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110RROMEO SAIN~T CHARLES (1538";1584), Italian NERI SAINT PHILIP (FILIPPO NERI) (1515-1595), onecardinal and archbishop of Milan, was born at Arona, Oct. 2, 1538. of the o~tstanding figures of the Counter-Reformation, knownHis studies at the University of Pavia won him the doctorate in as the second "apostle of Rome," was the founder of the Institutecivil and canon law in 1559. of the Oratory (see ORATORIANS). St. Ignatius of Loyola and St.

Upon the election of his maternal uncle as Pope Pius IV.that \ CMrles Borromeo were his friends, t~e church h~st?ria~ C~esarsame year, he was called to Rome, where he was created cardinal- . Baronius was his disciple, and Palestrina came wIthin his cIrcle.deacon (1560) and later cardinal-priest (1564). On May 12, Born in Florence on July 21, 1515, Philip left the city at about1560, he was named archbishop of Milan, and upon the completion the age of 18 for the home of a relative near Monte Cassino.of his 25th year was consecrated a bishop by Cardinal Serbellone After what might be termed a cQ.tL~ (though his life was in-on Dec. 7, 1563. nocent) , he went to Rome wherene-spent his reI1:!~ining 60 years.

As cardinal-nephew, the young prelate filled many functions at He tutored the sons-of a Florentine in return for an attic and aRome, chief among them that of heading the Consulta, which "I pittance. He attended ~tures Q!l.D~I~ophy and theolo~, thou~thus made him secretary of state to Pius IV. The pope leaned I) fi'-"-- ding to receive holy orders bu~r to pursue'" layupon him heavily in directing the third ~onvocation of the Coun- t;~postolat. Cheerful and .open by temperament, he c?nverse .cil of Trent (1562-63). When the councIl closed, Borromeo sat as g men of the city m order to me serIOUS questlon:a member of the commission to execute its decrees and was largely 'Well and when shall we be in to 0 He served in theinstrumental in bringin~ out the. Roman c~techism.in Sept. 15~6. ;' hospitals and freque~tly spent ~hole mgms m p~r in the cata-Increasingly, the archbIshop desIred to resIde at MIlan, a permlS- combs of St. SebastIan.sion at length granted by his uncle in 1565. .Recalled to Ro~e In 1548 he founded the confraternity <}f the Holy Trinity toby the illness and death of Pius IV, the archbIshop took part In give hospitality to poor pilgrims and convalescents dischargedthe conclave which elected Pius V on Jan. 7, 1566, and then was al- from hospitals. - ---

lowed to return to his see, where he resided thereafter.. ~ .1551' prevailed on by his spiritual adviser, he was !JrdainedAt :\Iilan, serious administrative probl.ems confronted hIm. He ~rJana went to reside with the chaplains at San GirOTaiii?"was responsible for more than 1.000 parishes scatte~ed ?ver a ter- arita., in the via di Monserrato. There he gathered in hisritory in part subject to King Philip II of Spain, m part. to rodm the young men he had already grouped around him andVenice. Genoa. Novara and the Swiss cantons. In regular fashion. others \v1l"Omhe-"won-by an assiduous ministry in the confessional.the ca~dinal visited every section of his archdiocese. Eleven r These meetings had some resemblance to modem discussion groupsdiocesan synods ordered the ecclesiastical life of the see, while six .~-i~ t1;~ agditio.nof- p~ a~dhymns. When numbers fii:.

provincial councils extended the ref~rms of th~ Council of Trent: creasea ~e tran~ferre~tmgs to the church attics. T~eyto the 15 bishoprics suffragan to )l11~n. . Clenc~l. educatlo_n was ::, called thIS 10cal1ty "tth~tQry;J a name tha~ came to ~e appl1edfostered by the establishment of a Semmano MaggIore (~56:» an~ '! also to those who met-~e~d to the d~~naL c~e andof a Collegio Elvetico (1579), both at Milan, and ofmmor sem!- it recr~~i9nal activities that Philip devised for them (among thesenaries at. Inverigo and Celano. ~or lay students, ~he ~o)le~~ mu.sic, whence ulti~ate1Y("'ora~orio")') For a time .(1564-75,Brera (1:>72), entrusted to the Je~uIts',and the Collegl? del Nobill PhIlip was rector or the FI'Oi"t"ti"t::;"'"C'hurch of San GIovanni; .(15i 3) wer~ erected. The archbIshop s .last undertakm~ was the this period Baronius and other disciples were ordained, thus fOrtt~public openIng of the college at Ascona m 1584. He :-,ldely e.m- ing the germ of a ne\v community.ployed the Confrat~rnity ?f Christian Doctrine for the m~truc:.on In 1575, a bull of Gregory XIII granted Philip the ancie::,of abo.ut 40,000 children ~n 740 ~ent~~s. Though. embrotled .lth church of Sta. Maria in VallicelJa and established there in Pt::the ~filanese senate, and m COnflICt WIth Gov. ~UIS de Requesens, petuity "a Congregation of secular priests and clerics kno\\'n ..,as well as with the rebellious canons of Sta. Mana della Scala and the Oratory." The old church was pulled down and a ne".o.;the order of the Humiliati, the archbishop had the support of many built-still called the Chiesa Nuova-and a house for the Prie;:.r~gious .congrega.tions, in.cluding his own Oblates of St. ~brose. though it was not until 1583 that Philip went there to reside. .~HIS heroIC behaVIour durmg the plague of 1576-78 won hllD the 1577 he was formally elected provost of the congregation.admiration o~ his Bo.ck. . Apart from the pressure he exerted on Pope Clement VIII..

The archbIshop died at Mtlan on Nov. 3, 1584. He was canon- obtain the absolution from excommunication of King Henry IV;:ized on Nov. I, 1610, by Pope Paul V, who set the feast day as France, Philip played no part in the politic!!] events of the tir:-.~Nov. 4. .. His work was essentiany-one-of personal inBuence; he attraclt:

BmuOGRAPBY:-LudWlg Pastor, The HIstory of the Popes F~om the men not merely by his joyfulness and humour but, even more.::,Close of the MI.ddle Ages, vol. xv, pp. 97-98, 105 fl. (1928), G. P. the spiritual gifts lie manifested. HIS fervour of spirit was ..Giussano The LIfe of St. Charles Borromeo, 2 vol. (Eng. trans. 1884) ; ". '"Louise M. Stacpoole-Kenny, St. Charles Borromeo (1911); Margaret companIed by a sensatIon of phYSICal heat and a Vlolent paI:LYeo, Reformer: St. Charles Borromeo (1938); Cesa~ ~rsenigo, Life of tation of the heart; distrustful of all ecstatics he was freq;e~~1St. Charles Borromeo (Eng. trans. 1943) ; C. Marchesml, San Carl? Bor- carriea a-way byec--stasies himself. M~ny miracles were attribu:~romeo.(1954); .H. Thurston and D. Attwater (eds.), B~ler's LIves of to him, notably the raising to life of raolouerlVraS51ml.~the SaInts, vol. IV, pp. 255-262 (1956). ( . G.]. B.) ilieend of his life he continued to hear confessions and rece:;,

all who sought his help. .

