CACCHUYENDEHOAHOC10

H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

Chng 1 + 2: NGUYN T - BNG TUN HON HA HC A/ KIN THC CN NH

I/ THNH PHN NGUYN T1/ Cu to nguyn t - c tnh cc ht: Nguyn t c cu to gm: - Ht nhn gia nguyn t, gm cc ht proton (p) (mang in tch dng) v cc ht ntron (n) (khng mang in). - V nguyn t gm cc ht electron (e) (mang in tch m) chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn. Ht Proton Ntron Electron Khi lng (m) Tht 1,6726.10-27 kg 1,6748.10-27 kg 9,1094.10-31 kg Tng i 1u 1u 1 u 1836 in tch (q) Tht +1,602.10-19C 0 -1,602.10-19C Tng i 1+ 0 1-

* Kt lun. + Khi lng nguyn t bng khi lng ht nhn nguyn t (v khi lng ca e rt b so vi khi lng m p 1, 6726.1027 = 1836 ). cc ht ntron v proton, c th me 9,1094.1031 + Nguyn t trung ha v in, nn s p = s e. 2/ Kch thc v khi lng nguyn t a/ Kch thc nguyn t: rt nh, c tnh bng n v nanomet (nm). 1 nm = 10-9m = 10 Nguyn t ht nhn Electron (hay proton) ng knh 10-1 nm 10 nm 10 nm-8 -5

So snh Dnguyentu Dhatnhan Dnguyentu Delectron

= =

10 1 = 10 4 lan 5 10 10 1 = 107 lan 8 10

Dhatnhan 10 5 = 8 = 103 lan Delectron 10

V vy electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca nguyn t. b/ Khi lng nguyn t: rt nh, c tnh bng u (hoc vC). 1 1 Vi 1u = .m12 C = . 19,9265.10-27 kg 1u = 1,6605.10-27 kg. 12 12

II/ HT NHN NGUYN T. NGUYN T HA HC1/ in tch ht nhn (Z+). in tch ht nhn chnh l tng in tch ca proton. Z = s proton = s electron = E (Nguyn t trung ha v in) 2/ S khi ht nhn (A). S khi ca ht nhn bng tng s proton (Z) vi tng s ntron (N). A=Z +N 3/ S hiunguyn t (Z). S hiu nguyn t l s n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca mt nguyn t. 4/ K hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X.A ZTrn Hong Tun

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Trong :

A: s khi

Z: s hiu nguyn t

X: k hiu ha hc ca nguyn t

III/ NG V. NGUYN T KHI. NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH1/ ng v: ng v l nhng nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng s proton, khc s ntron. 1 2 3 V d. Nguyn t H c 3 ng v 1 H , 1 H , 1 H Ch . Cc ng v bn c Z 82. 2/ Nguyn t khi. Nguyn t khi trung bnh a/ Nguyn t khi (M). Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t, bng s khi ht nhn M=A b/ Nguyn t khi trung bnh ( M ). Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t c nhiu ng v c tnh bng h thc aA + bB + cC a+b+c Vi a, b, c: l s nguyn t (hoc % s nguyn t) ca mi ng v. A, B, C: l nguyn t khi (hay s khi) ca mi ng v. M rng: M= M= Vi: ni : % hay s mol hay th tch ca cht th i ( khi ni l th tch th ch s dng cho cht kh) Mi : Khi lng mol ca cht th i Nu trong hn hp ch c hai cht , ta c th gi x l s mol (% hay th tch) ca cht th nht trong 1 mol hn hp, khi suy ra s mol ca cht th hai l (1 x) mol. M = x.M 1 + (1 x ).M 2 Lu :

( n .M )i =1 i i

k

ni =1

k

i

Mmin < M < Mmax n1 = n2 V1 = V2 ( th tch ca kh khng p dng cho th tch dung dch) x = x = 50% 2 1 M1 = M2 M = M 1 = M 2 , n,V , x M + M2 M= 1 2

