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Business Information Zimbabwe (‘BIZ’)

CONSOLIDATED INDEX of business-relevant COURT JUDGMENTS reported in BIZ shown alphabetically by subject

1994-2014

The periodical Business Information Zimbabwe explains aspects of business and commercial law in Zimbabwe

and summarizes court judgments on various disputes between businesses; and between businesses and state authorities.

Historical note

This periodical journal was launched in 1994 as the Business Guide.

In 2004 it was re-named the Business Information Service.

In 2006 it was re-branded BIZ and subsequently issued in the form of quarterly Journals supplemented by fortnightly Bulletins.

In this INDEX – HB refers to the Bulawayo High Court HH to the Harare High Court SC to the Supreme Court Bulletin refers to our fortnightly BIZ Bulletins that supplement the quarterly BIZ journals ZLR refers to the twice-yearly Zimbabwe Law Reports published by the Legal Resources Foundation

- for example, 1985 (1) ZLR 358 (SC) means the first volume in 1985, page 353, Supreme Court

The numbers on the right-hand side of each page below (e.g. 11.7.1) refer to the Volume, Issue and Page where the judgment is reported in BIZ

– for example, in regard to the first case, below, N&B Ventures versus Minister of Home Affairs,

11.7.1 means Volume 11, Issue Number 7, Page 1 of our Business Information Zimbabwe journal.

TOPIC - sub-heading Parties in dispute Court case number/year BIZ reference

ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS - authority must act reasonably

N&B Ventures v Minister of Home Affairs : HB 138/2004 11.7.1 Makromed v Medicine Control Authority of Zimbabwe : HB 36/2011 17.3.5 See also LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION – law only protects legitimate expectation Marufu v Minister of Transport : HB 127/2009 17.1.2

- attempt to legitimize actions of unlawful body Zvobgo v City of Harare : HH 80/2005 11.11.5

- changes in administrative policies/decisions by public authorities - legitimate expectation policy change will not be retrospective

‘Import’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 24.1.02 (no notation) 8.11.4 - reversing decision cannot abolish rights previously given

Destiny Ventures v Rushinga Rural District Council : HH 7/98 4.3.10 - disclosure of information

Laue v City of Harare : HH 153/2000 6.8.3 - exhaust remedies in other legislation before invoking Administrative Justice Act

Mhanyami Fishing Co-op v Parks & Wildlife : HH 92/2011 17.4.5 - limited circumstances where courts will intervene ANZ v Media & Information Commission : HH 29/2007 15.1.6 - must be lawful B-Sky v Minister of Energy : HH 104/2009 16.4.15

KDB Holdings v Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe : SC 25/2011 18.3.3 Bubye Minerals v Minister of Mines : SC 32011 18.3.4 - Harare Council acted unlawfully in disconnecting water without recourse to the courts

Mushoriwa v City of Harare : HH 195/2014 20.3.4 - Securities & Exchange Commission acted unlawfully by interfering with liquidation

Gwatidzo NO v First Transfer Secretaries : HH 165/2014 20.3.5 - Zimra acted unlawfully in garnishing company bank accounts

Packers International (Pvt) Ltd v ZIMRA : HH 328/2014 20.3.2

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- transparency

Affretair v MK Airlines : SC 107/1996 3.7.7 AGENT - accountability

O’Shea v Chiunda : SC 52/1999 5.5.8 - estate agency different from usual agent-principal relationship Katsande v Rumani Real Estate : HH 96/2009 15.4.15 - for company to be formed : personal rights

Watson v Gilson Enterprises : HH 149/1997 3.10.11

AGREEMENT OF SALE – see SALE AGREEMENT APPEAL - important court rules Austerlands P/L v Trade & Inv Bank : SC 92/2005 12.6.8 - judgment suspended by appeal, except in maintenance cases and labour disputes

Chematron Products v Tenda Transport : HH 343/2013 20.3.8 - when to appeal Dombodzvuku v Sithole : HH 174/2004 12.1.3 ARBITRATION AWARD - ‘conflict with public policy’

