Cac Vua nha Nguyln, gi6i Van Than va sif bai vong cua Viet Nam dufti anh sang cua xet lai KHONG CO AI RU(3C VOIVE DAY MO CA,

TAT CA DEU LA NAN NHAN CUA MOT VAN HO A THU CUXJ ClJC D OAN *

TON THAT THIEN

(Tiep theo va hex)

m The ky XTX muc kich mot stf phat trien rat

manh ve khoa hoc ky thuat va krnh te dan den stf tranh dua banh trtfdng the" ltfc va anh htfcfng ghra cac ctfdng quo'c Au chau. Ttf gitta the ky nay, cac ctfdng quo'c do bat dau de y tdi A dong. Trung Qu6'c bi Anh, va Nhtft Ban bi Hoa Ky, dung "ngoai giao bang phao ham"(gunboat diplomacy) ep buoc "mS crfa", va cac ctfdng quo'c Au Chau ep Trung Quo'c chap nhan "nhtfdng clia" (extraterri-torial). Viet Nam dtfdc Phap chu y de'n tir thdi CMa Nguyen Phtfdc Anh, nhtfng vi ban ron ve noi bo, den Trieu Napoleon HI Phap mdi thtfc stf hanh dong. Nam 1859, Napoleon I I I cho lap "Hoi dong Nam Ky" (Commission de Cochinchine) de vach kS'hoach xam cHem Viet Nam. Co the noi day la quyet dinh dinh doat so' phan Viet Nam trong nhffng thap nien tdi. Va trieu dinh vua Ttf Dtfc la trieu dinh phai duefng dau vdi van de nay.

Trtfdc y do xam chiem cua Phap, Viet Nam co ba phtfdng thtfc do'i lai:

1/ cho'ng do'i trtfc tiep bang quan stf: chien; 21 tranh giao tranh: hoa; 3/ tri hoan: thu. Muo'n chie'n, phai manh ve ca quan stf lan kiuh

te; muo'n manh phai co ky thuat cao, kinh te'phat trien, tai chanh doi dao, nghia la phai canh tan.

Muo'n hoa, phai chap nhan mot so' dieu Men cua dich.

Muo'n thti, trong nude phai du dieu kien de keo dai chie'n tranh, nghia la phai doan ke't chat che, ky luat cao, co hSu can vffing chai, va phai co kha nang gia tang pM, ctfdng, nghia la phai canh tan.

Cac van de tren da dtfdc Vua Ttf Dtfc dtfa ra "dinh nghi," nghia la dtfa ra Trieu dinh ban cai, theo the thtfc dan chri. Cuoc (linh nghi nay cung nhtf cac cuoc ban cai v chfnh sach trong cac qu6'c

hoi lay phtfdng. Vua Ttf Dtfc muo'n quyet clinh ciia minh phan anh y muo'n ciia toan dan, ma cac Nho si, S trong hoac ngoai Trieu dinh, la dai dien.

Cuoc "dinh nghi" quan trong nhS't la ban cai ve nghi hoa ciia chi huy quan ltfc Phap, Dai ta Rigault de Genouilly, thang 6 nam 1859, va cua Thie'u ttfdng Page thang gieng 1860.Trong nhtfng khoan cua Phap doi, co bon khoan cMnh: 1/dtfdc ttf do truyen giao, 21 ttf do thtfdng mai, 3/ dat tru stf 6* Hue, 4/ nhtfdng cho Phap mot ndi nao do de bao dam cho stf thi hanh hoa tfde. Giao stf Phan Khoang da thuat lai rat chi tie't cuoc dinh nghi then cho't nay. (Xin xem Phan Khoang, chtfdng I I , tr. 140 vkt...) Tat ca nhtrhg quan diim ve" chie'n, hoa, thu deu dtfdc dtfa ra mo xe ttfdng tan trong dip nay. Khung canh bai nay khong cho phep di vao chi tie't cua nhtrng ban cai. 0 day chi thau torn lo'i lap luan cua ba phe, chie'n, hoa, thu ma th6i.

