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By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,
NYNY
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,
NYNY
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon
Crystal Palace - 1851Crystal Palace - 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace:South View
Crystal Palace:South View
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”
Child “hurriers”
British Pig Iron Production
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production Concentrates production in
oneplace [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory
Children [in lbs.]
Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory
Children [in lbs.]
Age
Average weight of males in factories
Average weight of males not
in factories
Age
Average weight of females in factories
Average weight of females not in
factories
9 51.76 53.26 9 51.13 52.40
10 57.00 60.28 10 54.80 54.44
11 61.84 58.36 11 59.69 61.13
12 65.97 67.25 12 66.08 66.07
13 72.11 75.36 13 73.25 72.72
14 77.09 78.68 14 83.41 83.43
15 88.35 88.83 15 87.86 93.61
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam ShipSteam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs” / “Downstairs”“Upstairs” /
“Downstairs”
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
An English Mill TownAn English Mill Town
Industrial StaffordshireIndustrial Staffordshire
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
The New Urban PoorThe New Urban Poor
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
Peterloo Massacre, 1819:
British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819:
British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!
Painted by George Cruickshank
The ChartistsThe Chartists
KeyKey
Chartistsettlements
Centres of Chartism
Area of plug riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
1. Votes for all men.2. Equal electoral districts.3. Abolition of the requirement
that Members of Parliament be property owners.
4. Payment for Members of Parliament.
5. Annual general elections.6. The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—Chartists arming for the fight.
A female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition. Promote international peace through
trade contact.
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
War, disease, or faminecould control population.
The poor should have
less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.
David RicardoDavid Ricardo
“Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government
intervention to provide some social safetynet.
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
} People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.
} Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
} Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Government Response
Government Response Abolition of slavery in the
coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.
Total British National Income
Total British National Income
Industrialization on the Continent
Industrialization on the Continent
Railroads on the ContinentRailroads on the Continent
European Industrial Production
European Industrial Production
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Bibliographic SourcesBibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm
