Cacioppo Chapter 3

7/25/2019 Cacioppo Chapter 3

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Chapter 3: The Evolving Mind - Nature and Nurture Intertwined

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Your university is hosting an interdisciplinary conference entitled "Contemporary Perspectives on

Evolution." Two leading psychologists have been invited to debate the effects of nature and nurture onhuman behavior. They would most likely reach the consensus that these two entities .

a. are not mutually e!clusive c. compete to influence behavior b. maintain distinct and eual functions d. have a negative correlation

#. $ho is credited for first describing the contrast between heredity and environment as %nature versus

nurture&'

a. Charles (arwin c. )regor *endelb. +rancis )alton d. ,ames $atson

-. s human beings/ we each have a personal set of instructions/ or alleles. $hat term best describes this

set'

a. genotype c. phenotype

b. homotype d. heterotype

0. *olly/ whose eyes are brown/ inherited a gene for blue eyes from her mother and a gene for brown

eyes from her father. *ollys brown eyes are part of her .

a. phenotype c. heterotypeb. homotype d. genotype

2. $hat is the relationship between a gene and (3'

a. gene is a helical structure/ and (3 contains the regulatory elements that decode the

structure.

b. gene is the subset of %turned on& (3.

c. gene is a static superset of the entire (3 in a specific individual.d. gene is a specific segment of (3.

4. The process of gene e!pression involves .

a. replicating a cells genetic makeup during division

b. influencing the behavior of a segment of society

c. converting genetic instructions into a feature of a living cell

d. chromosomal recombination during gamete formation

5. )ene e!pression results in the synthesis of what component of a living cell'

a. proteins c. lipidsb. nucleic acids d. carbohydrates

6. ,ang/ who has Type blood/ inherited the gene for Type blood from his mother and the gene for

Type 7 blood from his father. $hat is the genotype for ,angs blood type'

a. Type c. Type 7

b. Type 7 d. Type

8. Each cell type in the human body has .

a. the same gene e!pression

b. a different set of genes

c. a different set of genes/ but the same gene e!pressions


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d. the same set of genes/ but different gene e!pressions

19. :ariations of a single gene are known as .

a. alleles c. homo;ygotes

b. chromosomes d. hetero;ygotes

11. f he is homo;ygous for the gene that determines curly hair/ what is true of his

parents'

a. They must each have a recessive allele for straight hair.

b. They have together contributed four dominant alleles for this gene.c. They have contributed the same type of allele for this gene.d. 7ne/ but not both/ of his parents/ have contributed an allele for curly hair.

10. :estigial wings ?very small wings@ are a recessive trait of the fruit fly. +or a fruit fly to have a vestigial

phenotype/ it must inherit the gene?s@ for vestigial wings from .

a. both parents c. the mother

b. either parent d. the father

12. The curly wing trait of the fruit fly is carried by a dominant gene. $hat is the minimum number of

curly winged genes that a fruit fly must have to e!hibit a curly wing phenotype'

a. one c. three

b. two d. four

14. (arren suffers from fragile bone A ?+BA@ disorder. e inherited the +BA allele from his father and the

normal allele for bone development from his mother. $hat can we conclude'

a. +BA is a recessive allele.

b. +BA is a dominant allele.

c. (arrens children will most likely suffer from +BA disorder.

d. (arrens children are unlikely to suffer from +BA disorder.

15. ,anelle inherited the allele for muscle fiber A ?*+A@ disorder from her mother and the normal allele

for muscle fiber formation from her father. ,anelle does not suffer from any variant of *+A disorder.

$hat can we conclude'

a. ,anelles mother has *+A disorder.b. *+A disorder is a se!Dlinked disorder.

c. The *+A gene is dominant.

d. The *+A gene is recessive.

16. =cott suffers from metabolic insufficiency A ?*>A@ disorder. is mother also has *>A disorder/ but

his father does not. $hat can we conclude'

a. The *>A gene must be recessive.

b. The *>A gene must be dominant.

c. =cott may or may not pass down the gene for *>A disorder to his children.


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d. =cott will pass down the *>A disorder to his children/ but they may not get the disease.

18.


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#4. $hat is the likelihood of your sharing an allele with a parent or with a sibling'

a. The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one fourth.

b. The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one half.c. The chance that you share an allele with a parent is oneDhalf and with a sibling/ one fourth.

d. The chance that you share an allele with a parent is oneDfourth and with a sibling/ one

eighth.

