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C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)

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Page 1: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)
Page 2: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)
Page 3: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)

C THE POST-RIDER)

No. 1 Y o u r c o p y o f o u r j o u r n a l m a y be o b t a i n e d b y s e n d i n g $3 .50 ( p o s t a g e p a i d a n y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d ) p a y a b l e t o t h e C a n a d i a n S o c i e t y o f R u s s i a n p h i l a t e l y a n d s en t t o : A l e x A r t u c h o v , Box 5 7 2 2 , S t a t i o n A T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , M5W 1 P 2

Contents 2 E d i t o r i a l

......................... 3 C o r r e s p o n d a n c e W i t h C a n a d a A l e x A r t u c h o v

... 5 T a n n u - T u v a a n d t h e New B l e k h m a n H a n d b o o k . . . . . . . . . A n d r e w C r o n i n

2 8 T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R u s s i a n P h i l a t e l y ..............,. P . J . C a m p b e l l

3 4 I s t h e P a p e r Wove? O r i s i t L a i d a n d W a t e r m a r k e d ? . . A l e x A r t u c h o v

39 A S t a m p f o r a R o u b l e ............................... P . J . C a m p b e l l

............... 46 T h e D o t P o s t m a r k s o f I m p e r i a l R u s s i a P . J . C a m p b e l l

5 3 O b i t u a r y

5 5 P h i l a t e l i c S h o r t s

R e v i e w o f L i t e r a t u r e

6 2 The C o l l e c t o r s ' Corner

T h e S o c i e t y w i s h e s t o a c k n o w l e d g e a n d c o m m e n d t h e " b e h i n d t h e scenes" e f f o r t s o f a n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s w h o s e a i d w a s i n s t r u m e n t a l i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s o u r f i r s t i s s u e . W e w o u l d f i r s t l y l i k e t o t h a n k o u r a d v e r t i s e r s : A u g u s t Perce o f " S t a m p s " , L e o J . Z a i k o w s k i o f L & F S t a m p S e r v i c e a n d M a r v i n Pehr f o r s h o w i n g f a i t h i n o u r v e n t u r e a n d f o r p r o v i d i n g t he a d v e r t i s i n g r e v e n u e w h i c h s i g n i f i c a n t l y o f f s e t o u r p r i n t i n g c o s t s . W e n e x t e x p r e s s a v e r y s p e c i a l n o t e o f g r a t i t u d e t o o u r t y p i s t T e r e s a A r t u c h o v , f o r h e r l o n g a n d t e d i o u s h o u r s b e h i n d t h e k e y b o a r d . W e a p p l a u d t he e f f o r t s o f o u r t w o a r t i s t s : T i k h o n N i k o l a e v i c h K u l i k o v s k y f o r h i s v e r y f i n e i l l u s t r a t i o n s a n d g r a c i o u s c o o p e r a t i o n a n d J o h n D . S h e r r a t t w h o a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s w a s p r i m a r i l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t he d e s i g n o f o u r c o v e r , m a n a g i n g t o e n d o w i t w i t h a d i s t i n c t l y R u s s i a n c h a r a c t e r . O u r f i n a l e x p r e s s i o n o f g r a t i t u d e g o e s t o V a l e n t i n a P e t r o v n a A r t u c h o v f o r s o k i n d l y p e r f o r m i n g a v a r i e t y o f m i s c e l l a n e o u s t a s k s .

Page 4: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)

A g r o u p o f u s here i n C a n a d a h a d o f t e n f e l t t he re w a s a n e e d f o r a s o c i e t y here i n o u r c o u n t r y , w h i c h c o u l d c l a s s i f y a n d d i s t r i b u t e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e p h i l a t e l y o f t h e a r e a s n o w f o r m i n g p a r t o f t he U S S R .

T h e r e a s o n s a r e o b v i o u s . F i r s t o f a l l , t h i s l a n d i s s t i f f w i t h S l a v s , t o p u t i t p l a i n l y : f r o m t he D u k h o b o r s w h o f l e d r e l i g i o u s p e r s e c u t i o n i n T s a r i s t R u s s i a a t t h e t u r n o f t he c e n t u r y t o t h e m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f h o n e s t a n d h a r d w o r k i n g Western ~ k r a i n i a n s a r r i v i n g soon a f t e r a n d w h o s e b a c k - b r e a k i n g t o i l h a s m a d e t h e p r a i r i e p r o v i n c e s t h e b r e a d b a s k e t o f t h e w o r l d .

I n s h o r t , there m u s t t h e r e f o r e be a l l k i n d s o f i n t e r e s t i n g p h i l a t e l i c m a t e r i a l f l o a t i n g a r o u n d . I t i s u p t o u s C a n a d i a n s t o d i g i t o u t a n d t o r e c o g n i z e i t f o r w h a t i t i s .

T h e n a m e o f o u r g r o u p i s : THE CANADIAN SOCIETY O F RUSSIAN P H I L A T E L Y " . T h e s o c i e t y i s a p o l i t i c a l , w i t h a s o o p e t h a t i s s t r i c t l y p h i l a t e l i c . T h e a p p r o a c h we a r e p r o p o s i n g i s e n t i r e l y n e w a n d b a s e d on t h e f a c t s t h a t w e a r e a l l p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h e a r n i n g a l i v i n g a n d t h a t t h e m a i n b e n e f i t a n y i n t e n d i n g e n t h u s i a s t w o u l d g e t o u t o f t h e S o c i e t y w o u l d be i t s j o u r n a l . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e S o c i e t y h a s no m e m b e r s a s s u c h a n d i t h a s been f o r m e d p r i m a r i l y t o p u b l i s h a n d c i r c u l a t e i t s J o u r n a l v Y a m s h c h i k " ( " p o s t - ~ i d e r " ) t o a l l i n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r s . I t s r e g u l a r i t y o f i s s u e w i l l d e p e n d o n a r t i c l e s c o n t r i b u t e d b y r e a d e r s a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f e a c h n e w n u m b e r w i l l be a n n o u n c e d i n t h e p h i l a t e l i c p r e s s . AS s u p p o r t g r o w s , a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s w i l l be t a k e n t o b r i n g e n t h u s i a s t s t o g e t h e r . W e h a v e a t p r e s e n t three co - o r d i n a t o r s h a n d l i n g t h e m a i n f u n c t i o n s o f t h e S o c i e t y :

EDITOR: A n d r e w C r o n i n , B o x 5 7 2 2 , S t a t i o n A , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , 115W 1 P 2

PUBLISHER & TREASURER: A l e x A r t u c h o v , c / o B o x 5 7 2 2 , S t a t i o n A , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , M5W 1 P 2

SECRETARY: P a t r i c k J . C a m p b e l l , 1 7 0 9 1 M a h e r B l v d . , P i e r r e f o n d s , Q u e b e c , C a n a d a H9J 1 H 7

T o k e e p o p e r a t i o n s a s s i m p l e a s p o s s i b l e , r e a d e r s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o enclose a s t a m p e d a n d s e l f - a d d r e s s e d e n v e l o p e w h e n w r i t i n g t o a n y o f t h e co - o r d i n a t o r s n a m e d a b o v e . I f a n y w r i t e r r a i s e s a p o i n t o f g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t , i t w i l l be d e a l t w i t h i n t h e f o l l o w i n g i s s u e o f t h e " P o s t - R i d e r It

L e t u s n o w c lo se w i t h t h e s t i r r i n g m o t t o : C o l l e c t o r s o f R u s s i a i n C a n a d a u n i t e !

