Byzantium in the iconoclast era, c. 680–850

Byzantium in the iconoclast era, c. 680–850

Iconoclasm, the debate about the legitimacy of religious art that beganin Byzantium around 720 and continued for nearly 120 years, has longheld a firm grip on the historical imagination. This is the first book inEnglish for over fifty years to survey this most elusive and fascinatingperiod in medieval history. It is also the first book in any language tocombine the expertise of two authors who are specialists in the written,archaeological, and visual evidence from this period, a combinationof particular importance to the iconoclasm debate. The authors haveworked together to provide a comprehensive overview of the visual,written, and other materials that together help clarify the complexissues of iconoclasm in Byzantium. In doing so, they challenge manytraditional assumptions about iconoclasm and set the period firmly inits broader political, cultural, and social-economic context.

leslie brubaker is Professor of Byzantine Art and Director of theGraduate School (College of Arts and Law) at the University of Birm-ingham. Her previous publications include Vision and Meaning inNinth-Century Byzantium: Image as Exegesis in the Homilies of Gregoryof Nazianzus (1999) and, with John Haldon, Byzantium in the Era ofIconoclasm: The Sources (2001). She has edited Byzantium in the NinthCentury: Dead or Alive? (1998) and coedited, with Robert Osterhout,The Sacred Image East and West (1995) and, with Julia M. H. Smith,Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900 (2004).

john haldon is Professor of History and Hellenic Studies at Prince-ton University and is currently a Senior Research Fellow at the Dum-barton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. His previous publicationsinclude Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of aCulture (1990; rev. edn 1997) and Byzantium: A History (2000). Hehas edited The Social History of Byzantium: Problems and Perspectives(2008) and coedited, with Elizabeth Jeffreys and Robin Cormack, TheOxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (2008).

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43093-7 - Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c. 680–850: A HistoryLeslie Brubaker and John HaldonFrontmatterMore information

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Byzantium in the iconoclast erac. 680–850: a history

leslie brubaker and john haldon






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First published 2011

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Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Brubaker, Leslie.

Byzantium in the iconoclast era c. 680–850 : a history / Leslie Brubaker and John Haldon.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

1. Iconoclasm – Byzantine Empire – History. 2. Byzantine Empire – Church history.

3. Iconoclasm – Byzantine Empire – History – Sources. 4. Byzantine Empire – Church history –

Sources. 5. Icons, Byzantine. 6. Art, Byzantine – History. 7. Byzantine antiquities.

8. Byzantine Empire – Politics and government. 9. Church and state – Byzantine Empire –

History. 10. Art and state – Byzantine Empire – History. I. Haldon, John F. II. Title.

BR238.B78 2010

949.5′02 – dc22 2010029491

ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of

URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,

and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.






Contents

A note on names and placenames [page ix]List of illustrations [xi]Photographic credits [xv]List of maps [xvii]Abbreviations [xviii]

Introduction [1]

1 Belief, ideology, and practice in a changing world [9]

The context and background [9]

Changing attitudes to imperial authority [11]

Imperial politics and perceptions [15]

The search for causes and the problem of causation [18]

The contribution of changing social and economic relationships [22]

The evolving role of the armies [26]

Reconstruction and re-affirmation [29]

The cult of saints, the cult of relics, and the cult of images [32]

Relics and iconoclasm [38]

The cult of images [40]

Texts about images before the seventh century [44]

Icons before iconoclasm [50]

Opposition to religious images before iconoclasm [66]

2 Leo III: iconoclast or opportunist? [69]

The background to the reign of Leo III [70]

The problem of an ‘imperial iconoclasm’ [79]

The dearth of evidence for early imperial iconoclasm [89]

Germanos and Constantine of Nakoleia [94]

Germanos and Thomas of Klaudioupolis [98]

‘External’ influences? Islam, Judaism, and the evidence from Christian

communities under Umayyad rule [105]

The opening stages and the supposed edict against images [117]

An imperial edict? [119]

The problem of the Chalke icon [128]

The nature and arguments of early iconoclasm [135]

v






vi Contents

Leo III Philostauros [140]

Artisanal production under Leo III: preserved and documentary

evidence [144]

Conclusions [151]

3 Constantine V and the institutionalisation of iconoclasm [156]

Rebellions and reforms [156]