Philip died on May 26, 1595, and was buried in the church:"had built. He was canonized in 1622; his feast day is May::

BmuOGRAPBY.-Lettere, rime e detti memorabile di S. Filippo -by E. Magri (1922). See also fundamental Latin life by A. Gall~~.(1600) ; P. G. Bacci, Vita di S. Filippo Neri (1622; Eng. trans. by F:Antrobus, 1902) ; A. Capecelatro, Vita di S. Filippo Neri, 2 vol. (I~:Eng. trans. by T. A. Pope, abbreviated ed., 1926); L. Ponnelle anc:Bordet, S. Philil1l1e Niri et la societe romaine de son temps (1Q28: E~:trans. by R. Kerr, 1932), with list of sources; G. de Libero, San Fi1i~1lv.eri, apostolo di Roma (1960); M. Trevor, Apostle o!_RE~e- (!~::

r=:.::. S'U~-(F"""'" O£~"-") (:S~1~ VINCEN=:UL (1581-1660) founder of the1622), bishop of Geneva, refuted the error prevalent in his day that Lazarists and of the Confraternities of Charity, ;'as born at Pouyspiritual perfection was impossible for those living i? the \\'orld. in the Landes, France, on April 24, 1581, educated by the Francis-Born Aug. 21, 1567, in the castle of Sales at Thorens m Savoy, he cans at Dax, ordained priest, Sept. 23, 1600, and took his degreewas the eldest son of the Boisy family. His education began at of B.D. at the T:niversity of Toulouse in 1604. Captured byLa Roche and Annecy, continued at the Jesuit college of Clerm?nt Barbary pirates, he spent two years (1605-07) as a slave in Tu-in Paris (1580-88) and was completed at Padua by theological nisia, whence he escaped to Aigues-Mortes. After a year in Romestudy and the acquisition of the doctorate in law (1591). After a he went to Paris, where he remained for the rest of his life. Hebrief practice of law he turned to the ecclesiastical state and was placed himself under the spiritual guidance of Pierre de Berulleordained priest at Annecy (1593). . . (q.v.), who directed him to take charge of the parish of Clichy

Missionary activity leading to the conversIon of the ChablalS and, later, to act as tutor to the two sons of Philip Emanuel defrom Calvinism to Roman Catholicism occupied the years from Gondi, general of the galleys, of which Vincent became chaplain1594 to 1598. Appointed coadjutor to the bishop of Geneva general in 1617. He subsequently had a hospital built at Marseilles(1599) by Pope Clement VIII, Francis was consecrated bishop of for those \\'retched convicts.that see on Dec. 8, 1602. In 1625 he founded the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarists

Diocesan organization and reform, plus continued efforts against or Vincentians) to evangelize neglected poor country folk andCalvinism, marked Francis' episcopal administration. In teaching also to educate and train a pastoral clergy. He like\\'ise estab-that perfection was easy and possible for all. he was especially lished in Paris and its en\1rOnS Confraternities of Charity. associa-effective as author, spiritual director and preacher. In 1610, tions of laywomen \\'ho visited. fed, and nursed the sick poor inthrough Jeanne Franc;oise Fremiot, the widowed baronne de Chan- their homes. As these women were mostly members of noble andtal, he founded a religious order for women, the Visitation of Holy wealthy families, they enabled him to establish the Foundling andMary (see CHANtAL. SAINT JANE FRANCES DE). Francis died at other hospitals and to relieve the distress occasioned by war inLyons on Dec. 28. 1622. His beatification (1661) and canoruza- Picardy. Champagne. and Lorraine. Vincent was the cofoundertion (1665) took place under Pope Alexander VII. The title of \\ith Louise de Marillac (q.v.) of the Daughters of Charity. Hedoctor of the church was conferred on him by Pius IX (1877), died on Sept. 27,1660, and was canonized in 1737. His feast dayand he was named the heavenly patron of all writers by Pius XI is July 19.(1923). His feast day is Jan. 29. BIBL1OGRAPRY.-P. Coste (ed.), Saint Vincent de Paul, correspond-

Various religious congregations, both of men and women, tak- ante, entretiens, documents, 14 vol. (19~G-25); ]. Leonard (trans.).ing him as their patron have followed his principles of spirit- Conferences, 4 vol. (1938-40) and selections from the letters (1937).

