c2quick

QuickReferenceGuide

CAESAR II™

V E R S I O N 4.50

( L A S T R E V I S E D 9/2003)•

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide (Version 4.40)

The CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide is intended to aid users in quickly identifyingneeded information and to resolve common questions and problems. This Reference Guideis distributed with each copy of the software and users are urged to copy the ReferenceGuide as necessary.

Comments and suggestions concerning CAESAR II, the User Guide, or the QuickReference Guide are always welcome. Users with problems, questions, or suggestionscan contact the COADE Development/Support staff at:[email protected]

CAESAR II

CAESAR II is an advanced PC based tool for the engineer who designs or analyzes pipingsystems. CAESAR II uses input spreadsheets, on-line help, graphics, and extensive errordetection procedures to facilitate timely operation and solution.CAESAR II is capable of analyzing large piping models, structural steel models, orcombined models, both statically and dynamically. ASME, B31, WRC, and rotatingequipment reports combine to provide the analyst with a complete description of thepiping system’s behavior under the applied loading conditions. Additional technicalcapabilities such as out-of-core solvers, force spectrum analysis (for water hammer andrelief valve solutions), time history, and large rotation rod hangers provide the pipe stressengineer with the most advanced computer based piping program available today.

CAESAR II is continuously enhanced to incorporate new technical abilities, to provideadditional functionality, and to modify existing computation procedures as the pipingcodes are updated. A complete list of the most recent changes to CAESAR II can befound in Chapter 1 of the User Guide. Users desiring software sales are urged to contactthe COADE Sales staff at:

Phone: 281-890-4566 E-mail: [email protected]: 281-890-3301 Web: www.coade.com


CAESAR II / Pipe Stress Seminars

COADE offers seminars periodically to augment the Engineers knowl edge ofCAESAR II and Pipe Stress Analysis . The general seminar is held in our Houston officeand covers five days of statics and three days of dynamics. This seminar emphasizes thepiping codes, static analysis, dynamic analysis, and problem solving.

Custom seminars held at client locations are also available. For additional seminar details,please contact COADE at [email protected].

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide

Table of Contents

System Requirements ................................................................. 1

Troubleshooting .......................................................................... 1

Overview of CAESAR II Interfaces ........................................... 3

List of CAESAR II Piping Codes ............................................... 3

Restraints .................................................................................... 4

List of Setup File Directives ....................................................... 4

List of Materials ......................................................................... 7

Intersection Types in CAESAR II ............................................. 8

Code Stresses .............................................................................. 9

Node Locations on Bends ......................................................... 17

CAESAR II Combined Index .................................................... 19

CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual .................................. 50

Mechanical Engineering News .................................................. 50

Additional COADE Software Programs ................................... 50


System Requirements

Minimum Average PreferredPentium 500 Mhz Dual Pentium 700 Mhz Pentium 2 Ghz

or Pentium 1 Ghz

128 Mbytes of RAM 256 Mbytes of RAM 512 Mbytes of RAM

Windows 98 or later * Windows 98 or later * Windows 2000 or XP

100 Mbytes of Hard Disk Space 2 Gbytes of Hard Disk Space 2 Gbytes of Hard Disk Space

8 Mbytes of Video RAM 64 Mbytes of Video RAM 128 Mbytes of Video RAM

800 x 600 Video Resolution 1024 x 768 Video Resolution 1280x1024 Video Resolution

Troubleshooting

For troubleshooting and problem solving issues, please refer to the CAESAR II FAQlocated on our website. The direct link to the document is http://www.caode.com/c2articles/c2_faq_web.html.

Q-1


Overview of CAESAR II Interfaces

There are several external interfaces in existence which transfer data between CAESAR IIand other software packages. These interfaces can be accessed via the TOOLS option ofthe main menu.