#5. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that sacrificing yourself for others is much more likely when the

%others& are .

a. members of the same se! c. genetically related relativesb. members of the opposite se! d. genetically diverse individuals

#6. $hich of the following statements is true of se!Dlinked disorders'

a. Childbirth and the stress of raising children contributes to the prevalence of se!Dlinked

disorders in women.

b. ormonal fluctuations lead to a great prevalence of se!Dlinked disorders in women than

men.c. =e!Dlinked disorders/ which are more prevalent in males/ are typically caused by recessive

diseased alleles found on the A chromosome.

d. =e!Dlinked disorders are caused by genetic mutations on the A chromosome for females

and on the Y chromosome for males.

#8. The gene for nerve deterioration A ?3(A@ disorder is located on the A chromosome. $hat can we

conclude'a. >t is more prevalent in females.

b. >t is more prevalent in males.

c. 7nly mothers can pass down the gene for 3(A.

d. 7nly fathers can pass down the gene for 3(A.

-9. $hy is hemophilia more prevalent in males'

a. +athers can only pass the diseased allele along to their sons.

b. The Y chromosome activates the diseased allele on the A chromosome.c. There is no other A chromosome to offset the diseased gene.

d. The diseased gene is located on the Y chromosome.

-1. The study of geneDenvironment interactions in the production of phenotype is called .

a. genospherics c. biogenics

b. epigenetics d. phenomics

-#. eena and eia are identical twins. $hich of the following is true of their genetic makeup'

a. They have identical genotypes and identical phenotypes.b. They have identical genotypes but not identical phenotypes.

c. They have identical phenotypes but not identical genotypes.

d. They have neither identical phenotypes nor genotypes.

--. $hich e!ample best illustrates the concept of epigenetics'

a. ,osh and ,ason are identical twinsG ,osh is two inches taller than ,ason.

b. +areed and sha are fraternal twinsG they are often mistaken for identical twins.c. Toby has untingtons diseaseG his son has a 29I chance of inheriting the disease.

d. ,oe and Elaine have brown eyesG their youngest daughter has blue eyes.


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-0. >n one study/ rats licked freuently during infancy by their mothers were calmer than rats licked

infreuently when faced with stress later in life. $hat is the most likely e!planation for this'

a. The rat pups that were freuently licked learned to engage in the licking behavior as a

coping strategy during times of stress.

b. Because mothers who chose to lick their pups had a calmer demeanor/ their pups were

raised in less stressful environments.

c. By licking their pups/ these mothers had influenced the e!pression of genes that influenced

responses to a stress hormone.

d. The %licking& prone mothers only cared for the calmest pups of the litter/ causing the more

aggressive pups to die prematurely.

-2. $hat do humans share that allows them to be so similar to one another/ but different from other

animals'

a. alleles c. number of chromosomes

b. genes d. structure of (3

-4. $hat allows for variation within the human species'

a. alleles c. number of chromosomes

b. genes d. structure of (3

-5. You are trying to convince your classmates to register for Professor Engles genetics class. =ince she isa behavioral geneticist/ which of the following would you describe as her primary interest'

a. The discovery of single genes that drive behavior

b. Evolutionary pressures that shape behavior

c. )enes that make us different from other species

d. )enes we share with other species

-6. $hich gene is thought to play a maJor role in the development of language'

a. =p1 c. +o!P#

b. 3rf# d. >+D1a

-8. umans share what percent of their genes with mice'

a. 16I c. 00Ib. #4I d. 8#I

09. umans share what percent of their genes with fruit flies'

a. 16I c. 00I

b. #4I d. 8#I

01. The statistical likelihood that variations observed in a population are due to genetics is referred to as

.

a. inheritance c. covariation

b. selectability d. heritability

0#. $hich statement best illustrates the concept of heritability'

a. (ara is outgoing/ Just like her father and older sisters.

b. *ario is the first person in his family in three generations to have blue eyes.

c. 3aomi inherited the mutated B


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0-. >f genes play no part in producing phenotypical differences between individuals/ heritability is .

a. 9.9 c. 9.2

b. 9.#2 d. 1.9

00. $hy does untingtons disease have a heritability ratio of 1.9'

a. The gene that causes untingtons disease is dominant.

b. >n families where untingtons disease is prevalent/ it tends to appear at least once every

generation.

c. >f someone inherits the gene for untingtons disease/ it is inevitable that heFshe will

acuire the disease.

d. Because of environmental influences/ it is difficult to predict if someone will acuire the

disease despite having the diseased allele.