M n cht M hp cht S ng cho: V1 (hay n1) M1 M2 M M M1 V1 M 2 M = V2 M M 1

M V2 (hay n2) M2

* Ch : - Phn bit nguyn t v nguyn t: + Nguyn t l loi ht vi m gm ht nhn v cc ht electron quanh ht nhn. + Nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. - Tnh cht ha hc nguyn t l tnh cht ha hc cc nguyn t ca nguyn t . - Mi quan h gia cc ht c bn cu to nn nguyn t: + S ht c bn = 2.Z + N (mang in: 2.Z, khng mang in: N).Trn Hong Tun

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+ S ht mang in = s electron + s proton = 2.Z . + S ht ht nhn = s proton + s ntron = Z + N. + iu kin bn ca ht nhn nguyn t l N 1 1,33 vi Z 20 Z N 1 1,5 vi Z 82 Z Tng ht = Z + E + N = 2.Z + N m : Z N 1,5.Z Nn: 2.Z + Z 2.Z + N 2.Z + 1,5.ZA Z

3,5 3 - T k hiu nguyn t X => s p v s n trong ht nhn cng nh s electron v nguyn t v ngc li. - Tt c cc nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn Z u thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc. - Cng thc tnh th tch ca mt nguyn t:

3.Z Tng ht 3,5.Z

hat Z hat

4 V = R 3 3

(R l bn knh nguyn t)

III/ S chuyn ng ca e trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t.1/ S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc nh no v to thnh m my electron. 2/ Obitan nguyn t (AO) a/ nh ngha: Obitan nguyn t l khu vc m my electron xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron khong 90%. b/ Hnh dng obitan nguyn t: Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi electron trong nguyn t ta c: - Obitan s: dng hnh cu. - Obitan p: gm 3 obitan px, py, pz c hnh dng s 8 ni, nh hng theo 3 trc Ox, Oy, Oz ca h ta .

IV/ Lp v phn lp e:1/ Lp electron: Lp electron gm cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau. Cc lp electron xp theo th t mc nng lng t thp n cao (t gn nhn ra ngoi): Lp th n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn lp K L M N O P Q 2 C s obitan l n 1 4 9 16 2 C s electron ti a l 2n 2 8 18 32 2/ Phn lp electron - Mi lp electron chia thnh cc phn lp s, p, d, f gm cc electron c mc nng lng bng nhau: Phn lp s C s obitan 1 C s electron ti a 2 - Trong 1 lp electron th s phn lp = s th t lp: p 3 6 d 5 10 f 7 14 4 4s4p4d4f

Lp th 1 2 3 C phn lp 1s 2s2p 3s3p3d - Phn lp electron cha electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.

V/ Nng lng Cu hnh e trong nguyn t :1/ Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn tTrn Hong Tun

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a/ Nguyn l Pauli: Trn 1 obitan c ti a 2e v 2e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau: 1 obitan c 2e: 2e ghp i 1 obitan c 1e: 1e c thn

b/ Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. c/ Quy tc Hund: Trong 1 phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v c chiu t quay ging nhau. V d: 7N 1s2 2s2 2p3 d/ Trt t cc mc nng lng nguyn t: Trong nguyn t, cc electron trn cc obitan khc nhau, nhng cng 1 phn lp c mc nng lng nh nhau. Cc mc nng lng nguyn t tng dn theo trnh t: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p * e nh ta dung quy tac Klechkowsky 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 7f

2/ Cu hnh electron nguyn t: Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp ca cc lp electron khc nhau. a/ Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t - Xc nh s electron trong nguyn t. - Phn b cc electron theo trt t mc nng lng AO tng dn. - Vit cu hnh electron theo th t cc phn lp electron trong mt lp. V d: 26Fe. Vit theo trt t mc nng lng AO tng dn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 - Sau vit li theo th t cc phn lp electron trong 1 lp: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 4s2 - Vit gn: [Ar] 3d6 4s2 * Ch : Khi vit cu hnh electron d nh trt t cc mc nng lng, ta vit theo th t lp vi 2 phn lp s, p nh sau: 1s 2s2p 3s3p 4s ... 4p 5s ... 5p 6s ... 6p 7s ... 7p - Sau thm 3d vo gia lp 4s ... 4p - Thm 4d vo gia lp 5s ... 5p - Thm 4f 5d vo gia lp 6s ... 6p - Thm 5f 6d vo gia lp 7s ... 7p - Ta s c 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p b/ c im ca lp electron ngoi cng - Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t. - S electron lp ngoi cng ti a l 8e + Cc nguyn t kim loi c: 1e, 2e, 3e lp ngoi cng.Trn Hong Tun

