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By: Bailey
CHAPTER 3
WHAT IS CELL THEORY?
o Cells are building blocks for plants and animalso Cells are produced by division for preexisting cells
o Cells are the smallest object that perform physiological functions
o Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular levelo Homeostasis at the tissue, organ, system, and individual
levels reflects the combined and coordinated actions of many cells
o *Homeostasis- the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
CELL THEORY
COMPARE FLUID CONTENTS OF CELL WITH THE
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
High concentration of potassium Relatively high concentrations of
dissolved proteins (enzymes that regulate metabolic operations)
Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble
proteins and waste products Contains small quantities of
carbohydrate and large reserves of amino acids and lipids
High concentration of sodium
All body fluid not within the cell
Plasma and interstitial fluid are included in this
Cytosol Extracellular
FLUID CONTENT
CELL MEMBRANE
Composed of
I. Phospholipids
II. Proteins
III. Glycolipids
IV. Cholesterol
* Cytosol is what mostly makes up the cell. Surrounding that is the Phospholipid bilayer, and within that layer are the proteins and channels
I. Separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding
extracellular fluid
II. Controls the entry of ions and nutrients, and eliminates
waste and the release of secretory products
III. Let’s the cell respond and recognize to molecules in its
environmental
IV. Gives tissues a stable structure
Structure Importance
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
A cell needs to maintain homeostasis
It does this through the cell membrane
Taking in nutrients and obtaining water balance and
giving off waste These all are from the
environment that need to be taken in or let into the
environment from the cell
INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Cell Membrane- isolation,
protection, sensitive,
organization
Cytosol- distributes
materials by diffusion
ORGANELLES
• Cytoskeleton• Microtubules• Microfilaments• Microvilli• Cilia
• Centrioles• Ribosomes
• Nucleus• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough ER• Smooth ER
• Golgi Apparatus• Lysosomes• Peroxisomes
NonmembranousOrganelles
MembranousOrganelles
ORGANELLES
• Cytoskeleton- strength, movement of cellular structures
and material• Microtubules- gives
strength to the cell• Microfiliments-
slender protein strand
• Microvilli-absorption of extracellular fluid
• Cilia- movement of materials over
surface• Centrioles- movement
of chromosomes during cell division
• Ribosomes- protein synthesis
NONMEMBRANOUS
• Mitochondria- protein synthesis
• Nucleus- control of metabolism; stores and processes genetic info.
• Nucleolus- site of RNA synthesis
• Endoplasmic Reticulum- synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
• Rough ER- secretory protein synthesis
• Smooth ER- lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
• Golgi apparatus-storage, alteration and package of
secretory product and lysosomes
• Lysosomes- intercellular removal of damaged
organelles or of pathogens
• Peroxisomes- neutralization of toxic
compounds
MEMBRANOUS
ENERGY WITHIN CELLS
Mitochondria is the power house of the cell, it makes and stores the “power” so
the cell can function properly
* Metabolic enzymes - Protein-based substances that promote
change in bodily cells…
1. The organelle has a double membrane; the
first surrounds the entire cell, the second surrounds the inner which has many
folds called cristae
2. Cristae increases the surface area exposed to
the fluid contents, matrix
3. Matrix contains metabolic enzymes that perform the reactions that provide energy for cellular
function
Mitochondria How it preforms that…
MITOCHONDRIA
NUCLEUS AS CONTROL CENTER
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which separates it from the cytosol
• Within the nuclear envelope are perinuclear space
• These allow the nucleus to receive
information about conditions and activities in the cytosol
NUCLEUS
The nucleoplasm contains ions, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides, proteins, small amounts of
RNA and DNA
I. These DNA strands form a chromosome
II. These are then “read” by the nucleus controls by the process of “regulation of protein
synthesis”
III. What is read from the chromosome, the nucleus then tells the cell what needs done and what to
do
NUCLEOPLASM
LIFE CYCLE
Life cycle- Go Phase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase,
Gm Phase, Mitosis
LIFE CYCLE
• Go Phase- the cell has normal functions (indefinite time)
• G1 Phase- the cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and preforms protein synthesis (8 or more hours)• S Phase- the cell’s DNA is replicated and
synthesis’s its histones (6-8 hours)• G2 Phase- the cell undergoes protein synthesis’s
(2-5 hours)• Gm Phase- where the cell undergoes mitosis
INTERPHASE
• Prophase (stage 1)- the nuclear envelope disappears
• Metaphase (stage 2)- chromatids move through metaphase plate; microtubules of the spindle
apparatuses attaches to each centromere• Anaphase (stage 3)- the chromatid pairs separate
and the daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite ends to the cell
• Teleophase (stage 4)- the nuclear membranes form, the nuclei enlarge, chromosomes gradually uncoil;
once the chromosomes disappear, nucleoli reappear and the nuclei resemble those of the interphase cell
MITOSIS
IMPORTANCE TRANS -MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
It measures the millivolts across the cell membrane for potential difference that could result from uneven
distribution of the positive and negative ions across a cell membrane
A membrane enzyme called the sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions to compensate for the
sodium and potassium leaks This pump uses the energy of ATP to move sodium and
potassium against their electrochemical gradients The pump compensates for the sodium and potassium
leaks, keeping the resting membrane potential at -70 millivolts
TRANS-MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
HOW CELLS ATTACH
Gap Junction- two cells are held together by an interlocking of membrane proteins, the result is a narrow passage way that
lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell Tight Junction- partial fusion of the lipid portions of the two
cell membranes, providing mechanical strength, but blocking the water or solutes between cells
Intermediate Junction- the opposing cell membrane, while maintaining distinct, are held together by a thick layer of
proteoglycans Desmosomes- the opposing cell membranes reinforced by a
network of intermediate filaments that lock the two together , a dense concentration of filament beneath the cell membrane
at a desmosomes anchor it to the cytoskeleton Junction Complex- when all types of junctions including
desmosomes are together in one location
METHODS OF ATTACHMENT
VOCABULARY
Cytology- the study of the structure and function of cells
Transmission electron microscopy- show fine structures of cell membranes and intracellular structures
Scanning electron microscopy- where electrons bounce off exposed surfaces, creates 3D perspective
Extracellular fluid- a watery medium that is on the outside of cells
Cell membrane- outer boundary of the cell
Plasma membrane- another term for cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer- a cell membrane
Peripheral proteins- attached to the inner membrane surface
Integral proteins- embedded in the membrane
Channels- formed by integral proteins the let water molecules, and other objects pass through it
Cytoplasm- A general term for the material inside of the cell
VOCAB.
