BI I. CC NHM PHNG PHP TH NGHIM TRONG NNG NGHIP Theo ngha rng ca quan im trit hc duy vt: "Th nghim l mt phn ca s nghip sn xut trong x hi loi ngi, nhm khm ph ra cc quy lut khch quan ca th gii vt cht vi mc ch nm vng v bt cc iu b mt ca thin nhin phc v cho cuc sng con ngi. Th nghim l nhng cng vic m con ngi t xy dng to ra nhng hin tng lm thay i mt cch nhn to bn cht ca s vic nhm pht hin c y bn cht v nguyn nhn (ngun gc) ca hin tng hay s vic , cng nh nghin cu mi quan h tng h gia cc hin tng (hay cc sinh vt). Nh vy, th nghim l xut pht t nhng nhn thc ca con ngi thng qua nhng gi thit khoa hc, sau xc minh bng hnh ng ca mnh (thc hin th nghim, o m, quan st cc ch tiu trn i tng th nghim). Qu trnh xc minh (lm th nghim c th c thc hin trong phng th nghim, trong cc nh li, nh knh, cc chu, vi, xi mng hay trn ng rung ) s a ti nhn thc cht ch hn. 1. Cc nhm phng php th nghim trong nng nghip 1.1. Nhm cc th nghim cu trong phng y l nhng th nghim c thc hin trong cc phng th nghim. iu kin thc hin c cc th nghim gm cc loi dng c nh: ho cht, cc my mc phn tch, cc bnh, hp, khay... mang tnh cht ring bit (chuyn su). Nhm cc th nghim ny hu nh c lp vi iu kin t nhin ca mi trng bn ngoi. Nhng s liu ny cha c p dng vo thc t. Nhm nghin cu trong phng c nhc im l s lng c th t (khng mang tnh i din) v iu kin nghin cu nhn to. 1.2. Nhm cc th nghim trong chu vi Cc th nghim thuc nhm phng php nghin cu ny c i tng nghin cu l cy trng c gieo trng trong cc chu, vi bng snh, s trn nn t hay dung dch hoc trng trong cc xi mng, trong nh li, nh polyetylen nn t hoc ct. V iu kin th i vi nhm ny cy trng c sng trong mt phn l iu kin t nhin, cn mt phn l iu kin nhn to. y l loi hnh th nghim thng lm ti cc c quan nghin cu nng nghip. Nhm th nghim ny c lch s lu i, kt qu nghin cu ca nhm ny phn ln nhm gii thch c ch, bn cht ca cy. Nhm th ngim ny c s lng c th nhiu hn th nghim trong phng. Do vy, tnh i din qun th sinh vt mang tnh chnh xc cao hn, v li cy trng li c th sng trong mt iu kin c th v chng c th phi chu c nhng ri ro ca iu kin thi tit. Tuy nhin chnh xc cha cht ch nh nhm th nghim trong phng. Kt qu ca nhm ny tuy gn vi iu kin sn xut, song khng th thay th cho nhm th nghim ng rung c. Khi thc hin th nghim nhm ny cn ch :1

- Cn phi ch tt c cc nhn t khc c nh hng ti kt qu ca th nghim. - Cn chn lc dng, ging cy c ng u cao, ging tt (tr th nghim chn, to dng trong ngnh chn ging) - S ln lp li phi cao, c th ti chc ln. Thit k cc v tr sao cho cc i tng nghin cu chu nh hng ng u ca mi trng bn ngoi. - Hn ch n mc cao nht nh hng ca ri ro do thi tit v tc hi ca ng vt hi cy trng cng nh dch bnh khc. 1.3. Nhm phng php nghin cu trn ng rung Nhm nghin cu ny bao gm nhng th nghim m cy trng c sng trong iu kin t nhin. Do , n chu s chi phi ca nhiu yu t (cc y t sinh thi) t mi trng bn ngoi. Nhng yu t l: cc iu kin thi tit, t ai, cc bin php k thut canh tc... Loi th nghim ny c u im l: - S lng c th ln - Gn vi iu kin sn xut. V vy, c th nghin cu c mi quan h tng h gia cy trng vi nhiu yu t khc. Qua kt qu ca th nghim ng rung c th nhn nh r thm kt qu v cc kt lun ca th nghim trong phng cng nh trong chu, vi hoc nh li. Nhng kt lun ca th nghim ng rung s c coi l c s xy dng bin php k thut cho quy trnh sn xut v thm canh cy trng. Th nghim ng rung l phng php c bn v trung tm ca th nghim nng nghip. Cn cc phng php th nghim nghin cu khc c tnh cht thm d hay kt hp gii quyt vn ". Nhm th nghim ng rung c tin hnh trong iu kin t nhin nn khi lng nghin cu ln v c kh nng gii quyt cc vn m cc nh khoa hc t ra tu thuc vo mc ch nghin cu sao cho ph hp vi iu kin sinh thi cng nh kinh t - x hi ca mt vng no . Cc trang thit b v phng php nghin cu c chnh xc thp hn so vi hai nhm phng php nghin cu trong chu vi v trong phng. Do , yu cu chnh xc cng thp hn. BI II. THIT K TH NGHIM TRN NG RUNG 1. Cc yu cu ca th nghim ng rung Cy trng c sng trong iu kin t nhin ca n s bc l nhng c trng, c tnh mt cch r nt, trong , c c nhng li th v nhng hn ch ca cc bin php k thut canh tc hoc bn cht ging cy trng gip cho cc nh khoa hc khng nh gi tr ca cc bin php hay ging trc khi chuyn giao cho sn xut. V vy, th nghim ng rung phi tn trng cc yu cu sau y: 1.1. Yu cu v tnh i din Th nghim ng rung phi mang tnh i din. Tnh i din c th hin qua hai mt l: * i din v iu kin sinh thi2

Th nghim phi c thit k v lm c th ti mt vng t ai, trong iu kin kh hu ca vng tng t nh iu kin sau ny s p dng. * i din v iu kin kinh t - x hi Tu theo thi gian v tu thuc vo cc iu kin c th khc v mt x hi m ngi nng dn c cc nhn thc cng nh kh nng tip thu cc tin b khoa hc k thut vo sn xut l khc nhau. V vy, cc nh nghin cu phi xy dng bin php cho ph hp sao cho sau mt thi gian nghin cu thnh cng th bin php c th c sn xut chp nhn. V vy bin php k thut phi cao hn iu kin sn xut mt mc, tu thuc vo tng a phng, tng cng ng dn tc v tng thi gian c th. N hon ton khng c mt mc chung cho tt c. 1.2. Yu cu v sai khc duy nht Trong th nghim s phn bit hai loi yu t: yu t th nghim (dng nghin cu) v yu t khng th nghim (hay cn gi l nn th nghim). Trong hai loi yu t ny th duy nht ch c yu t th nghim c quyn sai khc (thay i). Cn yu t khng th nghim (khng cn so snh) th phi cng ng nht cng tt. C trit tn trng nguyn tc ny mi tm c s khc nhau ca kt qu th nghim l do nhn t no ca yu t th nghim gy ra. Tuy nhin, s ng nht tuyt i trn ng rung l iu khng th c c. 1.3. Yu cu v chnh xc Khng th c mt chnh xc chung cho tt c cc nhm phng php th nghim. chnh xc ca th nghim ph thuc vo nhiu mt: + iu kin tin hnh th nghim (th nghim trong phng, trong chu vi hay nh li; th nghim ngoi ng rung). + Nhng sai khc v k thut khi thc hin th nghim. + ng u ca t th nghim. + Nhng vt thng c gii v tc hi ca su bnh. Mi nhm phng php th nghim khc nhau cho php c chnh xc khc nhau (CV%): - Nhm th nghim trong phng cho php sai s th nghim CV% 1%. - Nhm th nghim trong chu, vi, nh li CV% 5% - Nhm th nghim ngoi ng cho php sai s th nghim: + Cc th nghim ging CV% t 6% - 8 %. + Cc th nghim phn bn t 10 - 12%. + Th nghim bo v thc vt (BVTV) t 13 - 15%. + Th nghim cy n qu CV% 20% . + Th nghim v la CV% khong 10%. + Cc th nghim iu tra th thay i trong khong 20 - 30%. C th coi cc sai s th nghim l sai s ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, trong thc t khng ch c duy nht sai s ngu nhin m cn tn ti hai loi sai s khc na l: sai s th (hay cn gi l sai lm) v sai s h thng. Sai s th khng phi l ph bin. Sai s h thng l do dng c th nghim. trnh sai s ny tt nht trc khi lm th nghim phi chnh cc dng c v vt t theo tiu chun o lng cho php. Hoc nu3

nh mc phi sai s h thng phi tm cch hiu chnh gi tr quan st (cc s liu) v gi tr c c vi thc o tiu chun. 1.4. Yu cu din li Kh nng nng din li ca th nghim c ngha l: khi thc hin li th nghim vi s lng cng thc, ni dung cc cng thc nh c cng trn khong khng gian (mnh t c v thi v tng t) s cho kt qu tng t. Tuy nhin, khng nn hiu nguyn tc ny mt cch cng nhc, bi v iu kin ngoi cnh khng th hon ton nh nhau khi lm th nghim. Chnh v vy phi lm li th nghim trong vi nm (hoc vi v) lin tip, hy vng t s tm ra tnh quy lut ca vn nghin cu. Th nghim c kh nng din li cng cao th vic rt ra kt lun cng chc chn. Th nghim khng c kh nng din li th khng th a ra c kt lun lm c s xy dng cc bin php k thut canh tc v li cng khng th xy dng c l thuyt khoa hc. Cn phi lp li th nghim t nht l 3 v (hay 3 nm). 1.5. Yu cu v lch s khu t canh tc Th nghim phi c t trn cc khu t c lch s canh tc r rng. y l yu cu ht sc cn thit i vi mi th nghim ng rung. Hu ht trong ni dung th nghim th t ai ni t th nghim l yu t khng th nghim. t ch l iu kin (gi ) cho cy m thi. Mt s bin php k thut c nh hng ti t cng c th lm cho t tt hn (kho hn) nu nh bit s dng v ngc li c th lm cho t b thoi ho. V vy, cn phi bit r qu trnh canh tc ca khu t trc khi t th nghim nghin cu. 2. Cc loi th nghim ngoi ng rung Hin nay c nhiu cch phn loi th nghim ng rung. Thng thng c th phn thnh cc loi sau: 2.1. Th nghim thm d y l th nghim s b, th nghim kho st. Mc ch ca loi th nghim ny l nhm xy dng nhng nhn thc ban u v i tng nghin cu trn ng rung c c s xy dng cc ni dung nghin cu chnh sau ny c tt hn. Th nghim ny thng lm trn din tch nh, nhc li t ln v c th khng nhc li; khng i su phn tch v cy v t ai, ch quan st, nh gi cc biu hin ca cy vi cc bin php th nghim v theo di mt s ch tiu c tnh cht c bn v nng sut. 2.2. Th nghim chnh thc y l th nghim t ra nhm gii quyt ni dung c bn ca vn nghin cu. Do , th nghim ny phi thc hin ng nh thit k xy dng, phi tun th cc yu cu t ra. Tu thuc vo loi cy trng (cy hng nm hay cy lu nm; cy hng hp hay cy hng rng), loi hnh th nghim, mc ch nghim cu c th chia th nghim chnh thnh cc loi khc nhau theo s lng yu t, thi gian v khi lng nghin cu. 2.2.1. Theo s lng yu t th nghim * Th nghim mt yu t4

L th nghim m trong thnh phn ca yu t th nghim ch c mt mt nhn t tham gia (nhn t ny c quyn thay i gia cc cng thc) nghin cu tc ng ca n n s thay i ca kt qu th nghim. Cc nhn t khc u phi ng u (yu t khng th nghim). * Th nghim nhiu nhn t y l th nghim m trong thnh phn ca yu t nghin cu c mt t hai nhn t th nghim tr ln. Trong th nghim ny ngi ta nghin cu nh hng ng thi ca cc nhn t i vi cy trng. y l nhng th nghim phc tp v thng l bc nghin cu tip ca cc th nghim mt nhn t. gip cho th nghim ny c chnh xc cao i khi phi chia c th th nghim hai nhn t, 3 nhn t... Bi v phi c cch sp xp ngoi ng cho ph hp vi s lng nhn t th mi x l kt qu bng cc m hnh thng k tng ng nhm tng tnh chnh xc.. 2.2.2. Chia theo thi gian nghin cu * Th nghim ngn hn Thng gi l th nghim t nm. y l loi th nghim nghin cu trong mt thi gian ngn c th rt ra c kt lun. Thng thng loi ny c p dng nghin cu tc dng ca mt bin php k thut c th vi cy trng (thng l cc cy hng nm). * Th nghim di hn (th nghim lu nm) y l loi hnh th nghim cn c thi gian hng chc nm nghin cu lin tc mi c th a ra kt lun. C bit c th nghim phi hng trm nm. Th d: Nghin cu tc ng ca thuc bo v thc vt (ho hc) n t. Hay nghin cu hiu qu ci to t ca phng thc canh tc hu c trong nng nghip. Cc th nghim v cng trnh chn to ging cy trng vt nui u thuc loi ny. 2.2.3. Theo khi lng nghin cu Chia ra * Th nghim n c (c lp) Cc th nghim lm nhiu ni v khng c lin quan g vi nhau c. Thng th kt qu c tnh chnh xc cao, ng cho mt iu kin c th. Song tnh ph bin li hp thm ch rt hp. * Th nghim h thng y l nhng th nghim lm nhiu ni v c lin h vi nhau theo nhng kha cnh nht nh m ngi ch tr t ra. Th nghim ny c nhc im l khi lng ln, tn cng sc v vt cht, tn thi gian; c th cch xa nhau v a l, khc nhau thi tit v t ai (iu kin sinh thi), v tp qun v iu kin kinh t - x hi. u im ca nhm ny l th nghim mang tnh a dng v khi kt qu thnh cng c ph p dng rng ri. 2.3. Th nghim lm trong iu kin sn xut5

