl }cl ilt}

~httfijl gfy ml`lodl t|yplfjjgodl qf}c }cl lsft}foa ygmgyt gom }cl fom|d}fho h`

Glyht}g} cgt gjth gjjlpfg}lm }cl tf}|g}fho/ Gfy CW yl~jv ft oh} }logijl gt h|} h`

}qh Glyht}g} dheefttfholm fo Egydc 9>>1 gom Ohpleily 9>>3* hol ft oho%

`|od}fhogj tfodl Egv 9>>6/ Ehylhply* qcfjl ~yhbld}foa }cl ylw|fylelo} `hy

JJ]Yt* Gfy CW cgm le~cgtftlm }cg} }cl ylw|fylelo} h` JJ]Y qh|jm dho}fo|l

}h lsft} fo t~f}l h` }cl gdw|ftf}fho h` Gfyihyol Qgyofoa gom Dho}yhj Tvt}le

#GQGDT gom Glyht}g}/

Efoft}yv fo f}t yl~jv #Bgo|gyv 9>77 g}}yfi|}lm }cl mljgv fo ~yhd|ylelo} h`

JJ]Yt }h jgdk h` gayllelo} hply ]h] gom dhe~jgfo}t* jlgmfoa }h `fogjfrg}fho

h` dho}ygd} hojv fo B|jv 9>>6/ Chqlply* `gd} ylegfolm }cg} lplyv t}l~ fo }cl

dho}ygd} `fogjfrg}fho ~yhdltt cgm }gklo gmmf}fhogj }qh }h tlplo eho}ct gom }cl

gd}|gj }fel }gklo il}qllo GHO jlgmfoa }h tfaofoa h` }cl dho}ygd} fo =6

eho}ct gt gagfot} }cl t}f~|jg}lm 96 eho}ct/ Efoft}yv `|y}cly t}g}lm }cg} FG@

cgm }gklo ylelmfgj elgt|ylt iv ml~jhvfoa gpgfjgijl ygmgyt/ Yl~jv qgt oh}

}logijl gt }cl ygmgyt ml~jhvlm iv FG@ fo }cl gitlodl h` JJ]Y‖t qlyl lf}cly

9M ygmgyt* hithjltdlo} hy cgm plyv jhq ml}ld}fho ygoal/

FF/ Ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` t|~~hy} lw|f~elo}t

]cl `h|y}c Y@^ ftt|lm fo @liy|gyv 9>>9 qgt dgodljjlm fo Egv 9>>= g`}ly

ylgdcfoa }cl t}gal h` Dheelydfgj Olah}fg}fhot qf}c HLE gom ILJ/ Gt ~ly

}cl olah}fg}fhot* ILJ qgt }h `fogjfrl ml}gfjt h` }cl ~gvelo}t qf}c HLE/

]clylg`}ly* dho}ygd} qgt }h il `fogjfrlm il}qllo ILJ gom Efoft}yv/ Fo G|a|t}

9>>4* ILJ h``lylm g }h}gj ~gdkgal dht} h` n 136/=43 dyhyl fodj|mfoa n 433

dyhyl #lw|fpgjlo} }h 1=/><93 Efjjfho L|yh7> ~gvgijl }h ]cgjlt ho }cl ~yleftl

}cg} }cl }h}gj hymly ~gdkgal gjhoaqf}c gtthdfg}lm lw|f~elo}t `hy 76 JJ]Yt

#qf}c 4M t~ldf`fdg}fho qh|jm il ~jgdlm ho ILJ gom ILJ fo }|yo qh|jm ~jgdl

go hymly ho ]cgjlt `hy }cl }h}gj ~gdkgal fodj|mfoa dht} h` ]h]* ]ygfofoa*

Mhd|elo}g}fho* T~gylt ^gdkgal gom Ml~h} Jlplj Yl~gfy @gdfjf}v/ G`}ly dgodljjg}fho h` }cft Y@^* Efoft}yv `fogjjv dhodj|mlm }qh dho}ygd}t fo B|jv 9>>6

qf}c ]cgjlt gom ILJ/ G|mf} dhe~gylm }cl }qh dho}ygd}t qf}c ]cgjlt gom ILJ

fo 9>>6/ Yg}l dhe~gyftho h` t|~~hy} lw|f~elo}t fo ylt~ld} h` }cl }qh

7>7 L|yh 5 n <9/<>





90

dho}ygd}t dhodj|mlm fo B|jv 9>>6 qf}c E(t ]cgjlt gom ILJ ylplgjlm qfml

pgyfg}fho ygoafoa `yhe 73 }h 9>7 ~ly dlo} fo ylt~ld} h` 79 h|} h` 70 f}let

cgpfoa fmlo}fdgj t~ldf`fdg}fho/ Dht} h` lw|f~elo} dcgyalm iv ILJ qgt

t|it}go}fgjjv cfacly }cgo }cl dht} dcgyalm iv E(t ]cgjlt* qcfdc jlm }h go

gmmf}fhogj gphfmgijl ls~lomf}|yl h` n <1/=0 dyhyl #gt tchqo fo }cl }gijl iljhq }h ILJ2

#n fo jgkc&

Tj

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9 T}g}fho qgaho=s=

1/93 6/=7 9/74 9 96 =/90

4 Dgy < DQ] </31 3/4> 9/=9 7 =7 9/=9= Eh}hy dvdjl 7>>

dd>/== >/<3 >/7= 7 4> >/7=

< Ifdvdjlt >/>9 >/>4 >/>7 7 <> >/>7

0 ]ygfjlyt 9/34 4/<> >/01 1 94 =/06

1 ]lo}gal <</16 33/>0 49/91 7 <3 49/91

3 Ehifjl kf}dclo 7</93 44/36 73/0> 7 797 73/0>

6 @hyk jf`}ly 6/0= 79/=< 9/37 7 96 9/37

7> Tl} h` t|yplfjjgodllw|f~elo}

33/>7 7>4/<= 7</<4 7 73 7</<4

77 Ehifjl }hfjl}t 9/96 0/69 =/04 7 9>7 =/04

79 Dhee|ofdg}fho

tclj}ly

=47/70 13=/33 4<4/19 7 39 4<4/19

]h}gj ==9/>9

Ls}yg dht} `hy 74 ygmgy <*1=0/<9 jgkc

]c|t* }cl t|~~hy} lw|f~elo} mfyld}jv ~yhd|ylm `yhe `hylfao HLE qgt ehyl

ldhohefdgj/ E(t ILJ* g M^T\ th|ydlm }cltl lw|f~elo} `yhe HLE i|}

dcgyalm go lshyif}go} egyk |~/ Djlgyjv* Efoft}yv m|yfoa dheelydfgj

lpgj|g}fho gom olah}fg}fho t}gal hplyjhhklm }cft gt~ld} jlgmfoa }h go ls}yg

ls~lomf}|yl h` n <1/=0 dyhyl/

Efoft}yv fo f}t yl~jv b|t}f`flm }cl gmmf}fhogj ~gvelo} }h ILJ }hqgymt

~yhd|ylelo} h` t|~~hy} lw|f~elo}t ho }cl ~jlg }cg} }cl h``lylm ~gdkgal dht}

h` E(t ILJ qgt dclg~ly }cgo }cl HLE gom }cl ilodcegyklm dht}/ Afpfoa g

yl`lylodl h` M^^ 9>><* Efoft}yv `|y}cly t}g}lm }cg} hodl }cl dheelydfgj h``ly

gyl h~lolm gom }cl w|h}lm ~yfdl h` }cl plomhy qlyl `h|om qf}cfo }cl

ilodcegyk `fslm* }clo }clyl tch|jm il oh ollm }h dgyyv h|} gov `|y}cly ~yfdl

olah}fg}fho/





91

Chqlply* Efoft}yv‖t yl~jv ft oh} gddl~}gijl gt M^^ ~yhpftfhot mh oh} ~yhcfif}

Dheelydfgj Olah}fg}foa Dheef}}ll #DOD `hy l``ld}fpl olah}fg}fho gom

dhe~gyftho h` ~yfdlt h``lylm iv HLE gt qljj gt ILJ* `hy gdcflpfoa aylg}ly

ldhohev fo ~|ijfd t~lomfoa/ ]cl h``ly h` E(t ILJ* g Ml`lodl ^|ijfd Tld}hy

\omly}gkfoa #M^T\* ilfoa }cl mltfaog}lm galodv qgt oh} igtlm hodhe~l}f}fho* i|} qgt ylt|j} h` ohefog}fho* qcfdc dgjjlm `hy yfahyh|t ~yfdl

olah}fg}fho/ ]cft qgt ~httfijl ~gy}fd|jgyjv qclo }cl w|h}l h` E(t ILJ }h

Efoft}yv qgt gpgfjgijl g`}ly yldlf~} h` }cl h``ly h` E(t ]cgjlt/ ]c|t* Efoft}yv

h|ac} }h cgpl dhe~gylm E(t ILJ‖t yg}lt qf}c }chtl h` E(t ]cgjlt th }cg} }cl

mf``lylodl h` n <1/=0 dyhyl `hy t|~~jv h` fmlo}fdgj lw|f~elo}t* hply qcg} qgt

dcgyalm iv E(t ]cgjlt* qf}cfo g dhe~gygijl ~lyfhm* dh|jm cgpl illo

gmmylttlm gom t}yfd} ldhohev lo`hydlm/

]c|t* g dyf}fdgj ylw|fylelo} h` gfy ml`lodl t|yplfjjgodl dh|jm oh} il `|j`fjjlm

lplo }cyll mldgmlt g`}ly f} qgt `fyt} }ch|ac} oldlttgyv m|l }h `ylw|lo} dcgoalt

fo }cl ylw|fylelo} h` ]h] gt qljj gt mljgv g} lgdc t}gal fo }cl ~yl%dho}ygd}

`fogjfrg}fho ~yhdltt/ @|y}cly* gmmf}fhogj ls~lomf}|yl h` n <1 dyhyl qgt fod|yylm

iv }cl Efoft}yv qf}ch|} b|t}f`fdg}fho/ ]cl tchy}`gjj fo }cl chjmfoa h` JJ]Y

qh|jm fe~gd} gmplytljv }cl Gfy Ml`lodl dhply gagfot} jhq `jvfoa glyfgj

}cylg}t/

9/4 Ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl ho h~lyg}fho h` g t|yplfjjgodl tvt}le

]h ell} jhq jlplj t|yplfjjgodl ylw|fylelo}* FG@ ~yhd|ylm }qh

Glyht}g} tvt}let g} }cl dht} h` n 010 dyhyl/ M|l }h fogmlw|g}l

qlg}cly ehof}hyfoa* hol h` }cl Glyht}g} el} qf}c go gddfmlo} gomildgel oho h~lyg}fhogj tfodl Egv 9>>6/ Iltfmlt* }cl `giyfdt |tlm

fo ih}c }cl tvt}let cgpl gjth t}gy}lm mldgvfoa ~yleg}|yljv dg|tfoa

yld|yyfoa ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl ho h~lyg}fho/

@hy gfy t|yplfjjgodl* `h|y }v~lt h` ~jg}`hyet f/l/ t}g}fd ayh|om igtlm* plcfdjl

eh|o}lm ehifjl* gfydyg`} gom ljlpg}lm ~jg}`hye #Glyht}g} gyl |tlm/ ]h ell}

jhq jlplj t|yplfjjgodl ylw|fylelo}* Glyht}g} igtlm ygmgyt gyl dhotfmlylm

|tl`|j/ Glyht}g} ygmgy ft go Glyfgj Lgyjv Qgyofoa Tvt}le dhotft}foa h` `h|y

mfelotfho gyygv ygmgy* dhee|ofdg}fho fo}ljjfalodl gom ljld}yhofdt fo}ljjfalodl

lw|f~elo}t fot}gjjlm fo g jgyal cljf|e `fjjlm glyhmvogefdgjjv tcg~lm igjjhho/

F} dgo h~lyg}l g} go gj}f}|ml h` g~~yhsfeg}ljv 7<*>>> `ll} gihpl tlg jlplj gom

dgo t|~~hy} ~gvjhgm dhotft}foa h` ygmgy dg~gijl h` ml}ld}foa g jhq `jvfoa

`fac}ly tfrlm gfydyg`} |~ }h 9<> ke gom TFAFO] tvt}le dg~gijl h` ag}clyfoa

tfaogj fo}ljjfalodl/ Glyht}g} ft gjth g qlg}cly fo}lotfpl tvt}le/ G~gy} `yhe

}cl ~htf}fhofoa h` h~lyg}fhogj gom egfo}logodl ego~hqly* Glyht}g} h~lyg}foa





93

|of} cgt go g~~yhplm lt}gijftcelo} h` el}lhyhjhafdgj ego~hqly `hy

locgodfoa `hyldgt}foa h` qlg}cly ~clohelog `hy tg`l Glyht}g} H~lyg}fho/

Fo 7660* Fomfgo Gfy @hydl #FG@ qhyklm h|} }cl ylw|fylelo} h` tfs Glyht}g}

tvt}le }h ~yhpfml ag~ `yll jhq jlplj t|yplfjjgodl dhplygal hply }cl jgyalgylgt/ ]h ell} feelmfg}l dyf}fdgj ylw|fylelo}* f} qgt ~yh~htlm }h ~yhd|yl }qh

tvt}let fof}fgjjv/ Igtlm ho }cl DDT g~~yhpgj* Efoft}yv* fo Egydc 9>>9*

dhodj|mlm g dho}ygd} qf}c E(t Yg`glj* Ftyglj `hy t|~~jv gom fot}gjjg}fho h`

}qh Glyht}g} igtlm t|yplfjjgodl tvt}le g} g }h}gj dht} h` \TM 7=< efjjfho

#n 010 dyhyl/ Lgdc tvt}le dhe~yftlm h` }qh t|itvt}let f/l/ ^gvjhgm

#ljld}yhofd lw|f~elo} t|~~jflm iv E(t Yg`glj gom Glyht}g} Igjjhho t|~~jflm

iv E(t ]DHE h` \TG }h Yg glj/ E(t Yg`glj gt }cl ~yfel plomhy qgt }h

~yhpfml ~yhm|d} t|~~hy} `hy ih}c }cl t|i%tvt}let/ ]cl Tvt}let qlyl

dheefttfholm fo Egydc 9>>1 gom Ohpleily 9>>3 g} }qh Glyht}g} \of}t g}

tf}l ‚G― gom tf}l ‚I― ylt~ld}fpljv/ G|mf} lsgefolm }cl h~lyg}fho gom

egfo}logodl h` }cl tvt}let tfodl dheefttfhofoa gom oh}fdlm }cl `hjjhqfoa2

F/ Oho%gpgfjgifjf}v h` }cl tvt}le `hy h~lyg}fhogj yhjl

]cl Glyht}g} Tvt}le qgt dheefttfholm g} Glyht}g} \of} –G‖ fo Egydc 9>>1/

]cl egfo}logodl tdclm|jl h` Glyht}g} tvt}le fophjplt gd}fpf}flt jfkl dcgoal

h` yh~lt* fot~ld}fho h` ~gvjhgmt(tlothyt* dcldkfoa h` }cl cljf|e jlgkgal gom

`giyfd dhomf}fhot l}d/ ]cl TH^77 `hy –to|iifoa‖79 ylw|fylm jfac} qfom

dhomf}fhot* }cg} qlg}cly dcgoalt qlyl }h il qg}dclm g} gjj }fel* }cl qfom

mfyld}fho qgt qf}cfo jfef}t gom }c|t ylw|fylm dho}fo|h|t ehof}hyfoa/

Gddhymfoajv* }cl Glyht}g} \of} ‚G― cgm g|}chyftlm ~ht}t h` `h|y El}lhyhjhafdgj h``fdlyt gom ofol ~ht}t h` El}lhyhjhafdgj Gttft}go}/