Page 5: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)

cORRESPONDANCE

WITH CANADA

C o r r e s p o n d a n c e w i t h C a n a d a " i s i n t e n d e d t o a p p e a r i n f o r t h c o m i n g i s s u e s o f t h i s j o u r n a l a n d d e a l w i t h i n t e r e s t i n g p h i l a t e l i c m a t e r i a l m a k i n g c o n t a c t w i t h b o t h R u s s i a n a n d C a n a d i a n p o s t a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . R e a d e r s a r e a c c o r d i n g 1 y i n v i t e d t o f o r w a r d w r i t e - u p s a n d a c c o m p a n p h o t o g r a p h s o f s u i t a b l e i t e m s i n t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n s f o r i n c l u s i o n i n f u t u r e i s s u e s .

l l l l l l M l l i l l l l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I [ I I I I

A l e x A r t u c h o v - T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a

S e v e r a l y e a r s a g o , w h i l e r u m m a g i n g t h r o u g h a n a c c u m u l a t i o o f C a n a d i a n c o v e r s , I c a m e a c r o s s t he s u b j e c t l e t t e r . B e i n g m a i l e d f r o m t h e U S S R , I i m m e d i a t e l y d e c i d e d t h a t t h i s i t e m i s o b v i o u s l y m i s p l a c e d . I e x a m i n e d t h e f r o n t o f t h e cover m o r e c l o s e l y , m a k i n g n o t e t h a t i t w a s m a i l e d t o a p e r s o n i n a s m a l l n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o c o m m u n i t y a n d a d d r e s s e d o n l y i n t h e C y r i l l i c a l p h a b e t . ( F i g . 1 ) . When I t u r n e d t h e cover over t o t h e reverse s i d e I i m m e d i a t e l y r e a l i z e d t h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i n c l u s i o n a m o u n g C a n a d i a n s t o c k . T h e reverse s i d e ( F i g . 2 ) c o n t a i n e d 1 6 p o s t m a r k s

Fig 1

Page 6: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)

Fig 2

o f Western C a n a d a a n d n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o , n e a r l y h a l f o f w h i c h -

w e r e R . P . 0 ' s . T h e s t o r y a c c o m p a n y i n g t h i s cover t u r n e d o u t t o be r a t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g .

M a i l e d f r o m t h e T a r n o p o l r e g i o n o f t h e Western U k r a i n e on F e b r u a r y 2 0 , 1 9 4 1 , t h e l e t t e r r e a c h e d V a n c o u v e r on A p r i l 2 2 , 1 9 4 1 . An o n g o i n g S e c o n d W o r l d W a r i n Western a n d C e n t r a l E u r o p e u n d o u b t a b l g d i s r u p t e d w e s t w a r d r o u t e s o f S o v i e t p o s t a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s . A l o n g e r , b u t u n d i s t u r b e d , e a s t e r n r o u t e t h r o u g h R u s s i a n A s i a t o V l a d i v o s t o c k a n d a c r o s s t h e P a c i f i c b y s h i p m u s t h a v e a c c o r d i n g l y been s u b s t i t u t e d .

U p o n i t s a r r i v a l i n V a n c o u v e r , t h e C a n a d i a n p o r t o f e n t r y , t h e l e t t e r w a s o p e n e d a n d e x a m i n e d f o r r e a s o n s o f w a r t i m e s e c u r i t y . A l l m a i l , i n c o m i n g f r o m a b r o a d , w a s a p p a r e n t l y c e n s o r e d i n t h i s m a n n e r d u r i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r .

one or m o r e p o s t a l c l e rks or p o s s i b l y a r a i l r o a d e m p l o y e e h a v i n g k n o w l e d g e o f t h e c y r i l l i c a l p h a b e t , m u s t h a v e been r e s p o n s i 5 l e f o r d i r e c t i n g t he l e t t e r on a s m o o t h a n d u n i n t e r r u p t e d j o u r n e y e a s t t o W i n n i p e g a n d f r o m t he re i n t o n o r t h w e s t e r n O n t a r i o . I t w a s here i n n o r t h w e s t e r n O n t a r i o , on t he 2 4 t h or 2 5 t h o f A p r i l t h a t t h e c o n f u s i o n b e g a n . T h e l e t t e r r o d e on t he r a i l r o a d f o r 3 o r 4 d a y s , i n d i f f e r e n t b o x c a r s , p r o b a b l y b o u n d i n bo th e a s t e r n a n d V e s t e r n d i r e c t i o n s i n s e a r c h f o r i t s d e s t i n a t i o n or m o r e p r e c i s e l y a p e r s o n t h a t c o u l d r e a d t h e a d d r e s s . T h e j r e a k f i n a l l y c a m e o n t he 2 8 t h o f A w r i l i n t he t i n y r a i l r o a d tor.,n o f

Page 7: C THE POST-RIDER) - Rossica Society of Russian … - Post Rider.pdfC THE POST-RIDER) No. 1 Your copy of our journal may be obtained by sending $3.50 (postage paid anywhere in the world)

~ e d d i t , l o c a t e d a few s h o r t m i l e s o u t s i d e t h e Manitoba b o r d e r . On t h e 30th o f A p r i l t h e l e t t e r f i n a l l y reached i t s i n t e n d e d d e s t i n a t i o n i n Smooth Rock F a l l s .

T h e l e t t e r s t i l l c o n t a i n s a h a n d w r i t t e n n o t e ( F i g . 3 ) w i t h - - - - an A p r i l

Fig 3

TANNU I TUVA AND THE NEW

by Andrew Cronin

Through t h e k i n d n e s s o f some f r i e n d s , t h e w r i t e r has been a b l e t o . o b t a i n a copy o f t h e work 'I H i s t o r y o f t h e Pos t and t h e Postage Stamps o f Tuva 'I b y S . M . Blekhman. T h i s was i s s u e d i n Russ ian as a paperback o f 112 pages a t t h e end o f 1976 by t h e " .Svyaz P u b l i s h e r s i n Moscow, w i t h a s e l l i n g p r i c e o f 47 k o p e k s .

The o b j e c t o f t h e s e n o t e s i s t o a c t as a guide t o t h i s handbook f o r Tuvan c o l l e c t o r s i n t h e West and t o add i n f o r m a t i o n and /or c o r r e c t i o n s where r e q u i r e d . The work i s d i v i d e d i n t o s i x s e c t i o n s ; 1 . P r e f a c e 2 . The H i s t o r y o f t h e Pos t 3 . P o s t a l Markings 4 . Postage Stamps 5. P o s t a l S t a t i o n e r y and 6 . B i b l i o g r a p h y . Each s e c t i o n w i l l now be cons idered i n turn.

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A f t e r g i v i n g s o m e s t a t i s t i c s a b o u t t h i s a u t o n o m o u s r e p u b l i c , n o w f o r m i n g p a r t o f the U S S R , C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n s t a t e s i n t h e p r e f a c e t h a t t h e s c a r c i t y o f m a t e r i a l w a s d u e a m o u n g o ther t h i n g s , t o t h e l o w

o f m u c h o f t h e a r c h i v e s a n d t h e c o m p l e t e a b s e n c e o f p h i l a t e l i s t s

e p e r c e n t a g e o f l i t e r a t e p e o p l e i n p r e W o r l d W a r 11 T u v a , t h e d e s t r u c t i o n

t h e r e u p t o t h e y e a r 1 9 4 5 . W e w i l l see b e l o w t h a t t h e l a s t s t a t e m e n t i s n o t t r u e . He t h e n s a y s t h a t t h e r a r e p r o v i s i o n a l s , i s s u e d n a i n l y d u r i n g t h e w a r y e a r s , h a v e n o t been d e s c r i b e d i n f o r e i g n c a t a l o g u e s . T h a t i s n o t correc t a s , d u e t o t h e v a l i a n t e f f o r t s o f J a m e s : l e g u s o f E n g l a n d , a l l t h e k n o w n ones h a v e been l i s t e d f o r s o m e t i c e I n t h e S t a n l e y Gibbons c a t a l o g u e ( S . G . Nos. 1 0 9 - 1 3 0 ) a n d a l s o i n t he ne:.r f f T a n n u - T u v a C a t a l o g " ( N o s . 1 1 8 - 1 3 9 ) j u s t i s s u e d i n 1 9 7 7 b y t h e U . S . e n t h u s i a s t R i c h a r d C . K a n a k o f B e r w y n , I l l i n o i s , USA. - C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n - a l s o n o t e s t h a t S c o t t a n d M i n k u s h a v e e x c l u d e d s o m e o f the s t a m p s p r i n t e d i n the U S S R ( he m e a n s the 1 9 3 4 - 1936 p i c t o r i a l s ) b e c a u s e t h e y a l l e g e t h a t " t h e y w e r e n o t p l a c e ? i n c i r c u l a t i o n ". A c t u a l l y w h a t t h e e d i t o r s o f S c o t t g i v e a s t h e ~ r r e a s o n i s t h a t t h e y " d o c o t c o n s i d e r t h e m t o h a v e been i s s u e d p r i m a r i l y f o r p o s t a l p u r p o s e s M . T h e r e i s a d e q u a t e i n f o r m a t i o n in t h e f o r e i g n p h i l a t e l i c p r e s s ( e . g . A l b e r t H . H a r r i s o f L o n d o n , E n g l a n d i n h i s " S t a m p C o l l e c t o r s A n n u a l " f o r 1 9 3 8 a n d 1 9 3 9 a n d A . E u g e n e Michel i n " S t a m p s " o f May 2 0 t h a n d D e c e m b e r 1 6 t h , 1 9 3 9 ) t o s u p p o r t t h a t l a s t con t en t i on . F i n a l l y , f o r e i g n c a t a l o g u e s s u c h a s M i c h e l , Y v e r t e t c . h a v e l i s t e d t he se p i c t o r i a l s f o r m a n y y e a r s no:c7.