CADWorx (requies AutoCAD)AUTOCAD (DXF Output)COMPUTER VISION (mainframe)INTERGRAPH (mainframe)CADPIPE (requires AutoCAD)ISOMET (mainframe)PDMS (mainframe)PCF (Alias format)

Users interested in these interfaces should contact COADE for further information. Weanticipate other interfaces in the future. We will keep users updated via the newsletteror revised documentation.

Q-2


List of CAESAR II Piping Codes

PIPING CODE PUBLICATION REVISIONANSI B31.1 (2001) December 10, 2001

ANSI B31.3 (1999) April 30, 2002

ANSI B31.4 (1998) October 4, 2002

ANSI B31.4 Chapter IX (1998) October 4, 2002

ANSI B31.5 (2001) November 1, 2001

ANSI B31.8 (1999) November 16, 2001

ANSI B31.8 Chapter VIII (1999) November 16, 2001

ANSI B31.11 (1989) June 28, 1991

ASME SECT III CLASS 2 (2001) July 1, 2003

ASME SECT III CLASS 3 (2001) July 1, 2003

U.S. NAVY 505 (1984) N/A

CANADIAN Z662 (9/95) N/A

BS 806 1993, ISSUE 1, SEPTEMBER 1993 N/A

SWEDISH METHOD 1 2ND EDITION STOCKHOLM 1979 N/A

SWEDISH METHOD 2 2ND EDITION STOCKHOLM 1979 N/A

ANSI B31.1 (1967) N/A

STOOMWEZEN (1989) N/A

RCC-M C (1988) N/A

RCC-M D (1988) N/A

CODETI (1995) N/A

NORWEGIAN (1990, Rev 1) N/A

FDBR (1995) N/A

BS7159 (1989) N/A

UKOOA (1994) N/A

IGE/TD/12 (2003) N/A

DNV (1996) N/A

Q-3


Restraints

Restraint Type Abbreviation

1 - Anchor ........................................................................................... A2 - Translational Double Acting ............................................. X, Y, or Z3 - Rotational Double Acting ......................................... RX, RY, or RZ4 - Guide, Double Acting ................................................................ GUI5 - Double Acting Limit Stop ......................................................... LIM6 - Translational Double Acting Snubber ............. XSNB,YSNB, ZSNB7 - Translational Directional ............................. +X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z8 - Rotational Directional ..................................... +RX, -RX, +RY, etc.9 - Directional Limit Stop ................................................. +LIM, -LIM10 - Large Rotation Rod ..................................... XROD, YROD, ZROD11 - Translational Double Acting Bilinear ............................. X2, Y2, Z212 - Rotational Double Acting Bilinear .......................... RX2, RY2, RZ213 - Translational Directional Bilinear ...................... -X2, +X2, -Y2, etc.14 - Rotational Directional Bilinear ................. +RX2, -RX2, +RY2, etc.15 - Bottom Out Spring .......................................... XSPR, YSPR, ZSPR16 - Directional Snubber ......................... +XSNB, -XSNB, +YSNB, etc.

List of Setup File Directives

The following list represents the possible directives which can be controlled by the uservia the CAESAR II configuration file CAESAR.CFG. These directives can be changedby the user through the use of the CONFIGURE-SETUP program, accessed via MAINMENU option #9. Directives are listed in groups corresponding to the configurationprogram's menu options.

GEOMETRY DIRECTIVES

CONNECT GEOMETRY THRU CNODES = YES 34MIN ALLOWED BEND ANGLE = .5000000E+01 36MAX ALLOWED BEND ANGLE = .9500000E+02 37BEND LENGTH ATTACHMENT PERCENT = .1000000E+01 38MIN ANGLE TO ADJACENT BEND PT = .5000000E+01 39LOOP CLOSURE TOLERANCE = .1000000E+01 42THERMAL BOWING HORZONTAL TOLERANCE = .1000000E-03 92AUTO NODE NUMBER INCREMENT= .1000000E+02 109Z AXIS UP NO 129

COMPUTATION CONTROL

USE PRESSURE STIFFENING = DEFAULT 65ALPHA TOLERANCE = .5000000E-01 33HANGER DEFAULT RESTRAINT STIFFNESS = .1000000E+13 49DECOMPOSITION SINGULARITY TOLERANCE = .1000000E+11 50BEND AXIAL SHAPE = YES 51FRICTION STIFFNESS = .1000000E+07 45FRICTION NORMAL FORCE VARIATION = .1500000E+00 47FRICTION ANGLE VARIATION = .1500000E+02 48FRICTION SLIDE MULTIPLIER = .1000000E+01 46ROD TOLERANCE = .1000000E+01 59

Q-4


COMPUTATION CONTROL (Cont.)

