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Capacity-building and its Effects on Reduction of Youth Unemployment in
Nigeria
By
Yemisi Lydia, OLALEYE (PhD)DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN,OYO STATE, NIGERIA.
E-mail Address:[email protected]
[email protected] Mobile Phone Number: +2348037139098
A society owes its young people the best
possible opportunities.
Age 15 and 24 is a crucial development life
phase.
Psychological development, social transition
and changes in status are closely related
(Adebayo, 1999).
Young people are expected to establish a
sense of personal identity.
Introduction
expected to establish a sense of personal identity
expected to become progressively more independent of parents.
move from school into the workforce, either directly or via
further education or training.
Majority leave home during these years to establish households
of their own, with or without others.
Most form intimate relationships with non-family members
(Adedeji and Osuagwu, 2001).
Young people
Youths constitute the most significant part of the world
population.
They are the most active, diligent, creative, contributive,
innovative and energetic people.
They can prove more productive and constructive in any field
of life but the irony is that a large portion of them around the
world are unemployed and they cannot find any suitable job
(Chapman, Weatherburn, Chilvers and Roussel,2002).
Youths Unemployment
Unemployment and lack of an adequate income generally
means being dependent on others-family, relatives, friends, a
partner or the state-so the growing sense of autonomy,
independence and responsibility for self, the right of every
young person, is less able to develop.
Youth unemployment has been an increasing trend for many
years not only in the developing countries but also in
developed ones.
Since the early eighties, unemployment has assumed alarming
and disturbing dimensions with millions of able bodied
persons who are willing to accept jobs at the prevailing market
rates are unable to find placements (Cuthill and Fien, 2005).
Urban unemployment (Adedeji and Osuagwu, 2001).
Youth unemployment (Adebayo, 1999).
In Nigeria
refers to investment in people, institutions and practices that will, together,
enable countries in the region to achieve their development objectives.
The main aim of capacity-building is to transform individuals from passive
recipients of services to active participants in a process of community
change (Adebayo, 1999).
not limited to international aid work.
being used by government to transform community and industry
approaches on social health and environmental problems (Darandari,
2008)
it is a personal growth process that leads to enhanced performance.
Capacity-building
.
The intention of capacity-building supported through the national treasury
is clearly to improve national well-being. This suggests that however
capacity-building may be defined, if it occurs through state-funded
research projects, it would take national interest into account and also
accommodate wider than participation of individuals from previously
marginalized sectors.
This study, therefore, examined capacity building and its effects on
reduction of youth unemployment.
Statement of the Problem
Broad objective:
◦ Identifying capacity-building and Its effects on reduction
of youth unemployment.
Specific objectives:
◦ To examine whether the educational levels of unemployed
youth have anything to do with participating in capacity-
building programmes;
◦ To find out whether youth are participating in capacity-
building in order to reduce unemployment of youth.
Objectives of the Study
H1 There is no significant relationship between youth
unemployment reduction and capacity-building.
H2 There is no significant relationship between capacity-
building programmes and levels of education of the
unemployed youth.
H3 There is no significant differences between youths
participating in capacity-building and youth
unemployment reduction.
Research Hypotheses
The descriptive survey research design
The target population:
◦ Youths (male and female)
◦ Ages of 20 to 39 years
The multi-stage sampling procedure
Lagelu is stratified along the axis of Olodo, Kumapayi, Iyana-
Ofa, Oyedeji and Erunmu.
Random sampling technique was used to select 80 respondents
from each community,
Thus 400 respondents was used for the study.
Methodology
a structurally designed questionnaire adapted from CBERYUQ.
to retrieve information about their knowledge, attitude towards capacity-
building programmes in reducing their unemployment.
KR 21 was used for items that were dichotomously scored,
Cronbach Alpha was used for 3, 4, and 5 point item scales.
A pilot study was carried out with a sample of 60 subjects in Akanran
LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria.
The result of reliability coefficient is r = 0.83.
Frequency distribution and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was to
analyzed the data collected for the study.