Cn gi l thc nghim khoa hc, thc nghim ng rung. Vi chuyn ngnh chn ging v nhn ging cn gi l th nghim kho nghim hay khu vc ho ging mi . y l nhng thc nghim cn phi c thm nh li trong iu kin t nhin trc khi chuyn giao k thut sn xut cho nng dn. Loi ny khi lng ln c th nhc li nhiu hay t tu thuc vo iu kin kinh t v t ai. Khng cn theo di qu chi tit cc ch tiu v sinh trng ca cy m ch yu l quan st tnh hnh sinh trng, nhim su bnh a ra cc nhn nh chung v phn ng ca cy vi iu kin t nhin, nhng cn quan tm c th n nng sut v hiu qu kinh t. 3. Xy dng chng trnh th nghim 3.1. Mt s vn lin quan n xy dng chng trnh th nghim 3.1.1. Cc loi cng thc trong th nghim Trong mt th nghim c hai loi cng thc l: * Loi 1: Cng thc i chng hay cn gi l cng thc tiu chun. Cng thc i chng c t ra lm tiu chun cho cc cng thc khc trong th nghim so snh rt ra hiu qu c th ca nhn t (bin php) nghin cu. Trong mt th nghim t nht phi xy dng mt cng thc i chng, c th c ti hai hay ba cng thc i chng, khi so snh c chnh xc. * Loi 2: Cng thc nghin cu Cng thc nghin cu l cng thc c tc ng bin php k thut (nhn t th nghim) cc mc khc nhau. Kt qu ca cng thc ny c so snh vi kt qu ca cng thc i chng. C hai loi cng thc i chng v cng thc nghin cu u gi chung l cc cng thc th nghim hay nghim thc. 3.1.2. Xc nh s lng cng thc trong mt th nghim S lng cng thc th nghim c xc nh ty thuc vo ni dung v mc ch ca ngi ch tr th nghim. Thng thng th nghim mt nhn t c s lng cng thc t hn th nghim hai nhn t. Trong th nghim c mt nguyn tc c bn gip cc nh khoa hc xc nh c c bao nhiu cng thc l va cho ni dung nghin cu ca mnh. Nguyn tc l: "Da vo gi thit khoa hc lp ra cng thc trung tm, t cng thc trung tm s x dch ln pha trn mt s mc v xung pha di mt s mc". Cn khong cch gia cc mc tu thuc vo tc ng ca nhn t nghin cu ti i tng c s dng trong th nghim (vt liu th nghim). Nh vy, vi th nghim mt nhn t c bao nhiu mc (liu lng) th c by nhiu cng thc k c mc i chng c th l 0 (khng cho thm vo). Th d: Nghin cu hiu lc ca ln ti nng sut hai ging u tng v ng ti vng ng Bng sng Hng. Nh vy y l th nghim hai nhn t (ln l nhn t k hiu l A vi s mc l La). Ging u tng l B vi s ging tham gia l Lb). Vy gi s cng thc nghin cu l K th6

K = La x Lb Nu th nghim ba nhn t c k hiu (nhn t 1 l A c La mc, nhn t 2 l B c Lb mc v nhn t th 3 l C c Lc mc). Vy s lng cng thc s l: K = La x Lb x Lc Thc t cho thy th nghim nghin cu tc dng ng thi ca nhiu nhn t n cy trng l tt nht. Song nhiu nhn t s c nhiu cng thc th nghim v nh vy, s ny sinh mt lot cc vn khc m hu ht cc vn li nm trong yu t khng th nghim, rt kh to c tnh ng nht cao. V vy khng nn qu nhiu nhn t trong mt th nghim, ch nn nghin cu mi quan h ng thi ca 2 hay 3 nhn t m thi. 3.1.3. Mt s ch tiu k thut c lin quan khi thit k th nghim * Din tch th nghim th nghim l thnh phn c bn ca th nghim trn cc nhn t th nghim c thc hin theo mt ni dung xy dng. Do , din tch (c th l kch thc ) phi nh nhau. Nu ly chnh xc ca th nghim l h s bin ng CV% kho st th gi tr ny ph thuc vo nhng kha cnh sau: - Din tch th nghim - Hnh dng th nghim (kch thc l vung hay l ch nht...). - a hnh t th nghim. - Loi t th nghim. - Loi cy trng. - Loi th nghim. - Khi din tch th nghim tng ln th sai s th nghim c gim kh r. Nhng nhn xt ny ch ng khi t th nghim tng i ng u (CV% < 10%). Cn khi nn t th nghim c bin ng t CV% > 15% th nhn xt trn khng cn ng na. Thc t cho thy khng c gii php no mang tnh tuyt i. M nhng mi quan h nu cng ch hi ho mc nht nh. V vy, din tch th nghim ln hay nh tu thuc vo: (1) Mc ch v yu cu ca th nghim Th d: th nghim lu gi, phc hi mt s ging la c sn a phng qu him, tu thuc vo s lng ngun ht ging thu c l nhiu hay t m din tch th nghim cho mi ging to nh khc nhau. Tuy nhin din tch qu nh s kh gim nh v nhn xt. Nhng th nghim so snh ging hoc mt bin php k thut no chun b ph bin ra sn xut th din tch phi ln. Th nghim trong iu kin sn xut (th nghim kho nghim) th din tch phi ln hn th nghim thm d v th nghim chnh. (2) Ph thuc vo loi cy trng v mt gieo cy sao cho mi mt th nghim c kh nng to ra mt qun th cy trng mang tnh i din, n nh v m7

bo s lng c th trong qu trnh nghin cu c nh gi khch quan gn tng t nh ngoi sn xut. (3) Ph thuc vo phng tin k thut khi thc hin th nghim Nu lm bng th cng th din tch nh, cn nu lm bng my (c gii) din tch phi rng hn. Cng chnh do nhng vn nu trn m hin nay vic xc nh mt cch chnh xc din tch th nghim vn cn nhiu kin tranh lun. Theo kin ca mt s tc gi v chng ti th din tch th nghim rng hay hp tu thuc vo s lng cy cn thit quan st cc ch tiu nghin cu trong sut qu trnh th nghim. Nn xut nh sau: - Vi cy hng nm din tch t 50 100 m2. - Cy rau din tch t 30 - 40 m2. - Cy n qu lu nm: 10 - 20 cy. - Th nghim vi cy thuc: 10m2. * Hnh dng th nghim Hnh dng th nghim c xy dng bi t l gia 2 cnh ca th nghim, nu t l l 1 (1:1) c dng hnh vung. Cn cc t l khc 1 l hnh ch nht. ni dung ny cng mt phn c lin quan ti din tch nh nu trn. Thay i hnh dng th nghim cng l mt bin php nng cao chnh xc ca th nghim. Tuy nhin, n ph thuc vo ng u ca t th nghim: - iu kin t tng i ng u vic thay i hnh dng th nghim khng c nh hng ng k n chnh xc ca th nghim. - iu kin t t ng u khi hnh ch nht th chnh xc s cng cao (v bao gm c cc v tr khng ng u ca t trong 1 ). - Khi t khng ng u th vic thay i hnh dng th nghim khng lm cho chnh xc ca th nghim nng ln. Tu thuc vo loi hnh th nghim m chn hnh dng cho ph hp va m bo chnh xc va tho mn c iu kin t lm th nghim v thun tin trong cng tc nghin cu. Nhn chung: - Th nghim v cch lm t; ti nc v so snh ging nn lm di ( ch nht). Vi cy hng hp chiu rng l 1,50 m, cy hng rng c 4 - 6 hng. - Th nghim v thuc (BVTV) v phn bn nn lm hnh vung hoc gn vung. Song y cng ch l nhng xut cn vn c th phi xem xt nhiu kha cnh khc nhau cho hi ho. * Hng ca th nghim Nhn chung vn ny t c lin quan ti chnh xc ca th nghim nu nh t th nghim ng u. Cn khi t th nghim c bin ng ln th hng th nghim c nh hng n chnh xc ca th nghim. Nu t bin i v ng u theo mt hng xc nh th chiu di th nghim nn song song vi hng bin ng ca t.8

Cn t i dc ph ca t thay i t nh i xung chn i - nn chiu di ca nn vung gc vi ng ng mc. Cc ln nhc li phi nm cng mt bnh chy vng quanh i. Cn nu nh cn phi lm th nghim trn mnh t trc trng cc loi cy khc nhau nn sp t th nghim cho ph hp, khng lp li cch sp xp ca th nghim trc . S ln nhc li Th nghim phi c nhc li (nht l th nghim chnh). y c th coi l mt tiu chun bt buc khi nghin cu. Song s ln nhc li bao nhiu l hp l? Theo tc gi Remera dn t Dospekhov (1979) th: - Khi tng s ln nhc li chnh xc ca th nghim tng nhiu hn khi tng din tch th nghim. - Khi tng s ln nhc li th ban u chnh xc tng nhanh, nhng nu tip tc tng nhc li nhiu ln (ln hn 4 ln) th chnh xc c gim, song gim chm. S ln nhc li nhiu hay t ca mi cng thc th nghim ph thuc vo: - ng u ca t th nghim. - Kch thc cy trng (C lin quan ti din tch ). Cy c kch thc nh c th nhc li t hn. V trn 1 th nghim c nhiu cy. Cn cy c kch thc ln nhc li nhiu, v trn mt c s lng cy t (thm ch nhc li ti 10 ln). -Din tch th nghim: Khi din tch nh th nhc li nhiu hn din tch ln. Nhn chung : S ln nhc li vi th nghim nn 3, tu theo kiu sp xp th nghim. Nn thng thng t 3 - 4 ln nhc li l va. Cn vi th nghim thm d v th nghim kho nghim s ln nhc li c th < 3. * Di bo v v hng bin + Di bo v l phn din tch bao quanh mnh t (khu t) lm th nghim. Tu thuc vo iu kin ca khu t th nghim m rng ca di bo v c th khc nhau. Song ti thiu rng ny phi t t 1,5 m - 2,0 m. + Hng bin Hng bin chnh l phn bo v ca th nghim nhm loi tr nh hng gia cc vi nhau. Theo K.A.Gomez v A.A. Gomez (1986) trong th nghim la c bn phn N v gia cc khng c b ngn ch khong trng gia cc thay i t 40 - 100 cm th nng sut hng bin thay i t 50% n 100%. Phm vi nh hng ch hng th nht. Ring bn 120N/ha c nh hng ti hng th hai. Nu th nghim so snh ging m gia cc khng cch b (khng khong cch 40 cm m ch khong 20 cm l khong cch gia hng vi hng) th c nh hng ti hng th ba. V vy, vi th nghim la khong cch loi b hng bin khng ly mu theo di l hai hng xung quanh (tng ng 40 cm). Vi cy trng cn cng nn loi b mt hng xung quanh (tng ng 40 - 60 cm) l ph hp vi iu kin th nghim ca Vit Nam. Tuyt i khng ly mu theo di ti cc v tr xung quanh ra th nghim (hng bin) th nghim mang tnh chnh xc v khch quan.9

* Cch sp xp cc cng thc th nghim (phn ny s c m t bi sau) 3.2. Xy dng nn th nghim Nn th nghim l bao gm tt c cc iu kin canh tc c thc hin ng nht gia tt c cc cng thc ca th nghim. Chn nn th nghim cn c vo cc iu kin sau: + Phi i din v iu kin kinh t - x hi ca thi im cc kt qu nghin cu d kin s c p dng vo sn xut. + Phi l iu kin cho nhn t th nghim pht huy c hiu lc ca n. Do , phi ht sc cn thn khi xy dng nn th nghim, nn th nghim khng phi l mt tc nhn lm gim tc dng ca cc nhn t nghin cu. 3.3. Chn t th nghim Hu ht cc th nghim trong nng hc t l nhn t khng nghin cu, m t ch ng vai tr lm gi v l mi trng cho cc nhn t nghin cu th hin tc dng ca n vi cy trng. Nn yu cu ca t th nghim phi mang tnh i din v cc mt nh: Loi t no? a hnh ra sao? Thnh phn ho tnh, l tnh t c i din cho vng m sau ny th nghim phc v khng? C nh vy th nghim mi c tnh thc tin cao. t c cc yu cu nu trn, trc khi lm th nghim phi c c cc thng tin v t bao gm cc ni dung sau: 3.3.1. iu tra v a hnh a hnh c coi l nhn t chnh quyt nh ng u ca t. V vy, t th nghim phi phng: La cy th phng thp hn so vi la gieo vi. Nhn chung rung th nghim c b mt lm t khi gieo cy cng phng cng tt. phng mt rung khi gieo cy chnh lch 5 cm vi th nghim la. Nu lm th nghim la nc trn t dc phi lm trn cc rung bc thang. Cn vi th nghim ca cc cy trng cn khc th chnh lch phng mt rung cho php t mc 10 cm. Vi cc th nghim cy trng trn t dc th yu cu dc cho php lm th nghim l 25% v mt rung hay i phi dc u v tt nht cng nn lm ng ng mc. Tu thuc vo c im sinh hc ca tng loi cy trng m chn t dc cho ph hp. 3.3.2. iu tra l tnh t v ho tnh t iu tra t c t ra vi mc ch l sau khi th nghim thnh cng, cc kt qu s c ng dng nhng vng t cng loi tng t. Khi chn t th nghim nn chn xa cc rng cy (hng cy to); xa trc ng giao thng, xa ni cha nc thi hay mng dn, nc thi ca cc khu dn c, nh my, bnh vin... vi khong cch t 40 50 m. Trnh lm th nghim trn t mi c khai hoang. Ty tng iu kin c th m b tr th nghim trng vi v san bng ng u ca t th nghim. Th nghim trng l mt trong nhng k thut c thc hin nhm san bng ng u ca t trc khi b tr th nghim chnh.10

Cc bin php k thut thc hin trong qu trnh lm th nghim trng phi ging nhau. 4. Mt s loi th nghim ring bit (th nghim chuyn su) 4.1. Th nghim vi cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm - c im ca loi th nghim ny l cy to, mi cy chim mt din tch t ln v c chm sc ring bit cho tng cy. Chu k khai thc hiu qu kinh t di (hay ni cch khc l chu k sng ko di hng chc nm v c bit c th ti 100 nm). V vy, rt kh c th t c chnh xc ca th nghim cao nh cc loi th nghim vi cy hng nm. - Bn cnh trong chu k sng ca cy c th thc hin nhiu th nghim khc nhau trn cng mt cy. - Phn ln cc cy lu nm li c trng trong iu kin t c a hnh dc (trung du v min ni), nn ng u ca t ni chung l thp hn t bng. 4.1.1. Chun b t th nghim t th nghim vn m iu ny ch t ra vi th nghim lm mi t u. Tu thuc vo loi cy, loi th nghim m cn c cc bin php chm sc, chn cy cho ng u. S c 2 trng hp c th khi t th nghim gm: * Thit k th nghim mi Nn chn t phi ph hp vi cy nh nghin cu, t phi ng u v tnh cht t, ch nc, a hnh. c c t ng u th trc khi t vn th nghim nn lm th nghim trng vi thi hn t 3 nm - 5 nm. Nu trong th nghim c nghin cu v ti nc th nn lm ng ng mc cho mi ln nhc li, p dng cc bin php chng xi mn v sp xp th nghim khng c s dng kiu hon ton ngu nhin - CRD (nu th nghim trn t dc). Cn th nghim trn t bng nn o rnh (mng) va thot nc v d tr nc ti cho cy khi cn. * Vi th nghim t trn vn c sn cy th phi c iu kin sau: - Vn phi i din cho vng nh ph bin kt qu th nghim. - Trc khi tin hnh th nghim phi lm th nghim trng (thi gian c th t 3 - 5 nm). - Gia cc th nghim nn khong cch (khong trng hoc c cy) 4.1.2. Cy th nghim a) Vi th nghim trng mi: cn ht sc lu ti ngun gc ca cy. Khi ngun gc cy con l t sinh sn v tnh nn ch thm n gc ghp, mt ghp, cnh ghp, cnh gim. Cy con em trng th nghim phi m bo ng u v chiu cao cy, ng knh gc, s cnh, s l/cnh. b) Vi th nghim trn vn c sn: cn chn cc cy c ng u cao v ging, tui, chiu cao, tnh trng pht trin (c th hin qua ng knh gc, chu vi tn cy). Nn c thm cc thng tin v cc bin php k thut s dng trc khi th nghim nht l cc bin php c lin quan nhiu ti cy nh (n au, to tn, ta cnh...)11