ROD INCREMENT = .2000000E+01 58INCORE NUMERICAL CHECK = NO 60DEFAULT TRANSLATIONAL RESTRAINT STIFFNESS= .1000000E+13 98DEFAULT ROTATIONAL RESTRAINT STIFFNESS= .1000000E+13 99IGNORE SPRING HANGER STIFFNESS = NO 100MISSING MASS ZPA = EXTRACTED 101MINIMUM WALL MILL TOLERANCE= .1200000E+02 107WRC-107 VERSION = MAR 79 1B1/2B1 119WRC-107 INTERPOLATION = LAST VALUE 120AMBIENT TEMPERATURE = 70.00 135BORDER PRESSURE = NONE 136COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = 0. 140INCLUDE SPRING STIFFNESS IN

FREE THERMAL CASES = NO 141

SIFS AND STRESSES

REDUCED INTERSECTION = B31.1(POST1980) 32USE WRC329 = NO 62NO REDUCED SIF FOR RFT AND WLT NO 53B31.1 REDUCED Z FIX = YES 54CLASS 1 BRANCH FLEXIBILITY NO 55ALL STRESS CASES CORRODED = NO 35ADD TORSION IN SL STRESS = DEFAULT 66ADD F/A IN STRESS = DEFAULT 67OCCASIONAL LOAD FACTOR = .0000000E+00 41DEFAULT CODE = B31.3 43B31.3 SUSTAINED CASE SIF FACTOR = .1000000E+01 40ALLOW USERS BEND SIF = NO 52USE SCHNEIDER = NO 63YIELD CRITERION STRESS = MAX 3D SHEAR 108USE PD/4T = NO 64BASE HOOP STRESS ON = NO 57APPLY_B318_NOTE2 = NO 133DISABLE_UNDO = NO 128LIBERAL ALLOWABLE = YES 137STREE STIFFENING DUE TO PRESS = NO 138B31.3 WELDING/CONTOUR TEE MEET B16.9 = NO 139PRESSURE VARIATION IN EXPANSION CASE DEFAULT 143

FRP PROPERTIES

USE FRP SIF = YES 110USE FRP FLEXIBILITY = YES 111BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening= Design Strain 121FRP Property Data File= CAESAR.FRP 122Axial Modulus of Elasticity = .3200000E+07 113Ratio Shear Mod : Axial Mod = .2500000E+00 114Axial Strain : Hoop Stress = .1527272E+00 115FRP Laminate Type = THREE 116FRP Alpha = .1200000E+02 117FRP Density = .6000000E-01 118Exclude f2 from Bending Stress (UKOOA) NO 134

PLOT COLORS

PIPES LIGHTCYAN 1HIGHLIGHTS GREEN 2LABELS GREEN 3BACKGROUND BLACK 5AXES LIGHTRED 15HANGER/NOZZLES BROWN 16RIGID/BENDS LIGHTGREEN 17

Q-5


PLOT COLORS (Cont.)