East and west: the stabilisation of state frontiers [163]

The question of the images: theology and pragmatism [176]

The Council of 754 and its results [189]

The nature of iconoclastic persecution: myths and realities [197]

The destruction of images? [199]

Artisanal production under Constantine V [212]

Architecture and architectural decoration [212]

Icons [218]

Manuscripts [220]

Silks [225]

Coins [226]

Artisanal production outside the empire [227]

‘Iconoclasm’ in Palestine [232]

Constantine V and the monasteries: persecution – or a response to

‘treason’? [234]

4 The triumph of tradition? The iconophile intermission,775–813 [248]

Leo IV and his political inheritance [248]

The Council of 787 and the ‘restoration’ of images [260]

Reactions [276]

The reigns of Constantine and Eirene [286]

Artisanal production [294]


Documentary evidence: Constantinople [309]

Documentary evidence: Byzantine hinterlands [314]

Manuscripts: the introduction of minuscule [317]

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, gr. 1666: Dialogues of Gregory the

Great [317]

Mount Sinai, Monastery of St Catherine: Menaion [320]

Icons [320]

Silks [336]

The Trier ivory [347]

Metalwork [348]

Pectoral crosses [350]

Coins [352]

Artisanal production during the ‘iconophile intermission’:

conclusions [355]

Nikephoros I and the consolidation of the state: 802–11 [357]






Contents vii

5 The second iconoclasm [366]

Leo V and the re-imposition of imperial iconoclasm: 813–20 [366]

The synod of 815 and the second iconoclasm [372]

Michael II: 820–9 [386]

Theophilos: 829–42 [392]

829–42: the broader context [404]

The artisanal production of second iconoclasm [411]

The context [412]


Monumental painting [426]

Manuscripts [428]

Coins [431]

Metalwork [435]

Icons [440]

Silks [441]

Artisanal production outside the empire [443]

Artisanal production during second iconoclasm: conclusions [445]

The ‘triumph’ of orthodoxy [447]

6 Economy, society, and state [453]

The context [455]

The environmental background [459]

Patterns of economic activity: the state [464]

Resources and coinage [470]

The incidence of taxation [475]

The state and its redistributive cycle [482]

Non-state activity [488]

Ceramic and other evidence: the background [493]

Ceramic and other evidence: the eighth–ninth centuries [500]

The movement of goods [506]

Trade and commerce in the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries [511]

Commerce with the wider world [512]

Internal trade [519]

Commerce, the state, and the economy [524]

7 Patterns of settlement: urban and rural life [531]

Towns, villages, and fortresses: context [531]

The seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries [538]

Types of urbanism: polis, kastron and other settlements [544]

The wider context: towns, fortresses, and refuges [549]

Settlement economies [559]

Villages, rural society, and local elites [564]

8 Social elites and the court [573]

Towards a new social elite [575]

Rank and title [591]






viii Contents

Income and access to resources [598]

Status and office in the eighth and early ninth centuries [601]

Society, ritual space, and topography [616]

9 Society, politics, and power [625]

Soldiers and society [627]

Armies and politics [630]

Beliefs, attitudes, and action: who were the iconoclasts and

iconophiles? [642]

Church and monastic opposition to imperial iconoclasm: myths and

realities [650]

10 Fiscal management and administration [665]

Provincial government [665]

The sixth- and seventh-century context [667]

The survival of late Roman structures and titles: eparchoi and

anthypatoi [671]

Thematic protonotarioi: fiscal structures and resources [679]

Kommerkiarioi and apothekai: from customs to crisis-management [682]

The imperial kommerkia and kommerkiarioi in the eighth and ninth

centuries [695]

The role of the dromos [705]

General tendencies in the evolution of the middle Byzantine fiscal

system [709]

Provisional conclusions [715]

Taxation and the assessment of resources [717]

11 Strategic administration and the origins of the themata [723]

The nature of provincial military administration: origins and

evolution [723]

The armies: change and development in the eighth and ninth

centuries [729]

The implications of the title strategos [734]

New armies and the evolution of the middle Byzantine system [739]

Nikephoros I and the creation of the themata [744]

The multiplication of military divisions [755]

The substructures of provincial military administration [764]

12 Iconoclasm, representation, and rewriting the past [772]

Why iconoclasm? [774]

Representation [782]

Rewriting the past [787]

Sources [800]Literature [815]Index [907]






A note on names and placenames

Adopting an appropriate and consistent form for Byzantine Greek names

of people and places is always problematic, since several possibilities exist.