1. See also lives by P. Coste, En~. trans. by]. Leonard, 3 vo). (1934-3.::);ua Ity. . . .hi h . I d . .

t h ]. Calvet, Eng. trans. by L. Sheppard (1952) and V. Giraud (19~~).St. FrancIs' wntmgs-w c mc u e controversIes agams t e (T. I.n )

Calvinists, works on spirituality, letters, sermons and documentson diocesan administration-resulted in most part from his activityin the ministry. A 26-volume critical edition was issued under -- . .I the auspices of the Sisters of the Visitation _qf Annecy (1892- LE SAINT JEAN BAPTISTE DE (1651-1719),1932). The following h~ve been translated into E~~lish: The .. omle~ of education and fo.under ~f the ~rothers .of theControversies. The Treattse on the Love of God,. Sptntual Con. 'Schools was born of an anstocratic family at Relms on

:':J ferences ': sele~tions from the. letters. by H. B. ~lackey.: an?, in sev- ..1651. A!ter becoming a priest (16.78) he devoted him-eral verSIons, An lntroductton to Devout Ltfe, which IS recog- e education of the poor, at that tlIne much neglected.nized as a classic on spirituality. . to establish charity schools in his own town and subs~-

BIBUOGRAPHY.-See the biographies in English by H. Burton (I92~) formed his teachers into a relig.ious order (1684). Hisand E. Sanders (1928). V. Bra~sio, E. Morga~t~ a~d M. St.. Durica list ultiplied until at the time of his death they were to beother works from I623 to 1955 In Opere e scnttt nguardantt San Fran- 22 towns of France and in Rome. La Salle also set upcesco Di Sales (1956). (E. ]. CY.) Colleges for secular teachers, the first of their kind; board-

Is of nonclassical type for middle-class boys; and .re-'es. He \vas a man of refined manners, cultured mindpractical ability, in whom personal austerity v:as allied. ess and affability. He died at Rouen on Apnl 7, 1719,

',canonized in 1900; his feast day is May 15.La Salle's spiritual \vritings are Les Devoirs d'un chretien,.03); Recueil de differents petits traite: (1711); a.nd t\VOMeditations (1730-31). His pedagogical works Include

de la bienseance et de la civilite chretiennes (1703) ; Lades ecoles chretiennes (1 i20); and various school man-"J. Battersby edited the Letters and Documents, in

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;:;,,0" .tted t this .:-- the wearing Ii some ;C,," mJ a -- . --r-~;~'l M&;r~~t Mary Ala.coque, BLESSED, ~ligious of ftu0U8 ornamenta aDd a maak at. the ~va1 to plea88~(~ the VIsItatIon Order, Apostle of the Devot.Ion to the her brotJIera. . .~:. Sacred Heart. of Jesus, b. at J;.hautecour, Franre, 22 On 25 Alay, 1671, she entem the, VwtaU«1 ~~ - July, 1647; d. at Paray-Ie-Momal,. ~7 Oct., 1690. Her v~t. at. Paray, where &.he waa a:ubJecteato manyoj parents, Claude Alacoque and Philiberte Lamyn, were triaJato prove her vocauon, and In N,?v., 1672, ~ro-