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+ Cc nguyn t phi kim c: 5e, 6e, 7e lp ngoi cng. + Cc nguyn t kh him c: 8e (He c 2e) lp ngoi cng. + Cc nguyn t c 4e lp ngoi cng c th l kim loi (Ge, Sn, Pb) c th l phi kim (C, Si).

VI. Mt s vn b sung:Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon ha hc: 1. Phn nhm chnh ( nhm A ) : khi cc e cui cng c in vo phn lp s hay p, c th: nsa npb (vi iu kin a,b s nguyn v a 1 , 0 b 6) a + b 3 K .L a + b = 4 K .L / P.K S th t nhm = a + b trong : a + b 5 P.K a + b = 8 Kh.h

2. Phn nhm ph ( nhm B ) : khi cc e cui cng c in vo phn lp d hay f, c th: (n-1)da nsb(vi iu kin a,b s nguyn v b = 2 , 1 a 10) Nu a + b < 8 S th t nhm = a + b Nu a + b = 8 hay 9 hay 10 S th t nhm = 8 Nu a + b > 10 S th t nhm = (a + b) 10 Cc nguyn t nhm B u thuc kim loi chuyn tip. Ngoi tr: b = 2 , a = 4 b = 1 , a = 5 (bn bo ha gp) b = 2 , a = 9 b = 1 , a = 10 (bo ha gp)

VII. S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc:1. Bn knh nguyn t:

Trong cng mt chu k: i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bnknh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t gim dn. Nguyn nhn l do s lp e ngoi cng nh nhau, khi i t ny sang sau lin k vi n th e lp ny tng ln v in tch ht nhn cng tng lm lc ht gia ht nhn v e tng bn knh nguyn t gim. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A): i t trn xung di theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng dn. Nguyn nhn l do s lp e tng dn khi i t trn xung v e lp ngoi cng ging nhau lm lc ht gia ht nhn vi e lp ngoi cng gim dn, mc d in tch ht nhn c tng. n .e + m.e M n + M M m Ch : cation anion Khi mt ngt mt e to thnh ion dng (cation) th kch thc gim i rt nhiu bn knh ca cation bao gi cng nh hn bn knh ca nguyn t tng ng. Cng mt nguyn t, nu in tch ion cng ln th bn knh cng nh. Vd: rFe > rFe2+ > rFe3+

Khi mt ngt nhn thm e to thnh ion m (anion) th kch thc ion tng ln v enhn thm vo lm tng tng tc y e e. Bn knh ca anion bao gi cng ln hn bn knh ca nguyn t tng ng. Vd: rCl > rCl > rCl +

2. Nng lng ion ha: I

Trn Hong Tun

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Ni mt cch tm tt: nng lng ion ha l nng lng ti thiu cn tiu th tch mt e ra khinguyn t th kh v bin thnh ion dng. C th, nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t hay mt phn t l nng lng cn thit tch mt in t t nguyn t hay phn t trng thi c bn. Mt cch tng qut hn, nng lng ion ha th n l nng lng cn thit tch in t th n sau khi tch (n-1) in t u tin. Trng thi c bn chnh l trng thi m ti , nguyn t khng chu nh hng ca bt k mt t trng ngoi no c. Tc l mt nguyn t kim loi trng thi c bn s c dng kh, v cu hnh electron ca n cng l cu hnh c bn: tun theo nguyn l Pauli, Nguyn l vng bn v qui tc Hund. Theo t in Gio khoa Vt l ca cc tc gi V Thanh Khit,..., Nh Xut bn Gio dc- nm 2007 th nng lng ion ho c nh ngha nh sau: nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t, phn t hoc ion l nng lng cn thit tch lectron lin kt yu nht ra khi mt ht trng thi c bn sao cho ion dng c to thnh cng trng thi c bn. l nng lng ion ho th nht. Cc giai on ion ho tip theo s ng vi cc nng lng ion ho th hai, th ba,.. Nguyn t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th gi tr I cng nh. Phn bit nng lng ion ha th nht I1 , th hai I2 , M M+ + 1e , I1 > 0 M+ M2+ + 1e , I2 > I1