NODES YELLOW 18STRUCTURE LIGHTRED 31DISPLACEDSHAPE BROWN 30STRESS > LEVEL 5 RED 24STRESS > LEVEL 4 YELLOW 25STRESS > LEVEL 3 GREEN 26STRESS > LEVEL 2 LIGHTCYAN 27STRESS > LEVEL 1 BLUE 28STRESS < LEVEL 1 DARK BLUE 29STRESS LEVEL 5 .3000000E+05 19STRESS LEVEL 4 .2500000E+05 20STRESS LEVEL 3 .2000000E+05 21STRESS LEVEL 2 .1500000E+05 22STRESS LEVEL 1 .1000000E+05 23

DATA BASE DEFINITIONS

STRCT DBASE= AISC89.BIN 70VALVE & FLANGE= CADWORX.VHD 90EXPANSION JT DBASE= PATHWAY.JHD 91PIPING SIZE SPECIFICATION ANSI 88DEFAULT SPRING HANGER TABLE = 1 112SYSTEM DIRECTORY NAME SYSTEM 123UNITS FILE NAME= ENGLISH.FIL 124

MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL

OUTPUT REPORTS BY LOAD CASE YES 87DISPLACEMENT NODAL SORTING YES 89DYNAMIC INPUT EXAMPLE TEXT MAX 94TIME HIST ANIMATE YES 104OUTPUT TABLE OF CONTENTS ON 105INPUT FUNCTION KEYS DISPLAYED YES 106MEMORY ALLOCATED 12 NAUSER ID " " NAENABLE ODBC OUTPUT NO 125APPEND RE-RUNS TO EXISTING DATA NO 126ODBC DATABASE NAME <NONE> 127

<BELOW>ENABLE_AUTOSAVE YES 130AUTOSAVE_TIME_INTERVAL 30. 131PROMPTED_AUTOSAVE YES 132LOADCASE TEMPLATE LOAD.TPL 142

Q-6


List of Materials

The CAESAR II material table contains 17 different isotropic materials. Properties andallowed temperature ranges for each isotropic material are listed below:

MATERIAL ELASTIC POISSON’S PIPE TEMPERATURENO. NAME MODULUS RATIO DENSITY

RANGE______________________ (psi) ______________ (lb./cu.in) ___ (deg.F) __1 Low Carbon Steel 29.5 E6 0.292 0.28993 -325 14002 High Carbon Steel 29.3 E6 0.289 0.28009 -325 14003 Carbon Moly Steel 29.2 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 14004 Low Chrome Moly Stl 29.7 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 14005 Med Chrome Moly Stl 30.9 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 14006 Austenitic Stainless 28.3 E6 0.292 0.28930 -325 15007 Straight Chromium 29.2 E6 0.305 0.28010 -325 14008 Type 310 Stainless 28.3 E6 0.305 0.28990 -325 14009 Wrought Iron 29.5 E6 0.300 0.28070 -325 100010 Grey Cast Iron 13.4 E6 0.211 0.25580 70 100011 Monel 67%Ni/30%Cu 26.0 E6 0.315 0.31870 -325 140012 K-Monel 26.0 E6 0.315 0.30610 -325 140013 Copper-Nickel 22.0 E6 0.330 0.33850 -325 40014 Aluminum 10.2 E6 0.330 0.10130 -325 60015 Copper 99.8% Cu 16.0 E6 0.355 0.32290 70 40016 Commercial Brass 17.0 E6 0.331 0.30610 -325 120017 Leaded Tin Bronze 1 14.0 E6 0.330 0.31890 -325 1200

In addition CAESAR II supports material types 18 or 19 for cut short and cut long coldspring elements.

Material number 20 activates the CAESAR II orthotropic material model (i.e. Fiberglassreinforced plastic pipe); the default coefficient of expansion is12.0 E-6in./in./°F.

Material 21 indicates “user defined” properties.

Material numbers over 100 are from the Material Database and include the allowable stressand other piping code data.