Instrument
Age (in year) Frequency Percentage (%)
20-24 35 8.7
25-29 180 45
30-34 120 30
35-39 65 16.3
Total 400 100
Marital Status Frequency Percentage
Single 210 52.5
Married 190 47.5
Total 400 100
Table 1: Personal Characteristics of the Respondents
Religion Frequency Percentage
Christianity 175 43.5
Islam 225 56.5
Total 400 100
Education
Attainment
Frequency Percentage
Tertiary 186 46.5
Secondary 144 36
Primary 45 11.3
None 25 6.2
Total 400 100
The personal characteristics of the respondents examined
◦Age,
◦Marital status,
◦Religion
◦Educational attainment.
Characteristics of the respondents
S/
N
Variables Strongly Agree
FQ %
Agree
FQ %
Disagree
FQ %
Strongly
Disagree
FQ %
Total
FQ %
1.I have taken part in one or more activities in a vocational centre 195
48.8 170 42.5
205
153.7 400 100
2Higher education/vocational training is affordable to every one in my community
80 20 68 17163
40.889
22.2400
100
3Capacity-building in community is on the increase
210 52.5 115 28.7 45 11.3 30 7..5 400 100
4The leadership position. l presently occupy is because attended a capacity- building programme
15037.5
18646.5
389.5
26 6.5400
100
5The government is more involved in capacity-building than NGOs
18145.3
129 32.365
16.2 25 6.2 400 100
6Capacity-building programmes by the government is more effective than that by NGOs
216 54 113 28.3 49 1 2.3 225.4
400 100
7Most capacity -building programmes organised by political office holders are not effectively organized
23659
128 32 24
6 12 3 400 100
Table 2: Capacity-building (Vocational Centre) and Youth Unemployment Reduction
Variables Mean Std. Dev N R P Remark
Capacity-
building
programme
20.412 4.24351
400 .374 .000 sig
Youth
unemployment
reduction
24.8775 9.36037
Table 3: Correlation of Capacity-building with Youth Unemployment Reduction
S/N Variables Strongly Agree
FQ %
Agree
FQ %
Disagree
FQ %
Strongly Disagree
FQ %
Total
FQ %
1.I have access to credit or loan facilities to start or improve on my vocation / business 205
51.3 160 40 205 15
3.7400
100
2I always engage myself in community programmes and activities 25
6.230
7.5 18446 161
40.3400 100
3I am aware of governmen activities in youth unemployment reduction programme
5 1.315
3.7 185 46.3 195 48.7 400 100
4I am aware of NGOs’ activities in youth unemployment reduction programme
185 46.3 13533.7
110 27.5 70 17.5 400 100
5The job or business l am doing presently, is a result of my employment through capacity- building
195 48.7 160 40 35 8.7 10 2.6 400 100
6If rural youths are not adequately employed, developing the rural areas will remain a dream
175 43.7 201 50.3 174.3
7 1.7 400 100
7Through capacity- building training. l have received, l can offer employment opportunities to some people
38 9.5 29 5 184 46158
39.5 400 100
Table 4: Capacity-building Programmes and Level of Education
Variables Mean Std. Dev N R P Remark
Capacity- building programmes
18.705
2.60748 4000 .043 .388N.S
Level of education of unemployed youth
24.8775 9.36037
Table 5: Correlation of Capacity building Programmes with Level of Education.
The result of the test shown in Table 5, establishes that there is
no significant relationship between capacity building and
education levels of the unemployed youths,(r=..043N=400, P<
.05).
The result suggests that capacity-building programmes as a
means of reducing youths’ unemployment will not be
influenced or impacted the youths’ education level.
The null hypothesis is therefore accepted and alternative
rejected.
Variables Mean Std. Dev
N
R
P
Remark
Youth participating in Capacity building
19.1975
5.03706 400 .-112 .000 sig
Youth unemployment reduction 24.8775 9.36037
Table 6: Correlation of Youth Participating in Capacity-building Programmes with Youth Unemployment Reduction
The result of the test shown in Table 5, establishes that there
is no significant relationship between capacity building and
education levels of the unemployed youths, (r=..043N=400,
P< .05).