distinguished less for temporal possessions than for nounced her fInal vows. She had a delicate ~t.u-their virt.ue, w~ich gave them an honoura!Jle position. tion, but. was gifted ~-ith intelligenre and good Judg-From early childhood Margaret showed Intense love ment and in tbc cIO15U!r she ch~ for he~1f what.for the Blessed Sacrament, and preferred siJenre and was ~CMt repugnant to her nature, making her lif.e ODeprayer to childish amusements. .A.Iter her first com- of inlXXlreivabJe sufferings, which were often relievedmunion at the age ,of ni~e, she p'::1ctised i~ secret se- or inatantly cum by our Loni, \\no acted .. !MIl'vere corporal mortIficatIons, until paralYSls.confi.ned Direct«, ap~ to her freq~~tly and C<.-."9a8edher.to bed for four years. At the p~d,of. this penod, ..nth ~r, cODfidin~~~~- ~e D1lS8lon to estabH8h thehaVIng made a vow to the Blessed Virgin to conse- devotion to ma--Sacred ffe-art;--T~ extnIOrd!narycrate herself to the religious life, she was instantly OC:c-urrencea:d:reW upoo her the adve~. criticism Ii &berestored to perfect health. The death of her father community, who treated her as a vwonary, aJ¥i ~and the injustice of a relative pllmged the family in superior commanded her to live 1he co~moo life.poverty and humiliation, after which more than ever But. her ~ience, her humility, and invanable char-Margaret foun.d her consolatio,n in the. Blessed Sacra- ity towanis th~ v.:ho pe~ut.oo he,r, finally ere-ment, and Christ made her sensible of HIS presence and vailed, and her IIUSSlon, accomplished ill the cruCIbleprotection. He usual!Y appeared ~ as tEe C!llci- of suffering, was recog:nized even. !Jy th~ who hadfled or the EcceHiiiiiii,-analliiSara- not surpnse her, as shown her the most bitter oppOSItIon. .she tnougnt otners naG the same Divine assistance. Margaret ~Iary was inspim .by Christ to eB!.&bliah'Vhen Mnrgaret was seve:'teen, the family property ,,!,as the ! ~i,~:il Hour and to p~.~.£ P;~.t.~~~~~~recovered, and her mother be;sought her to establlBh fa~ - --- -. --!rom e~~ ti!L~'!~qJ~t.-~~ eveherself in the world. Her filial tenderness made her ~ ~ first Jid:a-Y oteach montn: to share In the m~believe that the vow of childh~l was not binding, and tar.-aiie-.-ge eiiaurecrwnen- abandoned by Histhat she could serve God at home by penance and Ap<MtIee: in Ria Agony, and to rereive holy Commun-charity to the poor. Then, still blceding from her self- ion on the first Friday of every month. In. tlMI fimimposed austerities, sh~gan to tIIi:~ P'" -.-in :!!!e ~t revelation, He made kn~ to .her His al:dentpleasures 01 tne world~ unefiTghrl!potrher return deaIre to be loved by men and His design of ~e8t,.fr~"ll;-snenada vision of Christ as He was during ing His Heart with all Its treas~f Iove- aijd""mercy.the scourging, reproaching her for infidelity after He OCS8fiCf;i6:ca-uon and salvation. He appointed ~had given her so many proofs of His love. During Friday after the ocuve of the feast of Corpus Christiher entire life Margaret mourned over two faults com- as the feast of the Sacred Heart.; He calloo her ~ the

Beloved Disciple of the Sacred Heart. ", and the h~of ~treasures. The love of the Sacred Heart was

- the: fire which consumed tier, anct devodon to too

S~tf;iS~eretram- of all her writings. Inher last illne88 she refused all alleviation, repeatingf~uently: "What have I in heaven and what do IdesIre 00 earth, but Thee n.lone, 0 my God ", I!:Dd djedpronouncing the Holy Name of J~us. The~sfOilorfJie miSSiOn-ancI-\'irtuea--of-}!argaret Marycontinued for. ~.ears. A~ her actions, .her revela-tions, her spmtual maxJlDs, her teachings ~garo-ing the devotion to the Sacred Heart., of which shewas the chief exponent as well as. the apost!e, ,!eresubjected to the most severe and mtnute examlnation,and finally the Sacred Congregation of Rites passeda favourable vote on the heroic virtues of thisservant of God. In March, 18~nSe~;., ~~;24, Leo XII p~.'

~-DOSlced her VenerJloble, and on 18 Be t., 1 PiuaIX declared her Blessed. When er m

~nica:lly opened inJuly, IS;1u! T;WO instiiita-n~UB cures toorplace-: - Her ~y rests' under the

altllr-"in--tne-ehapet-at-Paray, an<:i n;tany strikingfavours have bee-n-obtatlie<t by pllgnms att.racted. thither from all parts of the world. Her feast IS rele-brated on 17 October.