C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n e n d s h i s p r e f a c e w i t h a shor t s u r v e y o f h i s h i s t o r i c a l a n d a r c h i v a l s o u r c e s , n a m i n g a n d t h a n k i n g S o v i e t p h i l a t e l i s t s " a n d o t h e r s " f o r h e l p a n d i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d f o r t h e h a n d b o o k . T h e f i r s t c h a p t e r b e g i n s w i t h a h i s t o r i c a l s u r v e y s t a r t i n g f r o n

s o u r c e s a n d h a v i n g t o d o w i t h p o s t a l r e l a y s e r v i c e s , w h i c h w e r e

e t he 9 t h c e n t u r y , b a s e d on A r a b , C h i n e s e , I t a l i a n , M o n g o l i a n a n d R u s s i a n

M o n g o l i a n i n o r i g i n , D i s c u s s i n g s p e c i a l d e l i v e r y ( e x p r e s s )

a r r a n g e m e n t s , C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n i l l u s t r a t e s a n a t i v e e n v e l o p e a t t h e t o p o f p g . 1 4 a n d a n y r e a d e r w o u l d a s s u m e t h a t i t o r i g i n a t e d f roc or w a s a d d r e s s e d t o T u v a . A c t u a l l y , t h i s i s a r e t o u c h e d c u t o f a n e n v e l o p e , o r i g i n a l l y s o l d b y R o b s o n L o w e L i m i t e d i n t h e i r s a l e o f May 1 , 1 9 6 8 ( see F i g . 1 . b e l o w )

Fig 1

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Through t h e k i n d h e l p o f t h e Mongolian S o c i e t y I n c . o f ~ l o o r n i n g t ~ ~ , Indiana and o t h e r reeowned Mongo l i s t s i n t h e U. S . , i t has been determined t h a t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s a r e i n c l a s s i c a l Mongolian and read as f o l l o ~ r s : 1-2-3-4 ( i n s i d e h o r s e s h o e s ) : " Morin degegGr dobtu lga yabuijul ", i . e . " h o r s e - on t o p o f - rush - cause t o g o n , 5 . " d o t u r - a n i g e n dz i i i l " i . e . " i n s i d e one i t e m v . 6 . " Badarogultu ~ 6 r o - y i n t e r ig i in on namur - un dumdada ", i . e . " f i r s t year (1875) o f ~ a d a r a t j u l t u T6r8 ( Mongolian t i t l e f o r t h e r e i g n o f t h e Manchu Emperor Kwang - Su 1875 -1908 ) autumn midd le ". 6 a . " sar -a -y in s h i n - e - y i n n i g e n ' I , i . e . " o f t h e month o f t h e new f i r s t ( day ) " 6 p l u s 6a t h e r e f o r e f i x t h e d a t e a s ; t h e f i r s t day o f t h e midd le autumn month o r Octobex 1 , 1875. 7 . " b i c b i g ene metu n i s n i s n i s ", i . e . , " l e t t e r ( i n s i d e r e c t a n g l e he ld by b i r d ) t h u s l i k e f l y f l y f l y ". S i n c e i t i s n o t known what i s on t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h i s e n v e l o p e , i t cannot be assumed t h a t t h i s i t e m i s o f Tuvan i n t e r e s t . There are eminent Mong.olists i n Moscow who could a l s o have t r a n s l a t e d t h e above i l l u s t r a t i o n f o r Comrade Blekhman . He t h e n c o n t i n u e s w i t h data on Russ ian s e t t l e m e n t i n Tuva, q u o t i n g o f f i c i a l s o u r c e s f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a pos t and t e l e g r a p h o f f i c e a t B e l o t s a r s k ( t h e o r i g i n a l name f o r t h e Tuvqn c a p i t a l o f Kyzyl ) . Further i n f o r m a t i o n i s g i v e n on t h e development o f t h e p o s t a l network dur ing t h e T s a r i s t , i ndependen t and S o v i e t per iods w i t h r a t e s and o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s f o r mai l c a r r i e d and exchanged i n t h e per iod 1926 - 1943. The l a t t e r look v e r y i m p r e s s i v e b u t seem i r r e l e v a n t as t h e number o f s u r v i v i n g p i e c e s h e l d b y S o v i e t and f o r e i g n p h i l a t e l i s t s i s i n f i n i t e s i m a l . He a l s o n o t e s , t h a t b y 1935, t h e t o t a l number o f c i t y , p r o v i n c i a l and p o s t a l a g e n c i e s had grown t o 13 o f f i c e s . However, a 1938 l e t t e r f r ~ m flezhdunarodnaya Kniga t o Bela S e k u l a , t h e New York w h o l e s a l e r f o r t h e Tuvan 1934 - 1936 p i c t o r i a l s gave a l i s t o f 8 p o s t o f f i c e i n o p e r a t i o n . a s f o l l o w s :

Kyzyl ( General Post O f f i c e ) Chadan, i n t h e Barun - Kemchik prov ince Shagonar, i n t h e Ulu - Kem prov ince Turan, i n t h e B i i - Kern prov ince Znamenka, i n t h e Kha-Kem prov ince B a l g a z i k , i n t h e Tandi prov ince Samaga l ta i , i n t h e Tes-Kem provipce Kyzyl - Mazhalyk, i n t h e Dzun-Kemchik prov ince Comrade Blekhman a l s o knew o f t h e above l i s t i n g from an a r t i c l e by t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r i n t h e 1954 New Sou th Wales P h i l a t e l i c Annual , s o which f i g u r e s are c o r r e c t ?

The second c h a p t e r i s t a k e n up b y pp . 2 4 - 4 9 and c o v e r s t h e postmarks o f Tuva. From a p a r t i a l s t r i k e o f a r e c e n t l y d i s c a v e r e d a r r i v a l mark ing , Comrade Blekhman has been a b l e t o r e c o n s t r u c t t e n t a t i v e l y a d o u b l e - c i r c l e d a t e stamp r e a d i n q " B e l o t s a r s k P . - T . K . 19.7.17" The s e r i a l l e t t e r i s n o t known.

An e a r l y S o v i e t c o l l e c t o . r , V . K . G o l o v k i n , a l s o no ted t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a s i n g l e l i n e marking w i t h t h e same i n s c r i p t i o n , b u t h i s c o l l e c t i o n has s i n c e d i sappeared .