Beazley (N.O.) v (1) Kabell (2) Hippo Valley Estates : SC 22/2003 10.1.7 - errors in both law and logic Chanakira v Mapfumo : HH 155/2010 17.1.11 See also CONTRACT – suspensive condition cannot void a contract See also DEBT – cannot refuse to accept a lawful acknowledgement of debt - not necessary to comply with award before approaching court to set award aside Pioneer Transport v Delta Corporation : HH 18/2012 18.3.6 - objection to

Musonza P/L v Std Fire & General Ins Co : HH 85/2002 8.11.6 - reneging on agreement

Ropa v Reosmart Investments : SC 38/2006 13.4.2 - violated 'sanctity of contract'

Origen Corporation v Delta : 2005 (no notation) 12.2.6 Delta v Origen Corporation : SC 86/2006 14.2.10 AREA DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Kencor Holdings v Mt Pleasant Ratepayers Association : SC 142/1998 4.10.10 & 8.2.15 ASSETS : DISPUTE OVER OWNERSHIP – see OWNERSHIP ATTACHED PROPERTY : PROCEEDS OF SALE OF

Barclays Bank v SEDCO : SC 68/2000 7.11.7 BAIL - in foreign currency offences

Attorney-General v Fundira : SC 33/2004 11.5.10 BANK - duty of care regarding stolen cheque

Biddulphs Removals v Standard Chartered Bank : HH 116/1996 3.3.4 - liable for cashing stolen cheque

ZBC v Pyramid Motors : 1985 (1) ZLR 358 (SC) 3.2.12 BANK LICENCE APPLICATION

Prime Bank v Registrar of Banks : HH 211/2000 7.3.1 BANK LOAN - security

Mkombachoto v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 10/2002 8.3.14 - terms and conditions

Cawood v Standard Chartered Bank : SC 25/1996 2.7.1

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BRIBERY Chauya v The State : SC 127/1996 3.1.13 Thubalabo Nyoni v The State : HB 22/2002 9.5.12 BUSINESS INTERESTS OF POLITICAL LEADERS Moyse & Others v Mujuru : SC 153/1998 5.4.6 CELL-PHONE USE WHILE DRIVING - using a hand-held cell-phone while driving is a criminal offence State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 CHARGES FOR LEGAL WORK CARRIED OUT BY CLERK UNDER SUPERVISION

Machiels v Coghlan Welsh & Guest : SC 176/98 5.3.8 CHEQUE - forged

Sino Zimbabwe Cement v Zimbank : HB 132/2006 13.4.3. - fraud

J.T. Watson P/L v Minister of Finance, POSB & Barclays : HH 32/95 1.11.1 Music Room v ANZ Grindlays Bank : HH 98/95 3.4.4

- personal liability for signing company cheque – see LIABILITY - theft of cheque – see BANK CLAIM - against employer for medical expenses

Industrial Steel & Pipe v Wilson : SC 130/98 4.11.12 - against sureties

PG Merchandising v Sahanga & Makobere : HH 75/99 5.5.7 CLASS ACTION : APPOINTMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE

Petho v Minister of Home Affairs : HH 221/02 8.3.1 COMMERCIAL PREMISES - whether particular premises are deemed business/commercial is a matter of fact and degree Kingdom Calls v Sunseeker : HH 301/2012 19.1.3 COMMISSION - estate agents

Mataure v Sibindi : HH 20/2001 7.4.5 - estate agent’s commission on sale of rural land to Government

Keystone Real Estate v Alverstoke Enterprises : HH 115/99 5.9.14 - on repayment of bond arrears

CABS v Shariwa : HH 106/2001 7.9.12 COMMUNITY SERVICE AS PUNISHMENT - when appropriate State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 See also JUDICIAL PUNISHMENT COMPANY DIRECTOR - appointment of managing director – see MANAGING DIRECTOR’S APPOINTMENT - authority

Walenn Holdings v Integrated Contracting : 1998 ZLR 333 (H) 5.6.11 - authority - limitations on authority of managing director

State v Pazvakavambwa : 1998 (2) ZLR 123 (S) 4.8.5 & 5.7.13 - authority - shareholders' approval required to dispose of 51%+ of assets Ngatibataneyi P/L v Vengenayi : SC 13/2007 14.1.4

Sachikonye v Capital Alliance : HH 5/2008 14.2.7 - disagreement among directors about winding-up of company – see Winding up - limited liability is not absolute