Vi th nghim ny din tch phi ln. Vic ly mu quan st cng cn ch . 4.2. Th nghim v rau Cn ch : - Rau rt a dng: V chng loi, thi gian sinh trng, nhu cu dinh dng, gi tr (b phn s dng...). V vy th nghim vi cy rau cng rt a dng. Hu nh trng rau khng th thiu vic ti nc mt cch thng xuyn. - a s cc loi rau u phi tri qua thi k vn m, sau mi trng chnh thc. - Vn chm sc cng rt khc nhau v phc tp. Tu thuc vo th nghim rau nhm cung cp thc phm cho tiu dng hay sn xut ht ging m quyt nh cc bin php k thut cho ph hp. Cn ch n cc bin php k thut. 4.3. Th nghim bo v thc vt (BVTV) Mc ch ca th nghim ny l i su nghin cu cc bin php u tranh chng li cc tc nhn gy su, bnh v cch phng chng tc nhn gy hi cho cy trng. Th nghim BVTV c chia thnh 3 nhm: Nhm 1: th nghim v thuc BVTV. Trong nhm ny c hai dng c th, bao gm: + Thuc phng tr su bnh hi cy trng. + Thuc tr c di Nhm 2: th nghim nghin cu cc ging c kh nng khng su v khng bnh. Nhm 3: th nghim nghin cu v mt sinh hc ca cc tc nhn gy bnh v to cc iu kin xut hin cn trng gy hi. Tuy nhin, kt qu ca nhm ny ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng. Lu vi th nghim v thuc tr c di cn c din tch cho cc im theo di c xut hin sau khi s dng thuc, din tch cho mi im l t 0,5 - 1 m2/im. V vic theo di ny phi lin tc cho ti khi thu hoch cy trng v tip sau cc cy trng khc t nht l t 1 - 2 nm. Bn cnh vic theo di c di cn thit nn c cc kt qu lin quan n cc sinh vt t trong cc cng thc nghin cu. Nhn chung th nghim v thuc BVTV thng gy hiu qu ko theo to nn nh hng gin tip n trc ht l mi trng t, cc h sinh thi v mi trng sng ni chung. 4.4. Th nghim nui cy m (Invitro) Hu ht cc th nghim thuc nhm nghin cu trong phng. Cn mt s t s l th nghim trong nh li (nh polytylen) v th nghim ng rung l bc sau cng. Loi th nghim ny c nhng c trng ring khc vi th nghim khc. iu kin th nghim quan trng nht l: k thut v cc iu kin nui cy phi sch v v trng. 4.5. Th nghim trong iu kin sn xut Thc t sn xut nng nghip lin quan mt thit vi iu kin t nhin v iu kin kinh t x hi. Do , c s chnh lch v nng sut cy trng gia cc vng sinh12

thi khc nhau, thm ch c th trong cng iu kin sinh thi nhng iu kin - x hi khc nhau cng lm cho nng sut cy trng khc nhau. Tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin sn xut l b phn nghin cu cn thit, trc khi chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu cho nng dn vi mc tiu pht trin nng nghip sinh thi bn vng. C hai loi th nghim thuc nhm ny l: Loi 1: Nghin cu pht trin k thut (nhm nghin cu xy dng v pht trin k thut mi). Loi 2: Nghin cu tip cn k thut (nhm th nghim cc k thut mi) xem mc tip thu ca nng dn nh th no? C hai loi ny u tn ti song song. Hin nay a phn cc nghin cu c tp trung cho loi th nghim tip cn k thut. Trong qu trnh th nghim cc s liu c thu thp gm cc loi nh: - Cc s liu v iu kin t nhin bao gm: t, nc, a hnh, kh hu... (hay cn gi l cc s liu v mi trng ca ng rung). - Cc s liu v iu kin kinh t - x hi ca nng dn bao gm: lc lng sn xut, ng lc sn xut. - Cc s liu v nng hc (thu cc th nghim nh nng sut v mt s c trng khc). - Yu cu ti nguyn (cc ngun cn) cho m hnh th nghim, nhu cu v nhn lc (lao ng) v u t. Vi th nghim v s liu nng hc cn nhc li. Cn s liu nhu cu ti nguyn khng cn nhc li. V vy k thut lm th nghim c lu nhng ni dung sau y: 4.5.1. Chn a im th nghim 4.5.2. Thit k v b tr l th nghim * Loi 1: Dng ci tin qun l m hnh canh tc hin ang s dng * Loi 2 c 2 dng l: + i vi loi (2a): ci tin m hnh canh tc bng a thm mt hoc nhiu cy mi vo m hnh hin ang s dng. Cch thit lp l th nghim lm nh loi 1. + Vi loi (2b) l thay i cu trc m hnh khc hon ton so vi m hnh ca nng dn hin ang s dng. Vi loi ny, cn so snh tng qut ton b m hnh, khng so snh ring tng hp phn k thut vi nhau. Kiu ny t lm hn kiu 2a. 4.5.3. Qun l l th nghim Cc bin php u do nng dn qun l, tr nhng hp phn a vo th nghim do cn b nghin cu qun l. Cn nu thy c th c th ngh giao cho nng dn qun l to. 4.5.4. Thu thp s liu a) iu kin t nhin Cc nhn t l: lng ma (ch ma), bc x, kt cu t, v tr a l, a hnh, mc nc ngm. b) iu kin kinh t - x hi13

Cc ch tiu thng l kh nng v nhn lc, vn, iu kin v t ai v kh nng v qun l. c) S liu nng hc d) S liu v nhu cu ti nguyn gm: nhu cu nhn lc, t ai v nhu cu v qun l (ging, phn bn...). e) S liu v kinh t: Thu m hnh ca nng dn f) Chn cc phng php o lng cc loi s liu nu trn cho ph hp v m bo chnh xc v tin cy. 4.5.5. Phn tch s liu 5. Phng php sp xp cng thc th nghim 5.1. Cc th nghim mt nhn t 5.1.1. Khi nim: Th nghim mt nhn t l nhng th nghim ch c mt nhn t thay i trong lc tt c cc nhn t khc c gi nguyn. Nh vy, trong th nghim ny cc cng thc s cha cc mc khc nhau ca nhn t , tt c cc nhn t khc c p dng chung nh nhau ( cng 1 mc bt buc) cho tt c cc cng thc. i vi th nghim mt nhn t, c th thit k hon ton ngu nhin (CRD), thng dng khi c t cng thc v khi c nhiu n v th nghim ng nht. Kiu thit k th hai l khi ngu nhin bao gm khi ngu nhin y (RCBD) v kiu khi khng y (RIBD), kiu thit k th ba l vung la tinh (LS). 5.1.2. Cc phng php sp xp 5.1.2.1. Th nghim thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin (CRD) Khi nim Mt th nghim c thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin khi cc cng thc c ch nh mt cch hon ton ngu nhin vo cc th nghim sao cho mi mnh () th nghim u c c hi nh nhau nhn c bt k mt cng thc no. Theo kiu sp xp ny, bt k s khc nhau no (ngoi nhn t th nghim) gia cc th nghim u c coi l sai s th nghim. Kiu sp xp ny ch ph hp khi cc n v (, mnh) th nghim hon ton ng nht (thng l th nghim trong phng), cn th nghim ngoi ng, thng c s bin ng ln gia cc n v th nghim nn khng hay p dng kiu sp xp ny. Qu trnh sp xp minh ho qui trnh sp xp v tin ti v s ca vic sp xp, ta dng mt v d: th nghim c 4 cng thc A, B, C, D mi cng thc c nhc li 5 ln, vic sp xp tin hnh theo cc trnh t sau: + Bc 1. Xc nh tng s th nghim cn c N: N = r * t Trong : N: tng s th nghim t: s cng thc cho mi ln nhc li r: s ln nhc li ca mi cng thc v d ny ta c: N = r * t = 5 * 4 = 20 nh trong hnh 5.114

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hnh 5.1. S mu cho th nghim thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin c 4 cng v thc v 5 ln nhc li n nh cc cng thc vo cc th nghim bng mt trong cc cch ngu nhin sau: Cch 1: Ly bng s ngu nhin a. T im xut pht bt k trong bng, c thng xung di ly 20 s ngu nhin lin tc c 3 ch s. (Ta ly 3 ch s cho khng c s no trng vi s th t t 1 n 20 l cc s c 1 v 2 ch s c n nh cho cc bc 2). Trong v d ny, 20 s ngu nhin c 3 ch s cng th t xut hin ca chng c ghi li nh bng sau: Th t xut hin S ngu nhin Th t xut hin S ngu nhin 1 937 11 918 2 149 12 772 3 908 13 243 4 361 14 494 5 953 15 704 6 749 16 549 7 180 17 957 8 951 18 157 9 018 19 571 10 427 20 226 b. Xp th t theo hng tng dn hoc gim dn 20 s ngu nhin bc 2. Trong v d ny xp hng th t t nh nht (s 1) n ln nht (s 20) nh sau: Th t xut hin S ngu nhin Xp hng Th t xut hin S ngu nhin Xp hng 1 937 17 11 918 16 2 149 2 12 772 14 3 908 15 13 243 6 4 361 7 14 494 9 5 953 19 15 704 12 6 749 13 16 549 10 7 180 4 17 957 20 8 951 18 18 157 3 9 018 1 19 571 11 10 427 8 20 226 5

15

c. Chia N s xp hng bc 3 thnh t nhm, mi nhm cha r s th t m cc s ngu nhin xut hin. Trong v d ny, 20 s xp hng c chia thnh 4 nhm, mi nhm cha 5 s nh sau: Nhm Th t xp hng 1 17 2 15 7 19 2 13 4 18 1 8 3 16 14 6 9 12 4 10 20 3 11 5 d. Cho mi nhm mang tn mt cng thc, nhm 1 mang tn cng thc A, nhm 2 mang tn cng thc B, nhm 3 mang tn cng thc C v nhm 4 mang tn cng thc D. Th t xp hng c coi nh th t ca cc trong s hnh 7.1. Nh vy, kt qu l cng thc A nm cc v tr s 17, 2, 15, 7 v 19. Cng thc B nm cc v tr s 13, 4, 18, 1, v 8. C tip tc nh vy ch nh v tr ca cc cng thc cn li. Cch 2. Ly mt c bi a. Rt ra N con bi, mi ln rt mt con sau trn li c bi v rt con khc (khng b con rt vo). Phng php ny p dng khi N < 52. Trong v d ny 20 con c rt ra cng th t ca chng nh sau. Th t xut hin Tn cc con bi 1 J 2 3 3 A 4 R 5 Q 6 5 7 6 8 9 9 9 10 8

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A 4 3 2 7 10 A 4 6 10 b. Xp hng 20 con bi rt ra t bc 1 theo th t s t 2 n t, nu cng s th theo th t ca cht bi.. Trong v d ny, 20 con c xp hng tng ng vi th t xut hin nh sau: Th t xut hin v xp hng 1 2 3 14 7 9 Th t xut hin v xp hng 4 15 5 5 6 11 7 2 8 19 9 13 10 18

Th t xut hin Tn cc con bi

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 16 8 10 1 3 20 6 17 12 4 c. Chia cc s xp hng thnh 4 nhm, gn cng thc v xp cc cng thc vo cc theo nh cch 1. Trong v d ny c kt qu thhu c nh sau:16

Cng thc n nh vo cc s A 14 7 9 15 5 B 11 2 19 13 18 C 16 8 10 1 3 D 20 6 17 12 4 Cch 3. Rt thm. a. Chun b N mu giy, chia mu giy thnh t nhm, cc mu giy trong mi nhm c cng k hiu ca mt cng thc. Trong v d ny s c 5 mu mang ch A, 5 mu ch B, ... Trn ln 20 mu giy trong mt hp (cc mu giy c gp kn). b. Rt mi ln mt mu giy, t vo cc theo trt t t u n cui. M mnh giy ra, ta c cng thc c ch nh vo cc nh sau: Th t xut hin () cng thc theo cc s nh sau: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D B A B C A D C B D 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 D A A B B C D C C A Trong v d ny cng thc A nm cc 3, 6, 12, 13, v 20 v cc cng thc khc tng t. 5.1.2.2. Th nghim sp xp theo kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCBD hay RCB) Khi nim. Kiu sp xp RCB l mt kiu sp xp c s dng rng ri nht trong nghin cu nng nghip. N hon ton ph hp vi th nghim ngoi ng khi s cng thc khng qu ln v khu th nghim c th bit trc c chiu hng bin i ph nhiu ca t. c trng ch yu ca kiu sp xp ny l to ra cc khi c kch thc bng nhau v mi khi cha tt c cc cng thc ca mt ln nhc li. K thut to khi. Mc tiu chnh ca vic to khi l gim sai s th nghim bng vic hn ch s ng gp ca ngun bin ng bit trong cc n v th nghim. iu ny c lm bng cch nhm cc n v th nghim vo cc khi m s khc nhau trong mi khi l ti thiu v s khc nhau gia cc khi l ti a. Hnh dng mnh th nghim v hng khi cng cn quan tm sp t, sp t sao cho s khc nhau gia cc khi cng ln cn s khc nhau trong khi cng nh. Sau khi bit hng ca ngun bin ng l c s cho vic to khi ri, phi la chn kch thc v dng khi cho thch hp lm ti a bin ng gia cc khi. Bt c khi no dng k thut khi th phi duy tr v iu khin sao cho bin ng gia cc khi ln hn bin ng trong mi khi. V d, nu ta khng iu kin lm c th nghim trong mt ngy th phi lm xong gn cho tng khi mt trong mt thi gian cng ngn cng tt. Nh vy nu c bin ng xy ra theo thi gian th n s c a vo bin ng gia cc khi nn c th loi tr ra c khi sai s th nghim. Nu c nhiu ngi quan st, theo di th nghim th mi ngi phi c ch17

nh quan st cho tt c cc mnh ca cng mt khi. Bng cch ny ta c th loi s bin ng gia cc ngi quan st ra khi sai s th nghim. Tin hnh ngu nhin v v s sp xp. Qu trnh ngu nhin ho cho sp xp kiu RCB c tin hnh mt cch tch bit v c lp vi mi khi. S dng mt th nghim c 6 cng thc A, B, C, D, E, F v 4 ln nhc li minh ho phng php. Bc 1. Chia khu vc th nghim thnh r khi bng nhau, r l s nhc li theo k thut khi. Trong v d, din tch th nghim c chia lm 4 khi nh hnh 5.2. Gi thit hng thay i ph dc theo chiu di ca khu th nghim, dng khi l hnh ch nht trc giao vi hng ca s thay i. Hng ca s thay i ph t

Khi I

Khi II

Khi III

Khi IV

Hnh 5.2. Chia th nghim thnh 4 khi, mi khi 6 mnh. Bc 2. Chia mi khi thnh t mnh th nghim, t l s cng thc. Xong ch nh t cng thc vo t mnh trong mi khi theo cch hon ton ngu nhin. V d ch nh t cng thc vo t mnh ca khi 1 nh sau: nh s lin tip t 1 n 6 vo 6 mnh ca khi I t trn xung di v t tri sang phi nh hnh 5.3. Xong ch nh 6 cng thc vo 6 mnh 1 cch ngu nhin bng cch dng bng ngu nhin nh gii thiu trn 1 2 C E 3 4 D B 5 6 F A Hnh 5.3. nh s mnh v ch nh ngu nhin 6 cng thc vo 6 mnh Bc 3. Lm li bc 2 cho ton b cc khi cn li. Nh vy, trong v d ny ta c s cui cng nh hnh 5.4.