Gt gagfot} }cl g|}chyfrg}fho h` `h|y El}lhyhjhafdgj h``fdlyt gom ofol

El}lhyhjhafdgj Gttft}go}t }cl |of} cgm oh El}lhyhjhafdgj h``fdly gom hojv }qh

El}lhyhjhafdgj Gttft}go}t fo ~htf}fho/ Fogmlw|g}l ego~hqly g} }cl |of}

ylt|j}lm fo `gfj|yl }h dho}fo|gjjv ehof}hy }cl mlpljh~elo} h` djh|mt(dcgoalt fo

qfomt mfyld}fho gom }cl Glyht}g} igjjhho gjhoa qf}c f}t gfyihyol ~gvjhgm el}

qf}c go gddfmlo} fo Egv 9>>6 gom qgt mgegalm t|it}go}fgjjv* qcfjl |omly

~jgoolm egfo}logodl iv FG@ ~lythoolj/

Igtlm ho g Dh|y} h` Fow|fyv dhot}f}|}lm }h foplt}fag}l }cl gddfmlo} h` }clGlyht}g}* }cyll h``fdlyt qlyl cljm ylt~hotfijl `hy }clfy `gfj|yl fo gmlw|g}l

t|~lypftfho h` }cl hoahfoa to|iifoa gd}fpf}flt gom `hjjhq |~ ho egfo}logodl

77 TH^ % T}gomgym H~lyg}foa ^yhdlm|yl79

To|iifoa ~lyfhm % Ylt}ygfofoa h` Glyht}g} }h dgyyv h|} egfo}logodl gd}fpf}v





96

gd}fpf}flt ilfoa dgyyflm h|} fo }cl |of}/ @|y}cly* fo}ly gjfg* f} hitlyplm }cg}

}clyl qgt `gfj|yl }h dho}fo|gjjv ehof}hy }cl mlpljh~elo} h` djh|m* |~mg}fho h`

qlg}cly gd}fpf}v fo }cl gylg* fo gmlw|g}l dg|}fhofoa M|}v @jfac} Mfyld}hy ho }cl

jfkljfchhm h` qfom mfyld}fho dcgoal qcfdc cgm go fomfyld} ilgyfoa ho }cl

gddfmlo}/ Igtlm ho }cltl `fomfoat* gjj }cl }cyll h``fdlyt qlyl gqgymlm tlplylmft~jlgt|yl `hy tfs eho}ct/ ]cl h``fdlyt }c|t `gfjlm }h dgyyv h|} }clfy

ylt~hotfifjf}flt qcfdc jlm }h }cl gddfmlo} h` }cl Glyht}g} dht}foa n 443 dyhyl/

]cl yl~gfy h` mgegalm tvt}le ft lt}feg}lm }h dht} \T- 04 efjjfho

#n 4>9 dyhyl74

/ ]cl yldhplyv ~yhaygeel7=

h` }cl mgegalm Glyht}g} qh|jm

}gkl 73 eho}ct `yhe }cl dheelodlelo} h` yl~gfy qhyk/ Chqlply* Gfy CW (

Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl dh|jm ftt|l Y@^ }h plomhy `hy mgegal gttlttelo} fo

G~yfj 9>7> hojv gom }cl dho}ygd} ft vl} }h il dhodj|mlm #B|ol 9>77/

Gfy CW t}g}lm* fo G|a|t} 9>7>* }cg} }ch|ac }cl dgtl `hy ~ht}foa h`

El}lhyhjhafdgj h``fdlyt qgt yl`lyylm }h Mfyld}hyg}l h` El}lhyhjhav* f} qgt

h~folm }cg} m|l }h gd|}l tchy}gal h` h``fdlyt* El} h``fdlyt cgm }h il ~ht}lm g}

`jvfoa t}g}fhot* }h ell} }cl mgv }h mgv ylw|fylelo}t/ F} `|y}cly gmmlm }cg} }cl

t}yloa}c h` El}lhyhjhafdgj Gttft}go}t g} Glyht}g} \of}t cgt illo fodylgtlm

`yhe }cyll }h `fpl qcfdc qh|jm il gmlw|g}l }h ell} }cl ylw|fylelo}t/ Mlt~f}l

fodylgtfoa }cl t}yloa}c h` El}lhyhjhafdgj Gttft}go}t `yhe }cyll }h `fpl* }clfy

t}yloa}c ft t}fjj iljhq }cl tgod}fholm t}yloa}c h` ofol El} Gttft}go}t g} }cl

|of}/ ]cft dh|~jlm qf}c oho ~ht}foa h` El} H``fdlyt g} }cl |of}t ft g tlplyl

dhot}ygfo} fo }clfy `|od}fhofoa/

Efoft}yv fo f}t yl~jv #Bgo|gyv 9>77 g}}yfi|}lm }cl gddfmlo} }h `gfj|yl }h

dho}fo|gjjv ehof}hy }cl mlpljh~elo} h` djh|mt m|yfoa to|iifoa ~lyfhm h` }cl

Glyht}g} gom t}g}lm }cg} fot}y|d}fhot cgpl illo ftt|lm }h Glyht}g} \of}t }h il

ls}yg pfafjgo} m|yfoa qlg}cly tlotf}fpl gd}fpf}flt/ F} `|y}cly gmmlm }cg} ~ht}lm

lt}gijftcelo} h` El} h``fdlyt #f/l/ <1 ~ly dlo} h` tgod}fholm t}yloa}c fo FG@ ft

igyljv loh|ac }h dg}ly }h ylw|fylelo}t h` `jvfoa t}g}fhot/ Efoft}yv‖t yl~jv

dho`fyet }cl tchy}gal fo ~htf}fhofoa El} H``fdlyt qcfdc qgt g egomg}hyv

ylw|fylelo} gt Glyht}g} ft g qlg}cly fo}lotfpl tvt}le gom gov eftcg~ oh} hojv

g``ld}t t|yplfjjgodl dg~gifjf}v h` FG@ i|} gjth cgt c|al dht} fe~jfdg}fhot/

FF/ Lsdlttfpl jlgkgal h` cljf|e

]cl jf`l h` go Glyht}g} ft 7> vlgyt `yhe }cl mg}l h` fo`jg}fho/ ]cl plomhy fo f}t

}ldcofdgj ~yh~htgj gtt|ylm `|jj jf`l iv df}foa pgyfh|t tg`l}v gom }lt}foa `gd}hyt

747 \T- 5 n =3

7=Yldhplyv ^yhaygeel5 Dhotft} h` Mgegal gttlttelo} gom yl~gfy





4>

|omlyahol iv }cl Glyht}g}/ Chqlply o|elyh|t ~yhijlet qlyl oh}fdlm fo }cl

Glyht}g} g} ih}c }cl jhdg}fhot/

Fo }cl dgtl h` Glyht}g} \of} –G‖* f} qgt hitlyplm2

• Glyht}g} `giyfd t}gy}lm tchqfoa tfaot h` mldgv g`}ly }cfym vlgy h` h~lyg}fhogj jf`l(fo`jg}fho/

• ]cl cljf|e jlgkgal cgm fodylgtlm `yhe }cl t~ldf`flm 4> jit(mgv }h 7=>

jit(mgv #G|a|t} 9>>3 m|l }h mlpljh~elo} h` dygdkt fo `giyfd/

• Glyht}g} `jfac} m|yg}fho fo gfy ygoalm `yhe 4 }h 9= mgvt gt gagfot}

~yltdyfilm 93 mgvt ~ly eho}c il}qllo G~yfj 9>>3 gom G~yfj 9>>6/

• ]cl gplygal clfac} gjth ylegfolm jltt }cgo 7>*>>> `ll} gt gagfot} }cl

mltfylm gj}f}|ml jlplj h` 7<*>>> `ll}/

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CGJ/ Fo G~yfj 9>>=* CGJ* t|ief}}lm g ylpftlm h``ly h` n 7</37 dyhyl/ Fo

G~yfj 9>>=* }cl ~yh~htgj qgt ml%jfoklm `yhe }cl FG@ dho}ygd} gom g ÔD cljm

fo }cl tgel eho}c qhyklm h|} g e|}|gjjv gayllm ~yfdl h` n 7</9= dyhyl qcfdc

qgt lsdj|tfpl h` gov ~yh`f}/

]cl Efoft}yv* fo Hd}hily 9>>=* gddhymlm tgod}fho `hy }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h`

^GY* `yhe CGJ* Cvmlygigm g} g dht} h` n 7</9= dyhyl #fodj|tfpl h` t~gylt gom

tlypfdlt/

9= ^yfdl Olah}fg}fho Dheef}}ll9< ]cl lsdcgoal yg}l h` L|yh pft%î%pft g nylaft}lylm go fodylgtl n 9(% fo }cl

fo}lyplofoa ~lyfhm f/l n =4(% ~ly L|yh }h n =<(% ~ly L|yh/





40

]c|t* }cl fodj|tfho h` go h~}fho djg|tl }cg} ~yhpfmlm `hy olah}fg}fho gom }cl

ylt|j}go} fo`jlsfijl t}gomt h` Efoft}yv gom CGJ jlm }h g t}gjleg}l/ ]cft

ylt|j}lm fo mljgv h` gih|} 4> eho}ct fo `fogjftg}fho h` dho}ygd} qf}c g

dhotlw|lo}fgj ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl h` n 9/>7 dyhyl/ Gagfot} }cl @]^ ~yltdyfilm

}feljfolt* }cl dho}ygd} `fogjftg}fho qgt mljgvlm iv gjeht} `h|y vlgyt/

FF/ Gphfmgijl ^gvelo} h` n >/31 dyhyl

F} qgt `|y}cly tllo }cg} }cl yg}l #n 7</37 dyhyl w|h}lm iv CGJ Cvmlygigm fo

G~yfj 9>>= `hy t|~~jv* fot}gjjg}fho gom dheefttfhofoa h` ygmgy g} FOT Cgotg

qcfdc* fo}ly gjfg* fodj|mlm g ~yh`f} ljlelo} N 7> ~ly dlo} geh|o}foa }h

n 7/== dyhyl gom n >/>4 dyhyl `hy fot}gjjg}fho gom dheefttfhofoa/ ]cl ÔD

cljm fo B|jv 9>>= qhyklm h|} g e|}|gjjv gayllgijl ~yfdl h` n 7</9= dyhyl `hy

}cl ygmgy* qcfdc qgt lsdj|tfpl h` ~yh`f}/ G|mf} oh}lm }cg} }ch|ac }cl ÔD

g~~gylo}jv gdcflplm hefttfho h` }cl ~yh`f} ljlelo} h` n 7/== dyhyl vl} dht} h`

fot}gjjg}fho gom dheefttfhofoa h` }cl ygmgy qgt fodylgtlm `yhe n >/>4 dyhyl }hn >/6> dyhyl `hy qcfdc oh }ygot~gylo} ylgthot qlyl yldhymlm* jlgmfoa }h go

gphfmgijl ~gvelo} h` n >/31 dyhyl }h CGJ/

Gddl~}foa }cl `gd}t* }cl Efoft}yv* fo @liy|gyv 9>77* t}g}lm }cg} }ch|ac CGJ

gayllm }h qgfpl h`` }cl ~yh`f} ljlelo}* vl} }cl ~yfdl `hy fot}gjjg}fho gom

dheefttfhofoa h` }cl tvt}le gom t|itlw|lo} gtt|ygodl h` ~yhm|d} t|~~hy} `hy

9> vlgyt qgt t}fjj ylw|fylm }h il ~gfm }h CGJ* }clyliv* ylt|j}foa fo fodylgtl h`

dht}/ ]cl dho}lo}fho h` }cl Efoft}yv ft oh} }logijl gt }cl ljlelo} h` –h}cly

dcgyalt‖ qgt olf}cly w|h}lm iv CGJ fo gov h` }clfy w|h}g}fhot ohy qgt }cft

ftt|l mftd|ttlm fo gov h` }cl ÔD ell}foat/

FFF/ Ygmgy ft ml`ld}%~yhol

CGJ t|~~jflm }cl ygmgy fo Hd}hily 9>>3 gom dheefttfholm f} g} FOT Cgotg fo

G~yfj 9>>6/ ]c|t* }cl ylw|fylelo} h` g ^GY* g} FOT Cgotg* }ch|ac `lj} qgv

igdk fo 9>>> gom tgod}fholm iv }cl Efoft}yv `hy ~yhd|ylelo} ho –`gt} }ygdk

igtft‖* dh|jm eg}lyfgjftl hojv fo 9>>6/ ]cl Efoft}yv gddl~}lm }cg} }cl Efjf}gyv

`jvfoa m|yfoa }cl fo}lyfe ~lyfhm #Hd}hily 9>>3 — G~yfj 9>>6 qgt |omly}gklo

|}fjftfoa h}cly ogpfag}fhogj gfmt g} }cl Gfy T}g}fhot qf}c dly}gfo h~lyg}foa

ylt}yfd}fhot m|yfoa ~lyfhmt h` igm qlg}cly(~hhy pftfifjf}v/

]cl ~ly`hyegodl h` }cl ^GY dheefttfholm fo G~yfj 9>>6 cgt gjth oh} illoml`ld} `yll/ F} qgt oh}fdlm }cg} }clyl qgt yld|yylo} `gfj|ylt fo }cl dcgooljt h`

ygmgy* qcfdc ylt|j}lm fo mlt~g}dc h` ~gy}t h` ygmgyt }h }cl HLE/ Efoft}yv gjth

gmef}}lm }cg} }cl ygmgy cgt dho}fo|lm }h ls~lyflodl ml`ld}t ~ht} f}t

dheefttfhofoa fo G~yfj 9>>6/





41

]cl dgtl yljg}foa }h –`gt} }ygdk‖ ~yhd|ylelo} h` ^yldftfho G~~yhgdc Ygmgy iv

}cl Fomfgo Ogpv ylplgjlm }cg} ho gddh|o} h` go h~lo lomlm h~}fho djg|tl gom

oho%fo}lyplo}fho iv Efoft}yv `hy t~llmv t|~~jv h` ygmgyt }h Ogpv iv CGJ }cl

~yhd|ylelo} ~yhdltt qgt fohymfog}ljv mljgvlm gom ylt|j}lm fo go gmmf}fhogj

ls~lomf}|yl h` n 9/>7 dyhyl hply gom gihpl }cl fof}fgj w|h}l/ Fogmlw|g}ltdy|}fov fo Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt* Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv* dho}yfi|}lm

}h go gphfmgijl ~gvelo} h` n >/31 dyhyl }hqgymt –H}cly dcgyalt‖ fo }cl }h}gj

gmmf}fhogj ls~lomf}|yl h` n 9/>7 dyhyl/ ]cl ygmgy fo}lomlm }h il ~|ydcgtlm ho

`gt} }ygdk igtft qgt dheefttfholm fo G~yfj 9>>6* lfac} vlgyt g`}ly fof}fg}foa

}cl ~yhd|ylelo} ~yhdltt/

9/0 Gphfmgijl ls~lomf}|yl fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` Ogpgj T}hylt

@gfj|yl ho }cl ~gy} h` EH* E|eigf }h lslydftl }cl h~}fho djg|tl `hy

yl~lg} ~yhd|ylelo} h` PJ@%C@ Yldlfply jlm }h go gphfmgijlls~lomf}|yl h` n 03/6< jgkc/