02. eritability of most human traits is typically in the range of .

a. 9.19 to 9.09 c. 9.29 to 9.69

b. 9.-9 to 9.49 d. 9.59 to 1.9

04. The heritability ratio of having a liver is .

a. 0.0 c. 9.52

b. 9.#2 d. 1.9

05. eritability takes into account .

a. environmental factors only

b. genetic factors only

c. both environmental and genetic factors

d. neither environmental nor genetic factors

06. $hat is an argument against using adoption studies for assessing the relative influences of genetics

and environment on child development'

a. doptive parents go through a rigorous screening process/ decreasing their diversity.

b. Because adoptive parents are under constant scrutiny/ they tend to downplay the negative

behaviors of their children.

c. Children who are adopted are more likely to feel out of place in their adopted home andcommunity.

d. The mere knowledge of knowing they were adopted will alter the behavior of a child.

08. (r. Pohlson is studying the heritability of selfDconfidence. Because all of his research participants are

upperDmiddle class adolescents from the same private school in 3ew York City/ the heritability of selfD

confidence will appear to be .

a. low c. nondiscrete

b. high d. constant

29. (r. *ahr is studying the heritability of shyness. Because her research participants are adolescents from

different socioeconomic groups across the county/ the heritability of selfDconfidence will appear to be

.a. low c. variable

b. high d. constant


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21. Two groups of students ?)roup and )roup B@ participate in standardi;ed agility tests. The results

show that )roup is considerably more agile than )roup B and that agility is heritable. $hat can we

conclude'

a. The genetic variability between the two groups is high.

b. )enetic factors play a role in agility.

c. The genetic variability within each group is low.

d. Environment has no effect on agility.

2#. $hich statement regarding the role of genes on human behavior is accurate'

a. >n general/ a single gene drives behavior and small differences in au!iliary genes modify

that behavior.

b. Typically/ one to two particular genes drive specific patterns of human behavior.

c. =mall differences in a cluster of genes typically drive specific behaviors.

d. )enes play a negligible role in driving human behavior.

2-. $hat do modern biologists describe as the %descent with modification from a common ancestor&'

a. genetic lineage c. epigenetics

b. heritability d. Evolution

20. The process by which survival and reproduction pressures act to change the freuency of alleles in

subseuent generations is referred to as .a. coercive inheritance c. randomi;ed lineage

b. natural selection d. genetic e!clusion

22. $hich scenario best illustrates the concept of natural selection'

a. The gene for sickle cell anemia has been passed down for generations because those with

sickle cell anemia are typically resistant to malaria.b. +armers typically breed only their strongest animals to ensure that the offspring will retain

the most desirable characteristics.

c. The gene for brown eyes is dominantG therefore/ the most common eye color in the world

is brown.

d. s identical twins age/ they typically show more physical differences because of epigenetic

processes.24. $hich early scientist was the first to develop a method to account for variations observed in particular

traits'a. Charles (arwin c. ,ames $atson

b. +rancis )alton d. )regor *endel

25. $hich early scientist described how species change in an orderly manner'

a. Charles (arwin c. ,ames $atson

b. +rancis )alton d. )regor *endel

26. n error that occurs when (3 is replicated is referred to as a .

a. mutation c. splicing eventb. migration d. genetic drift

28. change in a populations genes from one generation to the ne!t due to chance or accident is referred

to as a .

a. mutation c. splicing event

b. migration d. genetic drift


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49. $hat is true of genetic mutations'

a. They typically lead to disease.

b. They are a rare occurrence.

c. They typically cause no phenotypical change.

d. They generally lead to a survival advantage.

41. $hich scenario best illustrates the concept of genetic drift'

a. Twelve thousand years ago 3ative mericans traversed the Bering =trait to settle in the

mericas/ causing different genetic traits to be favored over others.

b. The genetic mutation that causes sickle cell anemia also increases resistance to malaria/

increasing the freuency of the diseased allele in the general population.

c. The prevalence of depression is greater in populations where the serotonin transporter gene

translocated to position #1 along chromosome 15.

d. There is a higher than average rate of EllisDvan Creveld syndrome in the mish community

because the diseased allele was introduced by some of the original mish settlers.

4#. $hich scenario best illustrates the concept of migration'

a. Twelve thousand years ago 3ative mericans traversed the Bering =trait to settle in the

mericas/ causing different genetic traits to be favored over others.

b. The genetic mutation that causes sickle cell anemia also increases resistance to malaria/

increasing the freuency of the diseased allele in the general population.

c. The prevalence of depression is greater in populations where the serotonin transporter gene

translocated to position #1 along chromosome 15.d. There is a higher than average rate of EllisDvan Creveld syndrome in the mish community

because the diseased allele was introduced by some original mish settlers.