We have preferred to use standard anglicised forms of personal names,

where they exist and are in common English usage – thus George, Constan-

tine, Michael, Theodore etc. – but have otherwise ‘hellenised’ Greek names

(e.g. Theodosios, Epiphanios, Germanos, Nikephoros, Niketas, Romanos,

Theophilos) rather than use Latinised versions, which were not used by the

Byzantines themselves, except on the fringes of the empire, in Italy. By the

same token we have left titles and official posts in the Greek form – sygkellos,

not syncellus, magistros, not magister, for example. Titles of Greek texts are

normally cited either in English (e.g. Book of Ceremonies) or transcribed

from the Greek (e.g. Ekloge) except in instances where the Latinised ver-

sion has become habitual (e.g. Theophanes continuatus). Not everyone will

agree with this but, like all such decisions, it reflects our own preferences as

much as any scientific rationale, and has at least the virtue of consistency.

We have also continued to use the term ‘iconoclasm’ despite the fact

that, as discussed several times in the course of this volume, the Byzantines

themselves used the term ‘iconomachy’. We are somewhat hesitant about

following this convention, as it perpetuates a misleading assumption about

the period, but the word is so firmly entrenched in modern scholarly usage

that it seemed precious and pedantic to insist on scrupulous accuracy here.

ix











List of illustrations

1 Mount Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, icon B.5:

St Peter [page 37]

2 al-Quwaysmah, lower church: floor mosaic [108]

3 Umm al-Rasas, St Stephens’s church: floor mosaic [110]

4 Ma’in, church of the Akropolis: floor mosaic [111]

5 Ma’in, church of the Akropolis, north chapel: floor mosaic [112]

6 Cairo, al-Moallaqa, lintel: Entry into Jerusalem and Ascension [113]

7 Trier, cathedral treasure, ivory panel: translation of a relic [132]

8 Rome, Palazzo Venezia, ivory casket: coronation of David; David and

Goliath [134]

9 Gold nomisma of Leo III (717–41), mint of Constantinople; The

Barber Institute Coin Collection B4510: busts of Leo III (obverse) and

Constantine V (reverse) [147]

10 Miliaresion of Leo III (717–41), mint of Constantinople; The Barber

Institute Coin Collection B4518: inscription (obverse) and cross

(reverse) [147]

11 Copper follis of Leo III (717–41), mint of Constantinople; The Barber

Institute Coin Collection B4531: busts of Leo III and Constantine V

(obverse) and value mark (reverse) [149]

12 Istanbul, Hagia Sophia: sekreton mosaic, cross [202]

13 Nicaea, Koimesis church: apse mosaic, Virgin holding the infant

Christ [204]

14 Nicaea, church of the Koimesis: bema vault, archangels [205]

15 Khludov Psalter (Moscow, Historical Museum 129, f.67r):

Crucifixion [209]

16 Istanbul, Hagia Eirene: apse mosaic, cross [213]


Crucifixion [219]

18 Vatican Ptolemy (Vat.gr.1291, f. 23r): astronomical table with Cancer,

Leo and Virgo [221]

19 Vatican Ptolemy (Vat.gr.1291, f. 2v): constellations of the north

hemisphere [222]

xi






xii List of illustrations

20 Vatican Ptolemy (Vat.gr.1291, f. 9r): Helios surrounded by

personifications of the hours, months, and signs of the zodiac [223]

21 Lyon, Musee historique des Tissus, inv. 904. III. 3: imperial

hunters [225]

22 Gold nomisma of Constantine V (741–75), mint of Constantinople;

The Barber Institute Coin Collection B4547: busts of Constantine V

and Leo IV (obverse) and Leo III (reverse) [227]

23 Rome, Sta Maria Antiqua, Theodotus chapel: Crucifixion [229]

24 Umm al-Rasas, St Stephen’s church: apse floor mosaic [231]

25 Madaba, church of the Virgin: apse floor mosaic [232]

26 Thessaloniki, Hagia Sophia: apsidal vault mosaic, cross surrounded

by stars [295]