]cl Efoft}yv* fo Egydc 9>>3* dhodj|mlm go gayllelo} qf}c E(t Icgyg}

Ljld}yhofd Jfef}lm #ILJ `hy t|~~jv h` 9>= PJ@%C@ Yldlfply #qf}c ETK

g}}gdcelo}* gddltthyflt gom gtthdfg}lm lw|f~elo}t g} g dht} h` n 49/60 dyhyl

#lsdj|mfoa }gslt/ ]cl gayllelo}* fo}ly gjfg* ~yhpfmlm }cg} }cl i|vly cgm }cl

yfac} }h ~jgdl goh}cly hymly ho }cl tljjly `hy ~|ydcgtl h` gmmf}fhogj <> ~ly dlo}

w|go}f}v g} }cl tgel dht}* }lyet gom dhomf}fhot* ho hy il`hyl 79 eho}ct `yhe

}cl mg}l h` gayllelo}/

Fo @liy|gyv gom Egydc 9>>6 qclo }cl gayllelo} qgt |omly lsld|}fho*

Eg}lyfgj Hyagoftg}fho #EH* E|eigf ~jgdlm }qh ~|ydcgtl hymlyt ho ILJ `hy

t|~~jv h` 77 gom 74 tl}t h` PJ@%C@ g} g dht} h` n 7/6> dyhyl gom n 9/1<

dyhyl ylt~ld}fpljv/

G|mf} oh}fdlm* fo Egv 9>7>* }cg}2

• EH* E|eigf* }ch|ac ilfoa }cl egfo ~yhd|ylelo} galodv `hy }cl

ogpgj t}hylt gom lw|f~elo}t `hy ogpgj `hyeg}fhot* `gfjlm }h lslydftl }cl

h~}fho `hy ~jgdfoa g yl~lg} hymly ho ILJ* fo }lyet h` }cl gayllelo} h`

Egydc 9>>3* gom fot}lgm ylthy}lm }h go foml~lomlo} ~yhd|ylelo}/

• ]cl yg}lt gddl~}lm iv EH* E|eigf fo }cl }qh ~|ydcgtl hymlyt qlyl

cfacly iv n 93/0= jgkc gom n =>/47 jgkc #fodj|mfoa 79/< ~ly dlo}





43

PG]90 pft î pft }cl yg}lt gddl~}lm iv }cl Efoft}yv fo Egydc 9>>3/

]cft ylt|j}lm fo go gphfmgijl ls~lomf}|yl h` n 03/6< jgkc/ EH*

E|eigf gddl~}lm* }cl g|mf} `fomfoa fo G|a|t} 9>7>/

]cl eg}}ly qgt yl`lyylm }h Efoft}yv fo Mldleily 9>7>; }clfy yl~jv qgt


9/1 Mljgv fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` |yalo} gpfg}fho t}hylt }cyh|ac

Fomfgo Leigttflt

^yhd|ylelo} h` dyf}fdgj gom |yalo} gpfg}fho t}hylt(t~gylt }cyh|ac

Fomfgo Leigttflt giyhgm qgt iltl} qf}c mljgvt/ ]cl Gfy Qfoat mfm

oh} mlehot}yg}l m|l mfjfalodl fo fopf}foa dheelydfgj h``lyt `yhe

~yht~ld}fpl plomhyt gom fo dhodj|mfoa }cl dho}ygd}t g`}ly yldlf~} h`

ls~lomf}|yl goajl tgod}fho `yhe Gfy CW/ Lplo }cl mldftfho%egkfoa

g} Gfy CW qgt tjhq gom jlm }h mljgv fo dhodj|tfho h` dho}ygd}t fo go|eily h` dgtlt/ ]cl dho}ygd} mljfplyv tdclm|jlt qlyl tfaof`fdgo}jv

jhoaly }clyliv |omlyefofoa }cl |yalodv h` ~yhd|ylelo}/ ]cl

plomhyt `gfjlm }h ell} }cl dho}ygd} mljfplyv tdclm|jlt `hy qcfdc oh

jfw|fmg}lm mgegalt qlyl jlpflm/ ]cl t~gylt t|~~hy} `hy Gmpgodl Bl}

]ygfolyt qgt fogmlw|g}l/

F/ Fo}yhm|d}fho

^yhd|ylelo} h` |yalo} ml`lodl t}hylt }cyh|ac Fomfgo Leigttflt giyhgm ft

a|fmlm iv }cl Ml`lodl ^yhd|ylelo} Ego|gj #MÊ/ ]cl Ml`lodl G}}gdcætgiyhgm gyl ylw|fylm }h }gkl feelmfg}l ~yhd|ylelo} gd}fho ho yldlf~} h` |yalo}

fomlo} `yhe }cl Tlypfdl Clgmw|gy}ly* lf}cly |omly }clfy mljlag}lm `fogodfgj

~hqlyt hy fo dhot|j}g}fho qf}c }cl jhdgj F@G91/ ]cl MÊ ~yhpfmlt `hy g }fel

`ygel h` 6> }h 73> mgvt `hy mljfplyv h` |yalo} t}hylt `yhe }cl mg}l h` tfaofoa

h` dho}ygd}/

FF/ Tdh~l gom g|mf} hibld}fpl

G|mf} dhom|d}lm g tljld}fpl tdy|}fov h` << ~yhd|ylelo} dgtlt h` |yalo} gom

dyf}fdgj gpfg}fho t}hylt `fogjftlm iv Gfy Qfoat h` `h|y egbhy Leigttflt

giyhgm93 il}qllo Ohpleily 9>>1 gom B|ol 9>7> g} g }h}gj dht} h` \TM 7/97

efjjfho #n 0/4> dyhyl/ ]cft fodj|mlm tdy|}fov h` ofol ~yhd|ylelo} dgtlt

90 ]cl gd}|gj ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl ft qhyklm h|} g`}ly gmmfoa 79/<, PG] ho }clmf``lylodl fo ~yfdlt h` 9>>3 gayllelo} gom @liy|gyv(Egydc 9>>6 ~yfdlt

91 Fo}layg}lm @fogodfgj Gmpfthy 93

Ehtdhq* Kvfp* Jhomho gom ^gyft





46

pgj|foa n 7/36 dyhyl fo Ehtdhq gom 71 dgtlt pgj|foa n 9/14 dyhyl fo Kvfp `hy

gfydyg`} gom lw|f~elo} h` Y|ttfgo hy ls%thpfl} hyfafo96

/ Iltfmlt* 94 ~|ydcgtl

hymlyt ~jgdlm iv Gfy Qfoa Jhomho g} g dht} h` n 7/4= dyhyl }h ~yhpfml

eg}lyfgj t|~~hy} }h Gmpgodl Bl} ]ygfolyt #GB] gom tfs ~|ydcgtl hymlyt ~jgdlm

iv Gfy Qfoa ^gyft g} g dht} h` n >/4= dyhyl `hy Leiygly gfydyg`} mlmfdg}lm }hPPF^ m|}flt qlyl gjth lsgefolm fo g|mf}/ ]cl ~|ydcgtl }ygotgd}fhot qlyl

lsgefolm }h tllk go gtt|ygodl }cg} gjj }cl ~yhd|ylelo}t qlyl }feljv*

ldhohefdgj gom l``fdflo} gom el} }cl klv dyf}lyfg h` ~ylplo}foa Gfydyg`} ho

Ayh|om #GHA tf}|g}fho hy d|}}foa mhqo ho GHA ~lyfhmt gom }cg} }cl

h~lyg}fhogj dheef}elo}t h` }cl Fomfgo Gfy @hydl #FG@ qlyl oh} cge~lylm/

FFF/ G|mf} `fomfoat

G|mf} tdy|}fov h` ~yhd|ylelo} h` |yalo} gom dyf}fdgj gpfg}fho t}hylt(t~gylt fo

`h|y Leigttflt ylplgjlm g o|eily h` fogmlw|gdflt qcfdc gyl mftd|ttlm fo }cl

t|ddllmfoa ~gygayg~ct/

#g& Mljgv fo fopf}foa dheelydfgj h``lyt iv Gfy Qfoat

Fo 97 h|} h` 91 fomlo}t #13 ~ly dlo} ygftlm iv }cl Gfy CW* Gfy Qfoa Jhomho

fopf}lm dheelydfgj h``lyt `yhe }cl ego|`gd}|yly h` GB]t #E(t IGL Tvt}let*

\K g`}ly g }fel jga h` >9 }h 4> mgvt/ Fo dgtl h` ~yhd|ylelo} h` }qh f}let4>

yl~lg} ylw|lt}t `hy w|h}lt qlyl ftt|lm }h IGLT g`}ly g }fel jga h` 10 mgvt gom

743 mgvt ylt~ld}fpljv/ ]cltl mljgvt qlyl dyf}fdgj gt f} cgm g t~fygjjfoa g``ld}

ho dhodj|tfho h` dho}ygd}t gom }feljv gpgfjgifjf}v h` f}let/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm

#B|jv 9>77 }cg} g} }felt }clyl cgm illo mljgvt fo `jhg}foa ylw|lt} `hy

~yh~htgjt m|l }h mljgv fo yldlf~} h` fomlo}t `yhe }cl Gfy CW }cyh|ac egfj iga

hy yldlf~} h` dhyy|~} hy fodhe~jl}l fomlo} ml}gfjt pfg `gs/ Chqlply* elgt|ylt

cgpl illo fot}f}|}lm }h lot|yl }cg} ylw|lt} `hy w|h}g}fhot gyl `jhg}lm ho }cl mgv

h` }cl yldlf~} h` }cl fomlo}t/ ]cl yl~jv ft oh} }logijl gt g|mf} yl`lyylm }h }cl

mljgvt }cg} cgm }gklo ~jgdl g`}ly yldlf~} h` fomlo}t `yhe }cl Gfy CW/

Tfefjgyjv* Gfy Qfoa Ehtdhq }hhk 1= mgvt fo fopf}foa dheelydfgj h``lyt `yhe

}cl ~yht~ld}fpl plomhyt `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` 7> jfolt `hy GO%49 gfydyg`}/ Oh

ylgthot `hy mljgv fo fopf}foa h``lyt qlyl gpgfjgijl ho yldhym/ ]cl Efoft}yv

gddl~}lm }cg} }clyl cgm illo mljgvt ho }cl ~gy} h` }cl FG@ fo `jhg}foa ylw|lt}

`hy ~yh~htgjt/

96 GO%49 gfydyg`}* EF%71 Cljfdh~}lyt* T]%03 Ygmgyt gom EfA `fac}lyt4>

Bgdk Gttv* Egfo \omly Dgyyfgal Mhhy gom Dgijl Gttv





=>

#i& Jfef}lm }lomlyfoa

]ch|ac Gfy Qfoa Kvfp cgt 71 ylaft}lylm plomhyt* vl} fo lfac} h|} h` 79

fomlo}t ygftlm iv Gfy CW #01 ~ly dlo} Gfy Qfoa fopf}lm dheelydfgj h``lyt

hojv `yhe }qh

47

t|~~jflyt/ G jfef}lm h``ly oh} hojv ~yldj|mlm dhe~l}f}fho* f}gjth mfm oh} ~yhpfml g ylgthogijl gtt|ygodl gih|} }cl ylgthogifjf}v gom

`gfyoltt h` }cl ~yfdlt th gdcflplm/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} gjj l``hy}t gyl ilfoa

egml iv }cl Gfy Qfoa }h lot|yl dhe~l}f}fpl* `gfy gom pfgijl ~yfdlt fodj|mfoa

iyhgmlofoa h` plomhy igtl/ ]cl ogel h` }qh gmmf}fhogj `fyet cgpl illo

yldheelomlm }h Gfy CW `hy ylaft}yg}fho qf}c FG@/

#d& Mljgv fo yldlf~} h` w|h}lt `yhe plomhyt

Fo 70 h|} h` 91 fomlo}t #<6 ~ly dlo} IGLT t|ief}}lm w|h}lt g`}ly }fel jg~tl

h` 7> }h 973 mgvt `yhe mg}l h` ftt|l h` ylw|lt} `hy ~yh~htgj iv Gfy Qfoa

Jhomho/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} IGLT mhlt oh} t}hdk egbhyf}v h` f}let gom f}

cgt }h hi}gfo w|h}lt `yhe f}t t|i%plomhyt/ ]cl Efoft}yv* chqlply* h~folm }cg}}cl thj|}fho jflt fo cgpfoa g jhoa%}lye ~yhm|d} t|~~hy} gom ~yfdfoa dho}ygd}

qcfdc qgt t}g}lm }h il |omly dhotfmlyg}fho/

#m& Mljgv fo gddhymfoa g~~yhpgj iv Gfy CW

Fo `fpl h|} h` 71 dho}ygd}t dhodj|mlm iv Gfy Qfoa Kvfp* }cl Gfy CW }hhk g}

jlgt} }qh }h ofol eho}ct }h dhoplv ls~lomf}|yl goajl g~~yhpgj hy }ldcofdgj

t|f}gifjf}v h` go f}le* qcfdc qgt tfaof`fdgo} gom jlm }h mljgv fo dhodj|tfho h`

dho}ygd}t/ Fo ~gy}fd|jgy* `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` Myfpl h` ^|e~ gom @|lj ^|e~ `hy

EfA 96 gfydyg`}* Gfy CW }hhk `fpl eho}ct }h elyljv dhoplv f}t g~~yhpgj }h }cl

i|mal}gyv w|h}lt h` }cl t|~~jfly/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} qcfjl }cl mljgv egv

g~~lgy fols~jfdgijl* fo ylgjf}v qclo dgtlt gyl yl`lyylm `hy }ldcofdgj hy ~yfdfoadjgyf`fdg}fho g jh} h` l``hy} ft ~|} fo/ ]cl ftt|l ft yl`lyylm }h }cl dhodlyolm Igtl

Yl~gfy Ml~h} `hy g }chyh|ac }ldcofdgj g~~yldfg}fho gom dheelo}t/ G} }felt f}

ahlt }cyh|ac g dh|~jl h` f}lyg}fhot* }c|t* dg|tfoa mljgvt/ Qcfjl }clyl ft oh

mlovfoa }cl `gd} }cg} djgyf`fdg}fho ho }ldcofdgj gom ~yfdfoa ftt|lt gyl ih}c pf}gj

gom }fel dhot|efoa* }clyl ft g ml`fof}l tdh~l `hy ylm|dfoa }cl }fel `ygelt f`

pflqlm fo }cl dho}ls} h` |yalodv h` ylw|fylelo}t/

#l& Ml`fdflo} ~yfdl olah}fg}fho tvt}le

]cl Gfy Qfoa Kvfp yh|}foljv mlt~g}dclm jl}}lyt }h }cl tchy}%jft}lm t|~~jflyt

ylw|lt}foa }cle }h ylm|dl }cl yg}lt/ Oh efo|}lt h` }cl ell}foa h` ~yfdl

olah}fg}fhot cljm qf}c }cl t|~~jflyt qlyl gpgfjgijl ho yldhym/ Gagfot} gofomlo} `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` Mlpfdl \P%=<= `hy T]%03 Ygmgy ygftlm iv }cl Gfy

CW fo Hd}hily 9>>3* Gfy Qfoa Kvfp olah}fg}lm qf}c }qh plomhyt pfr/*

47Lf}cly E(t T~l}t gjhol hy E(t T~l}t gom E(t Gpfgo}





=7

E(t T~l}t ]ldcoh Ls~hy} gom E(t ]gtkh Ls~hy}/ ]cl dho}ygd} qgt `fogjjv

gqgymlm }h E(t ]gtkh Ls~hy} g`}ly 7= eho}ct fo Mldleily 9>>6 lplo }ch|ac

}cl mf``lylodl il}qllo }cl fof}fgj h``lylm ~yfdl h` E(t T~l}t ]ldcoh Ls~hy}

gom }cl `fogj dho}ygd} ~yfdl qgt elyljv \TM 9<>/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} gt

