Science in the 19TH Century

By Jordan Moore, Sophie Rogers, and Louisa Otey

Type 1Up to this point in history, what do you think

is the greatest scientific advancement made by man? This can include ideas, inventions, etc.

Some Fun Stuff Before We Begin!http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm http://www.eyetricks.com/0103.htm

Inventions and InnovationsGreatest advancements during the 1800s

affected two areas – transportation and communication

1885- Gottlieb Daimler invents the modern internal combustion engine

1885/1886 – Karl Benz from Germany created first true automobile

1890 – Clement Ader, French inventor who experimented with aircraft beginnings, attempted to fly a steam-powered aircraft called the Eole

Gottlieb Daimler (1834 – 1900)

Legacy:

•While Daimler did not the

automobile, he made it

commercially viable

•He can be credited with

launching the automotive

industry, alongside Karl Benz

•Most significant contribution

lay in insistence on precision

and on maintaining standards

•Instituted a system of

inspections to ensure quality of

production

•Revolutionized travel and

communication

Daimler’s 4-wheeled automobile using his Modern Internal Combustion Engine (1886)

Karl BenzLegacy:Can be considered

to have invented the modern, mass-produced, commercially viable motorcar

Human life has been revolutionized and improved by the motorcar

Karl Benz in his 1883 motor tricycle

Clement Ader Legacy:

Coined the French term “avion” for airplane

Ader claimed that he was truly the first to fly and had flown up to 984 feet (300 meters) in 1897

Ader’s Steam Powered Aircraft

Inventions in Communication: 1814: Frederick Koenig (1774 –

1833) from Germany introduced the mechanism in the printing press, through the invention of vapor energy and the cylindrical rotary movement.

1827: Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first photographic image with a pinhole camera. Louis Daguerre was the inventor of the first practical process of photography. In 1829, he formed a partnership with Joseph Nicephore Niepce to improve the process Niepce had developed.

1829: Frenchman Louis Braille, who had lost his sight as a young child, published a dot system for the blind which would later be named Braille. It consisted of six dots used in 63 combinations.

Pictures of Innovations in Communication

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism in General

Spencer and Social Darwinism

A belief, popular in the late Victorian era in England, America, and elsewhere, which states that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die.

The theory was chiefly expounded by Herbert Spencer, whose ethical philosophies always held an elitist view and received a boost from the application of Darwinian ideas such as adaptation and natural selection.

Herbert Spencer, the father of Social Darwinism as an ethical theory, was thinking in terms of elitist, "might makes right" sorts of views long before Darwin published his theory.

The concept of adaptation allowed him to claim that the rich and powerful were better adapted to the social and economic climate of the time, and the concept of natural selection allowed him to argue that it was natural, normal, and proper for the strong to thrive at the expense of the weak.

Some extreme Social Darwinists argued that it was morally incorrect to assist those weaker than oneself, since that would be promoting the survival and possible reproduction of someone who was fundamentally unfit.

Application of Social DarwinismUsed to justify numerous exploits which we classify as of dubious

moral value today.Colonialism: seen as natural and inevitable, and given

justification through Social Darwinian ethics - people saw natives as being weaker and more unfit to survive, and therefore felt justified in seizing land and resources.

Military: strongest military would win, and would therefore be the most fit. Casualties on the losing side, of course, were written off as the natural result of their unfit status.

Social Context: provided a justification for the more exploitative forms of capitalism in which workers were paid sometimes pennies a day for long hours of backbreaking labor.

Extreme Form: Applied by the Nazi party in Germany to justify their actions aimed at weeding “undesirable” genes from the populations.

The Problem with Social DarwinismMakes the faulty assumption that what is

natural is equivalent to what is morally correct.

Just because something takes place in nature does not mean that it is a moral guide for humans to follow.

Social Darwinism vs. Darwinism:

The two have very little in common, aside from their name and a few basic concepts, which Social Darwinists misapplied.

Unfortunately, much of today's opposition to the application of Darwinian thinking to human behavior comes from a fear of Social Darwinism and its implications for many of today's moral codes.

Social Darwinism in its basic (and extremist) forms are based on a logical fallacy, and do not really follow from Darwinian thinking in any way.

Impact of Darwin’s Theory on EuropeThis cartoon

appeared in 1861 in Punch Magazine illustrating how Darwin’s theory was offending to the Christian religion.

Darwin’s Theory of Natural SelectionOrigin- Empeclocles: taught

that plants and animals change over time

Idea became less popular with rise of Christianity and resurge with popularity after the discovery of fossils

Jean- Baptiste de Lamarck- inheritance of acquired characteristics Example: giraffe Thought that animals could

“will” themselves to change and adapt due to an inner need to be perfect and a direct response to the environment.

Darwin’s view Environment played a

bigger role in why organisms change and some animals are better adapted for an specific environment than others

Natural Selection!! – Example: Birds who are not good at collecting seeds will die out, and birds that are good at collecting seeds will survive and pass those traits to the next generation.