Noi chung, thi quan diem chie'n dtfdc dai da so' chu trtfdng. Theo ho, d vung Da Nang thi chie'n thuyen Phap nhieu ma da vao sau trong song "co the vay danh dtfdc," vay nen "ddi ho vao sau ntfa, roi lan ltfdt tieu trtf"; d Gia Dinh thi chie'n thuyen ho it, ma "d xa ngoai biln, kho noi tien btfe." Cho nen nen ciing ho danh mot tran tren dat, "toan thang roi lan ltfdt tieu tru*." Neu hoa thi 'Tso cam dao, cho thong thtfdng, ho dtfdc lap nha thd, lap pho' chd, tram deu giao Mem se ttf chtf hoa ma sinh ra." Ong Trtfdng Dang Que', mot dai than, sau khi Phap ban pha thuyen chie'n Viet Nam, khi dtfdc hoi v y cua ngtfdi Phap, tra ldi rang: "Neu ho khai han trtfdc thi ho trai, ta phai, dep trtf khong kho gi"! Sau khi Phap chiem tinh Gia Dinh va toan danh lay Dinh Ttfdng va BiSn Hoa, ong ta dtfa y Men rang lcE hoa cuoc khong thanh dtfdc, trtf viec danh gitf, khong co ke gi ntfa." Ong chii trtfdng khong nhtfdng bo gi do'i vdi Phap ca. Ong ta cong nhan rang lay phtfdng hdn ta, nhtfng vi vSy ma ong ta khong muo'n cho

76 - THE KY 21 - s6 195 THANG BAY, 2005

ho den; ong cho rang tinh than binh dang, khong che', va xong xao cua ho "ky quae".... 6ng khong muo'n dan Viet Nam quen song ngheo dot giao dich vol dam "dtfdng di" nay, va ta 6ng nghi rang "ta khong the ky vdi ho nhtfng thoa hiep lam dd ban phong tuc cua dan ta"; theo 6ng, chiing ta nen "hy sinh tat ca con hdn la thoa hiep vol ho va ttf nop minh cho ho." (Tsuboi, tr.161)

Ve phe chu hoa thi co Kham sai 5 Nam Ky, Nguyen Ba Nghi, la ngtfdi luan ly hdp ly, hdp tinh hdn ca. Nhan Vua hoi, NguySn Ba Nghi thtfc tinh tau:

"Toi von nghe noi tau lay di mau nhtf bay, sting lay ban thing dtfdc may thtfdc thanh da, xa dtfdc may mtfdi dam, toi v ln chtfa tin. Den nam Thieu Tri, tau lay den Da Nang, ban pha nam chie'e thuyen dong cua ta chi trong may tieng dong ho, bay gid toi quyen chute B6' chanh Quang Nam, chinh mat trong tha'y, mdi tin la thiet. Ba bo'n nam lai day, binh ta khong phai la khong dung, sting ta khong phai la khong manh, don luy cua ta khong phai khong day, the ma thua ho, ding chi vi t iu sung cua ho hdn ta xa vay. Cac quan quan-thef khong biet ngtfdi biet minh, cif ctfdng ma danh nen ngay nay mdi the... toi cho la danh, gitf deu khong dtfdc, phai hoa chtf khong thi khong xong cuoc... ffientinh nhtf the', viec danh, viec gitf deu khong the dtfdc, vi danh, gitf chi bay hinh cho ho tha'y, khien ho cang lo lieu ma ta them ton hai... Ngtfdi lay biet ta-khong thiet tinh, e lai ep%y thSm dat, khi afy cong kh6ng dtfdc, thu khong dtfdc, ma hoa ding khong dtfdc." (Phan Khoang, tr. 157) Trong so' dai than, ngtfdi chu hoa manh hdn ca la ong Phan Thanh Gian, ngtfdi dliu dinh hiep tfdc 1862.

Trong phe chu trtfdng thu ngtfdi dai dien n6i bat nhat la Nguyen Tri Phtfdng. Ong ta tau rang:

"Ngtfdi lay thuy qu&n, luc quan ntfdng dd nhau, kho ma hdn ho dtfdc. Ta thi thuy chie'n da khong hen, con v i luc chie'n thi ho suing ong da tinh lai danh gioi, quan ta khie'p so* sinh ra ban run, nen ding khdng the dich noi... Tinh the' nhtf vay, gitf con chtfa dtfdc, noi danh sao nen? Vay xin dem binh ltfc Men co, dtf bi cho nghiem ma do'i, de lam ke" tri ctfu, roi lo tru Heu ltfdng htfdng, gap cd hoi se dong, Sy la cd hoan toan vay."

Phan tfng cua Vua Ttf Dtfc la mot thai do phan anh quan diem phe ctfng ran, chu chie'n, la phe da so". Ve 11 khoan cua de nghi cua Thieu ttfdng Page, Vua noi: ve ngtfdi Viet Nam theo dao Gia to xin difng tra bat v.v... y cho cung dtfdc nhtfng

ho khong dtfdc khuyen du them ngtfdi khac ntfa, trai thi tri toi; v i viec xin tha cac giao si, neu khong chieu du ngtfdi ngoai dao, tha xieng tha gie't ding dtfdc, nhtfng phai trd ve, khong dtfdc d lai, con neu co chieu du thi tri toi khong tha. Ve buon ban, nhtfng tau den mua ban xong phai ve, khdng dtfdc d lai lau. Duy hai khoan xin dat sti quan va xin cho Giao si ttf do phai bac di, "neu ho khong nghe, ta chi co chie'n, thu. ma thoi, khong can phai thtfdng ltfdng ntfa." Nhtf vay la Vua theo phe chu. chie'n, bac bo de nghi cua Phap. Stf bac bo nay khien Phap keo quan vao tan cong Gia Dinh, va ho ha thanh nay chi sau hai ngay tan cong. Nguyen Tri Phtfdng dtfdc Vua phai vao lo viec cho'ng dd tau len: "Stf the'hoi nay so vdi h i i trtfdc kho gap nam, gap ba ma si dan thi cua da het, stJc da yeu."