Q-7


CAESAR II TYPE B31.3 TYPE NOTES SKETCH

1 Reinforced Reinforced - Used to lower SIFs- Not a fitting- Modified Pipe

2 Unreinforced Unreinforced - Routine Intersection- Not a fitting- Modified pipe- Usually the cheapest

3 Welded Tee Welding Tee - Usually size-on-size- Governed by B16.9- Usually the lowest SIF- Usually Expensive

4 Sweepolet Welded-incontour

- "Sit-in" fitting- Forged fitting on a pipe

5 Weldolet Branch WeldedOn

- "Sit-on" fitting- Forged fitting on a pipe

6 Extruded ExtrudedWelding Tee

- Seldom used- Used for thick wall manifolds- Extruded from straight pipe

Fabricated Tee

Fabricated Tee

Insert

Fitting

Intersection Types in CAESAR II

Q-8

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003Q-9

Code Stresses

Listed below are the “code stress” equations for the actual and allowable stresses usedby CAESAR II. For the listed codes, the actual stress is defined by the left hand sideof the equation and the allowable stress is defined by the right hand side. The CAESAR IIload case label is also listed after the equation.

Typically the load case recommendations made by CAESAR II are sufficient for codecompliance. However, CAESAR II does not recommend occasional load cases. Occa-sional loads are unknown in origin and must be specified by the user.

Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Slp

Slp = PD0/4t

ncode approximation

Slp = PDi2/(D

02

- D

i2) code exact equation, CAESAR II default

Operating Stress - unless otherwise specified

S = Slp + Fax/A + Sb < NA (OPE)

B31.1

Sl = Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z < Sh (SUS)

i Mc / Z < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z + 0.75 i Mb / Z < k Sh (OCC)

B31.3

S = Slp + Fax/A + sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) (ope)

Sl = Slp + Fax/A + Sb < Sh (SUS)

sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Fax/A + Sb + Slp < k Sh (OCC)

Sb = [sqrt ( (iiM

i)2 + (i

0M

0)2 )]/Z

ASME SECT III CLASS 2 & 3

B1 * Pmax Do + B2 * Ma / Z < 1.5 Sh (SUS) 2tn

i Mc / Z < f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh) + Sh - Sl(EXP)

B1 * Slpmax + B2 * (Ma + Mb) / Z < 1.8 Sh and < 1.5 Sy. (OCC)


B31.1 (1967) and Navy Section 505

Sl = Slp + sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < Sh (SUS)

sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2 ) < f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh + (Sh-Sl)) (EXP)

Slp + sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < k Sh (OCC)

B31.4

If FAC = 1.0 (fully restrained pipe)FAC | E α dT - υ S

HOOP| + S

HOOP< 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)

If FAC = 0.001 (buried, but soil restraints modeled)Fax/A - ν S

HOOP + Sb + S


(If Slp + Fax/A is compressive)

If FAC = 0.0 (fully above ground)Slp + Fax/A + Sb + S



(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < (0.75) (0.72) (Syield) (SUS)

sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2 ) < 0.72 (Syield) (EXP)

(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < 0.8 (Syield) (OCC)

B31.4 Chapter IX

Hoop Stress: Sh <= F

1 S

y(OPE, SUS, OCC)

Longitudinal Stress: |SL| <= 0.8 S

y(OPE, SUS, OCC)

Equivalent Stress: Se <= 0.9 S

y(OPE, SUS, OCC)

Where:S

y= specified minimum yield strength

F1

= hoop stress design factor (0.60 or 0.72, see Table A402.3.5(a) of the B31.4Code)

Sh

= (Pi – P

e) D / 2t

SL

= Sa + S

b or S

a - S

b, whichever results in greater stress value

Se

= 2[((SL - S

h)/2)2 + S

t2]1/2

Q-10

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003Q-11

B31.5


sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Fax/A + Sb + Slp < k Sh (OCC)

Sb = [sqrt ( (iiM

i)2 + (i

0M

0)2 )]/Z

B31.8

Se + Sl < Syield (OPE)

Sl = Slp + Sb < .75 (Syield) (SUS)

Se = sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < 0.72 (Syield) (EXP)

B31.8 Chapter VIII

Hoop Stress: Sh <= F

1 S T (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Longitudinal Stress: |SL| <= 0.8 S (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Equivalent Stress: Se <= 0.9 S (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Where:

S = specified minimum yield strengthF

1= hoop stress design factor (0.50 or 0.72, see Table A842.22 of the B31.8 Code)