27 Megas Agros monastery: cross-in-square plan [299]

28 Trilye, Trigleia monastery: cross-in-square plan [301]

29 Rome, Lateran triclinium: apse drawing (Barb.lat.2160, f.55r) [305]

30 Germigny-des-Pres, Oratory: apse mosaic, ark of the covenant [307]

31 Christian Topography (Vat.gr.699, f. 48r): ark of the covenant [308]

32 Dialogues of Gregory the Great (Vat.gr.1666, f. 42v) [318]

33 Dialogues of Gregory the Great (Vat.gr.1666, f. 136v) [319]

34 Mount Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, Menaion: enlarged initial

chi [321]


Crucifixion [324]

36 Mount Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, icon B.37: Sts Chariton

and Theodosios [326]

37 Mount Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, icon B.33: Sts Paul, Peter,

Nicholas and John Chrysostom [327]

38 Mount Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, icon B.34–5: Sts. John the

Baptist and Mary? [329]


St Eirene [330]


Nativity [332]


St Kosmas [333]


Merkourios [335]

43 Cologne, cathedral treasury: Sasanian hunters silk [339]

44 Musee Bossuet, Abbaye de Faremoutiers: Amazon silk [340]

45 Vatican, Museo Sacro: Nativity silk [342]






List of illustrations xiii

46 Vatican, Museo Sacro: Annunciation silk [343]

47 Sens, cathedral treasury, inv. TCB140: Lion-strangler silk [344, 345]

48 Durham, cathedral chapter: Nature goddess silk [346]

49 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art: the Fieschi-Morgan

staurotheke, lid [349]

50 Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum, BXM 1139: pectoral

cross [351]

51 Gold nomisma of Constantine VI (780–97), mint of Constantinople;

The Barber Institute Coin Collection B4598: busts of Constantine VI

and Eirene (obverse), seated figures of Constantine V, Leo III and Leo

IV (reverse) [352]

52 Gold nomisma of Constantine VI (780–97), mint of Constantinople;

The Barber Institute Coin Collection B4597: busts of Eirene (obverse)

and Constantine VI (reverse) [353]

53 Gold nomisma of Eirene (797–802), mint of Constantinople; The

Barber Institute Coin Collection B4609: busts of Eirene (obverse and

reverse) [354]

54 Constantinople, sea tower: inscription of Theophilos [414]

55 Gold nomisma of Theophilos (829–42), mint of Constantinople; The

Barber Institute Coin Collection B4684: busts of Theophilos

(obverse) and Michael II and Constantine (reverse) [415]

56 Bithynia, Lake Apolyont, church of St Constantine: inscribed cross

plan [417]

57 Thrace, Bizye (Vize) church of Hagia Sophia, fresco fragment: Christ

enthroned and angel [420]

58 Pseudo-Dionysios the Areopagite (Paris.gr.437, f. 98r) [429]

59 Uspenskij Psalter (St Petersburg, GPG gr. 219, f. 263r) [430]

60 Gold nomisma of Leo V (813–20) mint of Constantinople (?);

Hermitage (Tolstoi 1): busts of Leo V (obverse and reverse) [431]

61 Gold nomisma of Leo V (813–20), mint of Constantinople; The

Barber Institute Coin Collection B4633: busts of Leo V (obverse) and

Constantine (reverse) [432]

62 Gold nomisma of Theophilos (829–42), mint of Naples; The Barber

Institute Coin Collection B4735: bust of Theophilos (obverse), cross

above three steps (reverse) [432]

63 Gold nomisma of Theophilos (829–42), mint of Constantinople (?);

Whittemore collection of Harvard University: Theophilos with

Theodora and Thekla (obverse), Anna and Anastasia (reverse) [433]






xiv List of illustrations

64 Copper follis of Theophilos (829–42), mint of Constantinople; The

Barber Institute Coin Collection B4698: half figure of Theophilos

(obverse) and inscription (reverse) [434]

65 Istanbul, Hagia Sophia: ‘Beautiful Door’ view [436]

66 Istanbul, Hagia Sophia: ‘Beautiful Door’ detail [437]

67 Istanbul, Hagia Sophia: plan with SW entrance and SE exit [438]

68 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, inv. 762–1893: Charioteer

silk [442]