~ly yldheelomg}fhot h` g|mf}* Gfy Qfoa Kvfp ft egfo}gfofoa }cl efo|}lt h` ell}foat h` ~yfdl olah}fg}fhot gt qljj gt g mfgyv h` gd}fho `hy lplyv fomlo}/ F}

gmmlm }cg} gjj l``hy}t gyl egml }h olah}fg}l ~yfdlt qcfdc egv oh} il t|ddltt`|j

lplyv }fel m|l }h jfef}lm th|ydl h` t|~~jv gom pfo}gal h` lw|f~elo}/

#`& Mljgv fo dhodj|tfho h` dho}ygd}t iv Gfy Qfoat

Gfy Qfoa Jhomho ~jgdlm hojv `h|y ^Ht ho }fel # f/l/* plyv ols} mgv h` yldlf~}

h` w|h}lt `yhe IGLT/ ]cl ylegfofoa ^Ht qlyl ~jgdlm g`}ly g }fel jga h` }qh

}h 77 mgvt #7= dgtlt gom 97 }h => mgvt #`fpl dgtlt/ Mljgv fo gqgymfoa

dho}ygd}t g`}ly yldlf~} h` w|h}lt qgt oh} b|t}f`flm/ @hy fot}godl* Gfy Qfoa mfm

oh} lslydftl gmlw|g}l mftdyl}fho }h gphfm mljgvt fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` Dgijl Gttv

gom \of} Iygkl/ G|mf} hitlyplm }cg} Gfy Qfoa fof}fgjjv cljm }cl ^Ht fogilvgodl gt }cl ~yfdl w|h}lm iv IGLT `hy }cltl }qh f}let qgt ho }cl cfacly

tfml/ Chqlply* Gfy Qfoa gddl~}lm }cl tgel ~yfdlt t|itlw|lo}jv gom ~jgdlm

^Ht `hy }cltl }qh f}let g`}ly g }fel jga h` tlplo eho}ct gom }qh eho}ct

ylt~ld}fpljv/ ]cl Efoft}yv g}}yfi|}lm }cl mljgvt* fo}ly gjfg* }h }fel }gklo fo

yl`lyyfoa }cl dgtlt }h }cl jhdgj F@G/ ]cl yl~jv ft oh} }logijl gt hojv `h|y h|} h`

94 ^Ht qlyl ilvhom }cl mljlag}lm `fogodfgj ~hqlyt h` }cl Qfoa }cg} ylw|fylm

g~~yhpgj h` jhdgj F@G gom }cl ylegfofoa 76 ^Ht qlyl ~yhdlttlm iv }cl Qfoa

qf}cfo f}t hqo ~hqlyt/ ]cl Qfoa qgt* }clyl`hyl* ls~ld}lm }h gd} ~yhe~}jv fo

mldftfho%egkfoa gom gddhymlm cfaclt} ~yfhyf}v }h }cl h~lyg}fhogj dheef}elo}t

h` }cl Tlypfdlt/

Fo Ehtdhq* Gfy Qfoa dhodj|mlm }cyll dho}ygd}t `hy 99 jfolt #h|} h` }h}gj 44

jfolt `hy GO49 gfydyg`} g`}ly go fols~jfdgijl mljgv h` =9 }h 39 mgvt `yhe }cl

mg}lt h` yldlf~} h` ls~lomf}|yl goajl g~~yhpgj `yhe }cl Gfy CW/ Fo hol dgtl*

}cl Gfy CW }hhk ehyl }cgo `h|y eho}ct }h elyljv gotqly }cl w|lyv h` g

plomhy ylagymfoa }cl ylw|ftf}l jloa}c h` }cl Chtl }h il `f}}lm ho GO49 gfydyg`}/

Tfefjgyjv* }cl dho}ygd} `hy `jfac} mg}g yldhymfoa |of}t `hy Ef71 cljfdh~}lyt qgt

gqgymlm }h E(t Gpfgclj~ g`}ly g mljgv h` tfs eho}ct fo @liy|gyv 9>7> lplo

}ch|ac Gfy CW cgm g~~yhplm }cl }ygotgd}fho fo `gph|y h` Gpfgclj~ qgv igdk

fo G|a|t} 9>>6/ Fo goh}cly dgtl* Gfy Qfoa Ehtdhq |ooldlttgyfjv kl~} }cl

~yhd|ylelo} h` T~yfoa gom @hyk I|tcfoa `hy Ef71 cljfdh~}lyt ho chjm `hy 7>

eho}ct gom }hhk yl}lomlyfoa gd}fho fo B|jv 9>7> hojv g`}ly Gfy CW low|fylmgih|} }cl t}g}|t h` ~yhd|ylelo} h` }cltl }qh f}let/ ^yhd|ylelo} h` @|lj

Yla|jg}foa ^|e~ `hy Ef71 cljfdh~}lyt qgt gjth mljgvlm iv g} jlgt} lfac}

eho}ct gt Gfy Qfoa fof}fgjjv tchy}jft}lm #B|ol 9>>6 g plomhy ho }cl igtft h`





=9

cft jhqlt} w|h}lt qch* fodfmlo}gjjv* mfm oh} `|yoftc }cl ylw|ftf}l HLE49

dly}f`fdg}l* gt ~ly dhomf}fho t}f~|jg}lm fo }cl ylw|lt} `hy ~yh~htgj/ ]cl dho}ygd}

qgt iljg}lmjv gqgymlm }h goh}cly plomhy #E(t Gpfgclj~ fo @liy|gyv 9>7>

mlt~f}l }cl `gd} }cg} Gpfgclj~ qgt }cl hojv plomhy #h|} h` `h|y qch cgm

t|ief}}lm }cl w|h}lt qf}c HLE dly}f`fdg}l qgv igdk fo Egv 9>>6/

]cl Efoft}yv gddl~}lm }cg} }clyl cgm illo mljgvt fo dhodj|mfoa dho}ygd}t `hy

Y|ttfgo t~gylt/ F} gmmlm }cg} ~yhdlm|ylt cgpl illo ~|} fo ~jgdl }h efofefrl

}cl mljgvt/ Ho ^yhd|ylelo} h` @|lj Yla|jg}foa ^|e~ }cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg}

}cl HLE dly}f`fdg}l t|itlw|lo}jv t|ief}}lm iv }cl jhqlt} plomhy

#E(t Y|ttgpfg qgt `h|om }h il fopgjfm gom* }clyl`hyl* }cl dho}ygd} qgt

gqgymlm }h E(t Gpfgclj~* }cl tldhom jhqlt} plomhy/ ]cl Efoft}yv‖t yl~jv ft

oh} gddl~}gijl `hy }cl ylgtho }cg} E(t Y|ttgpfg mfm oh} `|yoftc #Egv 9>>6 }cl

egomg}hyv HLE dly}f`fdg}l gjhoa qf}c dheelydfgj w|h}lt gom* }c|t* f}t w|h}lt

tch|jm oh} cgpl illo dhotfmlylm fo }cl `fyt} fot}godl* gt ~ly dhomf}fho

t}f~|jg}lm fo }cl ylw|lt} `hy ~yh~htgj/ ]cl Efoft}yv g}}yfi|}lm }cl mljgv fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` `jfac} mg}g yldhymfoa |of}t }h mljgv fo yldlf~} h` D@G tgod}fho

#Ohpleily 9>>6* `fogjfrg}fho h` myg`} dho}ygd} qf}c }cl plomhy gom og}fhogj

chjfmgvt fo Y|ttfg ho gddh|o} h` Dcyft}egt #Bgo|gyv 9>7>/ ]cl dho}ygd} qgt

lplo}|gjjv tfaolm fo @liy|gyv 9>7>/ ]cl Efoft}yv* chqlply* mfm oh} ls~jgfo

}cl dhom|d} h` Gfy Qfoa Ehtdhq `hy |ooldlttgyfjv kll~foa }cl ~yhd|ylelo}

h` h}cly }qh f}let #T~yfoa gom @hyk I|tcfoa ho chjm `hy 7> eho}ct/

Fo ^gyft* ^Ht fo `fpl h|} h` tfs dgtlt qlyl ~jgdlm g`}ly g }fel jga ygoafoa `yhe

>4 mgvt }h 60 mgvt `yhe }cl mg}l h` yldlf~} h` w|h}lt `yhe E(t Leiygly/

#a& Jhoa jlgm }fel `hy mljfplyv

Fo Jhomho* }cl ls~ld}lm jlgm }fel `hy mljfplyv h` dyf}fdgj t}hylt `hy GB]t

pgyflm `yhe 14 mgvt #9µ eho}ct }h =0< mgvt #7<µ eho}ct* qcfdc qgt

tfaof`fdgo}jv cfacly }cgo }cl jlgm }fel h` 6> mgvt fomfdg}lm iv Gfy CW fo }cl

fomlo}t hy }cg} t}f~|jg}lm fo }cl MÊ #73> mgvt egsfe|e/ Jhoaly mljfplyv

tdclm|jlt oh} hojv |omlyefolm }cl hibld}fpl h` |yalo} ~yhd|ylelo} i|} gjth

ygftlm dhodlyot hply }cl tlypfdlgifjf}v h` gfydyg`} gom }clfy t|t}gfolm

gpgfjgifjf}v `hy ~fjh} }ygfofoa g} }cl gfy igtl/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} mlt~f}l

dhodly}lm l``hy}t iv Gfy Qfoa* IGLT ft |ogijl }h t|~~jv }cl f}let qf}cfo }cl

t}f~|jg}lm ~lyfhm m|l }h oho%yldlf~} h` f}let `yhe }clfy t|i%dho}ygd}hyt/ ]cl

Efoft}yv gmmlm }cg} }cl Gfy CW }cyh|ac }cl Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl ft fo }cl

~yhdltt h` `fogjftfoa g jhoa%}lye ~yhm|d} t|~~hy} ~yhayge qf}c IGLT }hlot|yl |ofo}lyy|~}lm t|~~jv h` t~gylt gom dhot|egijlt qf}cfo }cl t}f~|jg}lm

}fel ~lyfhm* gt yldheelomlm iv g|mf}/

49Hyfafogj Lw|f~elo} Ego|`gd}|yly





=4

Fo dgtl h` ~yhd|ylelo} h` Leiygly t~gylt* qcfjl Gfy CW fo}lomlm }cl t}hylt }h

il mljfplylm qf}cfo ‚`h|y ch|yt― h` ~jgdlelo} h` ^Ht* }cl GHA ~yfhyf}v t}hylt

qlyl gd}|gjjv mljfplylm iv Leiygly g`}ly }fel jga h` >7 }h 66 mgvt/ ]cl jlgm

}fel `hy mljfplyv qgt tfaof`fdgo} dhotfmlyfoa }cg} }cltl qlyl tfoajl th|ydl

~yhd|ylelo} `yhe }cl ego|`gd}|yly h` gfydyg`} }cg} cgt g qhyjmqfml d|t}hely t|~~hy} ol}qhyk* fodj|mfoa hol fo @ygodl/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} ‚`h|y

ch|yt― w|h}lm fo }cl fomlo}t ft igtlm ho }cl gtt|e~}fho }cg} t}hdkt gyl

gpgfjgijl fo }cl qgylch|tl/ T|dc g }fel `ygel g~~lgyt g jf}}jl |oylgjft}fd gom

|ogdcflpgijl `hy }cl ylgtho }cg} f` }cl f}le ft oh} ylgmfjv gpgfjgijl ‚h`` }cl

tclj`― }cl plomhy ohyegjjv w|h}lt g jlgm }fel h` `lq qllkt `hy f}t

~yhd|ylelo}/ ]cl Efoft}yv `|y}cly gmmlm }cg} E(t Leiygly cgm gjylgmv

`hyqgymlm g jft} h` t|~~jflyt }h Gfy CW gom l``hy}t gyl g`hh} }h lo}ly fo}h g

dho}ygd} gayllelo} qf}c }cl t|~~jflyt/

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tdclm|jlt/ Hojv 7> h|} h` 44 jfolt qlyl mljfplylm qf}cfo }cl tdclm|jl

fomfdg}lm fo }cl dho}ygd}t; 71 jfolt qlyl mljfplylm(~gy}fgjjv mljfplylm g`}ly g

mljgv ygoafoa `yhe 71 mgvt }h 37> mgvt #91 eho}ct; gom }cl ylegfofoa tfs

jfolt qlyl oh} mljfplylm lplo g`}ly g }fel jga h` 40< mgvt }h 31> mgvt

#96 eho}ct gt h` G|a|t} 9>7>/ Fodfmlo}gjjv* oh jfw|fmg}lm mgegalt #JM

qlyl jlpflm ho }cl plomhyt* }ch|ac ~yhpfmlm `hy fo }cl dho}ygd}t* `hy }clfy

`gfj|yl }h t|~~jv }cl t}hylt iv }cl mg}lt t~ldf`flm fo }cl dho}ygd}t/ Oho%t|~~jv

h` dyf}fdgj GHA f}let ho }fel gmef}}lmjv g``ld}lm }cl `jll} tlypfdlgifjf}v h`

GO49 gfydyg`} gom cge~lylm }cl h~lyg}fhogj dheef}elo}t h` }cl FG@/ ]cl

Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} }cl `fyet cgpl illo gtklm }h ylef} }cl JM geh|o} fo

ylt~ld} h` gjj }cl dgtlt qclyl mljgvt cgpl }gklo ~jgdl fo mljfplyv h` t~gylt/

Jfklqftl* mljfplyv h` 7> ^fjh} ^gygdc|}lt `hy EfA 96 gfydyg`} dho}ygd}lm ho

`gt}%}ygdk fo Tl~}leily 9>>3 g} g }h}gj dht} h` \TM 66*66> qgt mljgvlm iv <4

mgvt `hy qcfdc oh jfw|fmg}lm mgegalt qlyl jlpflm ho }cl `fye

#E(t YGD%EfA/ ]cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm }cg} E(t YGD%EfA ft }cl hojv plomhy

g|}chyfrlm }h t|~~jv t~gylt `hy EfA 96 gfydyg`} gt ~ly Y|ttfgo mldyll/ Tfodl

}cl ~yhd|ylelo} qgt dgyyflm h|} |omly Alolygj Dho}ygd} tfaolm il}qllo }cl

Y|ttfgo tfml gom }cl Fomfgo tfml fo 7666* oh JM qgt jlpflm ho E(t YGD%EfA

`hy mljgv fo t|~~jv h` ~fjh} ~gygdc|}lt* gt ~ly ~yhpftfhot h` }cl dho}ygd}/ ]cl

`gd}* chqlply* ylegfot }cg} f} }hhk go hplygjj 71 eho}ct #G~yfj 9>>3 }h G|a|t}9>>6 `hy }cl dyf}fdgj mlegom `hy }cft pf}gj `jfac} tg`l}v lw|f~elo} }h il el}

`yhe mg}l h` ygftfoa h` fomlo} iv }cl Gfy CW* }clyliv ml`lg}foa }cl plyv

~|y~htl h` }gkfoa |~ }cl ~yhd|ylelo} ho `gt}%}ygdk/





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oh} hi}gfolm

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gpgfjfoa h` }cl gmpgo}gal h` efofe|e hymly w|go}f}v #EHW `yhe IGLT/