T = temperature derating factor (see Table 841.116A of the B31.8 Code)Note: the product of S and T (i.e., the yield stress at operating temperature) isrequired in the SH field of the CAESAR II input

Sh

= (Pi – P

e) D / 2t

SL

= maximum longitudinal stress (positive tensile, negative compressive)S

e= 2[((S

L - S

h)/2)2 + S

s2]1/2

Ss

= tangential shear stress

B31.11

If FAC = 1.0 (fully restrained pipe)FAC | E α dT - υ S

HOOP| + S


If FAC = 0.001 (buried, but soil restraints modeled)Fax/A - ν S

HOOP + Sb + S



CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-12

B31.11 (Continued)

If FAC = 0.0 (fully above ground)Slp + Fax/A + Sb + S



(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < (0.75) (0.72) (Syield) (SUS)

sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2 ) < 0.72 (Syield) (EXP)

(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < 0.88 (Syield) (OCC)

Canadian Z662

If FAC = 1.0 (Fully Restrained Pipe)

|E α dT - υ Sh| + S

h< 0.9 S * T (OPE)

If FAC = 0.001 (Burried, But Soil Restraints Modeled)

|Fax

/ A - υ Sh| + S

b + S

h< S * T (OPE)

(If Fax

/ A - υ Sh is compressive)

If FAC = 0.0 (Fully Above Ground)

|Slp + F

ax / A| + S

b + S

h< S * T (OPE)

(If Slp + F

ax / A is compressive)

Sl = 0.5S

h + S

b< S * F * L * T (SUS, OCC)

SE = sqrt [S

b ** 2 + 4S

t ** 2] < 0.72 S * T (EXP)

RCC-M C & D

Slp + 0.75i Ma/Z < Sh (SUS)

iMc/Z < f (1.25 Sc + .25 Sh) + Sh - Sl (EXP)

Slpmax + 0.75i (Ma + Mb)/Z < 1.2 Sh (OCC)

Stoomwezen

Slp + 0.75i Ma/Z < f (SUS)

iMc/Z < fe (EXP)

Slp + 0.75i (Ma + Mb)/Z < 1.2f (OCC)


CODETI


sqrt (Sb **2 + 4St **2) < f [1.25 (Sl + Sh)] - Sl (EXP)

Slp + Fax/A + iMa/Z + iMb/Z < Ksh (OCC)

Sb = [ Sqrt ((iiM

i)2 + (i

0M

0)2] /Z

Norwegian

Sl = PDi2 / Eff(D0

2-Di2) + .75 i Ma/Z < Sh (SUS)

iMc/Z < Sh + Sr - Sl (EXP)

PmaxDi2 /Eff(D02-D

i2) + .75i (Ma + Mb)/Z < 1.2 Sh (OCC)

M = sqrt (Mx

2 + My2 + M

z2)

Sr = Minimum of 1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh; FrR

s-F

2; or F

r (1.25R

1 + 0.25R

2)

(The latter applies to temperatures over 370°c; 425°c for Austeniticstainless steel)

Fr

= Cyclic reduction factor

Rs

= Permissable extent of stress for 7000 cycles

R1

= Minimum of Sc and 0.267 Rm

R2

= Minimum of Sh and 0.367 Rm

Rm

= Ultimate tensile strength at room temperature

FDBR

Sl = Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z < Sh (SUS)

i Mc / Z < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z + 0.75 i Mb / Z < k Sh (OCC)

BS 7159

If Sx is tensile:

( )sqrt S 4Sx2

s2+ < Sh (OPE)

and

( )sqrt S 4S2s2

φ + < Sh*EH/E

A(OPE)

or, if Sx is compressive:

S Sx xφ νφ− < Sh*EH/E

A(OPE)

Q-13


BS 7159 (Continued)

and

Sx < 1.25Sh (OPE)

( )( )

( ) ( )( )S

P D

t

sqrt i M i M

Zxm

xi i xo o

= ++

4

2 2

( )( )