The Letten. Instructions. and Auwbiography of BL Yar-garet Mary are included in Vie el CEuvre. par l~ ,contemPOTa\M(2 vole.. Paris, 1901); LA.'/GUET. La V\e de!4 ~en. ."!.a~Mari. (Paris. 172(1), tr. (London, 1850); HAKON. t.'" de !4 b.M. d'aprt" I.. manusc. It I.. docum. ong. (P3!'8' 1907):\ BOUGAVD, Rov.lation. of lh.Sacred Hearl.. tr. (New York. 1890).See also biog~hiA!S by GAUTBET (Pans. 1890); BOULANGERI Paris, 1847); D",-"IEL. tr, by a ~1STEIt orMERCT (~ew York);

~ICXELL (New York. 1900): Lif. of the Bl d Marparlt.MarvAlacoque in Th. .11"'07111" oft,," Sacred Hearl (1905), eenatlm.

SISTER MARY BERNARD DoLL.

;:'" ;

~","". "'" "~~"\:-:~:

I A. ST. MARGARET MARY ALACOQUE, AUTOBIOGRAPHY (c. 1682), Source: Monsignor Semimuid, St. Margaret Mary (1647-

1690), trans. A. M. Buchanen (LondQn: Burns, Oatesand Washbourne Ltd., 1927), pp. 116-117. Reprinted bypermission of Burns & Oates.

He made me lean for a long time on His Divinebreast, whilst He revealed tome the marvels of Hislove, and the inexp1iaab1e secrets of His Sacred Heart,--things which He 11-ad- hi"t:n~i'ro aI-ways fildden fromme~-and now disclosed for the first time. But He did itin so plain and effective a manner as to leave me noroom for doubting it, such were the results that thisgrace produced in me, who am always afraid of deceivingrnysel~~re9ara~0 what I assert to take place wi thinme. This is how it seems to me that the matter occurred. 1\--He said to me: "My Divine Heart is so passionately in I

~ove ~~~__~e~, and ~it~ t~ee in particular, that it can \' I '

no-IOnger contain w1th1n 1tself the flames of its ardentcharitcY, and must needs spread them oy-'fne-means;a:na---manifest itself to men and enrich them with the precioustreasures that I will reveal to thee. These treasurescontain the graces of salvation and sanctification neces-) ,

sary to draw men out of the abyss of unworthiness and /

ignorance, for the accomplishment of this great design,in order that all may be done by Me."

Afterwards, He asked for my heart, which I imploredHim to take, and having done so, He placed it within Hisadorable Heart, showing it to me as a little atom being- Icons~~-in- a glowing furnace, and then withdrawing itthence like a burning flame in the shape of a heart, Hereplaced it whence He had taken it, saying: "Behold, Mybeloved, a precious pledge of My love, which is inserting Il'!in thy side a tiny spark of its most fiery flames, to ¥\~serve as thy heartana to consume thee unfil thy last

li moment. Its heat will not diminish, nor will any relief beV found save to a slight degree by bleeding, and I will mark

the blood so plainly with My cross, that it will bring thee~ more humiliation and suffering than alleviation. This is

why I desire thee simply to ask for it, as much for theeto practise what is required of thee by thy rule,' as togive thee the consolation of shedding thy blood on thecross of humiliations. And in ~~en ~ha~ ~ne great ravourI have just done thee is not imaginary, but the foundation 01all those that I still have to bestow upon thee, although Iha~~lo~d the w~und in thy side, the pain of it shall everremain with tneeTandtnougfinrtherto-~riou hast aaoptea thename of My slave,: I now give thee that of the belovedd~ple"EK~_'p~_~d Heart." '

:,