CCIISSCC

Unit 3CCOO22

&&&&

TTEELL EIGRP,EECCOOMM

EIGRP,Troubleshooting and

V IPMMMMUUNNII

VoIPIICCAATTII

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CCIISSCC

VoIP TelephonyCCOO22

&&

y

• Uses digitized voice streamed over the&&

TTEELL

Uses digitized voice streamed over the internet instead of traditional telephone company lines

EECCOOMM

p y• Requires either a special phone or an

adapter for your existing phoneMMMMUUNNII

p y g p• Cheaper than traditional service• Primary disadvantagesII

CCAATTII

Primary disadvantages– No power, no phone– 911 not always available

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y

CCIISSCC

VoIP Call ProcessCCOO22

&& • Go off hook and&&

TTEELL

• Go off hook and get a dial tone

• Dial the number (telephone

EECCOOMM

(telephone number mapped to an IP host by the dial plan mapperMM

MMUUNNII • The IP host has a direct connection to the called party

mapper

IICCAATTII

• Two Bi-directional Channels opened over the IP network• Codecs are enabled and the RTP/UDP/IP protocol stream

the packets

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p• If answered, conversation takes place• Go on hook, session torn down

CCIISSCC

VoIP NetworkCCOO22

&&&&

TTEELLEECCOOMMMMMMUUNNIIIICCAATTII

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CCIISSCC

Cisco VoIP Network EquipmentCCOO22

&& • IP telephone&&

TTEELL

IP telephone• LAN Switch

IP tEECCOOMM

• IP router• IP PBXMM

MMUUNNII

• PSTN gatewayII

CCAATTII

g y

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CCIISSCC

VoIP ProtocolsCCOO22

&& • RTP – Real-Time Transport Protocol&&

TTEELL

RTP Real Time Transport Protocol• RTCP - Real-Time Transport Control

ProtocolEECCOOMM

• SIP - Session Initiation Protocol is the signaling protocolMM

MMUUNNII

g g p• SIP-T – allows IP phones to be used over the

PSTNIICCAATTII

• MEGACO – Media Gateway Control Protocol will eventually allow centralized VoIP

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networks

CCIISSCC

VoIP QoS ProblemsCCOO22

&& • Latency if greater than 150ms can cause&&

TTEELL

Latency if greater than 150ms can cause talk over

• Jitter and out of sequence packets causeEECCOOMM

Jitter and out of sequence packets cause dead air or garbled calls

• Packet loss causes voices to soundMMMMUUNNII

Packet loss causes voices to sound “choppy” or dead air without the connection being terminated

IICCAATTII

g• Echo can occur on either end of the call.

Echo suppressors are installed to

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ppprevent the problem

CCIISSCC

EIGRPCCOO22

&& • EGIRP is the Enhanced Interior Gateway&&

TTEELL

EGIRP is the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

• Considered a hybrid protocol that uses the EECCOOMM

y pbest features of distance vector and link state

• Cisco proprietary protocolMMMMUUNNII

p p y p• Use more accurate metrics to find the best

pathIICCAATTII

• Only updates the database when the topology changes

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CCIISSCC

EIGRP FeaturesCCOO22

&&• Unequal cost path load balancing• Fast convergence time using the DUAL (Diffusing Update&&

TTEELL

Fast convergence time using the DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) which allows affected routers to synchronize simultaneously by storing backup routes

• Low network overhead by only sending hello packets if the EECCOOMM

y y g pnetwork is stable because it uses the hello packets to establish adjacency

• Only propagates changesMMMMUUNNII

• Maximum hop count of 224• Supports route tagging and automatic route summarization

at major network boundaries and manual elsewhereIICCAATTII

• Metrics– Bandwidth (default)– Delay (default

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Delay (default– Load– Reliability

CCIISSCC

EIGRP FeaturesCCOO22

&& • Supported protocols&&

TTEELL

pp p– Appletalk– IPX

EECCOOMM

– IPv4– IPv6

• Maintains a neighbor and a routing table forMMMMUUNNII

• Maintains a neighbor and a routing table for each protocol

• Passive state indicated both available and IICCAATTII

reachable• Active state means a successor route

t b f d d t f i f tiDPW

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cannot be found and request for information is multicast to all neighbors

CCIISSCC

Packet TypesCCOO22

&&

y

• Hello – discover, verify and if necessary&&

TTEELL

Hello discover, verify and if necessary rediscover neighbors (sent to 244.0.0.10 on IP networks) Use hold times to determine if a

EECCOOMM

neighbor is available• Acknowledgement – indicates that a packet

MMMMUUNNII

has been received• Update unicast packet sent to a new neighbor

id ll h l i f iIICCAATTII

to provide all the topology information• Query – used to get specific information from

th tDPW

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another router• Reply – response to a QUERY

CCIISSCC

EIGRP Discovery ProcessCCOO22

&&

y

&&

TTEELLEECCOOMMMMMMUUNNIIIICCAATTII

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CCIISSCC

EIGRP UpdatesCCOO22

&&&&

TTEELLEECCOOMMMMMMUUNNIIIICCAATTII

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CCIISSCC

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)CCOO22

&&&&

TTEELLEECCOOMMMMMMUUNNIIIICCAATTII • This is Cisco’s proprietary transport

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This is Cisco s proprietary transport protocol

CCIISSCC

Successors CCOO22

&&• Allowed up to 4 successors in the routing table

&&

TTEELL

• Feasible successors kept in the topology table

EECCOOMMMMMMUUNNIIIICCAATTII

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CCIISSCC

Route SummarizationCCOO22

&&&&

TTEELLEECCOOMMMMMMUUNNIIIICCAATTII M l i ti th

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Manual summarization uses the ip summary-address eigrp

command

CCIISSCC

Network ProblemsCCOO22

&& • Commands entered incorrectly&&

TTEELL

Commands entered incorrectly• Access lists are wrong or put in the

wrong placeEECCOOMM

wrong place• Network devices are configured wrong• Hardware problemsMM

MMUUNNII

• Hardware problems– Routers– SwitchesII

CCAATTII

– Switches– Network appliances– Links

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Links

CCIISSCC

TroubleshootingCCOO22

&&

g

• Use the following commands&&

TTEELL

Use the following commands• debug ip ripd b i iEE

CCOOMM

• debug ip eigrp• debug ip ospf events

MMMMUUNNII

• debug ospf packet• debug ip igrp transactionsII

CCAATTII

debug ip igrp transactions• debug igrp events

DPW© 2005-2010

DPWDPW© Donna Warren © Donna Warren

IIOONNSS