18

1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 C E A C F A E A 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 D B E D D B C F 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 F A F B C E d B Khi I Khi II Khi III Khi IV Hnh 5.4 S mu ca th nghim sp xp kiu khi ngu nhin vi 6 cng thc: A, B, C, D, E, F v 4 nhc li. 5.1.2.3. Th nghim sp xp kiu vng la tinh (Latin Square) Khi nim c trng c bn ca sp xp vng la tinh (LS) l kh nng x l cng mt lc hai ngun bin ng bit gia cc n v th nghim. Coi nh hai khi c lp, thay cho ch c mt khi trong thit k kiu RCB. Trong kiu LS hai khi l khi hng v khi ct vung gc nhau v c sp xp m bo cho mi cng thc ch c c mt mt ln trong khi hng v mt ln trong khi ct. Ta c th c lng c bin ng gia cc khi hng cng nh khi ct v tch n ra khi sai s th nghim. Cc trng hp thch ng cho kiu LS. Th nghim ngoi ng khi khu th nghim c s thay i ph theo 2 hng vung gc nhau hoc c mt hng nhng li c hiu qu d tha t nhng t trc. Th nghim v thuc ho hc m s di chuyn ca cn trng theo hng d bo c trc giao vi hng thay i ph nhiu ca khu th nghim. Th nghim trong nh knh m cc mnh th nghim c sp xp theo ng thng trc giao vi tng nh (hai tng to mt gc th s to hai ngun bin ng). Th nghim trong phng vi s ln nhc li qua thi gian cng to hai ngun bin ng. Trong thc t thit k kiu LS ch c p dng cho nhng th nghim c s cng thc khng t hn 4 v khng nhiu hn 8. V hn ch ny m thit k kiu LS khng c s dng rng ri trong cc th nghim nng nghip. Mc du n c tim nng ln iu khin sai s th nghim. Qu trnh ngu nhin v v s th nghim. Qu trnh ngu nhin ho v v s sp xp cho th nghim kiu vung latinh c th hin qua mt th nghim c 5 cng thc A, B, C, D, E nh sau: Bc 1. La chn mt s vung latinh mu vi 5 cng thc nh bng di y: A B C D E B A E C D C D A E B D E B A C E C D B A

19

Bc 2: Ngu nhin vic sp xp theo hng ca s la chn t bc 1 theo s ngu nhin bng phng php bng ngu nhin: + La chn 5 s ngu nhin c 3 ch s: v d 628, 846, 475, 902 v 425 xong xp hng cc s c chn t thp n cao nht. S ngu nhin Th t xut hin Xp hng 628 1 3 846 2 4 475 3 2 902 4 5 452 5 1 + S dng th t xp hng th hin s hng ca s chn v th t xut hin th hin s hng ca s mi. Trong v d ny th hng s 3 ca s chn tr thnh hng u tin ca s mi, hng th 4 ca s chn thnh hng th 2 ca s mi... kt qu ca s mi sau khi ngu nhin ho s hng l: C D A E B D E B A C B A E C A E C D B A A B C D E Bc 3. Ngu nhin vic sp xp s ct. S dng cng phng php cho sp xp hng bc 2. Trong v d ny, 5 s ngu nhin c chn v th bc ca chng nh sau: S ngu nhin Th t xut hin Xp hng 792 1 4 032 2 1 947 3 5 293 4 3 196 5 2 S xp hng c th hin cho s ct thu c ca s bc 2 v s th t xut hin dng lm s ct ca s cui. Trong v d ny, ct th t ca s thu c trong s bc 2 tr thnh ct th nht ca s cui, ct th nht ca s bc 2 tr thnh ct th 2 ca s cui... y l s cui cng cho th nghim. S hng S ct 1 2 3 4 5 1 E C B A D 2 A D C B E 3 C B D E A 4 B E A D C 5 D A E C B20

5. 2. Th nghim hai nhn t Cc c th sinh vt cng mt lc chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t mi trng khc nhau. Phn ng ca c th chng vi bt k mt yu t n l no cng s khc nhau trong cc mc ca nhn t khc. Kt qu ca th nghim mt yu t ch c th c p dng trong trng hp cc yu t khc c duy tr mc nht nh. gim bt kh khn ny, cc th nghim 2 hay nhiu yu t rt cn thit. C nhiu kiu sp xp th nghim 2 hay nhiu yu t khc nhau. 5.2.1. Thit k theo kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB) Thng s dng kiu thit k ny khi phi hp ton b cc nhn t thnh cc cng thc t hp. V d c mt th nghim 2 nhn t trong thit k kiu RCB vi 5 t l m, 3 ging la v 4 ln nhc li. 5.2.2. Thit k kiu chia ln nh ( Split-plot) Khi nim Kiu thit k ny cho th nghim 2 nhn t l ph hp hn kiu khi ngu nhin y . Theo kiu thit k Split- plot, mt trong hai nhn t c ch nh vo chnh hay ln v c gi l nhn t chnh. chnh c chia thnh ph cho nhn t th hai gi l nhn t ph. Trong thit k ny, chnh xc s o ca nhn t chnh b xem nh lm tng chnh xc ca nhn t ph. S o hiu qu ca nhn t ph v tng tc ca n vi nhn t chnh c chnh xc cao hn so vi kt qu thu c khi thit k khi ngu nhin y . Mt khc s o hiu qu ca cc cng thc chnh li km chnh xc hn so vi kt qu thu c bng cch thit k khi ngu nhin y . Vic ch nh mt nhn t no y vo chnh hoc ph l rt quan trng.Gi sau y c th lm c s cho vic tham kho khi thit k. (1) chnh xc: Nu nhn t B yu cu chnh xc cao hn th hy ch nh nhn t B vo ph v nhn t A vo chnh. (2) Vn hiu qu Nhn t no c hiu qu r hn v d pht hin ra hn th chnh cn nhn t c hiu qu khng r bng th n nh vo ph. Nh vy n s tng c hi pht hin hiu qu khc nhau ca nhn t c hiu qu km hn. (3) Thc tin sn xut yu cu Trong thit k Split- plot c hai phng php ngu nhin ho v phn tch phng sai u c thc hin theo hai giai on: 1 cho mc chnh v 1 cho mc ph. C th ch nh nhn t chnh theo bt k thit k khi ngu nhin y no. Qu trnh ngu nhin ho v s sp xp C 2 qu trnh ngu nhin ho 1 cch tch bit trong thit k Split- plot. Mt qu trnh cho chnh v mt cho ph. Trong mi ln nhc li, cc cng thc chnh c ch nh ngu nhin cho cc mnh chnh trc, sau ch nh ngu nhin cc cng thc ph trong mi mnh chnh.21

Th d c mt th nghim 2 nhn t gm 6 mc m ( cng thc chnh) v 4 ging la (cng thc ph) vi 3 ln nhc li. K hiu chnh (nhn t A) c 4 mc: a = 4: P1, P2, P3, P4 K hiu ph (nhn t B) c 3 ging: b = 3: V1, V2, V3. Nhc li 1 Nhc li 2 Nhc li 3 Nhc li 4 V1 V3 V2 V1 P1 V3 P2 V2 P3 V1 P1 V3 V2 V1 V3 V2 V1 V2 V3 V3 P3 V3 P1 V3 P1 V2 P3 V2 V2 V1 V1 V1 V2 V2 V3 V2 P4 V3 P4 V1 P2 V2 P4 V3 V1 V3 V1 V1 V2 V2 V1 V3 P2 V3 P3 V1 P4 V3 P2 V1 V1 V3 V2 V2

6. Thit k th nghim bng chng trnh IRRISTAT 6.1. Thit k th nghim mt nhn t 6.1.1. Th nghim mt nhn t thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin (CRD) V d thit k mt th nghim so snh kh nng ny mm ca 5 ging u tng th t t 1 n 5 (5 cng thc, t = 5), vi 4 ln nhc li (r = 4), c thit k theo kiu hon ton ngu nhin trong nh th nghim. Cch tin hnh nh sau: - M IRRISTAT bng cch kch p chut vo biu tng ca IRRISTAT trn mn hnh ta c ca s IRRISTAT for Windows xut hin nh hnh sau (hnh 3.1)

Hnh 3.1. Chn Utilities, kch chut vo Randomization and Layout ta c nh sau (hnh 3.2)

22

Hnh 3.2. T nh hnh 3.2, kch p chut vo hp Open s c ca s nh xut hin vi ch Confirm xut hin trn gc tri hi c quyt nh m mt file lnh mi khng, ta kch chut vo hp Yes khng nh s c nh sau (hnh 3.3)

Hnh 3.3. T hnh 3.3, vo hp Desgin title t tn cho thit k th nghim (nh bt k tn no theo mun). Xong chn COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN trong hp Design type bng cch nhn chut vo mi tn ca hp chn, t s 4 trong hp Replications, vo hp Factor name vit ch GIONG, hp Factor ID vit ch G, hp Number of levels t s 5 (v c 5 ging) xong kch chut vo mi tn kp sang phi hp Factors. Trong hp nh u dng cui cng t s 5. Cui cng c nh sau (hnh 3.4).

Hnh 3.4. T hnh 3.4 nhn chut vo OK s c kt qu nh sau23

RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT ======================== FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\IRRISTAT.RND" TITLE = "Thiet ke thi nghiem kieu CRD" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN REPLICATIONS = 4 TREATMENTS = 4 x 5 **** FACTOR(S) **** REP (R) = 4 levels REP (1) = R1 REP (2) = R2 REP (3) = R3 REP (4) = R4 GIONG (G) = 5 levels GIONG (1) = G1 GIONG (2) = G2 GIONG (3) = G3 GIONG (4) = G4 GIONG (5) = G5 =================================================================== Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\IRRISTAT.RND" (COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN) (Note: layout is not drawn to scale) +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | R1 G5 2 | R4 G3 3 | R1 G4 4 | R1 G1 5 | R2 G2 6 | R4 G2 7 | R3 G1 8 | R4 G4 9 | R3 G5 10 | R1 G3 11 | R2 G3 12 | R2 G1 13 | R4 G1 14 | R4 G5 15 | R3 G4 16 | R2 G4 17 | R3 G2 18 | R1 G2 19 | R2 G5 20 | R3 G3 24

T kt qu ngu nhin ho bng my tnh trn y, ta c th c th ho thnh s b tr th nghim trn thc t nh sau:Nhc li 1 Nhc li 2 Nhc li 3 Nhc li 4 G5 G2 G1 G3 G4 G3 G5 G2 G1 G1 G4 G4 G3 G4 G2 G1 G2 G5 G3 G5

6.1.2. Th nghim mt nhn t sp xp kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB/RCBD) Th d: Xy dng s th nghim cho th nghim: Nghin cu nh hng ca phn bn n nng sut la. Th nghim thit k kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB) vi 7 cng thc th nghim, 3 ln nhc li. Cc cng thc nh sau: F1; F2; F3; F4; F5; F6; F7 Ngu nhin ho v to s th nghim bng IRRISTAT M IRRISTAT, chn Utilities, chn tip Randomization and Layout t ca s chnh ca Window nh hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5. Chn Randomization and Layout m hp thoi. nh ch DESIGN vo hp File name nh hnh 3.6, kch chut vo hp Open m file mi, c hnh 3.7

Hnh 3.6.25

Hnh 3.7. Sau khi xut hin hp nh nh hnh 3.7, kch tip vo Yes s c ca Randomization and Layout m (hnh 3.8).

Hnh 3.8. Tip tc ghi dng ch ANH HUONG CUA PHAN BON DEN NANG SUAT LUA vo hp Design Title, nhn chut vo hp Design type chn kiu thit k RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK, ghi ch PHAN BON vo hp Factor name, ch P vo hp Factor ID. Tng s 2 trong hp Number of levels ln n s 7, nhn chut vo mi tn kp trong hp Factor plot assignment. Vo hp Replications chn s 3. Tng s trong hp cui cng: Plot dimensions for layout per replication ln n 7 nh hnh 3.8. Chn OK s c kt qu ghi trong text editor nh sau Kt qu thit kRANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT ======================== FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\DESIGN.RND" TITLE = "ANH HUONG CUA PHAN BON DEN NANG SUAT LUA" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK REPLICATIONS = 3 TREATMENTS = 7 **** FACTOR(S) **** PHANBON (P) = 7 levels PHANBON (1) = P1 PHANBON (2) = P2 PHANBON (3) = P3 PHANBON (4) = P4 PHANBON (5) = P5 PHANBON (6) = P6 PHANBON (7) = P7

26

======================================================================

Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\DESIGN.RND" (RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK) The following field layout applies to all replications: (Note: layout is not drawn to scale) +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ REPLICATION NO. 1 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P7 2 | P4 3 | P2 4 | P3 5 | P6 6 | P5 7 | P1 REPLICATION NO. 2 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P2 2 | P3 3 | P1 4 | P6 5 | P7 6 | P5 7 | P4 REPLICATION NO. 3 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P3 2 | P7 3 | P6 4 | P5 5 | P1 6 | P2 7 | P4

T kt qu ngu nhin ho theo cc ln nhc li trn y, c th c th ho v tr cc cng thc ca cc ln nhc li b tr trong thc t nh sau:Nhc li 1 Nhc li 2 Nhc li 3 P7 P2 P3 P4 P3 P7 P2 P1 P6 P3 P6 P5 P6 P7 P1 P5 P5 P2 P1 P4 P4

6.1.3. Thit k kiu vung Latin T ly v d v chn s thit k vung Latin mu di y sau thc hin cc bc ngu nhin ho theo hng, ct c s thit k. Mt s s vung latin mu:3 x 3 A B C D 5 D C E A B E D B C A B A D C C D B A D C A B A B C D E F B F D A C E A B C D 6 C D E F A B 4 B C D A x D C F E B A x C D A B 6 E A B C F D 4 D A B C F E A B D C A B C D B D A C C A D B A B C D E F G D C B A B C D E F G A 7 C D E F G A B A B C D x D E F G A B C B A D C 7 E F G A B C D C D A B F G A B C D E D C B A G A B C D E F

