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Byzantium & Orthodox Europe
Chapter 9
Difference: East & West (Byzantines and Western Europe Different versions of
Christianity: Great Schism: Catholic &
Orthodox 1054 Little interaction, with
west East more advanced East saw the West as
barbaric continuation of the Roman
Empire
http://12byzantinerulers.com/
Justinian the Great - 500s CE1. Reconquered western
territory to reclaim Roman Imperial glory
2. Problems!!! raised taxes, temporary capital in Ravenna, eastern frontier weakened
3. Peasant revolts in Byzantium. Justinian CRUSHED.
4. Rebuilt Constantinople, 5. Including expanding on
Roman architectural ideas with Hagia Sophia
6. Justinian’s Code- Systematized Roman Legal code, unified and organized code
Recurrent threat from invaders: Sassanids, Germanic tribes, Arabs Muslims, Slavs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I
Muslim Invasions Cause Trouble:
600s- Umayyad Muslim attacks Muslim’s created burdens
hinder economic activities Taxes raised for defense increasing power of aristocracy less focus on Byzantine structure, more on
military & navy Major siege of Constantinople in 717-718:
stopped with use of a new weapon- GREEK FIRE.
Society & Politics
Emperor head of state & church appointed bureaucrats & church officials (many
eunuchs) Bureaucracy
led by highly educated scholars from any social class
Provincial governors at the center of region, primarily responsible for military
controlled trade & prices Spies for loyalty Complex- phrase “Byzantine” mean complex
Troops recruited for heritable land- source of regional power
Economy centered on “world” network of trade; merchant class never gained significant power
F. Split between East & West Different Political, Cultural & Economic
Orientation Religious differences: Greek v. Latin Bible,
celibacy of priests, type of bread, papal role in politics
1054: Official split between Catholic & Orthodox Churches
G. Empire’s Decline Muslim Seljuks, seized Asiatic holding, cut off
trade, taxes & food supply in 11th century Ind. Slavic kingdoms emerged in Balkans Appeals to West prompted Crusades &
Increasing Italian influence Eventually Constantinople falls to Seljuk
Turks in 1453.
Chapter 10
Western Europe and the
Setting
Italy fragmented Spain conquered by Muslims Constant Viking attacks in the
North France , low countries, and parts
of Germany held greatest stability
Catholic Church was the connection to previous civilization
Only clergy could even read
The Need for Security Spiritual- the Catholic Church Physical- Feudalism
Religion The Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church- centered in Rome, borrowed organization from ancient Romans The most organized
institution in the Early Middle Ages
Missionaries spread Christianity to Britain and Scandinavia by 10th century
Monasteries attracted monks Bendict of Nursia- one of the
earliest monks. Wrote the Benedict’s Rule as a guidebook for monasteries
Preserved education and literacy- only they could read!
Political/SocialManorialism
Feudalism Serfs would exchange
work and loyalty for protection the lords and their entourage
Serfs were not slaves- but not treated much better
Lords would provide protection to lesser lords (Vassals)
Grew first in France. Kings slowly grew in power and influence- mint $, tax the church, etc
Brought to England in 1066 Battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror
The Franks Convert
Clovis- 496 A.D. he converted to the Christianity With support of local
bishops he gained extra support for his campaigns of war
Forced conversion on his conquered subjects
Charlemagne- the First Emperor in 400 years…
His grandfather was Charles”THE HAMMER” Martel who fought off Muslim advance in Tours in 732.
Charlemagne established the largest empire since the Romans Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in
800 by the Pope (!) Restored some education Built churches
His sons, with names like “the Fat” and “the Bald”- not so great.
His empire split into fragments. Map on p. 218
At first North Europe and Germany appeared fairly strong (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR title), however their power was weak
http://spa08.wikispaces.com/Charles+the+Great+(Charlemagne).
http://www.nndb.com/people/180/000085922/
The Limited Power of Kings The Catholic Church claimed higher
authority Feudal lords had some power- voice
and often their own militaries 1215 King John of England forced to
sign Magna Carta, officially limiting his power and giving rights to nobles
Parliaments developed in which nobility and the church held sway with the king- especially when changing taxation!!!