Govere v Ordeco (Pvt) Ltd : SC 25/2014 20.1.2 - non-disclosure of director’s gains

Cohen v Directors of Rand Collieries : 1906 (no notation) 2.3.11 - powers

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City Centre Hotel v Nyamanhindi : HH 34/99 5.3.15 - removal from office

Country Petroleum v Chikukwa : HH 64/98 4.7.13 - resignation

Proctor Enterprises v Chimariro : HH 253/99 6.1.7 - right to sue Madzivire v Zvarivadza : SC 10/2006 13.4.1 COMPANY HOUSE : REPOSSESSION BY EMPLOYER Carswell Meats v Mutasa : SC 57/99 5.5.15 COMPANY LAW - cardinal principle - a company is a separate entity distinct from its members

- exceptions to the principle Deputy Sheriff v Tripac Investments : HH 121/2011 18.1.5 See also CORPORATE VEIL - when the ‘corporate veil’ may be lifted

COMPANY NAME : RESTRICTION OF USE – see also ‘PASSING OFF’ Car Guard v Mallard Auto : HH 123/97 3.10.1 COMPANY REPRESENTATION IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Kama Development v City of Harare : HH 167/2001 7.10.01 Zimbabwe Banking Corporation v Pindi Electrical : HH 146/98 4.11.11 COMPENSATION - for damage to borrowed property

Warren-Codrington v Forsyth Trust : SC 144/2000 7.2.10 - for improvements on land

Reza v Nyangani : SC 35/01 7.5.14 See also DAMAGES and LIABILITY COMPETITION - restrictive practice

Harare Sports Club v United Bottlers : HH 38/00 6.3.15 See also ‘PASSING OFF’ and TRADE MARK COMPROMISE AGREEMENT - binding nature

Eric Davis v Muwenga & 86 Others : HH 109/1999 5.9.3 - compromise of judgment debt – see DEBT COMPUTER CRIME - password cracked - spoliation order not appropriate remedy

Mutsinya v Dande Holdings : HH 78/2008 14.3.4 CONFLICT OF INTEREST

State v Pazvakavambwa : 1998 (2) ZLR 123 (S) 4.8.5 & 5.7.13 Dobrock Hlds v Turner & Sons : HH 128/2006 BIZ Bulletin May 2007(2)

CONTEMPT OF COURT - what party must show when seeking arrest for contempt of court

Mukambirwa v Gospel of God Church International : SC 8/2014 20.2.3 CONTRACT - allegation of defective workmanship : non-payment

Madzima v SAB Properties : SC 265/96 3.5.10 - arbitration appropriate where contract is not a consumer contract

ZESA v Bikita Minerals : HH 98/2001 7.9.6 - arising from acceptance of tender

Forestry Commission v Hutton Hauliers : SC 19/2000 6.5.5 - breach of contract - anticipatory breach of contract Blumo Trading v Nelmah Milling : HH 39/2011 18.4.2

- defaulter tries to involve third party, alleging tacit contract

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Astra Steel v PM Manufacturing : HH 393/2012 19.4.6 - paying only 90% breaches contract

Mbayiwa v Chitakunye : SC 20/2009 15.3.7 - ‘RBZ induced BancABC to breach contract with its client and RBZ must repay bank’

Trojan Nickel Mine v RBZ : HH 169/2013 19.3.4 - when entitled to cancel

ZETDC v Tecpal Creative : HH 34/2011 19.2.6 - binding nature

Muchabaiwa v Grab Enterprises : SC 230/96 3.5.12 - calculation of damages – see DAMAGES - can be voided at the instance of the aggrieved party if entered into under duress

Mlambo v Mupfiga : HH 65/2014 20.2.4 - cancellation by court

Executive Hotel v Bennet (N.O.) : SC 77/2006 BIZ Bulletin January 2008(1) - cancellation for late delivery of calendars ZETDC v Tecpal Creative : HH 34/2011 19.2.6 - cancellation for late payment of instalment : Act requires 30 days