A B C B C A C A B 5 x A B C B A E C D A D E B E C D

27

A B C D E F G H

B C D E F G H A

8 C D E F G H A B

x D E F G H A B C

8 E F G H A B C D

F G H A B C D E

G H A B C D E F

H A B C D E F G

A B C D E F G H I

B C D E F G H I A

C D E F G H I A B

9 D E F G H I A B C

x E F G H I A B C D

9 F G H I A B C D E

G H I A B C D E F

H I A B C D E F G

I A B C D E F G H

10 x 10 A B C D E F G H I J B C D E F G H I J A C D E F G H I J A B D E F G H I J A B C E F G H I J A B C D F G H I J A B C D E G H I J A B C D E F H I J A B C D E F G I J A B C D E F G H J A B C D E F G H I A B C D E F G H I J K B C D E F G H I J K A C D E F G H I J K A B D E F G H I J K A B C

11 x11 E F G H I J K A B C D F G H I J K A B C D E G H I J K A B C D E F H I J K A B C D E F G I J K A B C D E F G H J K A B C D E F G H I K A B C D E F G H I J

6.1.4. Thit k kiu li vung (Lattice) Lattice cn i (Lattice Design Balanced Lattice). Kiu thit k ny rt hiu qu khi s cng thc (t) ln, thng t 16 cng thc tr ln. Trong thit k ny, yu cu s khi (k) trong mi ln nhc li (r) bng cn bc hai ca s cng thc v s nhc li bng vi s khi cng thm 1. S cho kiu thit k ny, tu theo s cng thc cn cho nghin cu m la chn mt trong s cc s mu tu theo s cng thc cn c trong th nghim 6.2. Thit k th nghim hai nhn t 6.2.1. Sp xp kiu khi ngu nhin y vi s t hp cc mc cc nhn t Th d: Thit k s th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca cc mc bn m v ln khc nhau ti nng sut la vi 4 mc m N1, N2, N3, N4 v 3 mc ln P1, P2, P3 to thnh cc t hp cng thc trong thit k khi ngu nhin y (RCB) vi 4 ln nhc li. Cch tin hnh Lm cc bc tng t nh th d mc 1.1.1 c nh nh hnh 3.9

28

Hnh 3.9 T hnh 3.9, nh dng ch bt k vo hp Design title, v d: thi nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu RCB. Vo hp Design Type chn kiu thit k, y chn RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK, vo tip hp Replications chn s 4 (4 ln nhc li). Vo tip hp Factor name t tn cho nhn t nghin cu, trc tin t tn cho nhn t th nht: ghi ch m vo hp Factor name xong ghi ch N vo hp Factor ID; tng s 2 trong hp Number of levels ln s 4, nhn chut vo mi tn kp sang phi hp Factor plot assignment chuyn thng tin t hp Define factor sang hp Factor plot assignment. Tip tc lm nh vy cho nhn t th hai (ln). a con tr vo hp cui cng tng s 1 ln 12, c nh nh hnh 3.10. T hnh 3.10 kch chut vo OK chy ra kt qu.

Hnh 3.10 Kt qu thit k th nghim hai nhn t t hp trong kiu RCB

29

RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT ======================== FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\HAINTO.RND" TITLE = "Thi nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu RCB" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK REPLICATIONS = 4 TREATMENTS = 3 x 4 **** FACTOR(S) **** LAN (P) = 3 levels LAN (1) = P1 LAN (2) = P2 LAN (3) = P3 DAM (N) = 4 levels DAM (1) = N1 DAM (2) = N2 DAM (3) = N3 DAM (4) = N4 ====================================================================== Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\HAINTO.RND" (RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK) The following field layout applies to all replications: (Note: layout is not drawn to scale) +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

REPLICATION NO. 1 ------------------PLOT NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | TREATMENT ID P3 N4 P3 N3 P2 N4 P2 N2 P3 N2 P1 N3 P2 N1 P1 N2 P1 N4 P2 N3 P1 N1 P3 N1

REPLICATION NO. 2 ------------------PLOT NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | TREATMENT ID P2 N1 P3 N2 P2 N4 P2 N2 P1 N1 P1 N4 P1 N2 P3 N4 P2 N3 P1 N3 P3 N1 P3 N3

REPLICATION NO. 3 ------------------PLOT NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 | | | | | | | TREATMENT ID P3 N3 P2 N2 P2 N4 P1 N3 P3 N1 P1 N1

REPLICATION NO. 4 ------------------PLOT NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 | | | | | | | TREATMENT ID P2 N4 P1 N2 P3 N2 P3 N3 P1 N1 P3 N1

30

7 8 9 10 11 12

| | | | | |

P1 N2 P1 N4 P3 N4 P3 N2 P2 N1 P2 N3

7 8 9 10 11 12

| | | | | |

P2 N3 P1 N4 P2 N2 P1 N3 P3 N4 P2 N1

S c th cho thit k ny trn c s kt qu ngu nhin ho ca my tnh c m t nh sau: Nhc li 1 P3 P3 P2 P2 P3 P1 P2 P1 P1 P2 P1 P3 N4 N3 N4 N2 N2 N3 N1 N2 N4 N3 N1 N1 Nhc li 2 P1 P3 P2 P2 P1 P1 P1 P3 P2 P1 P3 P3 N2 N2 N4 N2 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N3 N1 N3 Nhc li 3 P3 P2 P2 P1 P3 P1 P1 P1 P3 P3 P2 P2 N3 N2 N4 N3 N1 N1 N2 N4 N4 N2 N1 N3 Nhc li 4 P2 P1 P3 P3 P1 P3 P2 P1 P2 P1 P3 P2 N4 N2 N2 N3 N1 N1 N3 N4 N2 N3 N4 N1 6.2.2. Thit k th nghim kiu Split-plot Th d: Thit k s th nghim cho th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca cc mc bn ln khc nhau (4 mc P1, P2, P3, P4) ti nng sut mt s ging lc (ba ging V1, V2, V3) ti Nng trng Cao phong, Ho Bnh; thit k theo kiu Split-plot. Trong th d ny chn ln l ln ( chnh), ging l nh ( ph). Cch tin hnh: Thc hin cc bc tng t th d trong mc 3.1.1 c hnh 3.11

Hnh 3.11 T hnh 3.11 lm cc bc tng t nh lm cho thit k th nghim hai nhn t t hp trong kiu thit k RCB c hnh 3.12. Ch trong trng hp ny phi xc nh r u l ln, u l nh v thc hin cho tng nhn t mt nh trong hnh ghi: Main l cho chnh c thc hin trc xong n Sub l cho ph lm sau v hp cui cng ca hnh 3.11, na trn l cho s mnh ca chnh trong mt ln nhc li cn na di l cho s mnh ca ph trong mi chnh.

31

Hnh 3.12 Kch chut vo OK c kt qu nh sau:RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT ======================== FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\SPLITPLOT.RND" TITLE = "Thiet ke thi nghiem kieu Split-plot" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = SPLIT-PLOT REPLICATIONS = 4 TREATMENTS = 4 x 3 **** MAINPLOT **** LAN (P) = 4 levels LAN (1) = P1 LAN (2) = P2 LAN (3) = P3 LAN (4) = P4 **** SUBPLOT **** GIONG (V) = 3 levels GIONG (1) = V1 GIONG (2) = V2 GIONG (3) = V3 ====================================================================== Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\SPLITPLOT.RND" (SPLIT-PLOT) The following field layout applies to all replications: (Note: layout is not drawn to scale) +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ REPLICATION NO. 1 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P1 V1 2 | P1 V3 3 | P1 V2 4 | P3 V1 5 | P3 V3 6 | P3 V2 7 | P4 V2 8 | P4 V3 9 | P4 V1 10 | P2 V2 11 | P2 V3 12 | P2 V1 REPLICATION NO. 2 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P2 V3 2 | P2 V2 3 | P2 V1 4 | P1 V2 5 | P1 V3 6 | P1 V1 7 | P4 V2 8 | P4 V1 9 | P4 V3 10 | P3 V2 11 | P3 V1 12 | P3 V3

32

REPLICATION NO. 3 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P3 V2 2 | P3 V1 3 | P3 V3 4 | P1 V3 5 | P1 V2 6 | P1 V1 7 | P2 V3 8 | P2 V2 9 | P2 V1 10 | P4 V1 11 | P4 V3 12 | P4 V2

REPLICATION NO. 4 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | P1 V1 2 | P1 V3 3 | P1 V2 4 | P3 V3 5 | P3 V2 6 | P3 V1 7 | P4 V2 8 | P4 V3 9 | P4 V1 10 | P2 V3 11 | P2 V1 12 | P2 V2

C th ho s thit k th nghim kiu Split-plot cho b tr trong thc a c m t nh sau: P1 V3 P2 V2 P3 V1 P1 V3 P3 V3 P1 V3 P1 V2 P3 V2 P4 V3 P4 V1 P2 V2 P4 V3 P2 V3 P3 V1 P4 V3 P2 V1

Nhc li 1 Nhc li 2 Nhc li 3 Nhc li 4

V1 V3 V2 V1

V2 V1 V3 V2

V1 V2 V3 V3

V2 V1 V1 V1

V2 V2 V3 V2

V1 V3 V1 V1

V2 V2 V1 V3

V1 V3 V2 V2

Ghi ch: ln c v m cho cc mc bn ca ln (P1, P2, P3, P4) nh v ng mnh v khng ko di ht cho cc ging (V1, V2, V3)

6.2.3. Thit k th nghim kiu Strip Plot Th d: Th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca 3 mc bn m v 4 mc ln khc nhau n nng sut la thit k theo kiu Strip - Plot vi 3 ln nhc li. Cc bc thit k trong IRRISTAT nh sau: Trn ca s chnh ca IRRISTAT chon Utinities, chn tip Randomization and Layout, sau chn Factorial Design nh trn nh sau (hnh 3.13)

33

Hnh 3.13 Chn Factorial Design c ca s Open a rendomization and layout nh hnh 3.14

Hnh 3.14 t tn cho file lm vic trong File name, xong kch chut vao open cho ca s sau (IRRISTAT: Randomization and Layout) xut hin nh hnh 3.15 di y

Hnh 3.15.34

T ca s trn, vit dng ch cho thit k trong hp Design title (vit ty khng quy nh), chn kiu thit k trong hp Design type bng kch chut vo mi tn chn, sau xc nh s nhc li trong hp Replications theo mun; ghi tn nhn t theo bng ngang vo Factor name trong hp Define factor, ghi k hiu ca nhn t bng ngang trong hp Factor ID v s mc ca nhn t bng ngang trong hp Number of levels; kch chut vo mi tn kp hng Horz: trong hp Factor plot assignment chuyn thng tin t hp Define Factor sang dng Horz. Tip tc lm nh vy cho nhn t bng dc. Bc tip theo l xc nh s ph hp vi s mc ca mi nhn t trong hp plot dimensions for layout per replication nh hnh 3.15. Kch chut vo OK chy m hnh thit k c kt qu nh sau:RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT ======================== FILENAME = "C:\PROGRAM FILES\STRIPPLOT.RND" TITLE = "Thiet ke thi nghiem kieu Strip Plot" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = STRIP-PLOT REPLICATIONS = 3 TREATMENTS = 3 x 4 **** HORIZONTAL **** DAM (N) = 3 levels DAM (1) = N1 DAM (2) = N2 DAM (3) = N3 **** VERTICAL **** LAN (P) = 4 levels LAN (1) = P1 LAN (2) = P2 LAN (3) = P3 LAN (4) = P4 ====================================================================== Experimental layout for file: "C:\PROGRAM FILES\STRIPPLOT.RND" (STRIP-PLOT) The following field layout applies to all replications: (Note: layout is not drawn to scale) +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

REPLICATION NO. 1 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | N2 P2 2 | N2 P3 3 | N2 P1 4 | N2 5 | N3 P2 6 | N3 P3 7 | N3 P1 8 | N3 9 | N1 P2 10 | N1 P3 11 | N1 P1 12 | N1

35

REPLICATION NO. 2 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | N1 P1 2 | N1 P2 3 | N1 P3 4 | N1 5 | N2 P1 6 | N2 P2 7 | N2 P3 8 | N2 9 | N3 P1 10 | N3 P2 11 | N3 P3 12 | N3 REPLICATION NO. 3 ------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID 1 | N1 P1 2 | N1 P3 3 | N1 P2 4 | N1 5 | N3 P1 6 | N3 P3 7 | N3 P2 8 | N3 9 | N2 P1 10 | N2 P3 11 | N2 P2 12 | N2

Da vo kt qu trn, dng bng v s thit k th nghim v ghi cc nhn t tvo s thc a nh sau:N2 P2 P3 P1 P4 N3 N1 P1 P2 P3 P4 N1 N2 N3 P1 P3 P2 P4 N1 N3 N2

Nhc li I

Nhc li II

Nhc li III

BI III. TIN HNH TH NGHIM TRN NG RUNG 3.1. Chia th nghim y l vic chuyn thit k th nghim trn s xy dng ra ngoi thc a ni lm th nghim. V vy, phi thc hin chnh xc to ra cc th nghim c din tch v kch thc ging nhau, m bo ng cc v tr sp xp nh thit k. Tm tt vic chia khi qut nh sau: Dng c cn c: - La bn (gip nh hng ca khu th nghim) - Thc vung gc (ke vung) gip nh cc gc mnh th nghim v th nghim.36

- Cc so tiu xc nh v tr cc ng thng cm mc v sau p b ngn hoc v tr ranh gii gia cc ln nhc li v cc vi nhau. - Thc (c th thc dy hay thc thp) o cm nh v tr. Nguyn tc chia th nghim thng xc nh t to v nh (c ngha l t mnh th nghim chia thnh tng ln nhc li sau n chia cc trong ln nhc li). C th ln lt xem xt qua th d sau y: So snh 5 mc dinh dng ti cc ch tiu sinh trng, pht trin, su bnh v nng sut la Xun ti Gia Lm - H Ni. 5 mc dinh dng l 5 cng thc c k hiu I, II, III, IV, V). Th nghim c nhc li 3 ln vi din tch mi l 30 m2 c kch thc (5 m x 6 m). Cc bc chia c th lm nh sau: 3.1.1. Xc nh ranh gii khu th nghim S 3.1. nh khu th nghim Cn c vo thit k nu v a im chn c th ca t rung th nghim (gi s nh s 3.1) sau: 45m A BA1 31,8m B1