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T h e u s a g e o f t h e n a m e KRASNYI Y E N I S d o u b l e c i r c l e m a r k i n g i s then n o t e d . T h e e a r l i e s t k n o w n d a t e b e i n g 3 . 1 2 . 2 5 a n d a l w a y s a p p l i e d on S o v i e t p o s t a g e s t a m p s . C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n a n d o t h e r s h a v e m i s s e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s m a r k i n g a n d i t s s u c c e s s o r , w h i c h i s c r u d e l y i n s c r i b e d " K i z i l * Touwal ' b o t h h a v e t h e s a m e d i a m e t e r o f 30mm a n d t he s a m e s e r i a l l e t t e r " a i n e x a c t l y t h e s a m e p o s i t i o n a t b o t t o m . In o ther w o r d s i t seems c e r t a i n t h a t t h e R u s s i a n w o r d " K r a s z y i Y e n n i s " w e r e c u t o u t o f t h e o r i g i n a l S o v i e t p o s t m a r k e r a n d t h e n e w i n s c r i p t i o n e n g r a v e d t h e r e i n a f t e r t h e T u v a n n a t i v e P o s t a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o o k over . P l e n t y o f s u c h i n s t a n c e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e e l s e w h e r e i n R u s s i a n a n d S o v i e t p h i l a t e l y .

T h e e a r l i e s t d a t e k n o w n f o r t h e new m a r k i n g i s 8 . 2 . 2 7 on t h e f i r s t i s s u e . A l r e a d y b y t h e b e g i n n i n g s o f A p r i l , t he n e w s t a m p s h a d r u n o u t a n d C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n s h o w s e x a m p l e s o f S o v i e t s t a m p s u s e d t h e r e a f t e r , f r o m 5 . 4 . 2 7 t o 2 4 . 1 . 2 8 . T h e y o c c u r on a b a n k c o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o Moscow a n d q u i t e a f e w e x a m p l e s a r e h e l d b y S o v i e t a n d f o r e i g n p h i l a t e l i s t s . T h e l a t e s t s t r i k e o f t h i s c a n c e l h e l d b y t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r i s d a t e d 2 7 . 4 . 2 8 on a b a n k cover w i t h T u v a n p o s t a g e t o H a r b i n M a n c h u n i a .

N e x t we h a v e t h e f a m i l i a r b i l i n g u a l F r a n c o - ~ o n g o l i a n t y p e " K i z i l - T o u v a " d a t i n g f r o m 3 0 . 1 0 . 2 7 , I t w a s s t i l l b e i n g a p p l i e d t h e r e on a n o f f i c i a l p o s t a l c a r d d a t e d 1 5 . 3 . 3 0 t o B e r n e S w i t z e r l a n d a n d i t w a s a l s o l o c a l l y a p p l i e d o n 4 . 4 . 3 4 on a s e r i e s o f covers a d d r e s s e d a b r o a d t o d e a l e r s , p a s s i n g t h r o u g h M o s c o w - 1 1 6 d a y s l a t e r a n d f r a n k e d w i t h c o m p l e t e s e t s o f t h e f i r s t a i r m a i l i s s u e .

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T h i s b i l i n g u a l m a r k i n g a l s o o c c u r s a s a c . t .0 . o n m a n y T u v a n s t a m p s f r o m t h e f i r s t i s s u e t o t he Z o o l o g i c a l s e t , b u t i t may h a v e never l e f t ~ y z y l . T h e l a t e s t g e n u i n e l o c a l u s a g e seen i s on the 15 a n d 3 5 " P o s t a " p r o v i s i o n a l s a n d d a t e d " ... X 1 . 3 5 " ( N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 5 )

T h e n e x t t y p e f o r t he c a p i t a l i s t h e d o u b l e - c i r c l e t y p e a l s o d e s c r i b e d b y t h e l a t e W . S . E . S t e p h e n a n d A . C r o n i n i n R o s s i c a w i t h t h e i n s c r i p t i o n K i z i l / T o u v a . T h e e a r l i e s t k n o w n d a t e i s 3 0 . 5 . 3 1 o n a r e g i s t e r e d cover o r i g i n a l l y i n t h e D r . F. M . T o l m a n c o l l e c t o r a n d n o w i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r . ( see F i g . 2 . )

T h i s a m a z i n g i t e m h a s m i x e d S o v i e t T u v a n f r a n k i n g a n d C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n t h i n k s i t w a s n o t n o r m a l u s a g e f o r S o v i e t s t a m p s a s t h e c o v e r i s a d d r e s s e d t o t h e w e l l k n o w n d e a l e r M . F . S h u l i a c k i n H a r b i n , M a n c h u r i a . H o w e v e r , i t c a q be seen t h a t t h e r a t e w a s c o r r e c t ( 3 5 k o p . ) a n d i t d o e s n o t a p p e a r p h i l a t e l i c a s t he s t a m p s a r e s t u c k h a p h a z a r d l y on t h e c o v e r . T h e S o v i e t s t a q p s w e r e c e r t a i n l y a c c e p t e d w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n a n d t h e cover r e c e i v e d i n arbi in o n 1 7 . 6 . 3 1 .

~ l t h o u g h C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n h a s n o t n o t i c e d t h e f a c t , t h e m a r k i n g i n h i s F i g . 2 7 , r e a d i n g If T z a d a n 1 8 . 8 . 3 6 T o u v a " b e l o n g s t o t he s a m e p o s t m a r k t y p e , a s d o e s a n o t h e r e x a m p l e i n t h e p r e s e q t w r i t e r ' s c o l l e c t i o n , s t r u c k i n v i o l e t a n d r e a d i n g " S c h a g o n a r 3 1 . 8 . 3 1 T o u v a " on S c o t t ' s No. 2 2 ( 1 4 k o p . 1 9 2 7 p i c t o r i a l i s s u e )

C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n then d e s c r i b e s the KIZIL T Q U V A / K O H T R O L d o u b l e c i r c l e t y p e r e f e r r e d t o b y u s a s on a b a n k c o v e r t o M o s c o w . He i s c o n f u s e d a b o u t t he d a t i n g , b u t i t i s 1 . 7 . 3 5 a n d t h i s i t e m w a s o r i g i n a l l y i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e l a t e H a r r y T a m e r o f New Y o r k C i t y . T h e p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n o f t h i s c o v e r i s u n k n o w n , b u t i n t h e m e a n t i m e , t h e p r e s e n t w x i t e r h a s l o c a t e d t w o m o r e e n v e l o p e s w i t h t h i s c a n c e l , a s f o l l o w s :

a . R e g i s t e r e d cover w i t h t h e L a t i n k a t i o n o f t h e a l p h a b e t s e t s e n t o n 7 . 1 0 . 3 2 a n d r e c e i v e d i n H a r b i n on 1 8 . 1 2 . 3 2 ( see F i g . 3 )

b . D e c l a r e d v a l u e l e t t e r sen t o p 1 0 . 6 . 3 3 a n d r e c e i v e d i n H a r b i n on 1 5 . 7 . 3 3

T h u s , w e n o w k n o w o f 3 covers w i t h t h i s m a r k i n g , w h i c h w a s a p p a r e n t l y o r i g i n a l l y i n t e n d e d f o r t h e c o n t r o l or c h e c k i n g o f m o n e y o r d e r s .

C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n ' s F i g . 1 9 s h o w s a n o t h e r Kbzbl - T b B A t y p e w i t h b l o c k e d i n s e g m e n t s a b o v e a n d b e l o w t he d a t e b r i d g e a n d t h i c k c u r v e d b a r f i l l i n g t he b o t t o m 2 / 3 b e t w e e n t h e c i r c l e s . He g i v e s t h e p e r i o d o f u s a g e a s 1 6 . 5 . 3 8 t o 2 8 . 3 . 4 2 , b u t t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s a p a r t i a l s t r i k e d a t e d N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 2 .

He n e x t s h o w s t h e w e l l - k n o w n Kbzbl " a " a n d " c " p o s t m a r k e r s , w h i c h w e r e a l s o u s e d a s c a n c e l l a t i o n s t o o r d e r . K b z b l a n e v e r l e f t K y z y l a n d l a s t e d a t l e a s t u n t i l 1 9 4 5 w h e n T u v a w a s a l r e a d y p a r t o f t h e U S S R . T h e Kbzbl " c If t y p e h a s a n u n u s u a l a n d f a s c i n a t i n g

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h i s t o r y . T h e e a r l i e s t e x a m p l e i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r i s on a r e g i s t e r e d cover , s t r u c k i n v i o l e t a n d t h e

p o s t m a r k i s d a t e d 6 . 4 . 3 5 , which i s a m i s t a k e a s t h e " OUSIfISKOIE "

t r a n s i t m a r k i n g on t h e b a c k i s 1 0 . 4 . 3 6 a n d i t w a s r e c e i v e d i n S a n D i e g o on May 5 , 1 9 3 6 .

