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Appendix C
Networking
www.pearsoned.ca/jessup
Robert Riordan, Carleton University
Appendix C-2Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Human Communication
MessagesHuman communication involves the sharing of information between senders and receivers. The information is shared in the form of a message.
SenderInitiates the message by formulating the message content in the brain and coding the message in a form that can be communicated to the receiver (e.g. voice)
SenderInitiates the message by formulating the message content in the brain and coding the message in a form that can be communicated to the receiver (e.g. voice)
Receiver Uses their receiving mechanism (e.g. eyes, ears) to receive the encoded message and then attempts to decode its content or requests the message be resent
Receiver Uses their receiving mechanism (e.g. eyes, ears) to receive the encoded message and then attempts to decode its content or requests the message be resent
Communication Pathway
Appendix C-3Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Human Communication Example
Appendix C-4Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Requirements for Communication (Computer)
Senders and Receivers There must a be a sender and a receiver with something to share via a message to facilitate communication
Senders and Receivers There must a be a sender and a receiver with something to share via a message to facilitate communication
Communication Medium A medium must exist between the sender and receiver over which the message travels (e.g., a cable)
Communication Medium A medium must exist between the sender and receiver over which the message travels (e.g., a cable)
ProtocolsProcedures, rules, or standards must be followed by computers when sending or receiving data
ProtocolsProcedures, rules, or standards must be followed by computers when sending or receiving data
Appendix C-5Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Communication (Human versus Computer)
Appendix C-6Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Computer Networks
Distributed Computing (1980s)The use of small computers networked together allowing users to perform a subset of tasks that in aggregate are equal to that of a centralized computer while also being able to share information between those computers
Distributed Computing (1980s)The use of small computers networked together allowing users to perform a subset of tasks that in aggregate are equal to that of a centralized computer while also being able to share information between those computers
Centralized Computing (1970s)The centralized computing model utilizes a central computer (mainframe) connected to terminals with all processing being done on the central computer
Centralized Computing (1970s)The centralized computing model utilizes a central computer (mainframe) connected to terminals with all processing being done on the central computer
Collaborative Computing (1990s)A synergistic form of distributed computing in which two or more networked computers are used to accomplish a common processing task where they are not only sharing data but also sharing processing responsibilities
Collaborative Computing (1990s)A synergistic form of distributed computing in which two or more networked computers are used to accomplish a common processing task where they are not only sharing data but also sharing processing responsibilities
Appendix C-7Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Types of Computing
Distributed Computing
Collaborative Computing
Centralized Computing
Appendix C-8Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Types of Networks
NetworksMost networks utilize a combination of computing models that have evolved over time and are connected by one or more of the following network types:
• Private Branch Exchange (PBX)• Local Area Network (LAN)• Wide Area Network (WAN)• Global Networks• Enterprise Network• Value-added Network (VAN)• Metropolitan Network (MAN)• Personal Area Network (PAN)
NetworksMost networks utilize a combination of computing models that have evolved over time and are connected by one or more of the following network types:
• Private Branch Exchange (PBX)• Local Area Network (LAN)• Wide Area Network (WAN)• Global Networks• Enterprise Network• Value-added Network (VAN)• Metropolitan Network (MAN)• Personal Area Network (PAN)
Appendix C-10
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Types – Local Area Network
Local Area Network (LAN)A computer network that spans a relatively small area allowing all computer users to connect with each other to share information and peripheral devices (e.g., printers)
Local Area Network (LAN)A computer network that spans a relatively small area allowing all computer users to connect with each other to share information and peripheral devices (e.g., printers)
Appendix C-11
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Types of Networks – Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)A computer network that spans a relatively large area and is typically used to connect two or more LANs using different kinds of hardware and transmission media to cover large distances efficiently
Wide Area Networks (WANs)A computer network that spans a relatively large area and is typically used to connect two or more LANs using different kinds of hardware and transmission media to cover large distances efficiently
GlobalA WAN that spans multiple countries and may include the networks of several organizations (e.g. the Internet)
GlobalA WAN that spans multiple countries and may include the networks of several organizations (e.g. the Internet)
Value-added Network (VAN)A medium-speed, third-party-managed network that is economical as it is shared by multiple customer organizations that lease lines rather than investing in dedicated network equipment
Value-added Network (VAN)A medium-speed, third-party-managed network that is economical as it is shared by multiple customer organizations that lease lines rather than investing in dedicated network equipment
Appendix C-12
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Types of Networks – Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Enterprise Network & MAN
EnterpriseA WAN that is the result of connecting the disparate networks of a single organization
EnterpriseA WAN that is the result of connecting the disparate networks of a single organization
Metropolitan Area (MAN) A WAN network of limited geographic scope, typically in a city-wide area that combines both LAN and high-speed fiber-optic technologies
Metropolitan Area (MAN) A WAN network of limited geographic scope, typically in a city-wide area that combines both LAN and high-speed fiber-optic technologies
Appendix C-13
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Types of Networks – Personal Area Network (PAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)An emerging technology that uses wireless communication to exchange data between commputing devices using short-range radio communication (Bluetooth), typically within an area of ten meters