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h``lylm iv IGLT qlyl oh} gpgfjlm h` fo o|eily h` dgtlt44/ ]cl Efoft}yv

t}g}lm }cg} EHW dhotfmlyg}fhot qfjj il }gklo fo}h gddh|o} qclylply `lj}

gmpgo}galh|t/ F} gmmlm }cg} Gfy Qfoa mhlt oh} cgpl }cl ml}gfjt gih|} }cl

ylw|fylelo} h` i|jk hymlyt `hy }cl ~gy}fd|jgy `jll} gom hojv w|go}f}flt fomfdg}lm

fo }cl fomlo}t ygftlm iv }cl Gfy CW gyl ~yhdlttlm/ ]cl Efoft}yv ylf}lyg}lm }cg}

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#b& @jgqt fo ~yfdfoa h` fomlo} gom ~yfdl gohegjflt

]cl el}chm h` ~yfdfoa h` fomlo}t iv Gfy CW qgt lf}cly igtlm ho gttlttlm ~yfdlt hy }cl jgt} ~|ydcgtl ~yfdlt* qcfdc g~~lgylm }h il `jgqlm/ Fo Kvfp* c|al

pgyfg}fho h` 77 ~ly dlo} }h 90< ~ly dlo} qgt oh}fdlm il}qllo }cl lt}feg}lm

~yfdlt h` }cl fomlo}t ygftlm iv Gfy CW gom }cl gd}|gj dho}ygd} ~yfdlt/

Tfefjgyjv* ~yfdl w|h}lm iv IGLT `hy t|~~jv h` dly}gfo f}let4= `hy GB]t qgt

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@|y}cly* }clyl qgt oh ~yfdfoa ~hjfdv fo `hydl }h dgyyv h|} ~|ydcgtl h` t~gylt `hy

}cl GB]t fo g `gfy gom }ygot~gylo} egooly/ @hy fot}godl* `hy t|~~jv h` ^T^

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~yfdl jft} qcfdc qh|jm `gdfjf}g}l dhe~gyftho h` w|h}lt qf}c }cl g~~yhplm ~yfdl

jft}/

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ijhd dh|o}yflt }h w|h}l lyyg}fd ~yfdlt/ Ho ~yfdfoa h` GB] t~gylt }cl Efoft}yv

t}g}lm }cg} IGLT `ylw|lo}jv dcgoal }clfy ~yfdl jft} gom dho`fye }cg} }clfy

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44 Dgijl Gttv 9= ^6* Dgijl Gttv 9= ^1* T}gy}ly Dho}gd}hy gom Chtl Gttv4=

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h` Ml`lodl/

FP/ Dhodj|tfho

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plomhyt/ ]cl dho}ygd}t qlyl oh} gqgymlm feelmfg}ljv g`}ly hi}gfofoa

ls~lomf}|yl goajl tgod}fho `yhe }cl Gfy CW/ ]cl mldftfho%egkfoa g} }cl g~ls

jlplj qgt }gymv gom jlm }h mljgv fo dhodj|tfho h` dho}gd}t fo g o|eily h` dgtlt/

]clyl qlyl aygpl gohegjflt il}qllo }cl lt}feg}lm ~yfdlt h` fomlo}t gom }cl

gd}|gj dho}ygd} ~yfdlt/ ]cl dho}ygd} mljfplyv tdclm|jlt qlyl jhoaly }clyliv

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gmclyl }h }cl mljfplyv tdclm|jlt `hy qcfdc oh jfw|fmg}lm mgegalt qlyl jlpflm/

]cl t~gylt t|~~hy} `hy GB] h~lyg}fhot fo Fomfg qgt ~hhy gt }cl Gfy CW qgt

vl} }h mygq |~ g jhoa%}lye ~yhm|d} t|~~hy} ~yhayge qf}c }cl ego|`gd}|yly h` }cl gfydyg`}/ ]cl Efoft}yv‖t gddl~}godl h` }cl `gd}t hojv |omlytdhylt }cl ollm

`hy ylpge~foa }cl qchjl ~yhdlm|yl `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` dyf}fdgj gom |yalo}

gpfg}fho t}hylt }cyh|ac Fomfgo Leigttflt/





=0

DCG^]LY FFF 2 GFY @HYDL

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n =/96 dyhyl fo }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h` t~gylt/

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afplo fo }cl }gijl iljhq2

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77 Hd}hily 9>>0

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dgjd|jg}lm gt ~ly }cl lsft}foa ~yfdfoa ~cfjhth~cv ~ylpgfjfoag} }cl }fel/

7 –F‖ Jlplj5 9om jfol tlypfdfoa g} Qfoa jlplj #f/l/ Fo}lyelmfg}l jlplj&





=1

Fo G|a|t} 9>>1* FG@ fof}fg}lm goh}cly ~yh~htgj `hy }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h` }cl

tgel f}let `hy Oh/7< Qfoa/ Gfy H``fdly%fo%Dcgyal Egfo}logodl #GHE&

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<0

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09

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h~lolm* }h hi}gfo djgyf`fdg}fho ho qcl}cly }cl w|h}lm f}le qgt jfkljv }h il g

t|it}f}|}l `hy }cl –Qfodc Yllj Cvmyg|jfd‖/ ]cl ^yh`lttfhogj Mfyld}hyg}l f/l/

}cl Mfyld}hyg}l h` Ogpgj Gydcf}ld}|yl cljm fo Hd}hily 9>>< }cg} }cl f}le

<

GILY2 Go}fdf~g}lm Ilvhom Ldhohefdgj Yl~gfy 0]cl ~yhpftfho }h Y@^* fo}ly gjfg* t}f~|jg}lt }cg} }cl ego|`gd}|yly egv lodjhtl gt}g}lelo} h` mlpfg}fhot(fo}lydcgoalgijl lsdl~}fhot pft%g %pft Tdclm|jl h` Ylw|fylelo} #THY h` }cl lw|f~elo} qf}c }clfy h``lyt gom hojv }chtl h``lyt tcgjjil lpgj|g}lm qcfdc gyl `h|om }h il `|j`fjjfoa gjj }cl ljfafifjf}v gom w|gjf`vfoaylw|fylelo}t* ih}c }ldcofdgjjv gom dheelydfgjjv

1DOD 5 Dho}ygd} Olah}fg}foa Dheef}}ll





0<

h``lylm iv E(t YHL qgt oh} jfkljv }h il g t|it}f}|}l `hy }cl Qfodc Yllj

Cvmyg|jfd/ Fo }cl elgo}fel* gj}ch|ac Ogpv #Mfyld}hyg}l h` ^yhd|ylelo}

g~~yhgdclm E(t YHL }cyll }felt3 m|yfoa Hd}hily%Ohpleily 9>>< qf}c g

ylw|lt} }h ~yhpfml go fo}lydcgoalgifjf}v dly}f`fdg}l* f} egml oh g}}le~} }h al}

}cl h``ly h` }cl h}cly }qh `fyet yl%pgjfmg}lm/ Fo t~f}l h` }cl o|elyh|t

yl`lylodlt* E(t YHL mfm oh} ~yhpfml ylw|ftf}l dly}f`fdg}l/ Fot}lgm* }cl `fye

gtklm `hy #7< Ohpleily 9>>< gmmf}fhogj djgyf`fdg}fho jfkl ^yhbld} o|eily*

Plttlj o|eily* dhot}y|d}fho vlgy h` tcf~ gom mygqfoa o|eily l}d/ h` }cl

ylw|fylm f}let/ ]cft fo`hyeg}fho qgt ~yhpfmlm }h E(t YHL fo Bgo|gyv 9>>0/

Iv }cft }fel* }cl h``lyt h` E(t Dlorfo gom E(t \kyt~l}ls~hy}* \kygfol* qch

cgm dhyyld}jv w|h}lm `hy }cl ~gy}* ls~fylm ho 1 gom 3 Ohpleily 9>><

ylt~ld}fpljv/ Djlgyjv* gt }cl h``ly h` E(t YHL qgt oh} gt ~ly }cl Y@^ f}

tch|jm cgpl illo ylbld}lm gi fof}fh gom hojv pgjfm h``lyt tch|jm cgpl illo

dhotfmlylm `hy gddl~}godl/

Fo }cl elgo}fel* }cl dhe~l}lo} `fogodfgj g|}chyf}v gjth g~~yhplm yl%}lomlyfoa

gom go Y@^ qgt ftt|lm }h }lo `fyet fo @liy|gyv 9>>0 qf}c }lomly h~lofoa mg}l

gt 4> Egydc 9>>0/ Ho 70 Egydc 9>>0* E(t YHL gagfo th|ac} `hy dly}gfo

gmmf}fhogj fo`hyeg}fho jfkl h~lyg}foa fot}y|d}fhot* }ldcofdgj mltdyf~}fho gom

}ldcofdgj mygqfoat h` Qfodc Yllj/ Lplo g`}ly ftt|l h` tldhom Y@^* }cltl

ml}gfjt qlyl ~yhpfmlm }h }cl `fye ho 94 Egydc 9>>0/ G|mf} hitlyplm }cg} }cft

fo`hyeg}fho qgt oh} tlo} }h gjj jft}lm plomhyt gt ~ly ~yhpftfho h` MÊ%9>><*

afpfoa |om|l gmpgo}gal }h E(t YHL/

Fo ylt~hotl }h }cl Y@^ ftt|lm fo @liy|gyv 9>>0* }qh `fyet6 t|ief}}lm }clfy

w|h}l gom }cl w|h}l h` E(t Yhthihyhotlypfdl #YHT* Fomfg J}m/* qch w|h}lm

n </74 dyhyl ~ly |of} qgt `h|om }h il J%7/ Dhotfmlyfoa }cl cfac ~yfdlt gom

~h}lo}fgj fomfaloftg}fho h` }cl f}le* }cl ylw|fylm w|go}f}v qgt ylm|dlm `yhe

tfs }h }qh gom* fo Hd}hily 9>>1* }cl Efoft}yv dhodj|mlm g dho}ygd} qf}c

E(t YHT #Fomfg `hy t|~~jv h` }qh Qfodc Yllj Cvmyg|jfd g} g }h}gj dht} h`

n 6/1< dyhyl ~j|t }gslt/ ]cl `fye t|~~jflm }cl f}let fo B|jv 9>>6/

3

Ho 7> Hd}hily 9>><* 71 Hd}hily 9>>< gom 1 Ohpleily 9>><6]qh `fyet % E(t Yhthihyhotlypfdl #Fomfg gom E(t Yhthihyhols~hy}* Y|ttfg#YHL/ E(t Yhthihyhotlypfdl #Fomfg ft go foml~lomlo} plomhy ylaft}lylm qf}c}cl Fomfgo Ogpv gt go Fomfgo `fye/ F} ft g bhfo} plo}|yl il}qllo go FomfgoDhe~gov `hyelyjv E(t Kgtov Egyfol Tlypfdlt* tlplo Y|ttfgo `fyet gomYhthihyhols~hy}/





00

Gddl~}foa }cl `gd}t* Efoft}yv h~folm fo Mldleily 9>7> }cg} }cl ~yhd|ylelo}

qgt |omly}gklo qf}c |}eht} ~y|mlodl gom g} g ylgthogijl ~yfdl/ F} gmmlm }cg}

}cl h``ly h` E(t YHL qgt oh} ylbld}lm h|}yfac} ho }cl ayh|om h` oho%

`|yoftcfoa h` fo}lydcgoalgifjf}v dly}f`fdg}l gt }cl w|h}lm ~yfdl qgt efofegj gt

dhe~gylm }h h}cly ifmt/ Efoft}yv `|y}cly t}g}lm }cg} }cl `fyet ylt~homlm }h }cl

Y@^ qf}ch|} gtdly}gfofoa }cl gd}|gj }ldcofdgj ylw|fylelo}(ml}gfjt/ Efoft}yv

gjth dho}lomlm }cg} }cl f}le qgt t~ldfgjftlm gom qclo `|jj }ldcofdgj ml}gfjt

qlyl egml gpgfjgijl m|yfoa tldhom dgtl h` }lomly E(t \kyt~l}ls~hy} mfm oh}

ylt~hom/ ]cl yl~jv h` }cl Efoft}yv ft oh} gddl~}gijl tfodl fo ylt~hotl }h }cl

`fyt} Y@^ ftt|lm fo Egv 9>><* E(t YHL qgt gddl~}lm gt J%7 lplo }ch|ac f}

cgm w|h}lm `hy go f}le –Ygv h` Dh|o}lyqlfac}‖ fot}lgm h` Qfodc Yllj

Cvmyg|jfd‖ gt t~ldf`flm fo }cl Y@^/ Fodfmlo}gjjv* }cl w|h}l h`

E(t \kyt~l}tls~hy} gom E(t Dlorfo qgt lsgd}jv fo gddhymgodl qf}c }cl

tdclm|jl h` ylw|fylelo} qf}c E(t Dlorfo lplo dhyyld}jv fmlo}f`vfoa }clhyfafogj ~yhbld} o|eily h` }cl tcf~ djgtt/

]c|t* jgdk h` m|l mfjfalodl iv }cl ]lomly Lpgj|g}fho Dheef}}ll g} }cl fof}fgj

t}gal fo Hd}hily 9>>< jlm }h mljgv fo ~yhd|ylelo} gom gphfmgijl ls~lomf}|yl

h` n 6/14 dyhyl/

=/4 Ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` Agt ]|yifolt

Oho%dj|iifoa h` }cl ylw|fylelo} ylt|j}lm fo go ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl h`

n 9/=6 dyhyl fo ~yhd|ylelo} h` `fpl o|eilyt Agt ]|yifolt/

Fomfgo Ogpv h~lyg}lt pgyfh|t }v~lt(djgttlt h` tcf~t/ @fpl djgttlt h` Fomfgo

Ogpgj tcf~t gyl ~hqlylm iv Agt ]|yifolt #A]t/ Mf``lylo} }v~lt h` A]t gyl

`f}}lm ho pgyfh|t tcf~t igtlm ho }cl ylw|fylelo} gom yhjl h` }cl tcf~/ @fpl

TO@ Djgtt tcf~t h` Fomfgo Ogpv gyl `f}}lm qf}c `h|y ML<6 }v~l A]t lgdc/

ML<6 A]t* lf}cly olqjv ~yhd|ylm hy hplycg|jlm ft t}hdklm g} FOT Lktfjg/

Fo hymly }h ell} }cl GILY 7> ylw|fylelo} h` FOT Ygog* Eg}lyfgj Hyagoftg}fho*

Pfrga [EH #PU* fo Mldleily 9>>=* ygftlm go fomlo} `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` `h|y

ML<6 }v~l A]t ho ^GD

77

igtft `yhe E(t Rhyvg Egtc~yhlk}* \kygfol/T|itlw|lo}jv* fo G|a|t} 9>><* [EH#PU ygftlm goh}cly fomlo} `hy ~yhd|ylelo}

h` `fpl ML <6 }v~l A]t }h ell} }cl GILY ylw|fylelo}t h` }qh h}cly tcf~t*

7>Go}fdf~g}lm Ilvhom Ldhohefd Yl~gfy

77^yh~yfl}gyv Gy}fdjl Dly}f`fdg}l





01

ogeljv* FOT Ygobf} gom FOT Ygb~|}/ G`}ly mldfmfoa }h dj|i }cltl ylw|fylelo}t

#Tl~}leily 9>><* Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv

t|ief}}lm g dhothjfmg}lm dgtl `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` ofol ML<6 }v~l A]t }h }cl

Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl fo Hd}hily 9>></ Chqlply* qf}cfo }qh eho}ct* fo

