Chapter 13a Organic Chemistry13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon. The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.

13-3. Petroleum Products Fractional distillation Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst.

13-3. Petroleum Products

13-5. Isomers Optical IsomersStructural Isomers13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TARwJPJjjk http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm

13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings.

13.8 Hydrocarbon GroupsAlkanes or HydrocarbonsMethane1 carbonEthane2 carbonsPropane3 carbonsButane4 carbonsPentane5 carbonsHexane6 carbonsHeptane7 carbonsOctane8 carbons

Table 13.1

13-9. Functional GroupsAlkenesEthene2 carbonsPropene3 carbonsButene4 carbonsPentene5 carbonsHexene6 carbonsHeptene7 carbonsOctene8 carbonsAlkynesAcetylene 2 carbonsPropyne3 carbonsButyne4 carbonsPentyne5 carbonsHexyne6 carbonsHeptyne7 carbonsOctyne9 carbons

Fig. 13.9, etc.Acetylene gas welding and cutting.

AlcoholsEthanol2 carbonsPropanol3 carbonsButanol4 carbonsPentanol5 carbonsHexanole6 carbonsHeptanol7 carbonsOctanol8 carbons13-9. Functional Groups

Ethersoxygen in the middleAldehydesDouble bond O with H on end13-9. Functional Groups

KetonesDouble bond O in middle13-49 Functional GroupsCarboxylic AcidsDouble bond O with OH

AminesNH2 on end13-9. Functional GroupsEstersDouble bond O with O both in middle

Table 13.2

Polymerization-the making of plastics Vinyl13-3. Petroleum Products

13-10 PolymersA polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..

Table 13.3

13-10 Polymers.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers.

13-10 Polymers.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-stick surface in cookware.

13-10 PolymersThe Society of Plastic Industries, Inc. (SPI) numbering system.

13-10 Polymers(1) PET-Polyethylene Teraphthalate- Milk, water, detergent & oil bottles, toys, containers used outside, surfboards, paint brushes, parts and plastic bags.(2) HDPE-High Density Polyethylene- Milk, water, detergent & oil bottles, toys, containers used outside, traffic cones, parts and plastic bags.(3) PVC-Polyvinyl Chloride- Food wrap, vegetable oil bottles, floor mats, hoses, pipes, blister packages or automotive parts.(4) LDPE-Low Density Polyethylene- Many plastic bags. Shrink wrap, grocery bags, garment bags or containers and parts.(5) PP-Polypropylene- Refrigerated containers, some bags, most bottle tops, some carpets, paint buckets, video cassette containers, some food wrap, yogurt containers, syrup bottles and diapers.(6) PS-Polystyrene- Throwaway utensils, meat packing, styrofoam cups, food service trays, license plate holders, trash cans and protective packing. (7) Other-layered or mixed plastics-PLA or Polyactic Acid (D & L conformations cause numbers to differ)

Testing for Type of Plastic See Lab 19

Chapter 13b Organic Chemistry13-11. Carbohydrates 13-12. Photosynthesis 13-13. Lipids 13-14. Proteins 13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids 13-17. Origin of Life

13-11. Carbohydrates

13.11 PolysaccharidesAmylopectin

Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants. 13.11 Polysaccharides

13.12 Photosynthesis

13.12 Photosynthesis

13-13. Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Soap Molecule with Polar head and non-polar tail

13-13. Lipids

13-14. Proteins

13-15 Soil Nitrogen

13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.

13-17. Origin of Life

2001 Space Odyssey HAL 9000Where did Clarke and Kuberick get the name HAL?IBMIBM thought Hardware would be King! Net worth in 2013 $112.5 billion.Who really became King?Bill Gates software MS DOS! Net worth $72.6 billion in 2013Microsoft Net worth $290 billion in 2013.

Intelligent Designhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CwL7xXUriE#t=23 DNAMoon same size as the sun to usAtmosphere Magnetic fieldJust right size for the right gravityJust the right distance from the sunTitius -Bode Law-planetary distances from sun have a patternDark energy and matterPatterns in electron energy levelsThe brain-greatest brain authority says we know nothingThe eye-seeing only colorsOnly 4 basic forces?? What about Intelligence?What are the 4 forces and where do they come from?There is no evidence that one species has changed into anotherTunneling affect of electronsNot enough time for man to evolve by chance (14 billion years)Paranormal evidence