( ) ( )( )P D

t

sqrt i M i M

Z

F

Am

xi i xo ox

4

2 2

−+

−

(If Fx/A > P(Dm)/(4t), and it is compressive)

( )S

MP D

tm

φ =( )2

(for straight pipes)

( ) ( ) ( )= +

+

MP D

t

sqrt i M i M

Zm

i i o o

( )2

2 2

φ φ(for bends)

( ) ( ) ( )( )= +

+

MP D

t

sqrt i M i M

Zm

xi i xo o

( )2

2 2

(for tees) ,

D and are always for the Run Pipem t

Eff = Ratio of Eφ to Ex

UKOOA

σab (f2/r) + PD

m/ (4t) ≤ (f

1 f

2 LTHS) / 2.0

Where:P = design pressureD

m= pipe mean diameter

t = pipe wall thicknessf

1= factor of safety for 97.5% lower confidence limit, usually 0.85

f2

= system factory of safety, usually 0.67σab = axial bending stress due to mechanical loadsr = σa(0:1) /σa(2:1)σa(0:1) = long term axial tensile strength in absence of pressure loadσa(2:1) = long term axial tensile strength in under only pressure loadingLTHS = long term hydrostatic strength (hoop stress allowable)

Q-14


BS 806

Straight Pipe< S

AOPE

fc

= sqrt(F2 + 4fs2) < S

ASUS

< SAEXP

fs

= Mt(d + 2t) / 4I

F = max (ft, f

L)

ft

= pd/2t + 0.5p

fL

= pd2/[4t(d + t)] + (d + 2t)[sqrt(mi2 + m

o2)] / 2I

Bends

< SAOPE

fc

= sqrt (F2 + 4 fs2) < S

ASUS

< SAEXP

fs

= Mt (d + 2t) /4I

F = max (ft, f

L)

ft

= r/I * sqrt[(miF

Ti)2 + (m

0F

To)2]

fs

= r/I * sqrt[(miF

Li)2 + (m

0F

Lo)2]

Branch Junctions

< SAOPE

fcb

= q * sqrt[fb2 + 4f

sb2] < S

ASUS

< SAEXP

fb

= (d + t)*p*m/(2t) + r/I*sqrt[(miF

TL)2 + (m

oF

TO)2]

Fsb

= Mt (d + 2t) / 4I

q = 1.0 except for operating cases

= .5 or .44 bases on d2/d

1 ratio in operating cases

m = geometric parameter

EXP SA

= min[(H*Sproof

ambient

+ H*Sproof

design

), (H*Sproof

ambient

+ F)]

OPE SA

= Savg rupture

at design temperature

SUS SA

= min[.8*Sproof

, Screep

rupture

]

Q-15


Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Hoop Stress: Sh <= n

s SMYS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Hoop Stress: Sh <= n

u SMTS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Longitudinal Stress: SL <= n SMYS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Equivalent Stress: Se <= n SMYS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Where:

Sh

= (Pi – P

e) (D – t) / 2t

ns

= hoop stress yielding usage factor (see Tables C1 and C2 of the DNV Code)SMYS = specified minimum yield strength, at operating temperaturen

u= hoop stress bursting usage factor (see Tables C1 and C2 of the DNV Code)

SMTS = specified minimum tensile strength, at operating temperatureS

L= maximum longitudinal stress

n = equivalent stress usage factor (see Table C4 of the DNV Code)

Se

= [Sh

2 + SL

2 - ShS

L + 3t2]1/2

Q-16


Node Locations on Bends

• Bends are defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving the bend. Theactual bend curvature is always physically at the “TO” end of the element entering the bend.

• The element leaving a bend must appear immediately after the element defining (entering)the bend.

• The default bend radius is 1.5 times the pipe nominal OD.

• For stress and displacement output the “TO” node of the element entering the bend islocated geometrically at the “FAR” point on the bend. The “FAR” point is at the weldlineof the bend, and adjacent to the straight element leaving the bend.