Mldleily 9>><* }cl Mfyld}hyg}l h` Egyfol Loafollyfoa #MEL cljm }cg} `h|y ML<6 }v~l A]t e|t} il ~yhd|ylm g} go lgyjv mg}l }h ell} }cl yl`f} tdclm|jl h`

FOT Ygog/ M|l }h |yalodv gom `hy `gt}ly ~yhd|ylelo}* }cl w|go}f}flt qlyl

ylm|dlm `yhe ofol A]t }h `h|y A]t gom dhod|yylodl h` }cl D@G qgt hi}gfolm

fo Egydc 9>>0/ F} qgt hitlyplm }cg} }clyl qlyl mljgvt gom }cl dho}ygd} `hy

t|~~jv h` `h|y A]t `hy FOT Ygog dh|jm il dhodj|mlm hojv g`}ly 7< eho}ct* fo

B|ol 9>>1* qf}c E(t Rhyvg Egtc~yhlk} \kygfol g} g }h}gj dht} h` \TM

0*=<>*>>> #n 96/30 dyhyl79/ ]cl `fye dhe~jl}lm }cl t|~~jflt fo Tl~}leily

9>>1/ Elgoqcfjl* }cl |yalo} ylw|fylelo} h` A]t `hy FOT Ygog qgt* fo B|ol

9>><* el} }cyh|ac }cl yltlypl t}hdk h` A]t cljm g} FOT Lktfjg/

MEL fo Mldleily 9>>0 dho`fyelm }cl ylw|fylelo} }h Fo}layg}lm

Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv h` gmmf}fhogj `fpl A]t `hy Elmf|e

Yl`f} h` FOT Ygb~|} tdclm|jlm }h dheelodl `yhe @liy|gyv 9>>3/ Fo Egv

9>>6* dho}ygd} `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` `fpl A]t `hy FOT Ygb~|} qgt dhodj|mlm

qf}c E(t Rhyvg Egtc~yhlk} g} g }h}gj dht} h` \TM 3*0>>*>>> #n 46/3> dyhyl74/

]cl `fye t|~~jflm }cl A]t fo B|ol 9>>6/

Tfodl }cl ylw|fylelo} h` A]t `hy FOT Ygog qgt el} }cyh|ac }cl A]t cljm fo

t}hdk* ml%jfokfoa h` }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h` A]t `hy FOT Ygog `yhe }chtl `hy FOT

Ygobf} gom FOT Ygb~|} qgt oh} qgyygo}lm/ ]cl tl~gyg}l dhodj|tfho h` dho}ygd}

`hy `fpl A]t fo Egv 9>>6* ylt|j}lm fo go ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl h` \TM <41*<>>

#n 9/=6 dyhyl7= m|l }h }cl mf``lylodl fo |of} dht} h` A]t pft î pft }cl

~yhd|ylelo} egml fo B|ol 9>>1 #\TM 7>1*<>> ~ly A]/

]c|t fo iylgkfoa |~ }cl ~yhd|ylelo} hymly h` ofol agt }|yifolt iv Fomfgo

Ogpv go ls}yg ls~lomf}|yl h` n 9/=6 dyhyl fod|yylm gt }cl t|itlw|lo}

~yhd|ylelo} qgt g} g cfacly dht}/

]cl eg}}ly qgt yl`lyylm }h Efoft}yv fo Hd}hily 9>7>; }clfy yl~jv qgt gqgf}lm

gt h` B|jv 9>77/

79\of} dht} h` \TM 7*079*<>> ~ly A]

74\of} dht} h` \TM 7*19>*>> ~ly A]

7=7 \TM 5 n =0/96





03

Dho}ygd} Egogalelo}

=/= Fohymfog}l mljgv fo fot}gjjg}fho h` T^J ^jh}}foa ]gijlt ho

t|iegyfolt

Fohymfog}l mljgv fo fot}gjjg}fho h` ^jh}}foa ]gijlt hoihgym `h|y

t|iegyfolt cgt ylt|j}lm fo g ijhdkgal h` n 0/>< dyhyl `hy gih|} `h|y

vlgyt/ ]cl ~jh}}foa }gijlt cgpl tfodl jht} }clfy qgyygo}v dhply/

T^J ^jh}}foa ]gijl ft g ogpfag}fho gom }gd}fdgj ~jh}}foa tvt}le qcfdc dgo ~jh}

}cl tcf~t hqo ~htf}fho gt qljj gt f} dgo ~jh} }cl mg}g yldlfplm `yhe }cl |of}

tlothyt/

Fomfgo Ogpv dheefttfholm `h|y TTK t|iegyfolt il}qllo 7630 gom 766=/ Fo

Egydc 9>>=* Pfdl Dcfl` h` Ogpgj T}g``* g~~yhplm |~aygmg}fho h` tfs

lw|f~elo}t ho ihgym }cltl t|iegyfolt qcfdc* fo}ly gjfg* fodj|mlm T^J

^jh}}foa ]gijlt/ Fo B|ol 9>>0* Mfyld}hyg}l h` ^yhd|ylelo}#M^YH dhodj|mlm

g dho}ygd} qf}c E(t ETF — Ml`lodl Tvt}let J}m/* Loajgom `hy t|~~jv h` `h|y

T^J GFH ^jh}}foa ]gijlt gjhoa qf}c mljfplygijlt g} g }h}gj dht} h`

^MT 167*>9> #n 0/41 dyhyl7<* fodj|tfpl h` ^MT =>*>>> #n >/49 dyhyl `hy

T]Q70* CG]t71 gom TG]t73 `hy }cl `h|y t|iegyfolt qf}c mljfplyv tdclm|jl h`

Hd}hily 9>>1/ ]cl `fye t|~~jflm }cl lw|f~elo} iv Tl~}leily 9>>1 gom }cl

`fye qgt ~gfm ^MT 1<7*>9> #n 0/>< dyhyl `hy }cl t|~~jflt egml/

]clylg`}ly* }cl `fye* fo Hd}hily 9>>1* ylw|lt}lm Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lytEfoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv }h fo}feg}l }cl tdclm|jl `hy |omly}gkfoa }cl

T]Q(CG]t(TG]t `hy }cl ^jh}}foa ]gijlt/ ]cl dhodlyolm mfyld}hyg}l f/l/ }cl

Mfyld}hyg}l h` T|iegyfolt Gdw|ftf}fho #MTEGW agpl g ylt~hotl hojv fo

G~yfj 9>7> gom fo`hyelm }cl `fye }cg} gjj }cl ~yl%ylw|ftf}lt `hy `f}elo} gom

dhoold}hyftg}fho h` }cl ^jh}}foa ]gijlt ho ihgym hol h` }cl t|iegyfolt

#T|iegyfol 7 cgt illo dhe~jl}lm gom ylw|lt}lm }cl `fye }h ml~|}l g

t~ldfgjft} fo G~yfj 9>7> `hy T]Q(CG] qhyk ho }cl t|iegyfol/

G|mf} oh}fdlm }cg} }cl fot}gjjg}fho h` }cl ^jh}}foa ]gijlt qgt fof}fgjjv

tdclm|jlm }h il |omly}gklo m|yfoa }cl ~jgoolm yl`f}t h` }cl t|iegyfolt 7 }h =

dheelodfoa `yhe B|ol 9>>0* Tl~}leily 9>>1* Hd}hily 9>>1 gom

7<^h|om T}lyjfoa 5 n 3>/<=

70T]Q 5 Tl}}foa }h Qhyk

71CG] 5 Cgyih|y Gddl~}godl ]yfgjt

73TG] 5 Tlg Gddl~}godl ]yfgjt





06

Tl~}leily 9>>1 ylt~ld}fpljv/ Chqlply* }cl dcgoalt }h }cl yl f} tdclm|jlt h`

}cl t|iegyfolt ylt|j}lm fo g ylpftlm tdclm|jl `hy fot}gjjg}fho h` ^jh}}foa ]gijlt

hoihgym }cl t|iegyfolt/ ]cl ml}gfjt gyl }gi|jg}lm iljhq2

Tj

Oh/

T|iegyfol Hyfafogj Yl`f} Tdclm|jl Yl`f} T}g}|t

7/ T|iegyfol 7 EY%d|e%EJ\

B|ol 9>>0 — B|ol 9>>3

EY 76

%d|e%EJ\9>

Egydc 9>>1 — B|jv 9>7>

9/ T|iegyfol 9 EY%d|e%EJ\

Tl~}leily 9>>1 — G~yfj

9>7>

EY%d|e%EJ\

@liy|gyv 9>>3 — Hd}hily

9>77

4/ T|iegyfol 4 OY%d|e%Ehmlyoftg}fho

Hd}hily 9>>1 — Tl~}leily

9>>3

EY%d|e%Ehmlyoftg}fho

Egydc 9>7> — Egydc 9>77

=/ T|iegyfol = TY

Tl~}leily 9>>1 — Bgo|gyv

9>>3

TY 97

Egydc 9>>6 — B|ol 9>>6

Tl~}leily 9>7> — Mldleily

9>7>

Elgoqcfjl* g`}ly yldlf~} h` T^J GFH ]gijlt fo Tl~}leily 9>>1* yl`f}t ho }qh

t|iegyfolt #T|iegyfol 7 & = qlyl dhe~jl}lm fo 9>>6%9>7>/ Chqlply*

m|yfoa T]Q(CG]t h` ^jh}}foa ]gijl `f}}lm hoihgym T|iegyfol 7 cljm fo B|jv9>7>* thel ehm|jlt qlyl `h|om ml`ld}fpl/ ]cl ml`fdflodv qgt egml ahhm iv

|}fjftfoa }cl ehm|jlt h` T|iegyfol 9* }clyliv* g``ld}foa }cl h~lyg}fhogj

dg~gifjf}v h` T|iegyfol 9/ ]cl fot}gjjg}fho h` ^jh}}foa ]gijlt ho h}cly }qh

t|iegyfolt #T|iegyfol 9 & 4 ft fo ~yhayltt/ ]cl TG]t `hy T|iegyfol 7* 9

gom 4 gyl ohq tdclm|jlm `hy Egv 9>77/ ]cl ^jh}}ly cgt oh} illo fot}gjjlm ho

T|iegyfol = #}fjj @liy|gyv 9>77/

]c|t* `h|y T^J GFH ^jh}}foa ]gijlt ~yhd|ylm g} g dht} h` ^MT 1<7*>9>

#n 0/>< dyhyl fo Tl~}leily 9>>1 dh|jm oh} il agfo`|jjv ls~jhf}lm th `gy

#@liy|gyv 9>77/ Gt g dhotlw|lodl* }cltl t|iegyfolt qlyl h~lyg}foa qf}c }cl

jf`l ls~fylm ^jh}}foa ]gijlt* }clyliv* g``ld}foa }clfy h~lyg}fhogj dg~gifjf}flt/

76EY — Elmf|e Yl`f}

9>EJ\ — Efm Jf`l \~aygmg}fho

97TY — Tchy} Yl`f}





1>

]cl T^J ^jh}}foa ]gijlt dgyyflm g qgyygo}v `hy 79 eho}ct `yhe }cl mg}l h`

mljfplyv #79 Tl~}leily 9>>1 gagfot} ml`ld}t gyftfoa `yhe `g|j}v eg}lyfgjt hy

qhykegotcf~ |omly ~yh~ly |tl t|ibld} }h `gfy qlgy gom }lgy/ Dho}fo|lm mft|tl

elgo} }cg}* }cltl ^jh}}foa ]gijlt jht} }clfy qgyygo}v dhply ho 77 Tl~}leily

9>>3 qf}ch|} }cltl ilfoa |}fjftlm/ ]cl ml`ld}t* f` gov* gyftfoa `yhe `g|j}veg}lyfgjt hy qhykegotcf~ fo }cltl ^jh}}foa ]gijlt* gjth dh|jm oh} il

gtdly}gfolm/

Gddl~}foa }cl `gd}t* }cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm* fo Bgo|gyv 9>77* }cg} }cl ^jh}}foa

]gijlt dh|jm oh} il dheefttfholm hoihgym }cl t|iegyfolt fo }cl vlgy

9>>3%>6 m|l }h mljgvt fo dheelodfoa ( dhe~jl}fho h` }cl yl`f}t h` }cl

t|iegyfolt/ Efoft}yv gmef}}lm }cg} }cl t|iegyfolt qlyl h~lyg}foa qf}c jf`l

ls~fylm ^jh}}foa ]gijlt/ Efoft}yv gjth fo`hyelm }cg} mftd|ttfhot gyl fo

~yhayltt qf}c }cl Hyfafogj Lw|f~elo} Ego|`gd}|yly `hy ls}lomfoa }cl

qgyygo}v h` }cl tvt}let ho dhe~jl}fho h` TG]t/

=/< Gphfmgijl ls~lomf}|yl ho ~yhd|ylelo} h` dgijlt qf}c

fodhyyld} t~ldf`fdg}fho

^yhd|ylelo} h` dgijlt qf}c fodhyyld} t~ldf`fdg}fho `hy }cl

dhot}y|d}fho h` qgytcf~t jlm }h go gphfmgijl ls~lomf}|yl h`

n 7/40 dyhyl/

Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl gddhymlm g tgod}fho fo Bgo|gyv 7663 `hy }cl gdw|ftf}fho h`

}cyll fomfaloh|tjv mltfaolm @yfag}lt h` ^yhbld}%71 `hy }cl Fomfgo Ogpv #FO

}cyh|ac E(t Egrgaho Mhdk J}m/ #EMJ }cl Tcf~vgym/ Gt ~ly ~yhdlm|yl* }cl

~yhd|ylelo} h` gjj vgym eg}lyfgjt* lw|f~elo} gom gtthdfg}lm `f}}foat gt qljj gt

egdcfolyv gyl }h il fo }lyet h` g~~yhplm a|fmljfolt h` Ml~gy}elo} h` Ml`lodl

^yhm|d}fho/ ]cl ^yh`lttfhogj Mfyld}hyg}lt h` Ogpv ftt|l T}g}lelo} h`

]ldcofdgj Ylw|fylelo}t #TH]Yt gjhoa qf}c }cl ogelt h` plomhyt }h }cl

^yhm|d}fho Mfyld}hyg}lt qch fo }|yo ftt|l Hymlyfoa Fot}y|d}fho #HF }h }cl

Tcf~vgym }h fof}fg}l }cl ~yhd|ylelo} gd}fho/

Igtlm ho t~ldf`fdg}fhot g~~yhplm iv Mfyld}hyg}l h` W|gjf}v Gtt|ygodl #Ogpgj

fo G~yfj 9>>=* E(t EMJ ftt|lm g }ldcofdgj t~ldf`fdg}fho `hy }cl ~yhd|ylelo}h` Y|ttfgo dgijlt ylw|fylm `hy }cl dhot}y|d}fho h` }qh tcf~t `hy FO |omly