Quy tc Koopmans: Nng lng ion ha th nht I1 ca nguyn t l bng i ca nng lng caobitan m e b tch chim. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, lc lin kt gia ht nhn v e lp ngoi cng tng, lm cho nng lng ion ha ni chung cng tng theo. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t tng,lc lin kt gia e lp ngoi cng v ht nhn gim, do nng lng ion ha ni chung gim. i nt v ion : Ion l mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t b mt hay thu nhn thm c mt hay nhiu in t. Mt ion mang in tch m,khi n thu c mt hay nhiu in t, c gi l anion, v mt ion mang in tch dng khi n mt mt hay nhiu in t, c gi l cation. Qu trnh to ra cc ion gi l ion ha. Cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t b ion ha c biu din di dng cc s vit nh ln trn, bn phi k hiu ca nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t, th hin s lng in t m n thu c hay mt i (nu ln hn 1) v du + hay ty theo n mt hay thu c (cc) in t. Trong trng hp mt hay thu c ch mt in t th khng cn ghi gi tr s. V d H+ hay O2-. Cc kim loi c xu hng to ra cc cation (mt i in t) trong khi cc phi kim loi c xu hng to ra anion, v d natri to ra cation Na+ trong khi clo to ra cc anion Cl-. Cc ion ln u tin c l thuyt ha bi Michael Faraday khong nm 1830, miu t cc thnh phn ca phn t m chuyn ng v pha ant hay catt. Tuy nhin, c ch m cc chuyn ng ny c th din ra khng c miu t cho n tn nm 1884 khi Svante August Arrhenius trong lun n tin s ca mnh trong trng i hc tng hp Uppsala miu t chng. L thuyt ca ng ban u khng c chp nhn (ng nhn c hc v tin s vi im thp nht c vt qua) nhng lun n tin s ca ng ot gii Nobel v ha hc nm 1903. T ion c t tn bi Michael Faraday, t ting Hy Lp , ng tnh t thi hin ti ca , "chuyn ng", v th l "ngi i li". Danh php ny da trn xu hng ca cc anion chuyn ng v pha ant, v ca cc cation chuyn ng v pha catt. V th, anion ( v cation ( c ngha l "(mt th) i ln" v "(mt th) i xung", mt cch ) ) tng ng, v ant, , v catt, , c ngha l "i ln" v "i xung", tng ng t "ng". ,