BluetoothIs the enabling technology of the Personal Area Network and is a specification for personal networking of desktop computers, mobile phones, pagers, portable stereos, and other handheld devices developed by its founders Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba
Appendix C-14
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Servers and Clients
ServerAny computer on a network that makes access to files, printing, communication, and other services available to users on the network
ServerAny computer on a network that makes access to files, printing, communication, and other services available to users on the network
ClientAny computer, such as a user’s workstation or a PC on the network, or software application such as word processing program that uses services provided by the server. A client only requests service and usually has only one user
ClientAny computer, such as a user’s workstation or a PC on the network, or software application such as word processing program that uses services provided by the server. A client only requests service and usually has only one user
NetworkA network consists of three separate components: servers, clients and peers
NetworkA network consists of three separate components: servers, clients and peers
Appendix C-15
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Peers
PeerA computer that may both request and provide services PeerA computer that may both request and provide services
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P)Enables any computer or device on the network to provide or request services with all peers having equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (e.g., Napster)
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P)Enables any computer or device on the network to provide or request services with all peers having equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (e.g., Napster)
Appendix C-16
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals - Network Services
Network ServicesThe capabilities that networked computers share through their multiple combinations of hardware and software
Network ServicesThe capabilities that networked computers share through their multiple combinations of hardware and software
File Services (a)The capabilities that networked computers share through their multiple combinations of hardware and software
File Services (a)The capabilities that networked computers share through their multiple combinations of hardware and software
Print Services (b)The capabilities used to control and manage user’s access to network printers, plotters, fax equipment, etc.
Print Services (b)The capabilities used to control and manage user’s access to network printers, plotters, fax equipment, etc.
Appendix C-17
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals - Network Services
Network Operating System (NOS)Is software that controls the network enabling computers to communicate by enabling network services
Network Operating System (NOS)Is software that controls the network enabling computers to communicate by enabling network services
Message Services (c)The capabilities that include storing, accessing, and delivering of text, binary, graphic, digitized video and audio data
Message Services (c)The capabilities that include storing, accessing, and delivering of text, binary, graphic, digitized video and audio data
Application Services (d)The capabilities that run software for network clients and enable computers to share processing power
Application Services (d)The capabilities that run software for network clients and enable computers to share processing power
Appendix C-19
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Cable)
Twisted Pair (TP)Two or more pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together and may be shielded (STP) or unshielded (UTP). It is the lowest capacity of the cable options
Twisted Pair (TP)Two or more pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together and may be shielded (STP) or unshielded (UTP). It is the lowest capacity of the cable options
Coaxial (COAX)Contains a solid inner copper conductor surrounded by insulation and outer braided copper or foil shield. It is higher capacity than twisted pair
Coaxial (COAX)Contains a solid inner copper conductor surrounded by insulation and outer braided copper or foil shield. It is higher capacity than twisted pair
Fiber-OpticMade of light-conducting glass or plastic core, surrounded by more glass, called cladding, and a tough outer sheath. It is high capacity and used in high speed backbones
Fiber-OpticMade of light-conducting glass or plastic core, surrounded by more glass, called cladding, and a tough outer sheath. It is high capacity and used in high speed backbones
Appendix C-21
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Wireless)
WirelessA communication mechanism that has no physical transmission media, hence the name wireless, that works by transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air. Types of wireless media include:
• Infrared line-of-sight • High-frequency radio• Microwave methods
WirelessA communication mechanism that has no physical transmission media, hence the name wireless, that works by transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air. Types of wireless media include:
• Infrared line-of-sight • High-frequency radio• Microwave methods
Infrared Line-of-SightUses high-frequency light waves to transmit data on an unobstructed path between nodes – computers or some other device such as a printer – on a network up to 24.4 meters (i.e. most electronics remotes use this infrared light) and are susceptible to attenuation, EMI, eavesdropping, high-intensity light, and smoke
Infrared Line-of-SightUses high-frequency light waves to transmit data on an unobstructed path between nodes – computers or some other device such as a printer – on a network up to 24.4 meters (i.e. most electronics remotes use this infrared light) and are susceptible to attenuation, EMI, eavesdropping, high-intensity light, and smoke
Appendix C-22
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Wireless)
High-Frequency RadioA fast transmission medium for distances up to 40 kilometers, depending on obstructions. Attenuation is very low but is susceptible to EMI and eavesdropping. Applications of this technology include pagers, cellular phones, and Wi-Fi
High-Frequency RadioA fast transmission medium for distances up to 40 kilometers, depending on obstructions. Attenuation is very low but is susceptible to EMI and eavesdropping. Applications of this technology include pagers, cellular phones, and Wi-Fi
PagersA one way, wireless messaging system in multiple typesPagersA one way, wireless messaging system in multiple types
Appendix C-23
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Wireless)
Cellular PhoneA two-way wireless communication that assigns unique frequencies to calls and can transmit in analog or digital
Cellular PhoneA two-way wireless communication that assigns unique frequencies to calls and can transmit in analog or digital