20m

16m

D1

C1

D

C

S 3.1. nh v khu th nghim 3.1.2. Xc nh ranh gii ln nhc li Khi c v tr chnh xc ca mnh th nghim s xc nh c ranh gii gia cc ln nhc li (3 ln) nh nu trn gia cc ln nhc li khong cch p b 0,5 m rng hn so vi khong cch gia cc trong cng ln nhc li (song khong cch gia cc ln nhc phi c rng ti thiu bng khong cch cc ). Cch chia nh s 3.2. 31,8m B1 A1 Nhc li 1 16m Nhc li 2 Nhc li 3 C1 S 3.2. Xc nh ln nhc li ca th nghim37

D1

3.1.3. Xc nh ranh gii cc th nghim Nh vy, phi chia mi ln nhc li lm 5 phn bng nhau (mi phn 6 m v gia cc phn c khong cch 0,4 m) cho 5 cng thc nghin cu (s 3.3). A B1

D C1 S 3.3. Chia hon ton mnh th nghim gm 5 cng thc nhc li 3 ln. Tng s th nghim l 15 = 5 x 3 3.1.4. Cm bin tn cc cng thc v tn th nghim Sau khi hon thnh vic chia th nghim xong ngoi ng rung, ngi ch tr th nghim phi nh du (cm th tn cc cng thc cc theo nh cch sp xp xc nh cho ph hp vi iu kin c th ni t th nghim, ni dung nghin cu trnh s nhm ln trong cc cng vic c th khi lm th nghim. Th nh du (ghi) tn cng thc c th c lm bng g, tre hoc kim loi khng g. Vi iu kin ca Vit Nam th phn ln c lm bng g hoc tre. Th c chiu cao t 70 - 80 cm, chiu rng ca th t 8 10 cm. Trong phn nhn c cm xung t (c th t 15 - 20 cm). u trn ca th khong 15cm dng vit cng thc, tn k hiu cng thc ghi theo s la m (I, II, III...). Ln nhc li ghi s thng (ch s di) (V d I2 y l th ghi cng thc I ln nhc li 2). Th sn ton b mu trng cn ch vit c th mu hoc en l tt nht. Cc th nn quy nh thng nht cm mt v tr gia hng bin v hng nghin cu trong v mt pha. Cc mt c ghi ch s k hiu quay u v mt hng. Cn biu ghi tn th nghim nn c dng hnh ch nht kch thc (50 cm x 30 cm) l va. Trn c vit tn th nghim, nn bng sn trng cn ch tn th nghim nn vit mu sn . Bin tn th nghim c cm pha trc th nghim (gia di bo v v hng bin ca th nghim) 3.2. Lm t, bn phn v gieo cy th nghim 3.2.1. Lm t Cng vic ny c th c chia lm 2 dng. - Lm t ging nhau trn c rung th nghim. Thng hay c s dng cho nghin cu cc bin php k thut canh tc nh: so snh ging, bn phn, mt v mt s k thut gieo cy khc...

38

- Loi lm t ring bit cho tng (hay tng cng thc). Thng c p dng cho th nghim v thi v, bin php lm t, theo di tc ng ca phn bn lin tc n s thay i ca t. Trc khi gieo cy phi co li hoc san li bng co tay m bo mt bng ng u ca th nghim, t cng phng cng tt. 3.2.2. Bn phn cho th nghim Yu cu trc ht ca cng tc ny l m bo s lng v cht lng (chng loi) nh ng quy hoch th nghim quy nh. Cn phi tnh ton chnh xc lng phn bn cho mi th nghim, nht l cc dng phn c lng t nh phn cng nghip. Cc loi phn cng nghip u c quy ra lng nguyn cht th d m, ln, kali (N; P205; K20)/ha. Khi em ra rung nn phn vo v tr ca sau kim tra cn thn li ton b cc theo cng thc ri mi bn. Nhn chung tt c cc dng phn u phi ti, trn u trc khi bn. Cch bn, yu cu phi tht u trn th nghim. Nu phn c lng qu t nn trn vi t bt mn (khng phi ct) d bn u. Vi th nghim cy gieo ht nn lu khng phn tip xc trc tip vi ht ging. 3.2.3. Gieo, cy th nghim y l khu cui cng ca b tr xong th nghim. Tu theo yu cu ca th nghim m c th a ra: - Gieo cy ging nhau v ng thi. Kiu ny phi m bo ng thi (cng thi gian) v ng u. - Gieo cy khc nhau v khng ng thi. Phi m bo gieo cy ng quy nh th nghim, khong cch hng v cy ng u, phi thng hng ngang v hng dc (nht l vi cy trng hng rng v lu nm). m bo mt sau gieo cy cng nh lp ht, ng u v s lng dnh hay ht gieo cy. Nu th nghim v ging khng c ln ging. Vi cy hng rng (nht l cy lu nm) nn lu c th trng gim b sung khi c cy cht ngay t nhng ngy u sau gieo cy trong thi gian cho php. Vi mt s cy hng nm nn tnh ton thn trng c th gim hoc ta nh cy c kt hp vi chm sc cng sm cng tt. 3.2.4. Chm sc th nghim y l cng vic thng xuyn gm: ta cnh, lm c, xi xo, vun gc, bm ngn, bn thc, phng chng su, bnh ... Qu trnh ny yu cu lm ng quy nh nh thit k trnh lm sai lch kt qu th nghim c chnh xc. Phi lu tm v lm y cc cng vic ny cho c di bo v. 3.3. Theo di th nghim v ghi chp vo s nht k v s theo di th nghim. y l phn cng vic ht sc phc tp v cn thit, nu khng thc hin ng s dn n kt qu khng i din v khng chnh xc. S nht k th nghim v s theo di th nghim phi c thit k thng nht cho tng loi th nghim, tng nhm39

th nghim v cy trng th nghim. Phi thng xuyn cp nht s nht k v s theo di th nghim. 3.3.1. Quan st th nghim Mc ch chnh ca th nghim ng rung l thu hoch nng sut (nng sut sinh hc, nng sut l thuyt, nng sut kinh t...), song cng phi c cc thng tin gii thch cho s khc nhau gia cc cng thc nghin cu ca th nghim. Nh vy cn phi c cc thng tin quan st c v cy, v iu kin thi tit. Ni dung ca cc vn quan st bao gm: - Quan st cy trng, - Quan st ngoi cnh. Quan st cc thi k sinh trng ca cy c bt u ngay sau khi gieo cy t ngy nh: theo di cy mc, cy sng, cy cht, l, thn, cnh, ra hoa, u qu... Cc s liu ny c i chiu vi s liu v kh tng, t gip cho cc nh khoa hc c nhn nh ton din mi quan h gia cy vi mi trng sng ca chng trong th nghim. T kt qu quan st a ra nhng nhn xt cho cc cng thc mt cch logic v khoa hc. Quan st tnh hnh su, bnh phi thng xuyn c th bit c s nh hng ca n ti nng sut. Quan st t ai, v.v Tm li, cc th nghim v sinh l v sinh ho cn quan st v cy l ch yu, cc th nghim c lin quan n th nhng th nng phn tch v t. Cc th nghim v phn bn (dinh dng) cn quan st hi ho c t v cy. Cc ch tiu nghin cu phi da hon ton v thc hin ng nh cng xy dng cho th nghim. Trnh lm tu tin. 3.3.2. Phng php chn mu nghin cu Mc ch l mu phi m bo tnh i din, khch quan, chnh xc v da trn quan im ton hc xc sut thng k. Tuy nhin, t mc ch trn cn phi kt hp vi c ln ca mu nghin cu mi y . 3.3.2.1. Chn mu ngu nhin * u im: mu nghin cu mang tnh khch quan v cc gi tr thu c tun theo quy nh ca i lng ngu nhin, do cc tham s ca mu mang tnh i din, nhng cc c th trong mu mang tnh bin ng (khng ng u). Song l hin trng ca th nghim (tnh chn thc) chnh xc ca kt qu nghin cu cao. * Tn ti: khi dung lng mu khng ln c th dn n kt qu khng chnh xc, vic thc hin ly mu phc tp v tn thi gian. 3.3.2.2. Chn mu phn phi u Chn phn phi u y c th thc hin trn th nghim, hoc trn khu vc iu tra. Phn phi u c hai dng sau: Dng th nht: Phn phi u theo ng cho. Dng th hai: phn phi u theo tuyn.40

Trong dng ly phn phi u, kiu mng li thng hay c p dng hn c nht l trong lnh vc iu tra. u im: cc tham s thng k thu c theo cch ly mu ny c chnh xc cao v khch quan. Cch ny khng phc tp, vn m bo tnh ngu nhin v tu thuc vo s lng c th ca th nghim m chn mu c ln khc nhau. Nu mu nh vn t to ra s bin ng ca mu vi hin trng thc trong th nghim. 3.3.3. ln ca mu ln ca mu (n) ln hay nh ph thuc vo cc iu kin sau: - Loi ch tiu nghin cu. - chnh xc ca th nghim. - S lng c th (cy) c trong mi cng thc th nghim. Mu ly phi c phn phi u tt c cc ln nhc li. V thi im quan st c chia lm 2 loi: Loi 1: Theo di c nh, ngha l chn c nh cc cy theo di da vo mu xc nh v sau theo di lin tip c qu trnh. Loi ny thng p dng cc ch tiu thuc qu trnh sinh trng. Loi 2: Theo di nh k, loi ny thng t ra vi cc ch tiu nh: xc nh khi lng tch lu cht kh; xc nh nng sut sinh hc, hm lng sc t, ch s din tch l; hiu sut quang hp; hm lng cc cht N, P, K.... y l nhng ch tiu khi ly mu theo di phi ph v cc i tng nghin cu. 3.4. Thu hoch th nghim y l cng vic cui cng ca qu trnh thc hin th nghim trn rung nhng ht sc c ngha. 3.4.1. Cng tc chun b Chun b y cc dng c phc v cho vic thu hach th nghim nh: cc dng c bao gi ng, phi sy nng sn v lu gi nng sut. Thu di bo v: c th tin hnh trc hoc sau khi thu th nghim hoc thu sau v phi ring mt khu vc khng gn ch phn thu cc cng thc trnh nhm ln. 3.4.2. Ly mu nh yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut c th Cng vic ny phi lm trc thu hoch ton th nghim v phi lm ring r rng cy tng ln nhc li. Tu thuc vo mi loi cy m c cc ch tiu nng sut khc nhau. 3.4.3. Thu hoch nng sut Vic ny phi lm ring tng tng ln nhc li. T vic thu hoch, tut p v cn ong, c th cn nng sut ti hoc kh m tiu chun, hoc phi tht kh cn nng sut. 3.4.4. Phng php iu chnh nng sut th nghim Ch t ra khi s cy trn b khuyt do yu t khch quan, nu khng xem xt iu chnh s c th lm cho kt qu nghin cu km chnh xc. V vy, cn iu chnh trc khi nh gi kt qu nghin cu.41

BI IV. TNG KT S LIU QUAN ST1. Khi nim v s liu th v s liu tinh 1.1. S liu th S liu th l loi s liu thu c trc tip ngay trn ng rung (ghi chp), hoc trong th nghim (bng 1, 2) Th d: Theo di s ht/bng cho la 3 cng thc th nghim nh sau: Bng 1. S ht la /bngBng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CTI 156 172 196 152 168 152 176 161 145 121 172 119 153 162 179 CTII 192 205 213 178 196 157 199 252 186 200 218 234 246 196 185 CTIII 199 196 223 178 157 199 214 230 214 189 192 190 205 223 216 Bng 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 CTI 177 169 162 225 216 198 205 212 224 198 204 205 192 249 243 CTII 205 194 215 205 214 224 224 234 218 242 235 196 225 205 217 CTII 194 245 256 217 198 205 250 217 219 234 244 198 202 215 237

Bng 2. Nng sut ca mt s ging la kho nghim ti ak H, Tnh Kon Tum, v Ma nm 2007 (tn/ha)i 32 32.57 22.89 33.16 31.85 30.59 37.50 25.00 29.30 23.00 36.69 35.55 44.14 38.72 33.12 HT1 53.00 47.30 49.11 53.76 45.79 52.84 46.69 38.42 40.48 45.91 35.00 59.84 60.77 37.90 KD 18 48.52 24.78 41.66 33.80 43.05 42.23 34.39 45.25 37.33 36.79 44.10 48.45 43.00 46.00 VND 9519 37.15 35.59 36.26 31.48 35.29 40.15 37.61 41.71 47.50 31.87 49.61 48.23 28.26 47.33 42

36.70 35.09 27.67 29.67 31.63 48.37 31.50 34.06 36.96 30.84 31.63 26.85 35.16 35.04 32.25 30.99

51.00 52.28 43.52 46.04 54.50 46.04 46.38 51.02 35.95 45.20 36.64 45.91 58.52 42.75 50.52 45.87

43.46 49.41 32.54 43.75 38.61 52.84 42.26 42.03 37.60 42.65 45.03 41.93 36.23 43.18 45.53 43.43

48.38 36.50 37.33 26.11 43.58 34.49 40.34 32.99 46.07 38.00 54.41 29.52 34.35 35.21 52.49 53.10

T s liu trong bng 1, 2 ta rt kh xc nh s ht trung bnh /bng ca tng cng thc mt cch i din (bng 1) hoc nng sut trung bnh ca mi ging (bng 2) gip gii thch cc vn nu trn cn phi chuyn s liu th sang s liu tinh 1.2. S liu tinh: l s liu c tnh trc tip t s liu th theo nhng tham s thng k cn thit. T s liu tinh mi c th nh gi s khc nhau cc ch tiu nghin cu trong cc cng thc th nghim (bng 3, 4) Bng 3. Nng sut c ph ch trong 3 nm cc cng thc trn t Daklak (Kg qu ti/cy) Cng thc i chng Sicarol Bayleton bt Bayleton nc Bordeaux 1984 4.2 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.5 1985 0.2 0.9 2.9 3.1 1.7 1986 4.0 7.2 8.8 9.5 7.1 Bnh qun 3. 0 4. 5. 5. 4. % so i chng 100. 0 146.6 188.3 196.6 146.6

43

Bng 4. Ch tiu sinh trng, nng sut, cc yu t cu thnh nng sut cc ging lc kho nghim trn t i v 2 nm 2006 ti x k La - huyn k H Ch tiu so snh Thi Chiu gian cao sinh cy trng (cm) (ngy) 93 38,0 93 40,2 91 37,1 92 39,4 93 37,5 93 38,0 93 35,8 93 35,7 93 37,2 93 38,9 Tng s qu trn cy (qu) 13,1 13,2 11,8 14,1 13,3 9,5 11,9 14,1 11,6 12,1 S qu Nng chc/cy sut (qu) (t/ha) NS tng (+), gim (-) so vi /C (%)

