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‘CITIZENISATION’ IN FLANDERS: BETWEEN CITIZENSHIP AND RIGHTS
Dieter GrypUniversity College Ghent – Social Work and Welfare Studies
University Ghent – Philosophy and Moral Sciences
EINE-CONFERENCE, ANTWERP – DECEMBER 3, 2011
Research project
• ‘CITIZENSHIP IN THE IMMIGRATION SOCIETY’A philosophical analysis of conceptions of citizenship in integration practices (Flemish reception policy – ‘citizenisation’ (Dutch: inburgering))• University of Ghent• Funded by University College Ghent• 01/11/2009 – 31/10/2015 (50 %)• Patrick Loobuyck – Griet Verschelden
• Key question• What political-philosophical conceptions of citizenship lie at the root of
developed “integration practices” in Flanders (‘citizenisation’) and how are these views reflected in the discourse about immigration society in general?
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Research project (2)
• Combination of political philosophy (explicitation of concepts and discourses) and social work (analysis of ‘actions’ within these discourses)
• Phase 1 (year 1 – 2)• Literature research (political-philosophical/sociological
literature on the concepts ‘citizenship’, ‘social integration’, ‘immigration’, …)
• Preliminary analysis of ‘citizenisation practices’ in Flanders (through decrees)
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Outline
• Motivation• Historical analysis of citizenship
• Citizenship discourse• Rights discourse
• The agonistic core• Joint approach• Moralisation
• In Dutch policy• In Belgian policy (?)
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Motivation
• Signifying concept
• Discussion (national) liberalism – communitarism• Central concept in citizenisation is an active and
shared citizenship
• ‘Peculiar and slippery concept with a long history’
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Historical analysis
‘CLASSICAL CITIZENSHIP’ ‘MODERN CITIZENSHIP’Aristotle Hobbes - LockeRepublican (communitarian) LiberalCommunity IndividualCS as practice (‘active’) CS as rights
• Two discourses (Margaret Somers):• Citizenship discourse• Rights discourse
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Citizenship discourse
• Virtues (active citizenship)• Aristotle: subject – citizen
• Intrinsic capacity and desire to participate in politics
• Roman imperialism: legal status (cf. nationality)• Revival: Italian city states
• Scarcity of (classic) republics is due to a scarcity of civic virtues
• Rousseau: ‘social contract’
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Rights discourse
• Rights• Evolution towards sovereign nations
• Imagined communities representation
• Evolution of citizenship: membership• The introduction of rights
• Hobbes (rights –state) – Locke (natural rights)• Marshall: social rights
• Idea of equality: negative and positive rights
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Agonistic core
• Liberal hegemony, but ‘every consensus exists as a temporary result (…) and it always entails some form of exclusion’
• View: citizenship has an agonistic core• 1990’s: renewed interest in citizenship discourse
• Two currents: • Rights (multiculturalism, rights and duties)• Citizenship (quality and attitude citizens)
• Kymlicka/Norman: joint approach
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Joint approach?
• Growing aknowledgment: differentiated rights are necessary (f.e. liberal negligence)• Question has changed:
• specific minority rights in specific contexts
• Justification: do they undermine civic virtues?• Main difficulty: how to promote civic virtues?
• ‘Society would be better if the people where nicer and more thoughtfull’
• How to moralise?
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The moralisation of citizenship
• Agonistic core = moralisation in both discourses• Citizenship discourse is more moral (hence almost
automatically ‘moralisation’• Rights discourse: contractualisation
• Formal (defined – state) and moral (discursive – society) citizenship (Schinkel)• Dutch citizenisation (integration = citizenship) – culturist
fase• Diffuse hybrid between the state’s force and the government
ideology on civic behaviour
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The Dutch policy
• Inspiration for the Belgian (Flemish) policy• Formal citizenship leads to moral citizenship• Moralisation initiates a dual process
• First moral than formal• Formal but lack of moral
• First-class citizens and second-class citizens
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The Belgian Context
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BELGIUM
Federal Government
3 Regions‘space bounded matters’
3 Communities‘person bounded matters’
Division of tasks
• MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION POLICIES:• Federal level:
• immigration, anti-discrimination and the nationality law
• Communities, regions and cities: • integration policy
• MINISTERS:• The Belgian government:
• minister of migration (since 2008)
• Flemish government: • minister of civic integration (since 2004)
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Decrees
• The Flemish Minority Policy (1989)• Inspired by Anglo-Saxon and (former) Dutch multicultural model
= categorical vision• 1998: ‘minority decree’, updated in 2009
= inclusive vision• ‘Living together in a diversified society is every citizen’s responsibility’ • Three levels:
• an emancipation policy for target groups• a social policy on the domains of welfare, health care and
education• a reception policy for newcomers
= formalised with the citizenisation decree in 2003.
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Citizenisation trajectories
• February 2003• Two main parts:
• Primary trajectory:• acquiring Dutch as a second language
(Nederlands als tweede taal - NT2)• orientation in the Flemish/Belgian society
(Maatschappelijke Oriëntering - MO)• orientation in the labour market
(Loopbaanoriëntatie - LO). • Secondary trajectory: regular social services
• Compulsory for priority groups (larger than target group i.e. ‘newcomers’ and ‘oldtimers’)
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Moralisation in citizenisation (?)
• Division of tasks• No formal incentive, ‘forced’ emphasis on moral
citizenship
• In political discussion the line between moral and formal citizenship blurs (transgressed discursively)• Mandatory (or losing social insurance)
• Risk: moralisation can cause a shift from structural to individual, group or cultural problems• Strategic mechanism
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