69 Rome, Sta Prassede, Zeno Chapel: mosaic [444]

70 Rome, Sta Prassede, Zeno Chapel: mosaic detail [444]






Photographic credits: All photographs were prepared

for publication by Graham Norrie

Figs. 1, 17, 35–48 Published through the courtesy of the

Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expedition to Mt Sinai

Figs. 2–5, 24–5 Michele Piccirillo

Fig. 6 Cairo, Coptic Museum

Fig. 7 Trier, Domschatz

Fig. 8 Rome, Palazzo Venezia

Figs. 9–11, 22, 51–3, 55, 61–2 The Henry Barber Trust Coin Collection,

University of Birmingham

Figs. 12, 16, 54, 65–6 c© Dumbarton Oaks, Image Collections and

Fieldwork Archives, Washington, DC

Figs. 13–14 After T. Schmit

Fig. 15 Moscow, State Historical Museum

Figs. 18–20, 29, 31–3 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana

Fig. 21 Lyon, Musee historique des Tissus

Figs. 23, 30, 70–1 Leslie Brubaker

Fig. 26 London, The Courtauld Institute of Art

Figs. 27–8 Cyril Mango and Ihor Sevcenko, ‘Some Churches and

Monasteries on the Southern Shore of the Sea of Marmara’, DOP 27

(1973); by permission of Dumbarton Oaks

Figs. 9 and 108 London, The Courtauld Institute of Art

Fig. 34 By permission of Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai, Egypt

Fig. 43 Cologne, Domschatz

Fig. 44 Collections du Musee Bossuet de Meaux (France – 77). Cliche du

Musee Bossuet. Depot de la Ville de Faremoutiers (France – 77)

Figs. 45–6 Photo Vatican Museums

Fig. 47 Cliche Musees de Sens, L. de Cargouet.

Fig. 48 Durham Cathedral

Fig. 49 Metropolitan Museum, New York City

Fig. 50 �� , ��Fig. 56 Cyril Mango, ‘The Monastery of St Constantine on Lake

Apolyont’, DOP 33 (1979); by permission of Dumbarton Oaks

Fig. 57 Robert Ousterhout

Fig. 58 Bibliotheque Nationale de France xv






xvi Photographic credits

Fig. 59, 60 St Petersburg, Gosudarstvennaya Publicnaya Biblioteka im

Saltykova-Scedrina

Fig. 63 Harvard University

Fig. 67 From Dagron, Emperor and priest, plan 4

Fig. 68 London, Victoria and Albert Museum

Fig. 69 Brussels, Musees royaux d’Art et d’Histoire






List of maps

1 The empire c. 750 [page 154]

2 The empire and its neighbours c. 840 [451]

3 Provinces associated on lead seals with general kommerkiarioi

and their warehouses, c. 660–732 [692]

4 Provinces/ports associated with imperial kommerkia from

c. 730 [700]

5 Schematic map of late seventh-century and eighth-century

military commands, mapped on to the civil provinces [725]

6 Military commands at the beginning of the reign of Leo III,

c. 717 [732]

7 Themata and other territories c. 840 [763]

Maps are revised after J. F. Haldon, Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History

(Basingstoke–New York, 2005).

xvii






Abbreviations

See also Sources

AB Analecta Bollandiana (Brussels, 1882)

ACO II, 1 Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum II, 1: Concilium

Lateranense a. 649 celebratum, ed. R. Riedinger

(Berlin, 1984)

ACO II, 2.1–2 Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum II, 2.1–2: Con-

cilium universale Constantinopolitanum tertium, ed.

R. Riedinger (Berlin, 1990–2)

ACO III, 1 Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum II, 3.1: Concilium

universale Nicaenum secundum, Concilii actiones I-III,

ed. E. Lamberz (Berlin, 2008)

ADAJ Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan

AS Acta Sanctorum (Antwerp, 1643)

B Byzantion (Brussels, 1924)

BAV Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana

BBA Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten (Berlin, 1955)

BBS Berliner byzantinistische Studien (Berlin, 1994)

BCH Bulletin de correspondance Hellenique (Paris, 1877)

BBOM Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman monographs

BF Byzantinische Forschungen (Amsterdam, 1966)

BGA De Goeje, M.-J. (ed.). 1870/1938 (Blachere, R. [ed.]).