A l t h o u g h C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n d o e s n o t m e n t i o n i t , s o m e t h i n g s t r a n g e h a p p e n e d a r o u n d t h e e n d o f J a n u a r y 1 9 3 7 . T h e " C " p o s t m a r k e r w a s a p p a r e n t l y sen t t o t he S o v i e t P h i l a t e l i c A s s o c i a t i o n i n M o s c o w a n d u s e d t h e r e , t o c a n c e l r e g i s t e r e d covers f r a n k e d n a i n l y w i t h t h e 1 9 3 6 J u b i l e e s f o r d e s p a t c h a b r o a d . T h e p o s t m a r k c o l o u r s a n d d a t e s w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

G r e y - B l a c k : F e b r u a r y 9 , 1 0 a n d 11 M a r c h 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 11 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 a n d 2 0 . May 1 2 J u n e 8

V i o l e t : F e b r u a r y 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 7 .

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J u d g i n g f r o m t h e s u b s e q u e n t m a t e r i a l s e e n , t he c m a r k i n g w a s n e v e r s e n t b a c k t o K y z y l .

W i t h r e g a r d t~ the K b z b L " a " m a r k i n g , i t w a s o r i g i n a l l y a p p l i e d i n v i o l e t . H o w e v e r , b y t h e b e g i n n i n g o f 1 9 3 8 , b l a c k i n k w a s b e i n g d u m p e d o n t h e p a d . T h e s u b s e q u e n t c o l o u r s e q u e n c e s k n o w n t o the w r i t e r a r e a s f o l l o w s :

D a t e - C o l o u r

b l a c k b l a c k b l a c k v i o l e t - b l a c k v i o l e t b l a c k b l a c k

D a t e - C o l o u r

v i o l e t v i o l e t v i o l e t v i o l e t b l u e - b l a c k b l u e - b l a c k b l a c k

Moreover, C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n d o e q n o t r e c o r d t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e r a r e K b z b L " b f' c a n c e l , o f w h i c h o n l y a f e w s t r i k e s a r e k n o w n a s f o l l o w s :

a . D a t e d 6 . 4 . 3 6 i n v i o l e t on a cover t o S a n D i e g o ( S e e F i g . 4 . ) b . D a t e d 2 2 . 9 . 3 7 i n b l a c k o n a r e g i s t e r e d cover t o I p s w d c h , E n g l a n d .

O r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b e d b y J a m e s N e g u s a n d n o w i n t h e w r i t e r k c o l l e c t i o n . c . D a t e d 3 . 8 ? 3 7 i n b l a c k on t h e 35 K . J u b i l e e s t a m p p e r f . 1 4 ,

w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y on a r e g i s t e r e d l e t t e r

Fig 4

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B e f o r e l e a v i n g K y z y l w e c a n r e c o r d t h a t a n o f f i c i a l p o s t - o f f i c e c a c h e t , i n s c r i b e d i n T u v a n rf T . A . R . K b z b l d a P o s t a T e l e g r a f K o n t o r a z b " ( L i t e r a l l y " T u v a n P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c , i n K y z y l P o s t a n d T e l e g r a p h , i t s o f f i c e ) a n d a r m s i n t h e c e n t r e , h a s been seen i n a 3 c i r c l e t y p e w i t h o u t e r d i a m e t e r o f 3 7 mm. a n d s t r u c k i n v i o l e t on s o m e p o s t a l c e r t i f i c a t e s d a t e d 2 5 . 3 . 3 3 ( S e e F i g . 5 )

Fig 5

C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n t hen c o n s i d e r s t h e c a n c e l s f o r T u r a n . H i s F i g . 2 5 s h o w i n g t h e r a r e t y p e w i t h f i l l e d - i n s e g m e n t s a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h e d a t e - b r i d g e i s w r o n g , a s i t s h o u l d s h o w t h e incorrec t i n s c r i p t i o n " T u r a n " S e e F i g . 6 b e l o w f o r a r e g i s t e r e d e x p r e s s r e t u r n r e c e i p t cover i n t h e w r i t e r ' s c o l l e c t i o n w i t h t h e e a r l i e s t k n o w n s t r i k e o f t h i s m a r k i n g , d a t e d 3 . 2 . 3 4 a n d r e c e i v e d i n H a r b i n on 1 0 . 3 . 3 4

Fig 6 -- I

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C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n s h o w s a s i m i l a r t y p e i n h i s F i g . 3 1 f o r K b z b ~ - MAZALbK ( K y z y l - M a z h a l y k so t h e y s h o u l d be g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r . I n h i s F i g . 2 8 , he f e a t u r e s a r a r e SARbG- SEP m a r k i n g , w h i c h s h o u l d be g r o u p e d w i t h h i s F i g . 1 9 r e a d i n g K b Z b L - T b B A . He a l s o n o t e s t h e P a l g a z a n a n d S a g a a n ARbG c a n c e l s , w h i c h a r e f o u n d i n v i o l e t a s c . t . o . ' s on t h e 1 9 3 6 J u b i l e e s . H o w e v e r , t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s t h e l a s t n a m e d i n b l a c k a s a p o s t a l l y a p p l i e d m a r k i n g w i t h i l l e g i b l e d a t e on t h e 1 0 k o p . p i c t o r i a l o f 1 9 2 7 ( S c o t t No. 2 1 , )

- He t h e n c o n c l u d e s t h i s s e c t i o n w i t h a s u r v e y o f *he p o s t - i n c o r p o r a t i o n c a n c e l s ( S o v i e t t y p e s ) u s e d i n T u v a .

- T h e r e g i s t r a t i o n m a r k i n g s h a v e been i g n ~ r e d i n t h e H a n d b o o k , w h i c h i s a g r e a t p i t y , a s t h e y a r e v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g . T h o s e k n o w n t o t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r a r e s e t o u t h e r e u n d e r f o r t h e r e c o r d . T h e y h a v e s o f a r been seen o n l y f o r K y z y l a n d T u r a n , a s f o l l o w s : -

1 . K Y Z Y L - a . D u r i n g t h e p e r i a d o f t h e K r a s n y i Y e n i s , c a p c e l , C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n h a s a cover d a t e d 2 0 . 1 2 , 2 6 a n d MSS e n d o r s e m e n t i n i n k a t t h e b o t t o m r e a d i n g i n t h r e e l i n e s : " N 4 2 5 / K y z y l - K h o d a / T a n n u - T u v a " ( see f i g . 8 . )

b . Covers w i t h t h e f i r s t i s s u e o f T a n n u - T u v a , m a i l e d on 8 . 2 . 2 7 h a v e t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n n u m b e r n o r m a l l y w r i t t e n i n d e l i b l e P e n c i l b e s i d e t h e c o n f i r m a t o r y " K i z i l * T o u w a " m a r k i n g . T h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s seen covers w i t h t he n u m b e r i n g r u n n i n g f r o m 2 1 8 / 2 2 t o @ 2 1 8 , 1 6 7 .

c . B y A p r i l 5 , 1 9 2 7 , covers w i t h S o v i e t p o s t a g e h a d a 2 l i n e h a n d w r i t t e n e n d o r s e m e n t w i t h t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n n u m b e r a n d t h e p h r a s e " K y z y l T u v . R e p . " S e e h i s F i g s . 1 2 a n d 1 3 f o r # # 2 0 6 a n d 4 6 3 .

d . B y A u g u s t o f t h a t y e a r a f r a m e d r u b b e r s t a m p w a s i n u s e i n v i o l e t e n t i r e l y i n L a t i n c h a r a c t e r s a n d r e a d i n g " N o / K i z i l T u v a " S e e C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n ' s F i g . 1 5 f o r a cover w i t h t h i s m a r k i n g w i t h N O . 3 8 4 . T h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s a n o t h e r s u c h cover w i t h S o v i e t P o s t a g e , c a n c e l l e d 9 . 1 . 2 8 a n d # 3 9 .

