c seq newrevised

8/3/2019 c seq newrevised

1/40

CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Presented by

PALLAVI NANDI

M.Phil. MICROBIOLOGY

R.D.V.V University Jabalpur

Submitted to :

Dr. (Prof.) Anjana Sharma


2/40

What is carbon sequestration ?

Why should we be concerned with CO2 in

the atmosphere i.e why is it necessary to

sequester C ?

What are the different C / CO2 sequestration

pathway ?


3/40

WHATISGREENHOUSEEFFECT ?

Radiation from sun hits

earth.

Earth absorbs some &

converts this energy to

infrared, which is radiated

back into the atmosphere

on its way to space.

Infrared is absorbed by

GHGs.

Trapped infrared energy

is reradiated back to

earths surface.


4/40

WHATARE GREENHOUSEGASES?

Carbon dioxide20

%

Ozone - 1 %

Methane16 %

Nitrous oxide3

%Water vapour60

%


5/40

Man & environment interdependent & interrelated

an integral part of environment.

Humanpopulation small

Needs limited

Their impact onenvironment not

much

Human populationbegan to increase

largely

Resulted in an increasedneeds & dependence on

the environment

Caused deleteriouseffects on environment.

Prehistoric timeOnset of industrial revolution


6/40

Main cause of environmental problems

DeforestationIncreased industrial

activity

Transportation whichare basically coal & oil

driven

Environmental problems today are mainly anthropogenic .

A slow build-up of certain gases in the atmosphere , which are

responsible for

Climaticchanges

Globalwarming

REEN HOUSE GASES INFLUENCED BY HUMAN


7/40

REENHOUSEGASESINFLUENCEDBYHUMANACTIVITIES.


8/40

The upper safety limit for atmospheric CO2 is 350 parts per million(ppm). Atmospheric CO

2levels have stayed higher than 350 ppm since

early 1988.

CO2 Data Set: Original data file posted by NOAA-ESRL on

Tuesday August 9, 2011

Measuring Location: Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

Current trend of concentration of CO2 in the

atmosphere
http://www.co2now.org/Current-CO2/CO2-Now/Current-Data-for-Atmospheric-CO2.htmlhttp://www.co2now.org/Current-CO2/CO2-Now/Current-Data-for-Atmospheric-CO2.html


9/40

Data for Global Carbon Emissions

(Fossil fuels, cement, land-use change)

Year carbon emissions

2009 9.28 billion metric tonnes per year

2008 9.45 billion of metric tonnes per year




10/40

Data by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

and its National Climate Data Center(NCDC) in the USA(Aug 15 2011).

Global temperature update


11/40

GLOBALWARMING

Global temperatureshave risen by about 0.6C over the 20thcentury.

Strong evidence -mostof the observedwarming , by humanactivites.

Rise by about 6 C bythe year 2100.


12/40

D. Biodiversity is likely to decrease :endangered lemuroid possum

From northern queensland (Australia)

AB Increased frequency of weather extremes storms / floods / droughts

C . Melting of polar icecaps


13/40

EFFECTOFGLOBALWARMINGONMICROBES ?

Big unanswered question ?

Play major roles in biogeochemical cycles Difficult to answer because of the vast diversity of

microbes .

In global warming scenario, an increase microbialrespiration especially in polar climates where permafrostcan melt ----- sudden organic matter available formicrobial consumption .

Thus releasing more C both as peat & methane .


14/40

Spread of disease

Water borne diseases

Heavy rainfall increase risk of increase

events water borne risk of human

disease outbreaks illness.

In warm marine watersVibrio cholerae& other entericpathogens .

Food-borne diseases

Much of the dust ends up in ocean , researchers foundsupercharges the growth of harmful bacteria that can endup in sea food.

University of Georgias Erin Lipp & graduate studentJason Westrict saw a rapid growth of Vibrio (genusofocean bacteria) within 24 hrs from dust collected fromMoroccon deserts when added to sea water taken from

Florida .(Fe)


15/40

Toxic algae may contaminate more sea-food

Blooms of Alexandrium catenellaalgal species producesa poison that accumulate in sea food & subject humans

to everything from vomiting to muscle paralysis to , inrare cases , death.

Environmental influences on cyanobacteriagrowth &

toxicity Global warming could provide this species with better

environmental conditions for optimal growth.

As well as toxin production by some species of

cyanobacteria. Reports describe sickness & death of livestock , wildlife

followed by ingestion of water containing blooms of toxiccyanobacteria (e.g Lyngbya majuscula).


16/40


17/40

DIFFERENT PATHWAYS / METHOD FOR C/CO2


18/40

DIFFERENTPATHWAYS /METHODFORC/CO2

SEQUESTRATION

Constitute a major Csink.