Bibliotheca Geographorum Araborum. Leyden

BHG F. Halkin, Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (Subsidia

hagiographica 8a. 3rd edn. Brussels, 1957)

BHG, Auct. F. Halkin, Novum Auctarium Bibliothecae Hagiograph-

icae Graecae (Subsidia hagiographica 65. Brussels,

1959)

BMGS Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies (Oxford, 1975–83;

Birmingham, 1984)

BNF Bibliotheque Nationale de France

BS Byzantinoslavica (Prague, 1929)

BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift (Leipzig/Munich/Cologne,

1892)

CCSL Corpus Christianorum, series Latinaxviii






Abbreviations xix

CCSG Corpus Christianorum, series Graeca

CFHB Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae (Series Wash-

ingtoniensis, Washington DC, 1967–); (Series Bero-

linensis, Berlin, New York, 1967–); (Series Vindobo-

nensis, Vienna, 1975); (Series Italica, Rome, 1975–);

(Series Bruxellensis, Brussels, 1975–)

CIETA Bulletin du Centre international d’etude des textiles

anciens

CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, ed. A. Bockh

(vols. 1 and 2), I. Franz (vols. 3ff.) (Berlin, 1828)

CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, eds. Th. Momm-

sen, O. Hirschfeld, A. von Domaszewski et al. (Berlin,

1863)

CMH iv The Cambridge Medieval History, iv: The Byzantine

empire, I (Cambridge, 1966); II (Cambridge, 1967)

CPG M. Geerard, Clavis Patrum Graecorum, I-IV (Turn-

hout 1983, 1974, 1979, 1980); M. Geerard, F. Glorie,

V (Turnhout, 1987)

CPG, Suppl. M. Geerard, J. Noret, Clavis Patrum Graecorum, Sup-

plementum (Turnhout, 1998)

CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (Paris

and Louvain, 1903–)

CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum

(Vienna, 1866–)

CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1828–

97)

DMA Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 13 vols. (New York,

1982–9)

DOC I A.R. Bellinger, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in

the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore

Collection, I: Anastasius to Maurice, 491–602 (Wash-

ington DC, 1966).

DOC II Ph. Grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the

Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore

Collection, II: Phocas to Theodosius III, 602–717, 2 vols.

(Washington DC, 1968)

DOC III Ph. Grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the

Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore

Collection III: Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717–1081,

2 vols. (Washington DC, 1973)

Dolger, Reg. F. Dolger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des

ostromischen Reiches 565–1453 (Corpus der griechis-

chen Urkunden des Mittelalters und der neueren






xx Abbreviations

Zeit, Reihe A, Abt. I) i–iv (Munich-Berlin, 1924–65);

ii, 2nd edn, ed. P. Wirth (Munich, 1977)

DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers ([Cambridge, Mass.]

Washington, 1941)

DOS Dumbarton Oaks Studies

DOT Dumbarton Oaks Texts

Doukakis, Megas K. Doukakis, ��

Synaxaristes ��, 12 vols. (Athens, 1889–96)

��! �"�� #�$��"�� %!��

(Athens, 1892)

!!�� &!��'�(� %!�� )�� (Athens,

1924)

!!*�� &!�� '+�� &!��'�(� �� *�"� �,�� $�"��

��- .�� '+�� #�'�� (Athens 1902–22; 1935)

EHR English Historical Review (London, 1885)

EI Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edn. (Leyden/London,

1960)

EO Echos d’Orient, 1–39 (Paris [Constantino-

ple/Bucharest] 1897–1941/2)

Exc. de Insid. Excerpta historica iussu imp. Constantini Porphy-

rogeniti confecta III: Excerpta de Insidiis, ed.

C. de Boor (Berlin, 1905)

Exc. de Leg. Excerpta historica iussu imp. Constantini Porphyrogen-

iti confecta I: Excerpta de Legationibus, 2 parts, ed. C.

de Boor (Berlin, 1903)

Exc. de Sent. Excerpta historica iussu imp. Constantini Porphyrogen-

iti confecta II: Excerpta de Sententiis, ed. U. Ph. Bois-

sevain (Berlin, 1906)

FHG Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, eds. C. and Th.