e . I t o c c u r s i n b l a c k i n a w o r n s t a t e on t w o c o v e r s d a t e d 1 7 . 5 . 2 8 a n d m u s t h a v e e x p i r e d soon a f t e r , a s we g o b a c k t o a v i o l e t MSS e n d o r s e m e n t " R N 7 0 7 / K y z y l t . r . " on 2 6 . 7 . 2 8 . T h e w r i t e r a l s o h a s t w o covers s en t on 2 7 . 4 . 2 9 w i t h w r i t t e n e n d o r s e m e n t s i n L a t i n

. s c r i p t : " N 5 2 a n d 5 5 K i z i l - T o u v a " A f u r t h e r e n d o r s e m e n t i n i n d e l i b l e p e n c i l j u s t s a y s " N 4 7 6 " on t h e cover w i t h m i x e d f r a n k i n g s e n t o n 3 0 . 5 . 3 1 t o H a r b i n .

f . ry 8 . 1 0 . 3 2 , d u e t o t h e L a t i n i s a t i o n o f t h e a l p h a b e t , a n e w h a n d s t a m p c a m e i n t o u s e r e a d i n g " R N o . .../ K b z b ~ T b B A I' (. see f i g . 3 s h o w i n g t h e It KOHTROL " c o v e r ) a n d i t w a s i n u s e a t l e a s t u n t i l 5 . 1 2 . 3 2 .

g . B y 1 6 . 2 . 3 3 we g e t a h a n d w r i t t e n L a t i n i s e d d r a w i n g on t h e c o v e r s a s s h o w n i n F i g . 7 a n d t h i s w a s s t i l l b e i n g d o n e one m o n t h l a t e r .

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k* #,., ..s' ' -

T i t .Grune Sammlerwelt

N i c b u l l /Schleswig/

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Fig 7

Qn 1 0 . 6 . 3 3 w e a r e b a c k t o a f r a m e d w r i t t e n e n d o r s e m e n t i n ~ u s s i . a n , r e a d i n g " N 2 2 / K y z y l T u v a ". h . O n 1 2 . 9 . 3 4 a ba tch o f r e g i s t e r e d covers w i t h t h e n e w r e g i s t r a t i o n s e t w a s m a i l e d a b r o a d , w i t h n u m b e r s w r i t t e n i n v i o l e t a n d a c i r c u l a r " R " m a r k i n g 32mm. i n d i a m e t e r a d d e d i n b l u e ( see F i g . 8 . )

T h e w r i t e r h a s seen n u m b e r s 5 6 2 , 6 3 4 , 6 3 6 a n d 6 7 8 i n t h i s s e r i e s .

i. A s e r i e s o f r e g i s t e r e d covers m a i l e d f r o m K y z y l on 24.10.35 h a s a n e w f r a m e d m a r k i n g a s shown i n F i g . 9 a n d i t r e m a i n e d i n u s e t h e r e a t l e a s t u n t i l 9 . 1 . 3 7 .

- - A -

Fig 9

W h a t h a p p e n e d t h e r e a f t e r i s p u z z l i n g . E i t h e r i t w a s s en t b y t h e e n d o f J a n u a r y 1 9 3 7 t o M o s c o w f o r a p p l i c a t i o n b y t h e S o v i e t P h i l a t e l i c A s s o c i a t i o n , or a d u p l i c a t e m a d e f r o m t h e s a m e m o u l d w a s a p p l i e d i n M o s c o w . W h a t e v e r t he c a s e , i t w a s s t i l l b e i n g a p p l i e d g e n u i n e l y i n K y z y l i n a w a r m a n d b u c k l e d s t a t e on 3 .8 .37 a n d 2 2 . 9 . 3 7 i n b l a c k , t o g e t h e r w i t h t he K b Z b L " b " p o s t m a r k , s o i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e " R "

m a r k i n g w a s s e n t b a c k b y M o s c o w a r o u n d J u l y 1 9 3 7 t o K y z y l

j. S o o n t h e r e d f e e s a n d c e r t a i n l y b y 2 1 . 1 . 3 8 a n e w m e t a l g n d u n f r a m e d t y p e m g d e i t s a p p e a r a n c e , r e a d i n g " R No.. . . / K i z i l T o u v a "

( p l e a s e see F i g . 1 4 )

C o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c p l o u r t o t h e p o s t m a r k a p p l i e d , t h i s s t u r d y m a r k i n g s e e m s t o h a v e l a s t e d u n t i l t h e e n d o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c e r a on October 1 3 , 1 9 4 4 .

11 T u r a n

a . B y a s t r a n g e c o i n c i d e n c e , t h e f i r s t t y p e seen f o r t h i s t o w n ( r e f e r t o F i g . 5 ) i s t h e s a m e u n f r a m e d k i n d o f s t e e l m a r k i n g f i n a l l y a p p l i e d b y K y z y l , b u t p r e c e d i n g i t b y a b o u t f o u r y e a r s a n d r e a d i n g " R . N . . . , / T o u r a n T o u v a " I t c a n be n o t e d a s s b r u c k on t he r e g i s t e r e d e x p r e s s r e t u r n r e c e i p t l e t t e r s e n t on 3 . 2 . 3 4 t o H a r b i n , M a n c h u r i a ,

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a b . A n e w r u b b e r f r a m e d t y p e , s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r K y z y l ( F i y . 9 ) ,2126

d e s c r i b e d u n d e r ( i ) a b o v e h a s o n l y a ~ p e a r e d on covers p r e p a r e d Sy t h e S o v i e t P h i l a t e l i c A s s o c i a t i o n i n M o s c o w f o r t h e L a n d s c a p e a n d Z o o l o g i c a l S e t s on 2 5 . 3 . 3 5 a n d 2 6 . 3 . 3 5 . I t w o u l d be i n t e r e s t i n g t o k n o w i f i t w e r e ever s u b s e q u e n t l y f o r w a r d e d t o T u r a n f o r g e n u i n e a p p l i c a t i o n t h e r e .

I n h i s t h i r d c h a p t e r C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n t u r n s t o a s t u d y o f t h e p o s t a g e s t a m p s . T h e v a l u e s w e r e o r i g i n a l l y g i v e n i n mgn'qiin or k o ~ e k s ( l i t e r a l l y m e a n i n g " s i l v e r " ) o f w h i c h there w e r e 2 0 0 t o a 'I t o g e r i k " or r o u b l e ( l i t e r a l l y s o m e t h i n g " r o u n d " ) . C o v e r i n g t h e f i r s t s t a m p s he l i s t s t h e k n o w n c o l o u r p r o o f s a n d f o l l o w s w i t : ' : t h e " S p e c i m e n " p e r f o r a t i o n s n o w h e l d i n t h e G o z n a k M u s e u m i n ?.:oscc:~-, a s w e l l a s i l l u s t r a t i n g t w o p a r c e l c a r d s f r a n k e d w i t h e x a m p l e s o f t 5 e f i r s t i s s u e .

P r a c t i c a l l y a l l t h e s t a m p s on cover o r i g i n a t e w i t h t h e w e l l k n o w 3 r e g i s t e r e d b a t c h s e n t f r o m K y z y l o n 8 . 2 . 2 7 t o M o s c o w . H e s t a t e s t h e s e a r e a l w a y s f r a n k e d w i t h t h e correct r a t e o f 2 8 k o p , b u t t h i s is n o t t r u e . T h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s a r e g i s t e r e d cover N O . 2 1 8 / 5 9 f r o m t h i s l o t f r a n k e d w i t h 1 + 3 0 k o p . , a n d a n o t h e r w i t h N o . 2 1 8 / 9 6 f r a n k e d w i t h 1 + 5 0 k o p . T h e o n l y c o v e r s o f a r k n o w n f r o m t h i s p e r i o d a d d r e s s e d e l s e w h e r e h a s a t o t a l o f 2 0 k o p . p o s t a g e ; i t l e f t K y z y l on 5 . 4 . 2 7 a n d w e n t b y w a y o f M i n u s i n s k 1 6 . 4 . 2 7 t o H a r b i n 2 . 5 . 2 7 ( n o w i n t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r ' s c o l l e c t i o n ) . T h e l a t e s t u s a g e s e e n i s o f t h e 5 t . v a l u e o n 2 5 . 3 . 4 1 f r o m K y z y l on a r e g i s t e r e d c o v e r t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

M i s s i n g p e r f o r a t i o n s a r e n o t e d , a s w e l l a s v a r i e t i e s on t he n e x t ( s u r c h a r g e d ) i s s u e . D a t a i s t h e n g i v e n o n t h e 1 9 2 7 E t h n o g r a p h i c p i c t o r i a l s i n c l u d i n g e s s a y s , t h e O b r a z e t s ( S p e c i m e n ) p u n c h e s , p e r f o r a t i o n v a r i e t i e s a n d f a n t a i l m a r g i n s . S e e F i g . 1 0 b e l o w f o r a n u n l i s t e d f a n t a i l o n t h e 1 r . v a l u e

Fig 10

. .