Ro rang la chie'n khong thang dtfdc. Ma hoa thi Vua biet da so' Trieu dinh va Nho si khong chiu, ma chinh vua cung dong quan diem vdi ho, nhat la sau khi Phap chiem lay ba tinh Mien D6ng Nam Ky. Cho nen Vua chon mot giai phap nrfa chrfng, va chap nhan chie'n ltfdc "tri cttu" cua Nguyen Tri Phtfdng, tarn thdi chiu lep, nhtfng co dip se chie'n de phuc htfng.

Qua nhtfng tuyen bo" cua Vua, ta tha'y ro rang Vua Ttf Dtfc khong coi stf bat ba tinh, va sau nay, ca sau tinh Nam Ky, va ngay ca sau khi ky hoa tfdc 1874 chap nhan bao ho Phap tren toan coi Viet Nam con lai nhtf la mat bin. Vua co y dinh "phuc hung" "giai phong." Giao stf NguySn Quo'c Tri da stfu tarn ve van de nay va cho ta biet ro rang Vua co mot ke hoach lau dai do Nguyen Van Ttfdng vach ra. 4 Do la chie'n ltfdc "hoa & thu, thu de mtfu chie'n," chan chinh noi bo, chuan bi mot cuoc chie'n dau trtfdng k^, ddi thdi van. Ke' hoach nay dat trong tarn vao ''ttf ctfdng," stf thong hieu, kien nhn, va ky M t cua gidi Nho si va nhan dan, va dtfa vao stf trd gulp cua Trung Quo'c. O day co mot diem te nhi v i chie'n ltfdc "thu de mtfu chie'n." Khong chap nhan hoa tat nhien tiep tuc chie'n, va phe dich, ngtfdi Phap, tat nhien hieu nhtf vay. Nhung day la mot khia canh cua van de ma Vua cting Trieu than khong thay ro vi khong biet gi ve quan niem ve bang giao quo'c te cua ngtfdi Tay phtfdng. Chting ta se ban chi tie't hdn ve diem nay d doan dtfdi.

Ca ba clieu MSn tren day khong dtfdc thtfc Men. Ttf ctfdng doi hoi phai canh tan dai ntfdc xa hoi. Nhuhg, ve phtfdng dien nay, Vua Ttf Dtfc lai va vao thai do bao thu cua gidi Nho si. Nhtf da noi S

THE KY 21 - SO 195 THANG BAY, 2005 - 77

tren, do'i vol gidi nay, noi ve van minh thi chi co Trung Hoa, va ki do la Viet Nam; ngtfdi lay phtfdng la "man di," "dtfdng di," chi nhtf rd Dot khuyet ddi Dtfdng, rd Kim ddi To'ng trong stf Tau ma thoi. Viet Nam khong co gi phai hoc hoi ttf nhtfng di, nhtfng rd do, Ngay ca ong Nguyen Tri Phtfdng, biet ro tinh hinh ve ltfc ltfdng hai ben, khong he de cap den van de chinh dd'n lai quan ngu, cai tien trang bi khi gidi theo kieu Tay phtfdng.

Ve phtfdng dien nay, co mot diem dtfdc Giao stfTsuboi lam sang to, la: quan niSm pho bien la cac Vua Nha Nguyen khong chu y de'n nhtfng gi xay ra 6 ngoai la mot quan niem sai lam. Theo Giao stf, quan niSm nay dtfdc pho bien la do cac tac gia Viet Nam, nhtf Le Thanh Khoi, lap lai nhirhg gi ma cac giao si da vie't. Stf thtfc la cac Vua khong day dtfdc khoi Nho si bao thu. Thtfc ra, Vua Minh Mang rat chii tarn den cac ctfdng quo'c lay phtfdng; ong da bao Giao si Jacquard dich cho ong doc nhtfng chuyen ve An Do va Napoleon. Nam 1838, khi tha'y Trung Quo'c bi xam lang, ong co y dinh thay doi cMnh sach. V i vay ong gel mot stf bo di Au chau de do xet tinh hinh. Ong thtfdng doc