Appendix C-24
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Wireless)
Wireless LANs or Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)Based on a standard called 802.11, this technology enables multiple computers to share Internet access, files, and peripheral devices
Wireless LANs or Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)Based on a standard called 802.11, this technology enables multiple computers to share Internet access, files, and peripheral devices
Appendix C-25
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Microwave)
MicrowaveA high frequency radio signal that is sent through the air using either terrestrial (earth-based) or satellite systems
MicrowaveA high frequency radio signal that is sent through the air using either terrestrial (earth-based) or satellite systems
Terrestrial MicrowaveA line-of-site technology (unobstructed) used to cross inaccessible terrain or to connect buildings where cable installation would be expensive. Attenuation is low over short distance but higher over longer distances, and high winds, heavy rain, EMI and eavesdropping are also problems
Terrestrial MicrowaveA line-of-site technology (unobstructed) used to cross inaccessible terrain or to connect buildings where cable installation would be expensive. Attenuation is low over short distance but higher over longer distances, and high winds, heavy rain, EMI and eavesdropping are also problems
Appendix C-26
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Microwave)
Satellite MicrowaveA line-of-site technology that uses relay stations to transfer signals between antennae located on earth and a satellite orbiting the earth. It can be used to access very remote locations and, like a terrestrial microwave, attenuation, EMI and eavesdropping are also problems
Satellite MicrowaveA line-of-site technology that uses relay stations to transfer signals between antennae located on earth and a satellite orbiting the earth. It can be used to access very remote locations and, like a terrestrial microwave, attenuation, EMI and eavesdropping are also problems
Appendix C-27
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Networking Fundamentals – Media (Wireless)
Wireless Media Benefits and Drawbacks
Comparisons of Wireless Media
Appendix C-29
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Network Topologies)
Network TopologiesRefers to the shape of a network and comes in three types:
Network TopologiesRefers to the shape of a network and comes in three types:
Star NetworkThe network is configured in the shape of a star with all nodes or workstations connected to a central hub, or concentrator, through which all messages pass
Star NetworkThe network is configured in the shape of a star with all nodes or workstations connected to a central hub, or concentrator, through which all messages pass
Ring NetworkThe network is configured in the shape of a circle with each node connecting to the next node. Messages travel around the circle in one direction. Each node examines the message and uses it or regenerates it and passes it to the next node
Ring NetworkThe network is configured in the shape of a circle with each node connecting to the next node. Messages travel around the circle in one direction. Each node examines the message and uses it or regenerates it and passes it to the next node
Bus NetworkThe network is configured in the shape of an open-ended line with all nodes or workstations connected to the bus individually.
Bus NetworkThe network is configured in the shape of an open-ended line with all nodes or workstations connected to the bus individually.
Appendix C-30
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Network Topologies)
Star Network
Ring Network
Bus Network
Appendix C-31
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Protocols)
ProtocolsAgreed-upon formats for transmitting data between connected computers
ProtocolsAgreed-upon formats for transmitting data between connected computers
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)Is a protocol that represents a group of tasks (below) as seven successive layers that allow computers to communicate
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)Is a protocol that represents a group of tasks (below) as seven successive layers that allow computers to communicate
Appendix C-33
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Protocols)
Appendix C-34
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)
Connectivity HardwareThe hardware that allows computers to be physically connected to different types of networks
Connectivity HardwareThe hardware that allows computers to be physically connected to different types of networks
Common Connectivity Hardware• Connectors • Network Interface Cards (NICs)• Modems• Repeaters• Hubs• Bridges• Multiplexers• Routers• Brouters• Channel Service Units• Gateways
Common Connectivity Hardware• Connectors • Network Interface Cards (NICs)• Modems• Repeaters• Hubs• Bridges• Multiplexers• Routers• Brouters• Channel Service Units• Gateways
Appendix C-35
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)
ConnectorsUsed to terminate cables in order to be plugged into a network interface card or another network component
ConnectorsUsed to terminate cables in order to be plugged into a network interface card or another network component
Network Interface Card (NIC)A PC expansion board with its own unique identifier that plugs into a computer allowing it to be connected to a network
Network Interface Card (NIC)A PC expansion board with its own unique identifier that plugs into a computer allowing it to be connected to a network
Appendix C-36
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)
Modem (Modulator/Demodulator)Enables computers to connect and transmit data over phone lines by converting the sending computer’s digital signals to analog and back again for the receiving computer
Modem (Modulator/Demodulator)Enables computers to connect and transmit data over phone lines by converting the sending computer’s digital signals to analog and back again for the receiving computer
Appendix C-37
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e ©2008 Pearson Education Canada
Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)
HubA central point of connection between media segments enabling network extension to accommodate more PCs
HubA central point of connection between media segments enabling network extension to accommodate more PCs
BridgeUsed to connect two different LANs or two segments of the same LAN by forwarding traffic between segments
BridgeUsed to connect two different LANs or two segments of the same LAN by forwarding traffic between segments
RouterAn intelligent device used to connect two or more individual networks. When it receives a signal, it looks up the address and passes it to the appropriate network
RouterAn intelligent device used to connect two or more individual networks. When it receives a signal, it looks up the address and passes it to the appropriate network