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T h e L a t i n a l p h a b e t s u r c h a r g e s then f o l l o w a n d t hese a l s o e x i s t i n t he G o z n a k M u s e u m w i t h t h e " S p e c i m e n " p u n c h . T h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r c a n a n t e d a t e t h e e a r l i e s t k n o w n u s a g e t o 7 . 1 0 . 3 2 on a cover f r o m A . I . Y a s h i n i n K y z y l t o M . F . S h u l i a c k i n H a r b i n . B y t h e w a y , t h e 1 0 k o p . e x i s t s w i t h s u r c h a r g e d i s t i n c t l y d o u b l e d ( r a r e ) .

N e x t w e h a v e t h e r a r e " l O V o n 8 k o p a n d V l 5 " o n 1 4 K o p . s u r c h a r g e s on t h e E t h n o g r a p h i c p i c t o r i a l s a n d these a r e f o l l o w e d b y t he f a m i l i a r " 3 5 " s u r c h a r g e s on t h e t r i a n g l e s ( S c o t t Nos. 3 5 - 36 ) . T h e s a m e b a s i c s t a m p s a l s o e x i s t a s h a n d w r i t t e n s u r c h a r g e s i n i n d e l i b l e p e n c i l , w h i c h C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n s a y s s h o u l d o n l y be c o l l e c t e d on cover.

T h e e a r l i e s t u s a g e seen b y t h i s p r e s e n t w r i t e r ?or these h a n d s t a m p e d s u r c h a r g e s i s on a r e g i s t e r e d b a n k cover w i t h " 3 5 on 2 8 k o p . f r o m K y z y l 2 7 . 9 . 3 2 t o M o s c o w 1 1 . 1 0 . 3 2 .

A r o u n d t h e s a m e p e r i o d , t h e re w e r e 4 " OKTE s u r c h a r g e s on f i s c a l s t a m p s w h i c h h a v e a p p e a r e d o n m a i l , b u t s e r v e d no p o s t a l p u r p o s e .

T h e f a m i l i a r " P o g t a s u r c h a r g e s a n d t h e i r v a r i e t i e s a r e t h e n c o v e r e d , i n c l u d i n g t he l a r g e f i g u r e s " 1 5 " p l u s " P o g t a " s u r c h a r g e on u 1 R . r e d - l i l a c f i s c a l , k n o w n m i n t i n t w o c o p i e s a n d p r o b a b l y a n e s s a y . I t s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t here t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l f i s c a l s ( J O V a l u e s ) a r e t h e m s e l v e s v e r y r a r e , s o t h a t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f o r g e d o r b o g u s " P o g t a " s u r c h a r g e s a p p l i e d on t h e m i s r e m o t e .

W e n o w c o m e t o t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l p i c t o r i a l s , w h i c h h a v e c l o u d e d t h e p h i l a t e l i c r e p u t a t i o n o f T u v a . T h e y w e r e c i r c u l a t e d I n t h e r e p u b l i c , b u t t h e s u r v i v i n g g e n u i n e p o s t a l u s a g e s a r e r a r e q n d , t o j u d g e f r o m t h e t r a n s i t t i m e s n o t e d , m a n y o f t h e p h i l a t e l i c covers a p p e a r t o h a v e been c a n c e l l e d a n d d e p o s i t e d i n t h e m a i l s a t M o s c o w b y t h e S o v i e t P h i l a t e l i c A s s o c i a t i o n . C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n d o e s n o t e x a m i n e t h i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l a s p e c t o f T u v a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y . T h e w h o l e s a l e r f o r t h e s e i s s u e s i n t h e West w a s t he l a t e , b u t c e r t a i n l y n o t l a m e n t e d B e l a S e k u l a , w h o s t a r t e d d e a l i n g i n H u n g a r y t h e n i n S W i t z e r l a n d a n d t he U n i t e d S t a t e s . A b o u t t h e k i n d e s t t h i n g t h a t c a n be s a i d a b o u t t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t h a t he w a s m o t i v a t e d b y u n e n l i g h t e n e d s e l f - i n t e r e s t a n d h i s i d e a s on e t h i c s w e r e e l a s t i c t o s a y t h e l e a 3 t .

T h e f i r s t o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l p i c t o r i a l s w a s t h e s e t o f 8 " ~ e g i s t e r e d " s t a m p s , i m p e r f o r a t e d a n d n o r m a l l y l i n e p e r f o r a t e d 1 2 1 / 2 . A m y s t e r i o u s p e r f o r a t i o n 11 i s a l s o f o u n d on t he 2 k ~ p , , 4 k o p . a n d 1 0 k o p . v a l u e s . T h e r e w a s a k n o w n S o v i e t p e r f o r a t e d 11 m a c h i n e d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , a p p l i e d on t h e T o l ' s t o i a n d D o b r o l y u b o ~ s t a m p s , b u t c o m p a r i s o n s h o w s t h a t t h e g a u g e i s n o t t h e s a m e , s i nce t h a t on t h e T u v a n s t a m p s i s c lo ser t o 11 1 / 4 . C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n s a y s t h a t t h i s p e r f o r a t i o n i s u n k n o w n u s e d , b u t t h a t i s n o t t r u e s ince s e v e r a l covers a r e k n o w n w h e r e t h e s e s t a m p s w e r e a r f i x e d b y f o r e i g n p h i l a t e l i s t s a n d t h e n s e n t t o K y z y l t o be r e t u r n e d a s r e g i s t e r e d covers , o f t e n b e a r i n g t h e l a s t g e n u i n e l y a p p l i e d a n d u n f r a m e d r e g i s t r a t i o n c a c h e t ( j 1 . T h e f i r s t p o s t a l u s a g e f o r t h e p e r f o r a t e d s e t w a s o n a s e r i e s o f covers s e n t on 2 . 4 . 3 4 f r o m T u r a n t o v a r i o u s d e a l e r s i n t h e Wes* a n d p a s s i n g t h r u M o s c o w 1 8 d a y s l a t e r ( see F i g . 11 )

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Sonnenhof = ! ' \z

m 5 - L u z e r n - S c h w e i z Y

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T h e i m p e r f o r a t e d s e t s h o w s u p o n a s e r i e s o f r e g i s t e r e d covers f r o m

a K y z y l , s e n t t o f o r e i g n d e a l e r s on 1 2 . 9 . 3 4 ( s e e F i g . 8 )

- N e x t we h a v e t h e f i r s t s e t o f n i n e a i r m a i l s w h i c h f i r s t a p p e a r o n c o v e r s w i t h t h e K y z y l b i l i n g u a l p o s t m a r k , s e n t t o f o r e i g n d e a l e r s o n 4 . 1 V . 3 4 a n d p a s s i n g t h r o u g h Moscow o n 2 0 . 4 . 3 4 . C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n d o e s n o t l i s t t h e l t u g v a l u e i n t h e s c a r c e p e r f o r a t i o n i n u s e d c o n d i t i o n , b u t h e r e a g a i n a U. S . c o l l e c t o r , A a r o o B i n d e r , made u p a cover w i t h t h i s v a r i e t y a n d t he r e s t o f t h e s e t , s e n t i t t o K y z y l f o r s e r v i c i n g a n d i t w a s r e t u r n e d t o h i m u n d e r r e g i s t r a t i o n No. 2 6 4 on 2 0 . 5 . 4 0 . Were i t n o t f o r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l A m e r i c a n r e s p e c t f o r covers f r o m r e m o t e c o u n t r i e s , we w o u l d n o t h a v e t o d a y q u i t e a f e w o f t he T u v a n g e m s t h a t h a v e s u r v i v e d .