• The “NEAR” point on the bend is at the weldline of the bend, and adjacent to the straightelement entering the bend.

• The “FROM” point on the element is located at the “NEAR” point of the bend if the totallength of the element as specified in the DX, DY and DZ fields is equal to: Radius * tan(Beta / 2 ) where “Beta” is the bend angle, and “Radius” is the bend radius of curvature tothe bend centerline.

• Nodes defined in the ANGLE # and NODE # fields are placed at the given angle on the bendcurvature. The angle starts with zero degrees at the “NEAR” point on the bend and goesto “Beta” degrees at the “FAR” point of the bend.

• Angles are always entered in degrees.

• By default, nodes on the bend curvature cannot be specified within five (5) degrees of oneanother or within five degrees of the nearest endpoint. This and other bend settings maybe changed through the MAIN MENU, CONFIGURE-SETUP processor. (See pp Q5-6)

• When the “FROM” node on the element entering the bend is not at the bend “NEAR” pointa node may be placed at the near point of the bend by entering an ANGLE # on the bendspreadsheet equal to 0.0 degrees. (See the following figure.)

• When defining a bend element for the first time in the pipe spreadsheet, nodes areautomatically placed at the near and mid point of the bend. The generated midpoint nodenumber is one less than the “TO” node number on the element, and the generated near pointnode number is two less than the “TO” node number on the element. A near point shouldalways be included in the model in tight, highly formed piping systems.

Q-17


The top-left figure below shows the points on the bend as they would be input. The top-right figure shows the actual geometric location of the points on the bend. The bottom-left figure shows the same geometry except that two nodes are defined on the bendcurvature at angles of zero and forty-five degrees.

• For an animated tutorial on modeling bends, click the "animated Tutorials" option on the"Help" menu.

Q-18


CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual

The CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual is intended to serve as a publicly availableverification document. This manual discusses (briefly) the current industry QAstandards, the COADE QA standard, a series of benchmark jobs, and instructions for usersimplementing QA procedures on their own hardware.

The benchmark jobs consists of comparisons to published data by ASME and the NRC.Additional test jobs compare CAESAR II results to other industry software programs.

For additional information on the CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual, please contactthe COADE sales department.

Mechanical Engineering News

As an aid to the Users of COADE software products, COADE publishes MechanicalEngineering News several times a year. This publication contains discussions on recentdevelopments that affect users, and technical features illustrating modeling techniques andsoftware applications.

This newsletter is sent to all users of COADE software at the time of publication. Backissues can be acquired by contacting the COADE sales staff.

Additional COADE Software Programs

CADWorx - An AutoCAD based piping design/drafting program with a bi-directionaldata transfer link to CAESAR II. CADWorx allows models to be createdin ortho, iso, 2D, or 3D modes. CADWorx template specifications,combined with built in auto routing, auto iso, stress iso, auto dimensioning,complete libraries, center of gravity calculations, and bill of materials,provides the most complete piping package to designers.

CodeCalc - A program for the design or analysis of pressure vessel components.CodeCalc capabilities include: tubesheets, rectangular vessels, flanges,nozzles, Zick analysis, and the standard internal/external thickness andpressure computations on heads, shells, and cones.

PVElite - A comprehensive, GUI based program for the design or analysis of talltowers and horizontal vessels. Additional modules for nozzles, flanges,baserings, and WRC107 are provided.

TANK - A program for the design or rerating of API-650/653 storage tanks. Theprogram includes API-650 Appedices A, E, F, M, P, and S, as well as API-653 Appendix B. Computations address: wind girders, conical roof design,allowed fluid heights, and remaining corrosion allowance.

Q-50

COADE, Inc.

12777 Jones Rd., Suite 480

Houston, Texas 77070

Phone: (281)890-4566

Fax: (281)890-3301

E-mail: [email protected]

WWW: www.coade.com

C A E S A R I I ™

Q U I C K R E F E R E N C E G U I D E

V E R S I O N 4.50

( L A S T R E V I S E D 9/2003 )

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