Preston v Charuma Blasting & Earthmoving : SC 135/99 6.2.8 - cannot cancel for 'mistake' ZESA v Smith : SC 9/2005 12.2.3 - claiming impossibility of fulfilment Mutangadura v Timber Bldng Supplies : HH 146/2009 16.2.5 - deed of sale invalidated if not signed in reasonable time

Rusike v Kasirorwe : SC 41/96 3.9.13 - detailed invitation to tender can lead to breach of contract

Telecon Italia v PTC & Another : HH 149/2000 8.6.5 - disclaimer clause in contract too broad - unfair Mudukuti v FCM Motors : HH 14/2007 14.3.9

Masundire v OK Zimbabwe : HH 94/2012 18.2.6 See also LIABILITY – exemption for loss or damages - error in contract : when court may rectify Bitumat v Paramount Motors : HH 129/2012 19.2.7 - failure to control employee cancels contract

Mobil Oil v Mashoko : SC 86/2005 12.3.8 - freedom of contract

NCA v ZITF : HB 35/2002 9.5.6 - frustration of contract Ncube v Mpofu : HB 69/2006 14.3.11 - identification of partners

Borgonovo & Critchlow v Screenspeed : SC 75/99 5.9.6 Hydery Milling v Grain Marketing Board : SC 43/2000 6.8.12

- implied power of MD to enter into contracts Chikumbu v Bryden Services : HH 93/2009 15.4.3 - letter awarding contract forms part of agreement

Cleaning & Environmental Services v City of Harare : HH 50/2001 7.11.10 - negative contract : agreement not to sell item to third party without giving grantee first refusal

Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - not affected by considerations of equity

Pentony v Pymor Investments : SC 168/1998 5.2.8 - obligations not altered by administrative arrangements

Cargo Marketing v Dynamic Air Freight : SC 170/97 4.1.11 - oral contract Bristow v Hooper & Barton : HH 105/1996 3.4.8

Evans v Snapper : SC 55/2004 11.5.13 - oral contract

- breach of oral contract – see ‘breach’ above - value of oral contract

Kwarate Ranch v Middleburg Steel & Alloys : SC 2/2001 8.5.5 See also SALE AGREEMENT – verbal

- paying only 90% breaches contract Mbayiwa v Chitakunye : SC 20/2009 15.3.7

- pledging assets to settle debt a tricky area Ceprat Farming v Brightland Farming : HH 213/2010 16.4.8

See also DEBT – pledging assets to settle debt - reformation by court : principles Bitumat v Paramount Motors : HH 129/2012 19.2.7

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- right of first refusal to purchase property contained in a lease constitutes a contract Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - rights accrued before termination continue to exist HEM Granite v Keeley Granite : SC 18/2009 15.3.9 - sanctity of contract

Muranda v Tadzaniso & Others : HB 64/98 5.1.12 See also ARBITRATION AWARD – violated ‘sanctity of contract’

- suspensive condition cannot void a contract Chanakira v Mapfumo : HH 155/2010 17.1.11 See also ARBITRATION AWARD – errors in both law and logic See also SALE AGREEMENT – inclusion of suspensive condition - suretyship and meaning of guarantee Blair Holdings v Walenn Construction : SC 122/95 2.8.13 See also DEED OF SURETYSHIP - tacit contract

WFD Network v Jaggers Wholesalers : HH 88/2001 7.9.2 C.M. Mutomba t/a Mutomba Supermarket v R&C Inv : SC 85/2002 10.9.4

Astra Steel v PM Manufacturing : HH 393/2012 19.4.6 - termination of contract must be immediate

Waste Management Services P/L v City of Harare : SC 126/2002 10.11.3 - time limit on termination of agreement

Guardian Security v ZBC : SC 95/2001 8.1.9 - unenforceable due to illegality Mega Pak v Global Technologies : HH 84/2008 14.3.2 - unenforceable pactum commissorium

Upper Class Ent v Oceaner t/a Enigma & Mbalekwa SC 88/2002 10.9.8 Kufandirori v Chipuriro : HH 12/2004 10.9.11

- variation in terms of contract Promaven Properties v Fish Centre : HH 176/97 4.3.5 Skilled Engineering Contractors v Thomcast : HH 22/98 4.5.13 Minister of Home Affairs v Trimu Agencies & Distributors : 2000 ZLR 191(S) 8.4.8