^yhbld}%71/ Fo Egv 9>>=* }lomlyt qlyl ftt|lm }h tfs MWG#O99

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17

`fyet gom E(t Ygmfgo} Dgijlt ^p} J}m/ lelyalm J%7 fo ylt~ld} h` <> }v~lt h`

dgijlt h|} h` 7>1 }v~lt h` dgijlt }lomlylm `hy/ Dhotlw|lo} |~ho }cl g~~yhpgj

h` }ldcofdgj mg}g gom tg}ft`gd}hyv dhe~jl}fho h` }v~l }lt}foa fo G~yfj 9>>< iv

MWG #O* tcf~vgym fo B|jv 9>>< ~jgdlm }qh ~|ydcgtl hymlyt ho }cl `fye g} g

dht} h` n 4/== dyhyl `hy }cl t|~~jv h` <> }v~lt h` dgijlt elgt|yfoa 3=*91>

el}lyt/ ]cl `fye t|~~jflm dgijlt il}qllo Ohpleily 9>>< gom Bgo|gyv 9>>0/

G|mf} tdy|}fov h` }cl dgtl ylplgjlm }cl `hjjhqfoa2%

H` }cl 3=*91> el}lyt h` dgijlt t|~~jflm iv E(t Ygmfgo} Dgijlt ^p}/ J}m/*

4=*69> el}lyt h` dgijlt qhy}c n 7/== dyhyl qgt `h|om }h il oh} dho`hyefoa }h

}cl t~ldf`fdg}fhot gom qlyl `h|om |o`f} `hy |tl/ Gt ~ly t~ldf`fdg}fho* }cltl

dgijlt qlyl }h cgpl –tdyllo hply fomfpfm|gj dhylt gom go hplygjj tdyllo‖

qclylgt* }cl dgijlt t|~~jflm iv }cl plomhy gt ~ly ]ldcofdgj ^gygel}lyt#]^

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gt g ylt|j}* }cltl dgijlt qlyl ego|`gd}|ylm gom fot~ld}lm qf}c –tdyllo hplygjj

}cl dhyl‖ fot}lgm h` –tdyllo hply lgdc dhyl‖/ MWG #O gjth gmef}}lm }cg} }cltl

dgijlt qfjj oh} il t|f}gijl }h ell} }cl t~ldf`fd ~|y~htl gom g `yltc tl} h`

dgijlt qf}c dhyyld} t~ldf`fdg}fho ft ollmlm }h ell} }cl ylw|fylelo}/ ]ch|ac

MWG ylw|lt}lm tcf~vgym }h gogjvtl }cl `lgtfifjf}v h` |}fjftfoa }cl qyhoajv

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h` hoahfoa gom `|}|yl qgytcf~ g} }cl tcf~vgym/ ]clylg`}ly }cl tcf~vgym ~jgdlm}qh ehyl ~|ydcgtl hymlyt `hy 44*=9> el}lyt h` dgijlt g} g }h}gj dht} h`

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n 7/40 dyhyl ho ~yhd|ylelo} h` dgijlt/

]cl eg}}ly qgt yl`lyylm }h Efoft}yv fo Hd}hily 9>7>; }clfy yl~jv qgt gqgf}lm

gt h` B|jv 9>77/





19

Eftdljjgolh|t

=/0 ]gymv ~yhayltt fo lsld|}fho h` g Qg}ly T|~~jv Tdclel

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gmlw|g}l gom djlgo qg}ly }h Ml`lodl ^lythoolj cgt oh} illo el}

m|l }h g `gfj|yl }h dhhymfog}l qf}c h}cly lo}f}flt ho }cl ~yhbld}

ollmt/

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oldlttf}v `hy g ~yhbld} cgt illo gddl~}lm* g tf}}foa ihgym qfjj il dhoplolm }h

mygq |~ g ml}gfjlm jgv h|} ~jgo gom ~yl~gyl go g~~yhsfeg}l lt}feg}l h` }cl

dht}/ F` }cl ~yh~htlm tf}l lodyhgdclt hy fo gov qgv g``ld}t }cl dfpfj hy ygfjqgv

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}cl dhotlo} h` }cl g|}chyf}v dhodlyolm/ Fo dho}ygplo}fho h` }cltl ~yhpftfhot g

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tgod}fholm fo Egydc 9>>= gt mftd|ttlm iljhq/

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h` n 9/6= dyhyl/

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14

~jgoofoa t}gal/ T|itlw|lo} }h gddhymfoa }cl G(G* qclo Dcfl` Loafolly

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il mhol hojv iv }cl Ygfjqgvt gt g –ml~htf} qhyk‖94

/ Fo}lylt}foajv* qcfjl

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}cg} }clyl qlyl oh h}cly jfgifjf}flt gom ~lyefttfhot ylw|fylm `hy }cl tdclel/

]cl g|}chyf}flt lplo }clo `gfjlm }h g~~yhgdc P^] `hy oldlttgyv g~~yhpgjt/

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CW LOD gddhymlm g ylpftlm G(G g} g dht} h` n =/43 dyhyl/ ]cl qhyk qgt

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qhyk/

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h` Ml`lodl/

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94Ml~htf} qhyk % Qhykt dgyyflm h|} iv h|}tfml galodv ho ilcgj` h` }cl Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl/





1=

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vlgyt/

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G|}chyf}v ho gddh|o} h` ~logj}v t|ydcgyal/

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G|mf} lsgefog}fho h` }cl ~gfm ifjjt gom h}cly yldhymt fo G|a|t} 9>>6 ylplgjlm

go |o|t|gj fodylgtl fo ls~lomf}|yl ho ~gvelo} h` }gyf`` ifjjt `hy qg}ly t|~~jv

pft î pft }cl ~ylpfh|t vlgy iv }cl AL #L(E Khdcf/





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~gvelo} h` n 9/=> dyhyl/

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~gvelo} h` t|ydcgyalt dlgtlm `yhe G|a|t} 9>>6/

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dhfodfmlodl m|yfoa }cl tgel ~lyfhm }cl }gyf`` h` qg}ly dcgyalt qlyl gjth

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t}gy}lm `yhe }cl ifjjt h` Hd}hily 9>7>/

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yg}lt `fslm iv }cl Efoft}yv `yhe }fel }h }fel/





10

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m|l }h mljgv fo }cl ylpftfho h` cgomjfoa dcgyalt h` ls~jhtfplt/ ]cl Efoft}yv fo

766> cgm dheef}}lm }cg} }cl ylpflq h` ls~jhtfpl cgomjfoa dcgyalt qh|jmclodl`hy}c il |omly}gklo hodl fo lplyv }cyll vlgyt/ Ho }cl igtft h` gtt|ygodl

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egml f} egomg}hyv }h ylpflq }cl ls~jhtfpl cgomjfoa dcgyalt hodl fo }cyll

vlgyt lplo f` }cl goo|gj fodylgtl ft oh} ehyl }cgo 7> ~ly dlo}/ Gddhymfoajv*

}cl jgt} ylpftfho h` yg}lt qgt |omly}gklo fo G~yfj 9>>1 gom }cl yg}lt oh}f`flm

qlyl h~lyg}fpl `hy g ~lyfhm h` }cyll vlgyt/ ]cltl yg}lt qlyl }h il ltdgjg}lm

N 7> ~ly dlo} ho 7 G~yfj h` t|itlw|lo} vlgyt }fjj }cl ols} ylpftfho/ ]cl jg}lt}

ylpftfho h` yg}lt qgt m|l `yhe G~yfj 9>7>/

OGM* E|eigf* fo Ohpleily 9>>6* `hyqgymlm g ~yh~htgj }h CW Qlt}lyo

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ls~jhtfplt iv Fomfgo Ogpv/ ]cl ~yh~htgj* fo}ly gjfg* fodj|mlm }cl ylpftfho h`

gjj og}|yl h` dcgyalt t|dc gt cgomjfoa* jhgmfoa(|ojhgmfoa* igyal ml}lo}fho*

t|~lypftfho dcgyalt gom }cl tld|yf}v ml~htf}t l}d/ Fo Mldleily 9>>6* Mfyld}hy

Alolygj h` Ogpgj Gyegelo} ylw|lt}lm CW QOD }h ls~lmf}l }cl ~yh~htgj `hy

ylpftfho/ ]cl eg}}ly qgt yl`lyylm }h ^yfodf~gj Dho}yhjjly h` Ml`lodl Gddh|o}

#^DMG* Ogpv fo }cl tgel eho}c gom }cl dhod|yylodl qgt hi}gfolm fo Egydc

9>7> gom }cl ylpftlm yg}lt `hy t|~lypftfho dcgyalt qlyl oh}f`flm iv Efoft}yv fo

G|a|t} 9>7> N n 1*606 ~ly }ho gom }cltl qlyl egml g~~jfdgijl qf}c l``ld}

`yhe 79 G|a|t} 9>7>/ Elgoqcfjl* Ogpv dho}fo|lm }h jlpv t|~lypftfho

dcgyalt Nn

=*>19

9=

~ly }ho/

OGM E|eigf cgomjlm =*174/1>7 }ho h` ls~jhtfplt il}qllo 7 G~yfj 9>7> gom

79 G|a|t} 9>7> `hy ~yfpg}l ~gy}flt* ^|ijfd Tld}hy \omly}gkfoat gom h}cly

Ahplyoelo} Ml~gy}elo}t/ Hqfoa }h }cl oho%ylpftfho h` dcgyalt fo }fel* }cl

lsdclw|ly t|``lylm g ylplo|l jhtt h` n 9/>4 dyhyl m|yfoa }cft ~lyfhm/

Ogpv t}g}lm* fo G|a|t} 9>7>* }cg} }clyl qgt oh }fel `ygel jgfm mhqo `hy

fof}fg}foa }cl dgtl `hy }cl ylpftfho h` ls~jhtfpl cgomjfoa dcgyalt/ ]cl yl~jv ft

oh} gt ~ly Ogpgj CW fot}y|d}fhot h` Egydc 7660 gddhymfoa }h qcfdc }cl yg}lt

qlyl m|l `hy ylpftfho `yhe 7 G~yfj 9>7>/

9=]cl t|~lypftfho dcgyalt oh}f`flm fo G~yfj 9>>1 qlyl ltdgjg}lm N h` 7> ~ly dlo} ~ly goo|e fo G~yfj 9>>3* G~yfj 9>>6 gom G~yfj 9>7> ~yhaylttfpljv }h ml}lyefol}cl t|~lypftfho dcgyalt/





11

Gddl~}foa }cl `gd}t* Efoft}yv fo Bgo|gyv 9>77* t}g}lm }cg} mljgv dgooh} il

g}}yfi|}lm }h gov tfoajl galodv gt }clyl qlyl tlplygj galodflt fophjplm fo }cl

~yhdltt h` yg}l ylpftfho/ F} gjth gmmlm }cg} g ~hjfdv jl}}ly ft ilfoa ~yhe|jag}lm

iv Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv jgvfoa mhqo }cl }fel

`ygel }h `gdfjf}g}l lgyjv ylpftfho h` yg}lt `yhe ols} dvdjl hoqgym/ F} `|y}cly t}g}lm }cg} g ~yh~htgj cgm illo `hyqgymlm }h Efoft}yv }h gelom }cl mg}l h`

g~~jfdgifjf}v h` }cl ylpftlm yg}lt ~yhe|jag}lm `yhe 79 G|a|t} 9>7> }h 7 G~yfj

9>7> gom }cl mf``lylodl qh|jm il yldhplylm iv OGM* E|eigf g`}ly

gelomelo} h` Ahplyoelo} jl}}ly/

]cl Efoft}yv ollmt }h jgv mhqo g }fel`ygel gt gjth t}ylgejfol }cl ~yhdlm|yl

}h lot|yl }feljv ylpftfho h` yg}lt/

=/6 Oho%ylpftfho h` ^gvelo} Ftt|l Yg}lt `hy Klyhtlol Hfj

Oho%hitlypgodl h` }cl ~yltdyfilm ~hjfdv ho ~gvelo} ftt|l h`

Klyhtlol Hfj ylt|j}lm fo g jhtt h` n =6/=0 jgkc }h }cl ~|ijfd

lsdclw|ly g} }qh Ogpgj T}g}fhot/

Dhotlw|lo} |~ho mftego}jfoa h` }cl Gmefoft}lylm ^yfdl Eldcgofte fo Egydc

9>>9* Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #@fogodl fo G~yfj 9>>9 oh}f`flm }cl @yll Ftt|l

Yg}lt #@FY 9< gom ^gvelo} Ftt|l Yg}lt #^FY 90 `hy Klyhtlol Hfj N n 3/67 ~ly

jf}yl gom n 6/>> ~ly jf}yl ylt~ld}fpljv/ ]cltl yg}lt qlyl egml g~~jfdgijl

|of`hyejv gdyhtt }cl dh|o}yv/ ]cl Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl* fo Tl~}leily 9>>4*

lphjplm g ylpftlm ~yhdlm|yl `hy qhykfoa h|} @FY gom ^FY `hy ^HJ91 ~yhm|d}t

qcfdc* fo}ly gjfg* t}f~|jg}l }cg} }cl @FY cgt }h il `fslm iv gmmfoa 9 ~ly dlo}

galodv dcgyalt }h }cl ~yhd|ylelo} yg}l* qclylgt* }cl ^FY qgt }h il `fslm iv

gmmfoa 1 ~ly dlo} ml~gy}elo}gj dcgyalt }h @FY/ ]cl ^FY th gyyfplm tch|jm oh}

il jltt }cgo }cl ~ylpgfjfoa egykl} yg}lt/ Hqfoa }h pgyfg}fho fo }cl ~yhd|ylelo}

yg}lt* t|dc @FY gom ^FY h` ^HJ ~yhm|d}t qlyl oh} il egml |of`hyejv

g~~jfdgijl }cyh|ach|} }cl dh|o}yv/ ]cl @FY gom ^FY yg}lt qlyl* }clyl`hyl*

ylw|fylm }h il `fslm g} T|~~jv Ml~h}(@HJ Ml~h} Jlplj fo dhot|j}g}fho qf}c

}cl Ml~|}v Dho}yhjjly h` Ml`lodl Gddh|o}t( Jhdgj G|mf} H``fdly/ Iltfmlt*

}cltl yg}lt qlyl t|ibld} }h ylpftfho gt gom qclo }cl Hfj ^|ijfd Tld}hy

\omly}gkfoat ylpftlm }clfy yg}lt/

9<@yll Ftt|l Yg}lt gyl g~~jfdgijl qclyl t}hylt(klyhtlol hfj l}d ft ftt|lm `hy ihog`fml |tl h` }cl |of}t(`hyeg}fhot l}d

90^gvelo} Ftt|lt Yg}lt gyl g~~jfdgijl qclyl dfpfjfgot ~gfm `yhe Ml`lodl TlypfdltLt}feg}lt* Tlypfdl ^lythoolj l}d ~|ydcgtl t}hylt(klyhtlol hfj l}d `hy }clfy ~lythogj |tl/