The r a r e p r o v i s i o n a l " 2 0 " s u r c h a r g e o f 1 9 3 5 on t h e 1 5 k o p . p e r f o r a t e d r e g i s t r a t i o n s t a m p i s t h e n l i s t e d a n d t h i s i s a v a r i e t y w e l l w o r t h l o o k i n g f o r , T h i s i s f o l l o w e d b y t h e 7 L a n d s c a p e s t a m p l k t o 50 k o p . a n d C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n q u e s t i o n s t he e x i s t e n c e o f t h e 1 0 k o p , v a l u e i m p e r f o r a t e m i n t a n d u s e d . T h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s seen c o p i e s o f bo th a n d a u s e d e x a m p l e w i t h a g e n u i n e l y a p p l i e d KbZbL c a n c e l ( B l e k h m a n ' s i l l u s t r a t i o n 1 9 ) i s s h o w n h e r e w i t h . ( S e e F i g . 1 2 )

Fig 12

T h e s a m e v a l u e e x i s t s w i t h d i s t i n c t d o u b l e p e r f o r a t i o n a l o n g t h e l e f t s i d e , a c t u a l l y s e n t b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l f r o m K y z y l a n 2 4 . 1 0 . 3 5 2 9 , 1 0 . 3 5 , 1 . 1 1 . 3 5 a n d 5 . 1 1 . 3 5 . C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n a t e r i b u t e s t o t he l a t e W . S . E . S t e p h e n a n d t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e 5 0 k o p . v a l u e i m p e r f o r a t e , b u t we h a v e n o t seen t h i s v a r i e t y .

I t w a s w i t h t h i s s e t t h a t t he f i r s t o f t he " Moscow m a i l i p g s " w a s c o n d u c t e d b y t h e S o v i e t P h i l a t e l i c A s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e " T u r a n " p ~ s t m a r k a n d " T u r a n " f r a m e d r e g i s t r a t i o n c a c h e t . A t a b u l a t i o n o f t he covers s e e n b y t he p r e s e n t w r i t e r i s n o w g i v e n : -

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aria S t u t z e r 1 1 . 4 . 3 5 L u z e r n P i l a t u s S t r . 2 3 S w i t z e r l a n d

M o n s i e u r L . H e r m o u e t 4 7 R u e D ' Orsel P a r i s , F r a n c e

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T h e l o c a t i o n a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i s l e f t a s a n e x e r c i s e f o r t h e r e a d e r .

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D r . D e s i d e r U r n e n y i 1 9 . 4 . 3 5 1 3 7 F u l t o n S t . , New Y o r k , U . S . A .

Herrn V i c t o r 1 1 - 4 - 3 5 K n e i t s c h e l P r a q S t r a s n i c A 2 7 6 C z e c h o s l o v a k i a

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m i s s i n g n u m b e r s a n d a d d r e s s e s

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W e n o w c o m e t o t he 1 0 s t a m p s o f t h e Z o o l o g i c a l s e t , i n w h i c h s e v e r a l

0 m i s p e r f o r a t i o n s e x , i s t . Here a g a i n w e h a v e M o s c o w m a i l i n g s , b u t d i v i d e d i n t ~ t w o p o r t i o n s , a s f o l l o w s : - a . R e g i s t e r e d covers w i t h t h e If T u r a n " p o s t m a r k a n d f r a n k e d w i t h t h e 5 0 k o p . v a l u e ; -

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M o n s i e u r L . H e r m o u e t 1 1 . 4 . 3 5 4 7 R u e D I O r s e l P a r i s , F r a n c e

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g e n u i n e l y u s e d o n r e g i s t e r e d l e t t e r s f r o m K y z y l o n 2 4 . 1 0 . 3 5 , 2 9 . 1 0 . 3 5 1 . 1 1 . 3 5 a n d 5 . 1 1 . 3 5 , w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e OUSINSKOIE b i l i n g u a l t r a n s : t b a c k s t a m p a n d a d d r e s s e d t o E r n e s t or T h o m a s C l i f f e , C o l w y n B a y , Z n q l a n Two o f t he se vere s e n t t o C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n b y t h e presen t w r i t e r a n d

a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n h i s F i g s . 6 8 a n d 6 9 . The f i n a l s e t o f c o n t r o v e r s i a l p i c t o r i a l s i s t h e 1 9 3 6 J u b i l e e s , w h i c h w e r e i s s u e d i n a n e w c u r r e n c y , n a m e l y 1 0 0 K o p e k s f - 1 a k s h a ( t h i s l a s t w o r d o r i g i n a l l y m e a n t m o n e y i n T u v a n ) There h a s been s o m e c o n f u s i o n i n t h e p a s t a s t o t h e v a l u e o f t h e " aksha ", b u t i n i t s E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e c i r c u l a r # 1 7 o f D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 6 t o d e a l e r s a b r o a d , t h e S o v i e t P h i l a t e l i c A s s o c i a t i o n g a v e t h e f o l l o : s T i n c e q u i v a l e n t s : -

1 A k s h a = R o u b l e 0 , 3 0 = 6 U .S .A c e n t s

F r o m i t s E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e c i r c u l a r # 2 o f t h e s a m e m o n t h w e a l s o s e e t h a t C o m r a d e B l e k h m a n I s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n s i s n o t a c c u r a t e a n d t h e c o r r e c t i o n s a r e a s f o i l o w s :

2 5 a n d 3 5 k o p : H e r d o f c o w s 40 a n d 50 k o p : C o m p e t i t i v e r a c i n g g a m e s a t t h e N a t i o n a l F e s t i s - a 1 7 0 k o p : C o m p e t i t i v e g a m e s a t t h e N a t i o n a l F e s t i v a l

P a r t i s a n d e t a c h m e n t i n 1 9 2 1 8 0 k o p : 3 a : C o n f i s c a t i o n o f c a t t l e f r o m t h e enen i e s o f t h e p e o p l e . 5 0 k o p . a i r m a i l : T h e f e a s t o f the Women 3 a a i r m a i l : A l l e g o r y ( t h e w i v e r n t h r o w n d o w n a n d a n a e r o p l a n e ) -

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T h e e a r l i e s t g e n u i n e u s a g e o f t he se s t a m p s seen b y t he p r e s e n t w r i t e r h a s been o n a cover w i t h t he K b z b L " C " p o s t m a r k i n v i o l e t , d a t e d 2 . 7 . 3 6 o n a p a i r o f t h e 2 0 k o p . v a l u e a n d e x a m p l e s a r e r a r e , a s t h i s i s s u e h a d e x t e n s i v e m a i l i n g f r o m Moscow i n 1 9 3 7 w i t h t h e KbzbL-C c a n c e l , a s f o l l o w s : -

~ e s p a t ch D a t a R e g i s t r a t i o n Nos. A d d r e s s A r r i v a l D a t e

1 0 . 2 . 3 7 2 2 8 - 2 3 3 S t a m p I m p o r t & 5 . 3 . 3 7 g r e y - b l a p k E x p o r t C o r p o r a t i o n

H o t e l W h i t e L e x i n g t o n A v e . , a t 3 7 t h S t . , New Y o r k C i t y , USA

H e r r n P a u l V o g e l s a n g e r 2 5 - 2 - 3 7 E l u h m a t t S t r a s s e N r . 4 4 L u z e r n , S w i t z e r l a n d

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G r o s s m a n S t a m p C o l . , 5 . 3 . 3 7 1 0 2 W . 4 2 n d . S t r e e t N . Y . C . , USA

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S t a m p I m p o r t & E x p o r t N . Y . C USA