England in 1265 had Parliament with 2 Houses House of Lords- nobles and clergy House of Commons- elected
citizens (wealthy) Kings still had power. Wars over
land raged. 100 years War with England and
France over feudal land rights (Joan of Arc)
Intellectual/EconomicThings Begin to Improve New Agricultural Methods Less Viking Raids- stronger opponents, Vikings
won, Vikings became Christian Population growth- some free serfs Markets increased Early Universities- for clergy, law (Roman
influence), and medicine (Arab, Greek, Hellenistic influence)
Expansion Wealth + Population= Expansion
“Reconquista” of Spain to expel Muslim invaders begins 11th century and completes the task in 1492.
Vikings use LONGBOAT to travel outward- Iceland, Greenland, and America!
The Crusades!!!
The Crusades
1095 Pope Urban II encouraged European crusaders to battle Muslims in the Middle east. Why? Help Christian brothers in Constantinople fight off invasion Recapture the Holy City of Jerusalem
There were many of these Crusades 1st- suceeded, then they lost the city to Muslim general Saladin 2nd and 3rd and 4th etc. failed to recapture 4th Crusade actually ended up with the Crusaders attacking
Constanople instaed!!! Opened up trade and interaction (ideas, art, technology) with
other parts of the world. Brought Greek philosophy/science
http://worldhistory.phillipmartin.info/worldhistory_crusade_map.htm
Change in the Church
Pope Gregory VII showed that Popes were stronger than kings Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV insisted
on his right to appoint bishops. The Pope claimed that right and
excommunicated Henry Henry begged for forgiveness in the
snow Pope wins.
Theology Dark Ages – knowledge was
gathering quotes, little creativity 1000 forward – attempt to prove
God’s existence Also…attempt to prove errors of
church leaders Bernard of Clairvaux – monk – faith
alone is enough Relied heavily on faith of Bible, like
Muslims and Qur’an Thomas Aquinas
Faith came first Through reason, humans could find order His Summas used logic to eliminate
objections
Art and Architecture
Christian art reflected popular outlook and formal religious theology Goal – serve the glory of God Depicted saints Used stylized figures Medieval life as backdrops Stained glass designs for churches
Gothic Architecture Combined Muslim design and Western
engineering Gothic
Soaring spires Tall arched windows – cast to heavens
Proved Growing technical skill Ability to tax, central gov’t Patient labor
Literature . Mostly Latin, but vernacular writing
emerged Similar to India – Sanskrit, but the people read
Hindi Oral sagas, adventure stories Showed conflict
Christian values vs. richness/coarseness of life Love became first new value pursued Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales – has stories
that poke fun at institutions
Economic and Social Forms Change Hanseatic League- N. European trade organization West became a commercial zone
Italian city-states Italian merchants actively sought cloth from North Northern cities became centers for Western exchange/markets for exotic
products New Strains in Rural Life
Most nobles disproved of commerce/some embraced Lord want better conditions, tax higher Some serfs can get paid Led to conflicts – peasant uprisings Frustration over gap between lord and peasant
Growth of Trade and Banking Urban growth Rising trade -spices Trade, bankers, merchants all pushed for capitalism Merchants Guilds – relatively independent from state – like labor unions today Most people peasants though, some moved to city – year and a day rule
Women Christian Belief
Equality of souls Women’s monastic groups – convents Veneration of Mary, religious saints
Compared to Islam less confined to household less segregated in church services
Urban women had role in commerce Could operate/run guilds
Literature stressed women as docile/supportive/chivalry
Middle Ages End Hundred Years’ War
Paid armies better than knights Ordinary archers better/cheaper gunpowder Futility of feudalism
Sources of vitality ending Agriculture can’t keep up with population growth famines plagues Black Death Social disputes – peasant uprisings
Signs of Strain Church focused on political involvement/loses spiritual side