4-. The ability of one genotype to reproduce more successfully relative to other genotypes is referred to as

.

a. fitness c. adaptation

b. malleability d. e!clusivity

40. The concept of fitness includes survival to adulthood/ the ability to find a mate/ and .

a. the loss of recessive traitsb. diversification of the genetic pool

c. adaptation to multiple environments

d. successful reproduction

42. change due to natural selection is referred to as .

a. fitness c. adaptation

b. malleability d. e!clusivity

44. $hich scenario best illustrates the concept of adaptation'

a. Plant %& produces either large fruit or small fruitG farmers breed only the large fruit

plants/ causing them to outnumber the small fruit variant.

b. Plant %B& has a rare wa!y leaf variantG as the environment becomes more arid/ the wa!yleaf variant becomes more prevalent.

c. Plant %C& has a genetic mutation that creates a taller variantG this variant is able to survive

and reproduce.

d. Plant %(& has a recessive allele that causes a higher rate of photosynthesisG plants with this

phenotype have a higher energy reserve.


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45. 7ver the sevenDmillionDyear period of hominin evolution/ .

a. brains grew very rapidly

b. uadrupeds became bipeds

c. agriculture replaced hunting

d. ecological comple!ity shaped modern intelligence

46. The maJor factor distinguishing human intelligence from the intelligence of other species is the .

a. ability to recogni;e the self

b. si;e of the human brain

c. ability to combat environmental factors

d. richness and comple!ity of social behaviors

48. $hy is it thought that advances such as agriculture/ literacy/ and urbani;ation have not been

accompanied by additional increases in brain si;e'

a. The earliest homo sapienswere as intelligent as contemporary humans.

b. lthough brain si;e has remained constant/ brain density has increased.

c. The physiological cost of a bigger brain e!ceeds its benefit.

d. *ore efficient neuronal connections account for modern human advancements.

59. $hich of the following is evidence of the adaptation of the contemporary human brain'

a. Brain si;e has gradually increased over the last 4/999 years.b. )enes involved with brain development appear to have changed as recently as 4/999 years

ago.

c. Compared with nonDhuman primates/ the human brain uses o!ygen more efficiently.

d. lthough the brain comprises only about #I of the bodys weight/ it reuires about 12I of

the bodys resources when at rest.

51. $hich of the following best describes the relationship between evolutionary forces and behavior'

a. Evolutionary forces influence simple physical traits and simple behaviors/ but not comple!

behaviors.

b. lthough behavior is comple!/ evolutionary forces influence both physical traits and

behavior.

c. Because behaviors have no genetic component/ evolutionary forces are irrelevant inshaping behavior.

d. The idea that evolutionary forces can mold behavior has come to light only in the last

decade.

5#. $hat psychological perspective assumes that our current behavior e!ists because it provided survival

and reproductive advantages to our ancestors'

a. adaptive psychology c. biological psychology

b. evolutionary psychology d. behavioral genetics

5-. The field of evolutionary psychology directly descends from which early school of thought'

a. functionalism c. gestaltism

b. dualism d. structuralism

50. $hich statement is most consistent with the evolutionary psychology perspective'

a. *en are promiscuous because of increasing societal pressures.

b. *en are promiscuous because of the need to spread their genes.

c. *en are promiscuous because of the high levels of testosterone in $estern culture.

d. *en are promiscuous because they have adapted to low impulse control behaviors.

52. $hat is the common factor that most influences the social behavior of all species'


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a. intelligence c. competition

b. emotions d. de!terity

54. =teve and llie/ who work at the same research institute/ are competing to be the first scientist to

isolate novel protein A from cancer cells. They run into one another while signing up for the same lab

microscope and discuss their research progress. The end result is that =teveHs research proJect benefited

from the interaction but llieHs did not. $hich set of interactional styles could have occurred between

=teve and llie'

a. cooperative or altruistic c. altruistic or spiteful

b. spiteful or selfish d. altruistic or selfish

55. $hich type of interaction is most likely to result in a negative outcome for both parties in a

relationship'

a. spitefulness c. selfishness

b. altruism d. cooperation

56. =andra rushes over to her friend (enises house because (enise is distraught over a recent breakup

with her boyfriend. Even though =andra has a term paper due the ne!t day/ she wants to console

(enise because she knows (enise would do the same for her. This is an e!ample of .

a. mutual kinship c. atypical selflessness

b. anticipatory cooperation d. reciprocal altruism

58. ncreased se!ual activity introduces a variety of fatal infections to the individual.

d. The uality of the selected mate tends to decrease with increased promiscuity.