STT Ging

+ 79,3 9,5 36,4 b 1 L14 + 90,1 9,7 38,6 a 2 LDH01 8,5 20,3 g 3 L (/C) + 66,9 10,5 33,9c 4 MD7 + 23,2 10,5 25,0 e 5 L17 + 9,4 8,5 22,2 f 6 LVT + 9,4 9,1 22,2 f 7 V78 + 42,4 12,1 28,9 d 8 LO8 8,6 20,8 f 9 VD2 - 18,0 8,0 17,2 k 10 L12 3,8 CV (%) 1,7 LSD0,05 1.3. Phng php iu chnh nng sut th nghim Khi s cy trn b khuyt do yu t khch quan, nu khng xem xt iu chnh s c th lm cho kt qu nghin cu km chnh xc. V vy, cn phi iu chnh trc khi nh gi kt qu nghin cu. Cc cch iu chnh: - iu chnh nng sut ca theo nng sut c th trung bnh. U ' = V*X Trong : U- Nng sut th nghim iu chnh V - Nng sut TB ca 1 cy X - S cy l thuyt trn - Theo Zalemski U ' = 1/2 [U + ( V * X )] y: U: nng sut thc ca U': nng sut hiu chnh X: s cy trong V: nng sut TB ca 1 cy - Theo Derevitski th U ' = U* [(X+X)/2X] Trong : X : S cy thc t cn trong X : s cy trung bnh ca U' v U nh cng thc nu Ngoi ra cn phng php h s hi quy (chnh xc hn c), nhng phng php tnh ton rt phin phc. Do vy nn dng phng php Derevitski44

2. Phn loi s liu Cc s liu trong nghin cu thu c c th c chia thnh 2 loi l: S liu nh lng (hay cn gi l s lng) v s liu nh tnh. 2.1. S liu nh lng L nhng s liu m ngi quan st c th cn, ong, o, m c d dng v chnh xc. Th d nh: chiu cao cy, khi lng ht, nng sut... 2.2. S liu nh tnh S liu ny khng o, m, cn ong m ch chia thnh mt s loi (lp, cp) Th d nh: Mu sc ht, tnh hnh su, bnh, hnh dng ht... 3. Kim tra s liu nghi ng Trong qu trnh thc hin theo di th nghim kh c th on ht c sai st, nht l sai st do s th gy ra. c th khng nh s liu trc khi a vo phn tch nn loi b ngay hay tm ra ngoi. Phng php x l nh sau: Da vo cng thc

tn

tnh tham s thc nghim, sau so vi

xi* x tn = sTrong :

xi* :

s liu nghi ng

x : trung bnh mu

: mc ngha 0,01; df l bc t do; n l dung lng mu Nu tn < lt chp nhn li s nghi ng Nu tn > lt loi b s nghi ng (loi ra khi dy s liu quan st) Th d: Theo di chiu cao cy la 10 khm c cc gi tr sau (cm): 98,2; 92,0; 82,7; 92,5; 89,0; 87,9; 99,2; 99,5; 97,0; 100,5. Trong c s liu 82,7 cm l s liu nghi ng nn cn phi kim tra. Ta c x = 93,9 cm; s= 6,0 cm. 82,7 93,9 = 1,87 . Tra bng c Tnh tn = 6,0

tn : tiu chun kim tra (gi tr thc tnh) s c : vi bc t do df= n-1 mc ngha (tra bng)

S : lch chun mu

so snh vi gi tr l thuyt

So snh

0, 01; df =9

= 2,33

tn

vi

ta thy

tn < , nn chp nhn s liu 82,7 cm l s liu45

ca dy 10 cy la o.

4. Cch sp xp s liu 4.1. Vi s liu nh lng Nu nh dy s liu quan st n < 30 th vn trnh by s liu n gin, nhng nu nh dy s liu nhiu nn tin hnh phn nhm (hay t) s liu. Kinh nghim cho thy s t tu theo gi tr ca ch tiu theo di m chia t 5 20. C th tham kho mt vi cng thc sau y: - Theo Dospekhov (1979) th: Khi c 30 - 60 s liu th chia 6 - 7 t. 60 - 100 s liu th chia 7 - 8 t. Trn 100 s liu th nn chia 8 - 15 t. - Theo nhm thng k Trng i hc Nng nghip Bc Kinh th: Khi c 40 - 60 s liu nn chia 6 - 8 t. 60 - 100 s liu nn chia 7 - 10 t 100 - 200 s liu nn chia 10 -12 t. 200 - 500 s liu nn chia 12 - 17 t. Trn 500 s liu nn chia 17 - 20 t. Hoc theo B.Rooke v Carruther: K = 5 lg(n) Trong : K: s t phn chia; n: s lng c th quan st (s s liu). Sau khi xc nh c s t (l s nguyn), tnh c khong cch t. Gi khong cch t l h th: h = (X max - X min)/K y: h l khong cch t X max: gi tr ln nht ca dy s liu X min: gi tr nh nht ca dy s liu Sau s sp xp cc t v lp bng phn phi tn s. Bng 3. Kt qu o chiu cao ca 100 cy c chua (cm)76 74 68 72 78 75 75 74 78 74 73 72 72 76 72 79 70 76 74 71 75 75 78 76 70 75 73 74 73 72 73 76 74 77 74 74 75 75 75 71 74 73 75 70 76 75 70 74 74 79 74 71 74 77 72 74 72 76 73 78 74 73 69 72 73 71 72 75 72 69 74 80 77 74 71 73 71 75 76 77 74 75 77 77 74 75 76 73 73 73 77 75 72 76 74 73 73 73 76 71

Xc nh s t bng cng thc: k = 5lg.n46

Thay s ta c k = 5 x lg100 = 10 t Xmin = 68 cm v Xmax = 80 cm Khong cch t h = (80 68)/10 = 1,2 cm Nh vy, sp xp cc t s gp kh khn v khong cch l nu lm trn l 1,0 th khng c chp nhn, nu lm trn l 2,0 li qu ln. Vy nn chia dy s liu lm 12 t. Nh vy s c khong cch t: h = (80 68)/12 = 1,0 cm Bng phn phi tn s c xc nh nh sau: S t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gii hn t 68 - 69 69 - 70 70 - 71 71 - 72 72 - 73 73 - 74 74 - 75 75 - 76 76 - 77 Gi tr gia t (xi) 68,5 69,5 70,5 71,5 72,5 73,5 74,5 75,5 76,5 Tn s t (mi) 1 2 4 7 11 15 20 15 11

10 77 - 78 77,5 7 11 78 - 79 78,5 4 12 79 - 80 79,5 3 Tuy nhin, nu ly gii hn ca t nh trn th 1 s liu khng bit s t no, v vy bt i 1 n vi ca gii hn trn 4.2. S liu nh tnh y l loi s liu rt kh c kh nh lng chnh xc nn vic chnh l cng khng n gin. V vy, phi nh ra c cc tiu chun, trn c s s sp xp vo nhm. Th d: Tm hiu mc hi ca bnh r st u tng ta c: Cp 0: khng c l bnh Cp 1: t l bnh xut hin 0 - 10 % Cp 2: t l bnh xut hin 11 - 20 % Cp 3: t l bnh xut hin 21 - 30 % Cp 4: t l bnh xut hin 31 - 40 % Cp 5: t l bnh xut hin > 40 % Nu gi mi l tn s ca cc cp bnh quan st c v n l dung lng mu (s c th ly quan st) th: n = m0 + m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 = mi T l ca mi cp bnh l: f =

mi n47

Bng 5. S l u tng b bnh r st cc cp bnh v t l cp bnh T 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cp bnh 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tn s (mi) 0 4 4 1 5 0 Tn sut (f i) 0 0,45 0,40 0,10 0,05 0 T l % 0 45,0 40,0 10,0 5,0 0 100

10 1,00 0 0 Nh vy, bnh ch yu h mc cp 1 v cp 2

5. Cc tham s c trng ca mu 5.1. Cc tham s v v tr a/ Trung bnh cng k hiu x hay xtbx=

xi

i

n

hay

m x x= mi i i

i

khi c tn s

Trung bnh nhn k hiu l GG =n

x1x2 ...xn

hoc

m m G = n x1m1 x2 2 ...xk k

Trung bnh iu ha k hiu l H

H=

n 1 x i i

H=

n m xi i i

b/ Trung v Nu sp xp cc gi tr t nh n to th gi tr v tr chnh gia c gi l trung v Me. Ni mt cch l thuyt th Me l gi tr c 50% s gi tr nh hn. Nu n nh th kh xc nh chnh xc Me.Nu n l s l v cc gi tr u khc nhau th c mt gi tr chnh gia 7 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 25 Me = 15

Nu n l s chn v cc gi tr u khc nhau th c 2 s ng gia, c hai u c gi l trung v.7 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 25 27 Me = 15 hoc 16

Khong [15- 16] c gi l khong trung v. Nu c php dng s l th ly im gia ca khong lm trung v Me = 15,5 97 99 104 105 112 117 trung v Me = (104 + 105) / 2 = 104,5 Nu cc s liu chia thnh lp c tn s th phi chn lp trung v sau ni suy tnh gn ng trung v.48

Ngoi trung v cn cc phn v, trong hay dng nht l t phn v di Q1 m chng ta c th nh ngha mt cch l thuyt l gi tr c 25% s gi tr nh hn, t phn v trn Q2 l gi tr c 25% s gi tr ln hn. Nu n nh th kh xc nh chnh xc cc t phn v.7 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 25

Min

Q125%

Me50%

Q275%

Max

c/ Mod Xt trng hp cc gi tr c tn s xi mi 5 4 10 6 15 16 20 36 ModX Gi tr 20 c tn s 36 l tn s ln nht vy Mod X = 20 Trng hp c nhiu gi tr c tn s ln bng nhau v ln hn cc tn s khc th khng xc nh c Mod X. 5.2. Cc tham s v phn tn a/ Phng sai mu Phng sai mu cha hiu chnh s2p tnh theo cng thc:sp=2

25 24

30 10

35 4

(x x)i i

2

=

(xi

i

x ) 2 mi n

n

Phng sai mu c dng trong ti liu ny l phng sai hiu chnh, gi tt l phng sai mu s2: s =2

(x x)i i

2

n 1

=

(xi

i

x ) 2 mi

n 12

Cn c th tnh theo cng thc( xi2 i

( xi )i

s =2

n

)

(n 1)

Khi c phng sai mu cha hiu chnh s2p c th tnh s2 theo cng thcs2 = n s2 p (n 1)

b/ lch chun Cn bc hai ca s2 gi l lch chun s c/ H s bin ng H s bin ng CV% tnh theo cng thc49

CV% =

s 100% x

d/ Khong bin thin (phm vi cha s liu Range) Gi xMax l gi tr ln nht Gi xMin l gi tr nh nht Khong bin thin R = xMax xMin e/ Sai s chun hay sai s ca trung bnh cng SE, se(x) hay sxSE = S n

Ngoi cc tham s trn trong thng k cn dng nghing ( bt i xng), nhn. Hai tham s ny c dng khi xem xt c nn chuyn i s liu khng phn phi chun thnh s liu phn phi chun hay khng? 6. Biu din s liu bng th. C nhiu cch biu din s liu bng th: th tn s, th hnh thanh, th a gic, ch nht (t chc ). Gi s c dy s liu:

50

X 156 160 164 168 172 176 180

m 10 14 26 28 12 8 2

Tng m n = Sm Tng xm SXm Trung bnh xtb 2 SXXm Tng x m Phng sai 2 sp cha hiu chnh Phng sai 2 s hiu chnh s lch chun xMax Gi tr ln nht xMin Gi tr b nht Khong bin R thin Gi tr c tn sut ln nht Mod(X) Bng cc gi tr ca bin X39 42 42 43 43 39 41 41 39 41 40 40 41 41 41 44 42 39 41 42 38 42 37 39 42 42 39 40.923 2.5466 1.5958 41 41 40 42

100 16600 166 2758944 33.440 33.778 5.812180 156 24 168

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 150

th tn s

m

160

170

180

190

th a gic30 25 20 15 10 5 0 150 160 170 180 190

40 40 40 41 42 43 43 43 39 43 41 40 40

th hnh thanh30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

m

th bnh trn8% 12% 28% 2% 10% 14% 26%

Tng s n Gi tr trung bnh Phng sai mu lch chun Trung vMod

T phn v di T phn v trn

51

Chiu cao 80 cy la68 84 75 82 68 90 62 88 76 93 73 79 88 73 60 93 71 59 85 75 61 65 75 87 74 62 95 78 63 72 66 78 82 75 94 77 69 74 68 60 96 78 89 61 75 95 60 79 83 71 79 62 67 97 78 85 76 65 71 75 65 80 73 57 88 78 62 76 53 74 86 67 73 81 72 63 76 75 85 77

Thng kn Sx xtb s2 s xMin xMax R Skew Kurt 80 6020 75.25 107.632 10.3746 53 97 44 0.17120 -0.55539

Khong chia5055606570758085909555 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Tn s1 5 11 7 19 15 8 7 5 2

% cng dn1,25% 7,50% 21,25% 30,00% 53,75% 72,50% 82,50% 91,25% 97,50% 100,00%

52

7. Mt s quy tc v lm trn s trong tnh ton Kt qu nghin cu t thc nghim l nhng gi tr ngu nhin v c lp. V vy, khi tnh ton cn thit phi c nhng nguyn tc va m bo tnh chnh xc va m bo ngha ca cc gi tr mu i din. 7. 1. S c ngha Nghin cu thc nghim c thc hin mt mu vi ln n, trong cc gi tr xi l c lp v ngu nhin. Khi tnh ton cc tham s thng k, kt qu cui cng s c nhng gi tr l (nhiu s thp phn). Kt qu cui cng ch ly con s c ngha (phn ch s thp phn) bng vi cc gi tr quan st xi hay cc gi tr trong php tnh. iu ny va m bo tnh chnh xc va m bo ngha cc ch tiu nghin cu trong thc t. 7. 2. Lm trn s (quy tc xp x) Sau khi xc nh c s ch s c ngha phi tin hnh lm trn s (lun xy ra trong tnh ton cc kt qu thc nghim). Quy nh chiu cao cy ly chnh xc ti 1/10 (cm), do , kt qu cui cng s ly thm mt s thp phn. Gi s x = 125,543 cm, ch quy nh ch ly mt s l, v vy xtb xp x 125,5 cm hoc nu c trung bnh xtb = 106,876 cm th xtb xp x 106,9 cm . BI V. PHNG PHP X L THNG K S LIU I. TNH CC THNG K C BN Trong Irristat Ver 5 phn Analysis Summary lm nhim v tnh cc thng k c bn nh: n, Tng SX, trung bnh cng (Mean), lch chun (Standard deviation), phng sai (Variance), Min, Max, Range (Max - Min), h s bin ng (CV%). Th d m tp Regsimpl.sys chn bin GY14. Thng k m t a1) Sau khi c th chn trong Data Editor c th chn Menu Option thc hin mt s vic nh: c cc m t v tp (Edit Description). Sp th t (Sort) ton b tp theo mt bin (Key) no .