Muller, 5 vols. (Paris, 1874–85)

GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten

(drei) Jahrhunderte (Leipzig, Berlin, 1897)

GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies (1: Greek

and Byzantine Studies), (San Antonio) ([University/

Miss.–] Cambridge/Mass.) (Durham, 1958)

Grumel, Regestes V. Grumel, Les Regestes des actes du patriarcat de Con-

stantinople, I: Les actes des patriarches, i: Les regestes de

381 a 715 (Paris, 21972); ii: Les regestes de 715 a 1043

(Chalcedon, 1936)

HGM Historici Graeci Minores, ed. L. Dindorf, 2 vols.

(Leipzig, 1870–1)

IGLS Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, eds. L. Jal-

abert, R. Mouterde et al. (Paris, 1929)






Abbreviations xxi

IGLS[W] Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, ed. W.H.

Waddington (Paris, 1870/Rome, 1968) (= Inscrip-

tions grecques et latines recueillies en Grece et en Asie

Mineure, III, 1.2 [Paris, 1870/1876])

JE Ph. Jaffe, ed., Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ab

condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum

MCXCVIII, I, 2nd revised edn by W. Wattenbach,

S. Lowenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald (Leipzig,

1885/Graz, 1956)

JGR Jus Graecoromanum, eds. I. and P. Zepos, 8 vols.

(Athens, 1931/Aalen, 1962)

JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies (London, 1880)

JOB Jahrbuch der osterreichischen Byzantinistik, 18ff.

(Vienna–[Cologne/Graz], 1969)

JOBG Jahrbuch der osterreichischen byzantinischen

Gesellschaft, 1–17 (Vienna–[Cologne–Graz], 1951–

68)

JRS Journal of Roman Studies (London, 1911)

LA Liber Annuus. Studi biblica francescani

LCL Loeb Classical Library

LSJ H.G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon

(New edn revised by H.S. Jones. Oxford, 1925–40)

Mai, NPB Nova Patrum Bibliotheca, ed. A. Mai, vols. i–vii (Rome,

1852–4); ed. I. Cozza-Luzi, vols. viii–x (Rome, 1871–

1905)

Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio,

ed. J.D. Mansi (Florence, 1759)

MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Hanover-Berlin,

1826)

MGH (AA) Monumenta Germaniae Historica (auctores antiquis-

simi) 15 vols. (Berlin, 1877–1919/1961)

MGH, Leges Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Legum), 5 vols.

(Hanover, 1835–89)

MGH (SGUS) Monumenta Germaniae Historica (scriptores rerum

Germanicarum in usum scholarum) (Hanover, 1871–

1965); n.s. 13 vols. (Berlin-Weimar, 1920–67)

MGH (Script. Rerum Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptores rerum

Langobardicarum) Langobardicarum et italicarum saec. VI–IX) (Hanover,

1878)

MGH (Script. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptores rerum

Rerum Merovingicarum) Merovingicarum), 7 vols. (Hanover, 1885–1920)

MGH(SS) Monumenta Germaniae Historica (scriptorum),

32 vols. (Hanover, 1826–1934)






xxii Abbreviations

MGH, Epp. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Epistolarum), 8

vols. (Berlin, 1887–1939)

MIB W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini, III: von Heraclius

bis Leo III/Alleinregierung (610–720) (Vienna, 1981)

OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica (Rome, 1935)

ODB A.P. Kazhdan et al., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzan-

tium (Oxford-New York, 1991)

Papadopoulos- �� I–V (St

Kerameus, Analekta Petersburg, 1891–8)

Papadopoulos- A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus, ��""�� .�"�� '�

Kerameus, Sylloge �( �� /��"��, I (St Petersburg, 1907)

PBE Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire 641–886, ed.

J.R. Martindale. CD-ROM/online version (London,

2000)

PG Patrologiae Cursus completus, series Graeco-Latina,

ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1857–66, 1880–1903)

Pitra, Spicilegium J.B. Pitra, Spicilegium Solesmense complectens Sancto-

rum Patrum Scriptorumque Ecclesiasticorum Anecdota

hactenus Opera etc. I–IV (Paris, 1852–8)

PL Patrologiae Cursus completus, series Latina, ed. J.-P.