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60. ccording to evolutionary psychologists/ what traits do women subconsciously look for in a potential

mate to ma!imi;e the survival of their children'

a. low levels of testosterone c. low levels of progesterone

b. high levels of testosterone d. high levels of progesterone

62. ccording to evolutionary psychologists/ which male would be most interested in sharing child rearing

responsibilities with his wife'

a. Chung/ who has a strong brow ridge and suare chin

b. *ilan/ who has a soft brow ridge and suare chin

c. ,onathan/ who has strong brow ridge and round chin

d. hmed/ who has a soft brow ridge and round chin

64. The term intrase!ual selection refers to .

a. homose!ual behavior

b. procreation within the same family

c. choosing a mate from a genetically similar population

d. sameDse! competition for a mate

65. 7n a field assignment with her students/ Professor *iller observes two male elephant seals engaged in

a fierce battle. =he e!plains to her students that they are fighting for mating control of the female

harem/ a process termed .a. interse!ual selection c. se!ual fitness

b. intrase!ual selection d. se!ual adaptation

66. $hich of the following best describes a characteristic of interse!ual selection'

a. The tendency to view close relatives as unattractive

b. Ensuring species continuation via heterose!ual behavior

c. aving characteristics that are likely to attract a mate

d. Choosing a mate with genetic diversity

68. (eandra and her son ,ake are visiting the local petting ;oo. (eandra points out a peacock spreading his

feathers/ and e!plains to him that the peacock is attempting to attract a mate. $hat is this process

called'a. interse!ual behavior c. se!ual fitness

b. intrase!ual behavior d. se!ual adaptation

89.


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8#. The practices/ values/ and goals shared by groups of people is referred to as .

a. civili;ation c. culture

b. mores d. society

8-. $hich statement reflects how culture has influenced the reproductive success of the $aorani and

YanomamK people of the ma;onian Basin'

a. lthough aggression is highly valued for both $aorani and YanomamK men/ the high

mortality rates amongst aggressive males is causing these tribe populations to dwindle.

b. lthough male aggression is highly valued in both societies/ aggressive YanomamK men

are more successful than $aorani men in passing along their genes because YanomamK

men stand down between conflicts.

c. >n contrast to other tribes of the same region/ the $aorani and YanomamK people value

peace and tranuility and thus have had the greatest success in passing along their genes.

d. >n contrast to other tribes of the same region/ the $aorani and YanomamK people value

peace and tranuilityG however/ because the $aorani/ but not the YanomamK people/ refuse

to defend themselves/ their gene pool is dwindling.

80. ppro!imately 19/999 years ago humans e!perienced a dramatic change in their social structure

because of the advent of .

a. monogamy c. new hunterDgatherer tools

b. religion d. agriculture

82. Compared with hunterDgatherer societies/ agricultural societies are more .

a. matriarchal c. egalitarian

b. patriarchal d. homogenous

84. ow did early industriali;ation impact the maleDfemale dynamic'

a. *en and women interacted in a manner more consistent with the hunterDgatherer model

than the agricultural model.

b. lthough the power differential between men and women still e!isted/ it was less

pronounced.

c. The power differential between men and women was further accentuated.

d. =ociety turned toward a more egalitarian model.

85. s societies became larger/ humans devised new cultural systems to .

a. weed out the weakest members c. promote rugged individualism

b. foster innovation d. maintain group cohesion

86. n evolutionary psychologist would suggest that the function of a tradition/ such as wearing green on

=t. Patricks day/ is to .

a. enhance the sense of group membership

b. show pride in ones native culture

c. intimidate others who are considered outsiders

d. attract a mate by showing commitment to a group

88. >n a study where participants rated the pleasantness of TDshirt odors/ what gene alleles influenced their

odor preference'

a. serotonin transporter

b. maJor histocompatibility comple!

c. blood type

d. phosphatase en;yme


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199. $hich statement best reflects the maJor histocompatibility comple! ?*C@ theory of se!ual selection'

a. People tend to choose mates with similar *C genotypes to prevent their offspring from

acuiring autoimmune disorders.

b. People tend to choose mates with similar *C genotypes to increase the immune capacity

of their offspring.

c. People tend to choose mates with different *C genotypes to prevent their offspring from

acuiring autoimmune disorders.

d. People tend to choose mates with different *C genotypes to increase the immune

capacity of their offspring.

ESS!

1. E!plain what behavioral geneticists mean by the term heritability and why it is freuently

misunderstood. Provide one e!ample of low heritability and one e!ample of high heritability.

#. E!plain how mutation/ migration/ genetic drift/ and natural selection affect evolutionary processes.Provide a specific e!ample for each.

-. >f altruism can result in the destruction of the individual with altruistic genes/ why does this behavior

not disappear' Provide a specific e!ample.

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Cacioppo Chapter 3