3. i lc e: ETrn Hong Tun

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i lc e cng l nng lng gii phng khi mt nguyn t th kh kt hp mt e vo bin thnh ion m. M + 1e M, E Mg2+ > F- > O2-. B. Mg2+ > Na+ > F- > O2-. C. F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > O2-. D. O2-> F- > Na+ > Mg2+. Cu 20: Trong hp cht ion XY (X l kim loi, Y l phi kim), s electron ca cation bng s electron ca anion v tng s electron trong XY l 20. Bit trong mi hp cht, Y ch c mt mc oxi ha duy nht. Cng thc XY l A. LiF. B. NaF. C. AlN. D. MgO. Cu 21: Hai nguyn t X v Y thuc cng mt nhm A chu k 2 v 3 c s n v in tch ht nhn hn km nhau l A. 8. B. 18. C. 2. D. 10. Cu 22: Hai nguyn t A, B 2 nhm A lin tip trong h thng tun han. B thuc nhm V. trng thi n cht, A v B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t A v B l 23. Tn ca A v B l A. cacbon, photpho. B. oxi, photpho. C. nit, lu hunh. D. nit, oxi. Cu 23: Hai nguyn t A, B c phn lp electron ngai cng ln lt l 2p, 3s. Tng s electron ca hai phn lp ny l 5 v hiu s electron ca chng l 1. S th t A, B trong bng HTTH ln lt l : A. 5, 10 B. 7, 12 C. 6, 11 D. 5, 12 Cu 24: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca Y l A. 3s2 3p4. B. 3s2 3p5. C. 3s2 3p3. D. 2s2 2p4. Cu 25: Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VA c ha tr cao nht vi oxi v ha tr trong hp cht vi hidro ln lt l A. III v V. B. V v V. C. III v III. D. V v III. Cu 26: Nguyn t X l phi kim c ho tr cao nht vi oxi l a; ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro l b. Quan h gia a v b l A. a = b. B. a + b = 8. C. a b. D. a - b = 8. Cu 27: Nguyn t chu k 4, nhm VIB c cu hnh electron ha tr l A. 4s24p4. B. 6s26p2. C. 3d54s1. D. 3d44s2. 3+ Cu 28: Tng s ht trong ion M l 37. V tr ca M trong bng tun han l A. chu k 3, nhm IIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm IIA. C. chu k 3, nhm VIA. D. chu k 4, nhm IA. Cu 29: Nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p, n, e) l 82. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. V tr ca X trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 4, nhm VIB. B. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. C. chu k 4, nhm IIA. D. chu k 3, nhm IIB. 2+ Cu 30: Anion X v cation Y u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l A. X c s th t 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. B. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. C. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 3, nhm IIA. D. X c s th t 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. Cu 31: Tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong nhm VIA theo th t: 8O, 16S, 34Se, 52Te, bin i theo chiu A. tng. B. gim. C. khng thay i. D. va tng va gim. Cu 32: Cc nguyn t thuc nhm IIA trong bng tun hon c tnh cht no sau y? A. D dng cho 2e t cu hnh bn vng. B. D dng nhn 2e t cu hnh bn vng. C. D dng nhn 6e t cu hnh bn vng. D. L cc phi kim hot ng mnh. 2 2 6 2 6 Cu 33: Ion Y c cu hnh e: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . V tr ca Y trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 3, nhm VIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm VIIIA. C. chu k 4, nhm IA. D. chu k 4, nhm VIA.Trn Hong Tun

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Cu 34: Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong mt nhm A ca bng tun han th c cng A. s ntron. B. s lp electron. C. s proton. D. s e lp ngoi cng. Cu 35: Trong nguyn t ca nguyn t R c 18 electron. S th t chu k v nhm ca R ln lt l A. 4 v VIIIB. B. 3 v VIIIA. C. 3 v VIIIB. D. 4 v IIA. Cu 36: Da vo quy lut bin i tnh cht ca bng tun hon th kim loi mnh nht (tr nguyn t phng x) v phi kim mnh nht l A. franxi v iot. B. liti v flo. C. liti v iot. D. xesi v flo. Cu 37: Trong mt chu k ca bng tun hon, s bin i tnh axitbaz ca cc oxit cao nht v cc hidroxit tng ng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn l A. tnh axit v bazo u tng. B. tnh axit tng dn, tnh bazo gim dn. C. tnh axit v bazo u gim. D. tnh axit gim dn, tnh bazo tng dn. Cu 38: Cho cc nguyn t M (Z=11), X (Z=17), Y(Z=9) v R (Z=19). m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn theo th t A. M n = CM .V => V = V CM

5. %mA =

mA .100% mhh

m

thuc te

H.m li thuyet == > m 100%H .m

li thuyet

m = thuc te *100% H

Tnh theo cht tham gia:H = mli thuyet

= = > 100%

thuc te

m

li thuyet thuc te

m =

H

*100%

p.V R.T P: p sut kh A o t0C (tnh bng atm) V: th tch kh A o t0C (tnh bng lt) n: s mol cht kh A T: nhit tuyt i (tnh bng 0K) T = t + 273 (T tnh bng 0K) R = 22,4/273 = 0,082 7. S mol A o t0C, P atm. nA = 8. T khi hi ca cht kh A. d 9. Khi lng ring: D =1 C%D 0 CM = MA B

=

MA MB

d A kk =

MA 29

Mkk = 29

mdd = Vdd . D Vdd ( ml ) 10. Mi lin quan gia nng phn trm v nng mol/l D: khi lng ring; M: khi lngmol cht tan

mdd ( g )

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