Migne (Paris, 1844–1974)

PLRE I The prosopography of the later Roman empire I, AD

260–395, ed. A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale and

J. Morris (Cambridge, 1971)

PLRE III Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire III, 527–641,

ed. J.R. Martindale (Cambridge, 1992)

PO Patrologia Orientalis, eds. R. Graffin, F. Nau (Paris,

1930–)

PmbZ R.-J. Lilie, C. Ludwig, T. Pratsch, I. Rochow et al.,

Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Erste

Abteilung (641–867), 6 vols. (Berlin-New York, 1999–

2002)

PmbZ, Prolegomena R.-J. Lilie, C. Ludwig, T. Pratsch, I. Rochow,

Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Erste

Abteilung (641–867). Prolegomena (Berlin-New York,

1998)

RE Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertums–

Wissenschaft, neue Bearbeitung, ed. G. Wissowa

(vol.I/1, Stuttgart, 1893); vol.I/1 (1893) – XXIII/2

(1959; with index of additions); XXIV (1963); I/A1

(1914) – X A (1972); Suppl. I (1903) – XIV (1974)

REA Revue des Etudes Armeniennes, n.s. (Paris,

1964)






Abbreviations xxiii

REB Revue des Etudes Byzantines (vols. 1–3: Etudes Byzan-

tines). ([Bucharest] Paris, 1944)

REG Revue des Etudes Grecques (Paris, 1888)

RESEE Revue des Etudes Sud–Est Europeennes (Bucharest,

1913)

RH Revue Historique (Paris, 1876)

ROC Revue de l’Orient Chretien, ser. 1, vols. 1–10 (Paris,

1896–1905); ser. 2, vols. 1–10 (Paris, 1906–15/17);

ser. 3, vols. 1–10 (Paris, 1918/19–35/6): vols. 1–30

RSBN Rivista di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici, n.s. (Rome,

1964)

SBS Studies in Byzantine sigillography, 1–6, ed. N. Oikono-

mides (Washington DC, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1997,

1999), 7, ed. W. Seibt (Washington DC, 2002), 8, ed.

J.-Cl. Cheynet and C. Sode (Leipzig, 2003)

SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, eds. J.J.E.

Hondius, A.G. Woodhead (Leiden, 1927–)

SLAEI Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, eds. Av.

Cameron, L. Conrad, G. King (Princeton, 1992–)

TM Travaux et Memoires (Paris, 1965)

TIB J. Koder and F. Hild, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 1: Hel-

las und Thessalia (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d. Wiss.,

phil.-hist. Kl. 125. Vienna, 1976)

F. Hild and M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2:

Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und

Lykandos) (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d. Wiss., phil.-

hist. Kl. 149. Vienna, 1981)

P. Soustal, with J. Koder, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 3:

Nikopolis und Kephallenia (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad.

d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 150. Vienna, 1981)

K. Belke (with M. Restle), Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4:

Galatien und Lykaonien (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad.

d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 172. Vienna, 1984)

F. Hild and H. Hellenkamper, Tabula Imperii Byzan-

tini 5, 1/2: Kilikien und Isaurien (Denkschr. d. Osterr.

Akad. d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 215. Vienna, 1990)

P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 6: Thrakien

(Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos) (Denkschr. d.

Osterr. Akad. d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 221. Vienna,

1991)

K. Belke and N. Mersich, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7:

Phrygien und Pisidien (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d.

Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 211. Vienna, 1990)






xxiv Abbreviations

H. Hellenkamper and F. Hild, Tabula Imperii Byzan-

tini 8: Lykien und Pamphylien (Denkschr. d. Osterr.

Akad. d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 320. Vienna, 2004)

K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 9: Paphlagonien

und Honorias (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d. Wiss.,

phil.-hist. Kl. 249. Vienna, 1996)

VV Vizantiyskii Vremmenik, vols. 1–25 (St Petersburg

[Leningrad], 1894–1927); new series (Moscow, 1947)

WBS Wiener Byzantinistische Studien (Vienna–[Graz–

Cologne], 1964)

ZRVI Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta (Belgrade,

1952)






Documents

Byzantium in the iconoclast era, c. 680–850