91^l}yhjl|e* Hfj & J|iyfdgo}t/





13

G|mf} oh}fdlm }cg} Fomfgo Ogpv mfm oh} ylpftl ^FY h` Klyhtlol Hfj* gt ~ly

ylpftlm ~yhdlm|yl g} }qh Ogpgj T}g}fhot* qcfdc ylt|j}lm fo g jhtt h` n =6/=0

jgkc }h }cl lsdclw|ly/ ]cl ml}gfjt gyl mftd|ttlm iljhq2

Dgtl F

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|of}t |omly CW Gomgego gom Ofdhigy Dheegom* il}qllo Tl~}leily 9>>4

gom @liy|gyv 9>>6* ftt|lm 7*37*1<> jf}ylt h` Klyhtlol Hfj }h lo}f}jlm ~lythot

ho ~gvelo} igtft/ Gt ~ly }cl `hye|jg `hy `fsg}fho h` ^FY* lotcyfolm fo }cl

ylpftlm ~yhdlm|yl ~yhe|jag}lm fo Tl~}leily 9>>4* }cl ^FY `hy Klyhtlol Hfj

g} Gomgego gom Ofdhigy Ftjgomt `hy }cl ~lyfhm `yhe Tl~}leily 9>>4 }h

@liy|gyv 9>>6 ygoalm il}qllo n 3/13 ~ly jf}yl gom n 09/34 ~ly jf}yl/ Chqlply*

f} qgt hitlyplm fo g|mf} fo Ohpleily 9>>3 }cg} |of}t |omly CW Gomgego gom

Ofdhigy Dheegom mfm oh} ylpftl }cl ^FY gom dho}fo|lm }h egkl }cl ~gvelo}

ftt|lt h` Klyhtlol Hfj N n 6/>> ~ly jf}yl/ Oho%ylpftfho h` ^FY `hy Klyhtlol

Hfj m|yfoa }cl ~lyfhm jlm }h g jhtt h` n 93/6> jgkc/

Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv fo Tl~}leily 9>>6

gddl~}lm }cl jhtt/ Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv gmmlm

}cg} }cl Ahplyoelo} ~hjfdv jl}}ly `hy `fsfoa h` `yll(~gvelo} ftt|l yg}lt h` ^HJ

qgt oh} yldlfplm iv CW Gomgego gom Ofdhigy Dheegom gom qgt

t|itlw|lo}jv `hyqgymlm }h }cle hojv fo G|a|t} 9>>1/ ]clylg`}ly* olq ^FY

`fslm fo Hd}hily 9>>1 iv g Ihgym h` H``fdlyt qgt oh} fe~jlelo}lm gtCW Gomgego gom Ofdhigy Dheegom fo}ly~yl}lm }cg} }cl Klyhtlol Hfj ft }h

il ftt|lm ho ~gvelo} g} ^|ijfd Mft}yfi|}fho Tvt}le yg}lt }h Ahplyoelo}

tlypgo}t qch `gjj fo Iljhq ^hply}v Jfol dg}lahyv/

]cl dho}lo}fho h` Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv ft oh}

}logijl gt Ogpgj g|}chyf}flt h|ac} }h cgpl }gklo g~~yh~yfg}l gd}fho `hy

feelmfg}l gom dhyyld} mfttlefog}fho h` Ahplyoelo} hymlyt/

Dgtl FF

Igtlm ho ^FY oh}f`flm fo G~yfj 9>>9* FOT Myhogdcgyvg* il}qllo Tl~}leily

9>>4 gom G~yfj 9>7>* ftt|lm 7*>=*<4= jf}ylt h` Klyhtlol Hfj }h lo}f}jlm ~lythot

ho ~gvelo} igtft/ Chqlply* igtlm ho }cl `hye|jg `hy `fsg}fho h` ^FY

lotcyfolm fo }cl ylpftlm ~yhdlm|yl }cl ^FY `hy Klyhtlol Hfj m|yfoa }cl ~lyfhm





16

`yhe Tl~}leily 9>>4 gom G~yfj 9>7> ygoalt `yhe n 6/<9 }h n =4/30 ~ly jf}yl/

Chqlply* }cl |of} mfm oh} ylpftl }cl ^FY gom dho}fo|lm }h egkl ~gvelo}

ftt|lt h` Klyhtlol Hfj N n 6/>> ~ly jf}yl qcfdc ylt|j}lm fo g jhtt h` n 9>/<0

jgkc/

Ho ilfoa ~hfo}lm h|} fo G|mf}* fo G~yfj 9>7>* }cl |of} g|}chyf}flt t}g}lm fo Egv

9>7> }cg} }cl Ahplyoelo} jl}}ly h` Tl~}leily 9>>4 cgt oh} illo yldlfplm iv

}cle }fjj mg}l/

]cl eg}}ly qgt yl`lyylm }h }cl Efoft}yv fo Tl~}leily 9>7>; }clfy yl~jv qgt


=/7> Tgpfoat g} }cl fot}godl h` G|mf}

G tgpfoa h` n 7/47 dyhyl qgt l``ld}lm g`}ly g|mf} ~hfo}lm h|}

tfaof`fdgo} pgyfg}fhot fo ~yhd|ylelo} dht} h` 71 f}let h` gpfg}fho

t~gylt dho}ygd}lm `hy iv Ogpgj Clgmw|gy}lyt gt qljj gt }cl

fodhyyld} gttlttelo} h` ylw|fylelo} fo ylt~ld} h` }qh f}let iv

Eg}lyfgj Hyagoftg}fho* Khdcf/

G|mf} tdy|}fov h` mhd|elo}t g} Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl

#Ogpv gom EH Khdcf yljg}foa }h ~yhd|ylelo} h` Ogpgj gpfg}fho t~gylt gom

f}let h` t~gylt `hy ell}foa }cl yl`f} ylw|fylelo}t h` g tcf~ ylt~ld}fpljv

ylt|j}lm fo g tgpfoa h` n 7/47 dyhyl fo }qh dgtlt/ Ml}gfjt gyl mftd|ttlm

iljhq2

Dgtl F

Gagfot} }cl goo|gj ylpflq h` mlegom `hy }cl vlgyt 9>>3%>6 gom 9>>6%7>*

Mfyld}hy h` Ogpgj Gfy Eg}lyfgj ygftlm }qh fomlo}t fo Mldleily 9>>3 gom

G|a|t} 9>>6 ylt~ld}fpljv `hy ~yhd|ylelo} h` t~gylt `hy KG%93 cljfdh~}lyt/

Igtlm ho }cltl }qh fomlo}t* Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl

#Ogpv Mfyld}hyg}l h` Ogpgj Gfy Eg}lyfgj ~jgdlm }cl `hjjhqfoa t|~~jv

hymlyt(dhodj|mlm dho}ygd}2





3>

Tj/

Oh/

Ogel h` }cl `fye GYM(Ehml

h`

~yhd|ylelo}

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t|~~jv hymly(

dhodj|tfho h`

dho}ygd}

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9>>3%>6(^GD igtft

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9>>6%7>(J]L igtft

94 Egydc 9>7> 74 n >/=4 ♤dyhyl

4/ E(t/ Glyhmls Gpfg}fho*

Fomfg

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94 Egydc 9>7> <1 n 7/4= dyhyl

=/ E(t/ T~l}t ]ldcoh Ls~hy}*

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>3 G~yfj 9>7> 49 n 7/=6 ♤ dyhyl

G|mf} oh}fdlm tfaof`fdgo} pgyfg}fhot fo yg}lt fo ylt~ld} h` 76 fmlo}fdgj f}let

hymlylm `hy ~yhd|ylelo} }cyh|ac t|~~jv hymlyt g} Tj Oh/7 }h = gihpl* lplo}ch|ac }cl dho}ygd}t qlyl dhodj|mlm qf}cfo g ~lyfhm h` jltt }cgo }cyll eho}ct/

]cl pgyfg}fho ygoalm `yhe 41 ~ly dlo} }h 4*03> ~ly dlo} 93

/ G|mf}* }clyl`hyl*

~hfo}lm h|} fo Egv 9>7> }cg} gddl~}godl h` cfacly yg}lt qh|jm jlgm }h ls}yg

ls~lomf}|yl fo }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h` t~gylt/ Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h`

Ml`lodl #Ogpv gddl~}lm }cl `gd}t fo Egv 9>7> gom mljl}lm 71 f}let pgj|foa

n >/30 dyhyl `yhe }cl dho}ygd}( t|~~jv hymlyt/

Gddl~}foa }cl `gd}t* }cl Efoft}yv t}g}lm* fo Bgo|gyv 9>77* }cg} }cl ~yhd|ylelo}

gagfot} goo|gj ylpflq h` mlegom `hy 9>>3%>6 qgt }gklo |~ ho ^yh~yfl}gyv

Gy}fdjl Dly}f`fdg}l #^GD igtft gt }clyl cgm illo tlplyl dhot}ygfo}t fo

th|ydfoa Y|ttfgo hyfafo t~gylt fo pflq h` }clfy hithjltdlodl gom }cl tegjjw|go}f}v ylw|fylelo}t h` Ogpv‖t jfef}lm `jll}/ Oh}qf}ct}gomfoa }cl ^GD

t}g}|t* E(t Yhtihyho Tlypfdl #Fomfg J}m/* mljgvlm }cl t|iefttfho h` }clfy

w|h}lt/ ]clyl`hyl* }cl ols} goo|gj ylpflq h` mlegom `hy 9>>6%7> qgt

~yhdlttlm ho jfef}lm }lomly low|fyv igtft/ ]cltl GYM dgtlt qlyl dhotfmlylm

gom olah}fg}lm gt g ~gdkgal yg}cly }cgo }gkfoa |~ jfol%iv%jfol f}let* gt }clyl

qlyl g jgyal o|eily h` f}let gom }clyl qgt oh `fslm }ylom fo }cl ~yfdfoa

~hjfdv h` }cltl t~gylt/ Gt h` @liy|gyv 9>77* Fomfgo Ogpv ft jfkljv }h ~|ydcgtl

}cltl 71 f}let* lf}cly }cyh|ac yl~lg} hymlyt hy }cyh|ac fophkfoa h~}fho djg|tl*

g} }cl h``lylm jhqlt} yg}lt fo olgy `|}|yl/

]cl yl~jv h` }cl Efoft}yv ft oh} }logijl gt ~yhd|ylelo} h` t~gylt fo g ~gdkgalmlgj mfm oh} githjpl Fo}layg}lm Clgmw|gy}lyt Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl #Ogpv `yhe

♤ 7 \TM 5 n =</<0 93

Ml}gfjt afplo fo Gools|yl FF





37

plyf`vfoa }cl |of} dht} h` lgdc f}le qf}c g pflq }h gtdly}gfofoa }cl

ylgthogifjf}v h` }clfy yg}lt/ Iltfmlt* }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h` 71 f}let fo olgy

`|}|yl |omly h~}fho djg|tl(yl~lg} hymlyt g} }cl jhqly ~yfdl qgt g} }cl ilclt} h`

g|mf} qcfdc jlm }h dgodljjfoa h` dho}ygd}t `hy }cltl f}let g} cfacly yg}lt/

Dgtl FF

Igtlm ho }cl fomlo} ygftlm iv Eg}lyfgj Hyagoftg}fho Khdcf #EHK fo G~yfj

9>>3 `hy 7<1 f}let h` t~gylt `hy ell}foa }cl yl`f} ylw|fylelo}t h` FOT T|}jlb*

g Ogpgj Jhaft}fd Dheef}}ll #OJD fo Egv 9>>6 g~~yhplm }cl ~yhd|ylelo} h`

749 f}let g} g }h}gj dht} h` n 7/0= dyhyl `yhe E(t All}g Loafollyfoa Qhykt

^p}/ J}m/* E|eigf/

G|mf} tdy|}fov h` }cl ~yhd|ylelo} fo Egv 9>>6 ylplgjlm }cg} EHK qgt

gjylgmv chjmfoa gmlw|g}l t}hdk }h ell} }cl mlegomt fo ylt~ld} h` }qh f}let

h|} h` 749 f}let* djlgylm `hy ~yhd|ylelo} iv }cl OJD/ Tfodl }cltl }qh f}let

qlyl cfac pgj|l t}hylt dht}foa n >/=< dyhyl* g|mf} ylw|lt}lm EHK }h dhom|d} g

ml ohph ylpflq h` }clfy ylw|fylelo}/ EHK fof}fgjjv t}g}lm }cg} }cltl qlyl

jhoa jlgm }fel f}let gom }clfy ~yhd|ylelo} qgt lttlo}fgj/ Chqlply* fo B|ol

9>>6 EHK gayllm }h |omly}gkl }cl ylpflq/ Igtlm ho }cl ylpflq dgyyflm h|} g}

}cl fot}godl h` g|mf}* EHK fo B|jv 9>>6 dgodljjlm }cl hymlyt h` }cltl }qh

f}let* dht}foa n >/=< dyhyl* }c|t ylt|j}foa fo tgpfoat }h }cg} ls}lo}/

Gddl~}foa }cl `gd}t* Efoft}yv t}g}lm* fo Bgo|gyv 9>77* }cg} }cl w|lyv gom

t|aalt}fho h` g|mf} }h yl%jhhk g} }cl ylw|fylelo} mfm `fogjjv jlgm }h ylpflq h`

~yhpftfhofoa ~gygel}lyt gom dgodljjg}fho h` hymly* }clyliv* ylt|j}foa fogphfmfoa h` hply ~yhpftfhofoa }h }cl }|ol h` n >/=< dyhyl/





39

DCG^]LY P2 YLTLGYDC GOM MLPLJHÊLO]

HYAGOFTG]FHO

</7 Jhtt h` t}hylt fo }ygotf}

T}hylt qhy}c n 7>/04 dyhyl elgo} `hy JDG ~yhaygeel qlyl jht} fo

}ygotf}/ Oh fot|ygodl djgfe `hy }cltl t}hylt dh|jm il ~yl`lyylm gt

}cl t}hylt qlyl oh} fot|ylm iv GML/

Glyhog|}fdgj Mlpljh~elo} Lt}gijftcelo} #GML7 dhodj|mlm g dho}ygd} qf}c

E(t IGL Tvt}let Hplytlgt Fod #\TG fo Tl~}leily 9>>= `hy t|~~jv h` 7<

tcf~ tl}t h` JDG% Fo}layg}lm @jfac} Dho}yhj Tvt}le #F@DT Jfol Yl~jgdlgijl

\of}t #JY\t g} g }h}gj dht} h` \TM 4>/0> efjjfho #n 7=>/1> dyhyl9/ ]cl `fye

qgt ylw|fylm }h mljfply gjj }cl |of}t iv Mldleily 9>>3/

Gt ~ly ls}go} hymlyt* t}hylt dht}foa n 9/<> dyhyl hy ehyl gyl ylw|fylm }h il

fot|ylm gagfot} jhtt hy mgegal fo }ygotf} gom }cl fot|ygodl dhply ft fopgyfgijv

ylw|fylm }h il hi}gfolm il`hyl mlt~g}dc h` }cl dhotfaoelo} iv }cl

`fye(t|~~jfly/ Fot|ygodl h` f}let gagfot} jhtt(mgegal fo }ygotf} fo }cft dho}ygd}qlyl gjj }cl ehyl dyf}fdgj tfodl dho}ygd} ~yhpfmlm `hy mljfplyv g} t|~~jfly‖t

`gd}hyv g`}ly qcfdc gjj yftkt qlyl }h il ihyol iv GML/ ]cl Alolygj @fogodfgj

Y|jlt ~yhpfml }cg} go h``fdly tcgjj il cljm ylt~hotfijl `hy gov jhtt t|t}gfolm

iv }cl Ahplyoelo} }cyh|ac `yg|m hy olajfalodl ho cft ~gy}/

Fo }cl dh|ytl h` g|mf} f} qgt hitlyplm }cg} qcfjl GML yldlfplm 7= tcf~ tl}t iv

@liy|gyv 9>>3* }cl dhotfaoelo} dho}gfofoa }cl 7< tcf~ tl}t* dho}gfofoa

Gd}|g}hyt* dht}foa \TM 9/74 efjjfho #n 7>/044

dyhyl cgt oh} illo yldlfplm iv

}cle }fjj mg}l #Hd}hily 9>7> lplo }ch|ac }cl `fye cgm mlt~g}dclm }cl

7Glyhog|}fdgj Mlpljh~elo} Lt}gijftcelo} ft g jgihyg}hyv h` Fomfg‖t Ml`lodlYltlgydc & Mlpljh~elo} Hyagoftg}fho |omly }cl Efoft}yv h` Ml`lodl

97 \TM 5 n =6/61

47 \TM 5 n =0/>>





34

dhotfaoelo} }cyh|ac Iyf}ftc Gfyqgvt ho 99 Mldleily 9>>3/ L``hy}t qlyl

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Documents

CAG Report on Defence Services