53

To bin mi (Recode) Xp hng mt bin (Rank) Thm bt cc bn ghi (Record) Thm bt cc bin... a2) Chn Menu Analyse trong ca s chnh Summary Statistics tnh cc thng k v pht hin cc s liu l (outliers) Th d m tp AUGRB.SYS chn bin Yield da vo Variates to Describe

Kt qu c bng tm tt cc thng k, bng ghi trung v (median), gii hn v trn, gii hn v di, s s liu l trn (vut qu gii hn v trn) v s s liu l di (nh hn gii hn v di), kim nh tnh chun theo A2 ca Anderson. Nu bn cnh c ghi * hay ** th khng chp nhn tnh chunVARIATE DESCRIPTION PROGRAM FILE AUGRB 30/ 9/ 4 13:58 VARIATE YIELD V 8 NUMBER 84 (S s liu) MISSING 0 (S s liu b mt Missing) MAXIMUM 8.250 (Max) (Max ca Yield nm bn ghi s 66) REC OF MAX 66 MINIMUM 1.050 (Min) REC OF MIN 70 (Min ca Yield nm bn ghi s 70) 54

MEAN 4.332 STD DEV 1.377 MEDIAN 4.275 MED ABS DEV 0.8750 ROBUST SE 1.296

(Trung bnh cng) ( lch chun s ca mu quan st) (Trung v Me) (Trung v ca lch chun tuyt i) (Ly abs(xi Me ) sau tm trung v) (Uc lng vng chc (robust) ca lch chun ) (Robust SE = Trung v ca DLC tuyt i / 0,675) Gii hn v trn S s liu ln hn gii hn v trn

PLOT LIMIT NO > LIMIT

8.250 0 * I + I -

Trung v Me

NO < LIMIT PLOT LIMIT EDF A**2(3)

0 1.050 0.38

S s liu nh hn gii hn v di Gii hn v di Kim nh Anderson

II. PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA) Irristat Ver 5.0 c kh nng phn tch phung sai cao hn cc version Irri c. 1. Th nghim mt nhn t (Trng hp 1) 1.1. Th nghim mt nhn t b tr kiu hon ton ngu nhin (Completely Randomized Design: CRD) (Trng hp 1) M hnh: xij = m + ai + eij Bng 1.1. Bng phn tch phng sai Source of variation Dgree of freedom Sum of square Mean square F

Treatment t-1 Error (residual) t(r-1) Total tr-1 Trong : t l s cng thc trong th nghim;

r l s ln nhc li

V d: Th nghim so snh 9 ging la : G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8, v G9, G1 l ging i chng. Th nghim c 4 ln nhc li c b tr kiu hon ton ngu nhin (CRD) trong cc xi mng. Kt qu thu nng sut c ghi li nh bng 1.2.55

Bng 1.2. Nng sut 9 ging la th nghim theo kiu CRD ti Thanh Ha, nm 2009 Ging G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 Vo s liu 1 35 48 52 45 52 56 58 55 64 Nng sut trn cc ln nhc li (ta/ha) 2 3 30 27 46 44 49 55 48 50 58 56 63 56 55 63 56 59 72 72 4 32 42 51 53 52 61 55 57 71

T ca s chnh ca IRRISTAT, chn Window Data Editor File New. Vo s liu t bng 1.2 s c kt qu nh hnh 1.3 v save file vi ui SYS.

Hnh 1.3. S liu trong IRRISTAT Phn tch T ca s chnh Window, chn Analysis Ln lt tr li i thoi theo cc hnh di y: Anova Balanced Analysis .

Hnh 1.4.56

Chn Balanced Analysis m hp Open nh hnh 1.5

Hnh 1.5 t tn file vo hp File name, kch chut vo Open s c hp thoi xut hin hi: Create new Command File,kch tip chut vo Yes c hnh 1.6. y l file ghi kt qu sau khi phn tch c gn ui gfc v trong text editor.

Hnh 1.6 T hnh 1.6, chn file s liu cn phn tch trong IRRISTAT s c hnh 1.7 nh sau:

Hnh 1.7 Chn NSUAT trong hp Data File Variables lm bin phn tch. Chn NLAI v GIONG$ a sang hp Factors, chn tip GIONG$ t hp Factors a xung hp ANOVA Model Specification (di ch -CONST-), c nh hnh 1.8.57

Hnh 1.8. T hnh 1.8, chn Options m hp Heading, ghi: Phn tch ANOVA kt qu th nghim b tr theo kiu CRD nh hnh 1.9.

Hnh 1.9 Trn hnh 1.9, bm OK chay ra kt qu: Kt qu phn tch ANOVA(1) BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE NSUAT FILE SOGIONG 1/11/** 12:30 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 1 Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu CRD VARIATE V003 NSUAT Tinh bang ta/ha LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 GIONG 8 3681.22 460.153 46.36 0.000 2 * RESIDUAL 27 268.000 9.92594 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 35 3949.22 112.835 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

58

(2) TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SOGIONG 1/11/** 12:30 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2 Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu CRD MEANS FOR EFFECT GIONG ------------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG NOS NSUAT 1 4 31.0000 2 4 45.0000 3 4 51.7500 4 4 49.0000 5 4 54.5000 6 4 59.0000 7 4 57.7500 8 4 56.7500 9 4 69.7500 SE(N= 4) 1.57527 5%LSD 27DF 4.57085 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------(3) ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SOGIONG 1/11/** 12:30 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 3 Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu CRD F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1 VARIATE GRAND MEAN (N= 36) NO. OBS. 36 52.722 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |GIONG -------------------- SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 10.622 3.1505 6.0 0.0000 | | | |

NSUAT

Phn tch kt qu 1.2. Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) kt qu th nghim 1 nhn t kiu khi ngu nhin y (Randomized Complete Block Design: RCB) (Trng hp 2) M hnh: xij = m + ai + rj + eij Bng 2.1. Bng phn tch phng sai Source of Degree of Sum of Mean square F variation freedom square Reps. r1 Treatment t 1 Error (r 1 ) (t - 1) Total tr 1 Th d: Nng sut ca 6 mt gieo vi la nc trong th nghim b tr theo kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB) vi 4 ln nhc li, kt qu c ghi li nh bng 2.2 Bng 2.2. Nng sut la cc mt gieo ht khc nhau ti Nam nh nm 2008 Mt (kg/ha) Nlai1 25 50 75 100 125 150 5113 5346 5272 5164 4804 5254 Nng sut (kg/ha) Nlai2 5398 5952 5713 4831 4848 4542 Nlai3 5307 4719 5483 4986 4432 4919 Nlai4 4678 4264 4749 4410 4748 409859

Vo s liu trc tip trong Data Editor hoc qua MS. Excel, kt qu ghi trong Data Editor nh hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3. Sau khi vo s liu xong, save file vi ui SYS. Tip tc lm cc bc phn tch ANOVA kiu thit k CRD nh trn, c hnh 2.4 nh sau:

Hnh 2.4. T hnh 2.4, chn bin NSUAT t hp Data File Variables a sang hp Analysis Variates, hai bin cn li a sang hp Factor. Sau chn c hai bin trong hp Factor a xung hp ANOVA Model Specification c hnh 2.5. T hnh 2.5, chn menu Option, g vo hp Heading: Phn tch ANOVA kt qu th nghim so snh mt ging gieo b tr kiu RCB; bm OK chy cho kt qu

Hnh 2.560

Kt qu phn tch ANOVA(1). BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE NSUAT FILE MADO 2/11/** 10:35 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 1 Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem so sanh mat do giong gieo bo tri kieu RCB VARIATE V003 NSUAT LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 NLAI 3 .194436E+07 648120. 5.86 0.007 3 2 MATDO 5 .119833E+07 239666. 2.17 0.112 3 * RESIDUAL 15 .165838E+07 110558. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 23 .480107E+07 208742. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------(2). TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE MADO 2/11/** 10:35 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2 Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem so sanh mat do giong gieo bo tri kieu RCB MEANS FOR EFFECT NLAI ------------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI NOS NSUAT 1 6 5158.83 2 6 5214.00 3 6 4974.33 4 6 4491.17 SE(N= 6) 135.744

5%LSD 15DF 409.180 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT MATDO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------MATDO 25 50 75 100 125 150 NOS 4 4 4 4 4 4 NSUAT 5124.00 5070.25 5304.25 4847.75 4708.00 4703.25

SE(N= 4) 166.252 5%LSD 15DF 501.141 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------(3). ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE MADO 2/11/** 10:35 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 3 Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem so sanh mat do giong gieo bo tri kieu RCB

F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1 VARIATE GRAND MEAN (N= 24) NO. OBS. 24 4959.6 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |NLAI -------------------- SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 456.88 332.50 6.7 0.0075 |MATDO | | | 0.1124 | | | |

NSUAT

Nhn xt kt qu tng t nh trng hp b tr kiu CRD. C th dng s liu ca trng hp th nghim b tr kiu CRD chy theo cch b tr RCB thy c vai tr ca vic chia khi ( ngha ca phng php b tr th nghim theo kiu RCB)61

1.3. Phn tch ANOVA kt qu th nghim b tr kiu vung Latin (Latin Square Design- LS) ((Trng hp 3) M hnh: xijk = m + hi + cj + CTk + eijk Bng 3.1. Bng ANOVA cho trng hp LS Source of Degree of Sum of Mean square F variation freedom square Row Colum Treatment Error Total Th d: Th nghim so snh nng sut ca 4 ging lc (A,B,C, D) so vi ging i chng (C) trong th nghim b tr kiu vung Latin, nng sut thu c di dng nh bng 3.2. Bng 3.2. Nng sut ca bn ging lc trong th nghim chia khi (ct) Hng 1 2 3 4 Ct 1 1740(B) 1565(C) 1750(A) 1570(D) Nng sut ( kg/ha ) Ct 2 Ct 3 1311(D) 1530(C) 1205(A) 1350(D) 825(C) 1625(B) 1280(B) 1690(A)

Ct 4 1445(A) 1370(B) 1200(D) 915(C)

Vo s liu trong IRRISTAT Save file vi ui SYS c kt qu nh hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3. Cc bc phn tch Thc hin cc bc tng t nh trng hp CRD cho n khi c hnh 3.4. Ch : sau khi chn menu Analysis trn ca s chnh ca Window, chn tip Single Site Analysis.

62

Hnh 3.4. Trn hnh 3.4, chn bin NSUAT t hp Data File Variables a vo hp Analysis Variates, bin ny s t ng vo hp Analysis Variates w/ ANOVA, ta c hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5. T hnh 3.5, kch chut vo menu SSA Model, c hnh 3.6

Hnh 3.6. T hnh 3.6, kch chut vo mi tn ca hp Type of Design chn dng Latin Square. Lc ny ta s c hnh 3.7.

63

Hnh 3.7. T hnh 3.7, a bin GIONG$ vo hp Treatment, a HANG vo hp Row, a COT vo hp Column c hnh 3.8.

Hnh 3.8 Chn Options, g vo hp Heading: Phn tch kt qu th nghim thit k kiu vung Latin, c hnh 3.9. Bm OK chy m hnh.

Hnh 3.9.

64

Kt qu chy m hnh phn tch nng sut lcANOVA FOR SINGLE VARIATES - LATIN SQUARE FILE LATIN 2/11/** 14: 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE Phan tich ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu O vuong Latin (1).VARIATE V004 NSUAT ------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE D.F. S.S. M.S. F FPROB ------------------------------------------------------------------ROW 3 63597.7 21199.2 COLUMN 3 702945. 234315. TREATMENT 3 256475. 85491.7 5.43 0.039 ERROR M.S. 6 94400.3 15733.4 TOTAL 15 0.111742E+07 ------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG$ B , GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL -1.7 SEs: -130.125 GIONG$ C , GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL 1.6 SEs: 123.875 GIONG$ A , GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL 0.2 SEs: 17.625 GIONG$ D , GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL -0.1 SEs: -11.375 GIONG$ B , GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL 0.7 SEs: 53.625 GIONG$ C , GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL -1.2 SEs: -92.625 GIONG$ A , GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL -0.6 SEs: -48.875 GIONG$ D , GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL 1.1 SEs: 87.875 GIONG$ B , GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL 0.2 SEs: 18.875 GIONG$ C , GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL 0.8 SEs: 62.375 GIONG$ A , GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL 0.7 SEs: 51.375 GIONG$ D , GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL -1.7 SEs: -132.625 GIONG$ B , GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL 0.8 SEs: 57.625 GIONG$ C , GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL -1.2 SEs: -93.625 GIONG$ A , GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL -0.3 SEs: -20.125 GIONG$ D , GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL 0.7 SEs: 56.125 1

BOX PLOT OF STUDENTIZED RESIDUALS FROM LPLT= -1.727 TO ULPT= 1.613 NO.UPLT 0 ---------I + I--------------0 MEDIAN= 0.2376E+00 ANDERSON-DARLING STATISTIC= 0.520 L.S.D. (5%) 216.95 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION 8.97 (2). MEANS FOR EACH VARIETY - LATIN SQUARE FILE LATIN 2/11/** 14: 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE Phan tich ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu O vuong Latin LATIN1 - SECTION 1 ENTRY B C A D MEANS (3). OVERALL: MEANS STD ERR 5% LSD C.V. RES DF % EFFCY NSUAT 1504. 1209. 1522. 1358. 1398. 1398. 62.72 216.9 9. 6. 90.

2

Phn tch kt qu tng t nh trn 2. Th nghim hai nhn t 2.1. Phn tch kt qu th nghim hai nhn t thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin (CRD) (Trng hp 4) (Bng 4.1) Th d: Nghin cu nh hng ca vic bn phi hp a mc m (ao, a1) v b mc ln (bo, b1, b2) ti nng sut la (t/ha). Th nghim c b tr theo kiu hon ton ngu nhin, 4 ln nhc li. Nng sut th nghim c ghi li bng 4.2 M hnh: xijk = m + ai + bj + (ab)ij + eijk65

Bng 4.1. Bng phn tch phng sai Source of variation Factor A Factor B AxB Error Total Degree of freedom a-1 b-1 (a-1)(b-1) (r-1)ab rab-1 Sum of square Mean square F

Bng 4.2. Nng sut la khi bn phi hp m, ln m (A) ao Ln (B) Nli 1 Nng sut (t/ha) Nli 2 Nli 3 26 23 30 30 31 32 34 34 45 47 51 65 Nli 4 27 27 28 31 46 60

bo 24 b1 28 28 b2 31 bo a1 47 b1 b2 59 Vo s liu trong IRRISTAT Save file vi ui SYS c kt qu nh hnh 4.1

Hnh 4.1 Cc bc phn tch Lm tng t nh trn i vi trng hp phn tch ANOVA ca thit k kiu CRD c hnh 4.2

Hnh 4.266

T hnh 4.2, chn bin NSUAT a vo hp Analysis Variates, ba bin cn li a vo hp Factor. Tip tc a bin DAM$, LAN$ v DAM$ x LAN$ t hp Facor vo hp ANOVA Model Specification c hnh 4.3

Hnh 4.3 T hnh 4.3, vo menu Options chn Heading v g: ANOVA cho th nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu hoan toan ngau nhien; bm OK chy ra kt qu:BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE NSUAT FILE FS