Intermediate filaments- provides strength, support, and transports materials within the cytoplasm
Neurofilaments- found in nerve cells and provide structure and support
Thick Filaments- massive strand composed of myosin protein subunits
Microtubules- hollow tubes built from the globular proteins
Tubulin- globular protein
Microvilli- small finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane
Centrioles- is a cylindrical structure composed of short microtubules
Centrosome- cytoplasm surrounding
Cilia- contain nine pairs of microtubules surround a central pair
VOCAB.
Cytoplasm- A general term for the material inside of the cell
Cytosol- or intracellular fluid- dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble, and insoluble proteins and waste products.
Organelles- structures that perform specific functions within the cell
Inclusions- masses of insoluble materials
Non-membranous organelles- in contact with cytosol
Membranous Organelles- surrounded by lipid membranes that isolates them from the cytosol
Cytoskeleton- an internal protein framework the gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
Microfilaments- slender proteins strands composed of the protein actin
Actin- a protein found in microfilaments
Myosin- a protein
VOCAB.
Basal Body- an anchored compact for cilia
Flagella- moves cells through the surrounding fluids
Ribosomes- small, dense structure that cannot be seen; they manufacture proteins
Free ribosome- one type of ribosome where its proteins scatter throughout the cytoplasm
Fixed ribosome- attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, its proteins enter here
Mitochondria- small organelle that have a double membrane; makes energy for the cell
Cristae- second inner membrane that contains numerous folds
Matrix- fluid contents of mitochondrion
Respiratory enzyme- produces most of the ATP generated from the mitochondrion
Nucleus- the control center for the cell
Nuclear envelope- surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytosol
Perinuclear space- a narrow passage within the nuclear envelope
VOCAB.
Nuclear pores- large pores that permit the movement of ions and small molecules,but too small for DNA
Nucleoplasm- fluid contents of the nucleus
Chromosomes- contain DNA strands
Histones- proteins that bind to DNA strands
Nucleosome- a structure that forms when DNA strands wind around histones
Chromatin- made when chromosomes tangle fine filaments
Endoplasmic reticulum- a network of intracellular membranes
Cisternae- formed by the endoplasmic reticulum; reservoir for water
Rough reticulum- where newly made synthetic proteins undergo chemical modification
Smooth reticulum- synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
VOCAB.
Golgi apparatus- synthesis and packing, renewal or modification of the cell membrane
Transfer vesicles- how material moves from saccule to saccule
Secretory vesicles- vesicles that contain secretion that will be discharged
Lysosomes- vesicles filled with digestive enzymes; defense against disease
Endocytosis- the process of lysosomes in greater detail
Peroxisomes- smaller then lysosomes; absorb and neutralize toxins
Gated- regulate the passage of materials that travel through channels
Glycocalyx- protects cell membrane; function as receptors; keeps immune system from attacking body
Permeability- objects can pass through it
Impermeability- objects cannot pass through it
Freely permeable- object can pass through without any trouble is said to be
Selectively permeable- permits the passage of some materials
VOCAB.
Diffusion- net movement of material from an area where it’s concentrated from high to low
Concentration gradient- the difference between low and high concentration
Osmosis- the response to the difference in diffusion
Osmotic pressure- force of water movement
Hydrostatic pressure- when pressure is can prevent the entry of molecules
Osmotic concentration/osmolality- total solute concentration in a solution
Tonicity- used when describing osmotic concentration
Isotonic- same solute concentration low and high
Hypotonic- solution has a lower then the cytoplasm
Hemolysis- when a cell burst or explodes
Hypertonic-when concentration is higher than the cytoplasm
VOCAB.