Biology August Weismann: Basis of Cell

Theory which stated that all living things were made up of cells and that there were two types…

1. Reproductive Cells- transmit biological characteristics to next generation

2. Body Cells- die when living cells die

Gregor Mendel- Basis for heredity and genetics through famous garden peas experiment

Louis Pasteur- proved bacteria caused milk to be sour and discovered a way of killing bacteria by a method of pasteurization which consisted of heating the milk up enough to kill the bacteria and then cooling it down enough to slow growth of remaining bacteria.

MedicineTransition from profession

based on superstition and outdated practice to one based on new discoveries in basic science

Robert Koch- discovered that bacteria caused diseases

Louis Pasteur- developed methods of immunization by injecting small amounts of bacteria into living things which begins the practice of immunizations.

Medicine Continued Joseph Lister- pioneered field

of modern antisepsis (destroy topical bacteria) and lowered infection rates during surgery

Ignaz Semmelweis- suggested doctors wash hands between patients to reduce infection rates

Discovery of Nitrous oxide, morphine, ether, and chloroform to use as analgesia and anesthesia during surgery

Increase of women in field Example: Florence

Nightingale, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Clara Barton

Alternate Routes for MedicineUsed by people who saw the more scientific ways of

medicine as “evasive” and the below ways as more natural:Homeopathy- patients can be cured of a disease by

being treated with natural remedies that produce symptoms are similar to their ailment

Osteopathy-if proper balance of life essentials were maintained the body would stay healthy and cure itself

Chiropractic Medicine-living creatures are endowed with an “innate intelligence” that regulate body functions and focus on preventing disease by making sure that the body’s main functions are in proper working order.

PhysicsDevelopment of X- rays and radiation:

James Clerk Maxwell- predicted that electric and magnetic energy moved in waves

Wilhelm Röentgen- 1895: energy could penetrate solid matter which latter lead to the development of X- rays

Henri Bacquerel- discovers that uranium has radioactive properties

Marie and Pierre Curie- radioactivity is caused by the element’s atomic structure and discovery of the elements radium and polonium

JJ Thomson- Theory of the ElectronErnest Rutherford- 1902: explained radiation through the

disintegration of the atoms of the radioactive materials

Physics Continued Uncertainty Principal-

Werner Heisenberg The behavior of subatomic

particles is statistical probability rather than cause and effect

Quantum Theory of Energy- Max Planck in 1900 Stated that energy is in discrete

quantities rather than being continuous

Theory of Relativity- E=mc2

Proposed by Albert Einstein Stated that energy and matter

were interchangeable No fixed point can be used to

measure motion as motion can only be compared by comparing the motion of one object to the motion of another

SociologySociologists study how people act in groups

and the social nature of human beingsEmpirical investigation and critical analysisThe knowledge obtained from this research

was applied in bettering social standardsRange of social scientific methods

Positivism and anti-positivismFunctionalismConflict theory

Auguste ComteArgued that society, like

nature, operated according to certain laws

If those laws were discovered, there’d be a scientific basis for organization and action

Constructed his own system of positive thought

He believed that women were inferior

Between 1830 and 1842, he published Course of Positive Philosophy, in six volumes

Quotes by Auguste Comte

“Everything is relative, and only that is absolute.”

“The sacred formula of positivism: love as a principle, the order as a foundation, and

progress as a goal.”

PsychologyPsychologists study the behavior and mental functions of

individuals and the nature of “the independent”PsychoanalysisCognitivism

Explores the different functions of the brain, isolated, such as visual processing, memory, problem solving, and language

Humanism and existentialismViewed the human as a whole; not just their personality or

basic human functions, but also their nature to exercise free will, etc.

BehaviorismFirmly believed in the method of research based observation

Ivan Pavlov

First studied the behavior of dogs, then studied humans

His theories concluded that some human behavior is based on unconscious responses rather than unconscious thought

Sigmund FreudOriginated from Vienna

from an Austrian-Jewish family

Originally wanted to be a lawyer, but switched to physiology and medicine

Opened his own medical practice in Vienna in 1886, but was driven out by the Nazi’s in 1938

Freudian Theory and PsychoanalysisWas a follower of Pavlov’s theory before

coming up with his ownDeveloped “psychoanalysis” as a method to

try and discover the motives in the unconscious when people take certain actions

According to Freud, the id and the super ego are the difference between conscious and unconscious thought.

Psychoanalysis has three areas of research or application

Works Cited http://www.eyetricks.com/0103.htm http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm http://www.neatorama.com/2007/06/12/10-mind-boggling-psychiatric

-treatments/ http://scienceblogs.com/primatediaries/2009/11/

the_giants_shoulders_-_darwin.php

http://www.welt.de/multimedia/archive/00828/eng_darwin02_BM_Ver_828142a.jpg

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Gottlieb_Daimler#Legacy

(http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/stilphotography.htm)

(http://www.imultimedia.pt/museuvirtpress/ing/persona/k-l.html#koe)

(http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbraille.htm) http://www.qfrases.com/english/auguste_comte.php