Enormous amount of Cnaturally stored in trees as part

of photosynthesis.

Although a forest is a net CO2sink over time , the plantation

may also be a source of CO2emission when C from the soilreleased into atmosphere. (aswhile trees die & rot ,releasemost of the stored C back toatmosphere)

TERRESTRIAL SEQUESTRATION


19/40

OCEANSEQUESTRATION

Phytoplanktons photosynthesisfixes approx 45 GT organic C peryear.

Fe is the limiting factor forphytoplankton growth in 20 % ofworlds oceans.

Thus , fertilization with FeSO4could enhance growth , fix moreC.

Most of the C gets recycled toatmosphere, but some is drawndown deep into the ocean.


20/40

DEEPOCEANSEQUESTRATION

Enormous sequestration potential .

direct injection of liquid CO2 at depths of 1000mthrough static or moving pipes.

stores quantities of solid CO2 by discharging blocksof dry ice from ships.


21/40

DISADVANTAGES

pH reduction .

Costs for deep ocean disposal ofliquid CO2 are very high :

include the cost of sequestration atthe power plant.

Transport to the disposal site.

sudden release of CO2 could causedrastic effects on life forms ----- lakeNyos.

One of thousands of

dead cattle that diedfrom CO2 asphyxiationat Lake Nyos onAugust 21, 1986.Courtesy of J.P.Lockwood,


22/40

MICROBES & METHANEDNAANALYSISSHOWHOWSOMEDEEPSEAMICROBESLIMITGLOBALWARMING

Microbes in marine sediments known to produce hugequantities of methane , but very little reaches theatmosphere.

Scientists speculated that most of this methane

consumed by other microbes that also live insediments.

Researchers at MBARI & Joint Genome Instituteidentified a key group of methane consuming microbes

called AMNE I a particular strain of archae. But scientists unable to grow these methane consuming

archae in lab & little is known.


23/40

Although Hallam & coworkers couldnt culture , triedan entirely new & much complicated approachcalled Environmental Genomics

involves analyzing the DNA of all organisms in aparticular environmental setting such as a drop of

sea water or a few tablespoon of deep sea mud .

Took core sample of sea bottom mud from an areawhere methane was known to be seeping through

the sediments used only mud from a depth atwhich previous studies confirmed presence ofmethane consuming microbes.

Studied ribosomal DNA


24/40

Indicated atleast 13 different types of bacteria & 6types of archae present in mud sample.

But the AMNE I (methane consuming) archaedominant group .

Hallam research provides a detailed description of

a process that has upto now been largely theoretic There is an ongoing research process.


25/40

GEOLOGICALSEQUESTRATION

Also known as geo sequestration.

Involves injecting CO2 generally in supercritical form, can effuse through solids like gas & dissolvematerials like a liquid directly into undergroundgeological formation.

Deep coal seams which are unmineable can beused to store CO2 permanently underground wherethe CO2 molecules attach to the surface of coal.

In this process of absorption the coal releasespreviously absorbed methane & the methane canbe recovered.


26/40

CO2 enhanced coal bed methane production


27/40

Disadvantage

Though the sale of the methane can be used to offset

a portion of the cost of C storage.

Burning the resultant methane , however wouldproduce CO2 , which would negate some of thebenefit of sequestering the original CO2.


28/40

MINERALSEQUESTRATION

In this process CO2 is exothermically reacted withavailable metal oxides , which in turn producesstable carbonates .

This process occurs naturally over many years & is

responsible for a great amount of surface oflimestone.

Earthen oxide Percent of crust carbonate

CaO 4.90 CaCO3MgO 4.36 MgCO3

Na2O 3.55 Na2CO3

FeO 3.52 FeCO3

K2O 2.80 K2CO3


29/40

Advantages :-

carbonate is the lowest energy

state of C , not CO2

Carbon

400 KJ/mole

CO2

60 -180 KJ/molecarbonate

the raw materials such as Mg

based minerals are abundant.

Their disposal is permanent asthermodynamically stable .

Implementation without an

external supply of heat is possible

because reaction is exothermic.

Disadvantages :-

extensive miningoperations necessary

will haveenvironmental impactlike

erosion

Loss of biodiversity

Contamination of soil,ground water &surface water by

chemicals from miningprocess.

BIOMIMETIC SEQUESTRATION OF CO


30/40

BIOMIMETIC SEQUESTRATIONOF CO2

IN CARBONATE FORM:

Bios life ; mimetic ability to imitate

Refers to human made processes , systems thatimitate nature , i.e. where structure & function ofbiological systems are used as models for the

design & engineering of a process.

A new biomimetic approach to C sequestrationusing carbonic anhydrase provides a viable meansto accelerate CO2 hydration reaction & has beenfound to be feasible for fixing large quantities ofCO2 into CaCO3 in presence of suitable cations atmoderate pH values invitro.


31/40

CARBONICANHYDRASE

Zinc containing metalloenzyme catalyzing the rapidinterconversion of

CO2 + H2O HCO3-+ H+

HCO3- CO3

2- + H+

Ca 2+ + CO32

- CaCO3

ubiquitously found in nature from prokaryotes to

eukaryotes.

Exists in distinct classes :-

, , , ,


32/40

The mechanism of CO2 hydration:-

Zinc-bound hydroxide attacks the carbonyl carbon of CO2to form zinc-bound bicarbonate;

bicarbonate is subsequently displaced with water by aligand-exchange step.

In the second step, H+ is transferred from zinc-boundwater to regenerate the catalytically active species, thezinc-bound hydroxide .

H2O

E-Zn-OH-+CO2

E -ZCn-HCO3

E-Zn-OH2

+ HCO3

E-Zn-OH2 E-Zn-OH- + H+


33/40

This metalloenzyme reported to be present inanimals, plants and microorganisms.

Function of carbonic anhydrase enzyme :-

respiration

photosynthesis

pH homeostasis

rapid inter-conversion of carbon dioxideand water into carbonic acid, protons andbicarbonate ions.

calcification of corals.


34/40

Species -class -class -class

Bacteria domain

Acetobacteriumwoodii

- 22 19

Bacillus subtilis - * *Carboxydothermushydrogenoformans

- 23 19

Clostridiumthermoaceticum

- 24 18

Helicobacter pylori 23 25 -

Pseudomonasaeruginosa

- 23: 25 20

Table 1. Detection of carbonic anhydrases in microbes

Molecular mass in Westernblotting,( kDa)

Specificactivityunits/mg

7.3 0.6


35/40

Rhodobacter

capsulatus

- 23 18

Rhodobactersphaeroides

- 23 18

Rhodospirillumrubrum

- 21 19

Salmonellatyphimurium

22 26 *

Staphylococcusaureus

- 23 -

Vibrio fischeri - - 19

An asterisk (*) indicates that crossreactive protein expected from sequence datawas not detected

Specificactivityunits/mg

Species -class -class -class Specific


36/40

SpeciesArchaea domain

-class -class -class Specificactivityunits/mg

Methanobacteriumformicicum

- 21 -


37/40

This CA has been reported in Pseudomonas fragii , Bacillus

pumilus , Micrococcus lylae has potential for CO2

sequestration .

Provides a viable means to accelerate CO2 hydration reaction& has been found to be feasible for fixing large quantities of

CO2 in CaCO3 in presence of suitable cations at moderate

pH invitro.

The end product is in the form of CaCO3 that is

Safe

stable

Environmentally benign

ecofriendly


38/40

RESEARCHERSENGINEERBACTERIATOTURN

CO2 INTOLIQUIDFUEL

Researchers from UCLA Henry Samueli School of

engineering & applied Science have genetically modified a

cyanobacteria Synechoccus elongatus

Genetically increase the quantity of the CO2 fixing

enzyme RUBisCo

spliced genes from other microorganism that intake CO2& sunlight to produce isobutyraldehyde gas

Genetically engineered strains of the cyanobacterium

Synechococcus elongatus in a Petri dish

NEW PROCESS USES GENETICALLY MODIFIED


39/40

NEWPROCESSUSESGENETICALLYMODIFIEDYEASTTOTURN CO2EMISSIONSINTOBRICKSFOR

CONSTRUCTION

MIT reseachers modifiedbakers yeast to express

genes that are normally foundin sea creatures like abalones, which make hard carbonateshells .

This genetically engineeredyeast help turn the dissolvedCO2 into solid carbonates .

according to MIT the processproduce 2 pounds of carbonfor every pound capturedCO2.

MIT Professor Angela Belcherand graduate student RobertoBarbero are working on a way toconvert carbon dioxide gas to

carbonates that could be used asbuilding materials.


40/40

COMPARISION

o Biotic sequestration

Intervention of higherplants & microorganism.

finite sink capacity.

Cost effective processhave numerousadditional benefits:-

Improve quality of soil &

water resources.Reduced soil erosion

Better wild life habitat.

are immediately

li bl

Abiotic sequestration

Engineering process ,without intervention of livingorganisms.

Sink capacity extremely

large. Expensive techniques

Disadvantages:-

Injected CO2 is prone to

leakage risks

Adverse ecological impacts.

may be available for

routine use by 2025 & beyond.

Documents

c seq newrevised