- variation in terms of contract – some important principles Munyani v Liminary Investments : HH 38/2010 16.2.12

- voiding a contract - can be voided at the instance of the aggrieved party if entered into under duress

Mlambo v Mupfiga : HH 65/2014 20.2.4

- cannot be voided by suspensive condition (see above ‘- suspensive condition’…)

See also TENDERS CORPORATE VEIL - when the ‘corporate veil’ between a company and its constituent members may be lifted Deputy Sheriff v Tripac Investments : HH 121/2011 18.1.5 See also COMPANY LAW

- cardinal principle - a company is a separate entity distinct from its members - exceptions to the principle

Deputy Sheriff v Tripac Investments : HH 121/2011 18.1.5 CORRUPTION – by public official Samokomva v The State : HH 8/2005 11.5.3 COSTS – see LEGAL COSTS COURT ORDERS - disobeying court order risks imprisonment John Strong (Pvt) Ltd v Wachenuka : HH 44/2010 16.2.9 - ex parte court order (granted after hearing one side only)

Beverley Building Society v Rgwafa : SC 7/2005 11.7.3 See also DEFAULT JUDGMENT and URGENT APPLICATION FOR COURT ORDER

COURT POWERS - grounds to disallow further action Omar v Blue Gum Transport : HB 44/2005 15.2.10 Gwizi v Ndebele : HB 68/2008 16.2.4

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COURT RULES - important to follow Young Go Cho v Stalin Mau Mau : HH 74/2004 11.5.1 - meaning of ‘immediately’

See MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS - ‘immediately’ same as ‘forthwith’ - non-compliance – condonation by Court Metro v Old Mutual Properties : SC 31/2008 15.1.2

See also LEGAL PRACTITIONER – duty to check with Court COURTS - exist to settle specific disputes, not to address academic points Mpukuta v Motor Insurance Pool : HB 25/2012 18.3.5 - inappropriate behaviour towards courts Global Electrical v Nexbak Inv : SC 76/2006 14.2.2

Fuyana v Moyo SC 54/2006 14.2.2 CULPABLE HOMICIDE - electrified fencing

State v Mlambo : 1994 (2) ZLR 410 (S) 6.9.9 - inattentive driving results in criminal conviction State v Thompson : HH 259/2010 17.2.8 - shooting at poachers State v Burdett : 1996 (2) ZLR 658 (S) 6.9.10 See also KILLING IN SELF-DEFENCE CURRENCY - Zimbabwe currency : value in USD in re Estate Matimura : HH 12/2010 16.4.5 See also FOREIGN CURRENCY CUSTOMS & EXCISE - country of origin of imported goods

Potgieter v Director of Customs & Excise : HH 91/2000 6.6.7 - detention of imported goods pending payment of duty

Director of Customs & Excise v ABSA Bank : SC 108/98 8.1.8 - duty-free importation of vehicles

Mazarura v Director of Customs & Excise : SC 98/2002 9.7.15 - fraud by official : claim for losses

Phillips Central Cellars v Customs & Excise : HH 58/2000 6.12.11 - officials : impartiality of

Silver Trucks v Director of Customs & Excise : 1999 (2) ZLR 88 (H) 7.12.3 - rummage sale invalid

RHB Import & Export v Director of Customs & Excise : HH 166/97 4.2.14 - sale of goods under custom rebate

Moyo v Jani : 1985 (1) ZLR 112 (HC) 3.2.10 - surcharges for late payment of duty

Pyramid Products v Director of Customs & Excise : SC 188/1998 5.2.6 - undeclared goods can only be seized in certain circumstances Mudima v Zimra : HH 83/2008 14.3.3 DAMAGES - assessment – effect of inflation

Komichi v Guest & Tanner : HH 104/2005 12.3.14 - assessment of amount Nissan Zimbabwe v Hopitt : SC 85/1997 3.7.5 - assessment of claims : road accidents

Nhemachena v Cargo Carriers : SC 118/96 3.2.15 - breach of trust

Jolly v Shannon : HB 3/1998 4.12.8 - breach of contract of sale

Collective Self Finance Scheme v Asharia : SC 22/2000 6.8.7 - cancellation of agreement of sale