The result suggests that capacity-building programmes as a
means of reducing youths’ unemployment will not be
influenced or impacted the youths’ education level.
The null hypothesis is therefore accepted and alternative
rejected.
The result in research hypothesis one indicates that there is
significant relationship between capacity building and youth
unemployment reduction (r = .374, N = 400, P< .05).
This result is supported by the findings of Du Toit, 2003 that
capacity-building is a process whereby people especially
unemployed youths are enabled to better perform defined
functions either as individuals, through improved technical
skills and professional understanding, or a group aligning their
activities to achieve common purpose.
Discussions
It is also observed in research hypothesis two that there is
no significant relationship between capacity building and
level of education of the unemployed youths
(r= .043N=400, P< .05).
This is in line with the findings of Braimoh, Osiki and
Mpine, (2009), that capacity-building refers to assistance
provided to entities, usually societies in developing
countries which have a need to develop a certain skill or
competence for general upgrading of performance ability.
Hypothesis 3 reveals that there is no significant difference between youths participating in capacity building scheme and unemployment of youth reduction programmes (r=.-112, N=400, P< .05).
This finding is corroborated by the findings of Rooij (2005) who asserts that young people have a natural disposition for innovation and learning new tools and those assets can help to create viable options to remain in the country side.
The findings of the study also have implications for community development
planners, policy makers, non-governmental agencies and other stakeholders
participating in development planning, design and service delivery system.
Community development officials, social workers and health social
workers should be encouraged and empowered to meet with community
leaders and members of the public to educate the youths not to rely on only
white collar jobs but to learn other skills so that they can be self-dependent
and even become employers of labour.
This study established that capacity-building schemes have a great
influence on reduction of youth unemployment.
Implications of Findings
The findings from this study established that the long-term
consequences of unemployment on pathways to adulthood are
easy to predict.
It is apparent that a significant proportion of young people are
not in a position to make a positive transition to adulthood.
Conclusion
For some, it will be very difficult to “catch up”, even if
circumstances do improve. The education, training and job
creation measures proposed will improve the situation for
some young people.
However, in order to ensure that there is no further polarisation
between those who get jobs and those who do not, and young
people have a viable future, it will almost certainly be
necessary to adopt fundamental approaches to ways in which
work in the future may be more fairly distributed.
The government should reach out to youths, regardless of their ethnic,
cultural, religious, geographical or political affiliation, by establishing
good schemes aimed at encouraging youths to spend their free times
positively.
Government’s empowerment programmes should be restructured or re-
designed, and centred on the “participatory approach”.
There should be enhanced investment on human capital which should
involve the youths.
Government should create a conducive investment climate and business
friendly environment.
Youths should be encouraged not to rely only on white collar jobs alone.
Recommendations
Adebayo, A (1999). Youth unemployment and national directorate of employment programmes. Nigeria Journal
of Economics and Social Studies 41(1), 81-102.
Adedeji, S.O. and Osuagwu, J.N. (2001) Relative labour market performance of graduates from Nigerian
polytechnics and universities during the NYSC programme in Oyo State, Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of
Educational Studies. 1, No. 1 37-46.
Alwin, D.(1988). “From obedience to autonomy: Changes in traits desired in children, 1924-1978”, Public
opinion quarterly, Vol.1, 52.
Braimoh,D., Osiki, J.O &Mpine, M (2009), From empower to transformation: A capacity building model for
academic in distance higher education institutions in Nigeria
Carmichael, F. & Ward, R. (2001) Male unemployment and crime in England and Wales. Economics letters 5
(73): 111-115
Chapman, B.D, Weatherburn, C.A., Chilvers, M., & Roussel, S. (2002). Unemployment duration, schooling and
property crime. Discussion paper 447. Australian National University, Centre for Economic Research,
Canberra.
Cuthill, M. &Fien, J. (2005). Capacity building: Facilitating citizen participation in local government,
Australian Journal of Public Administration. Vol. 41, No. 2, 114-129.
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