ZimbRe v Musarurwa : HH 141/2001 7.10.8 - claims arising from international air carriage must be made in terms of Warsaw Convention

Christal Motor Spares v South African Airways 20.4.4 - faulty construction

Madondo v Survival Tyres : HH 34/2001 7.6.12

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- increased before judgment Coltart v Minister of Home Affairs : HH 67/2006 13.1.9

- land acquisition Gilnat Investments v ZESA : SC 20/2000 6.7.6

- sufficiency of evidence in claims for damages GDC Hauliers v Chirundu Valley Motel : SC 170/1998 5.1.8

- sufficiency of evidence requires 4 proofs Border Timbers v Zimra : HH 13/2009 15.3.11 - unlawful seizure of vehicle

Zimbabwe Assemblies of God v Chidziva : HH 37/2001 7.7.8 See also COMPENSATION and LIABILITY DEBT - acceleration clause implied in payment of debt by installments

Bonanza Fashions v ZDB : SC 9/2001 7.5.12 - attempt to recover debt by applying for winding-up order

Apotex v Surgimed : HH 208/2000 7.3.9 - cannot refuse to accept a lawful acknowledgement of debt Chankira v Mapfumo : HH 155/2010 17.1.11 See also ARBITRATION AWARD – errors in both law and logic - cession of rights to debt Syfrets v Jardine & Friend : HH 57/1999 5.8.9 - claim for payment rejected because of supplier’s inaccurate records

Mobil Oil v A Matambo : HH 118/99 5.9.10 - compromise of judgment debt

Glenwood Timbers v ZDB : HH 4/2001 7.7.4 - debtor proposes payment plan, then defaults Daya v Svanna Tobacco : HH 242/2012 19.2.3 - dispute about receiving goods – see PROOF OF ORDER AND DELIVERY - imprisonment for debt

Chinamora v Angwa Furnishers : SC 228/96 2.12.11 - lien (retaining property pending payment of debt) – see LIEN - pledging assets to settle debt Ceprat Farming v Brightland Farming : HH 213/2010 16.4.8

See also CONTRACT – pledging assets a tricky area See also SALE IN EXECUTION See also article Dealing with Bad Debtors in Volume 10, Issue 5, pages 1-10 DECEASED ESTATE - risky to dispose of deceased estate before executor appointed Muchini v Adams : HH 208/11 18.1.3 See also EXECUTOR – appointment when deceased dies without a will See also PROPERTY

- advisability of using services of a legal practitioner - sale when deceased dies without a will

See also WILL – when person dies without leaving a will - who has locus standi to protect estate Estate Utaumire & Others v Kadzunge : HB 113/2006 14.3.14 DECIDED CASES – see LEGAL AUTHORITIES DEFAULT JUDGEMENT : IMPLICATIONS

Deweras Farm v Zimbank : SC 49/1998 4.6.13 DEFECTIVE GOODS - refund of cost

Peacock v MIE Truck Sales : HH 146/1997 3.10.6 - return

Tyre Treads v C & F Investments : HH 68/1999 5.5.6 See also SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS DEFIANCE OF LEGAL AUTHORITY : CONSEQUENCES OF

Scheelite King Mining v Mahachi : HH 31/1998 4.5.9 DEMURRAGE CHARGES AT BEIRA Portdoor Freight v GMB : SC 45/2001 7.11.9

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DEPOSIT FINES (‘SPOT FINES’) - principles governing use State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 DIRECTOR – see COMPANY DIRECTOR DISCLAIMER – see CONTRACT – disclaimer clause DIVIDENDS : DECLARATION

‘R’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 1/97 3.12.3 DOMICILE - right of domicile in Zimbabwe can be lost by citizens Sheasby v Chief Immigration Officer : HB 77/2009 16.4.2 DUPLUM PRINCIPLE

Nedbank Ltd v Morsehead Securities : 1978 (3) SA 633 1.12.8 CBZ v MC Builders; Zimbank v Ferns Engineering; Zimbank v Maroodza; CBZ v Machirori (consolidated cases): HH 140/1996 2.12.1 Georgias & Another v Standard Chartered Finance : HH 59/1998 5.1.6 Mara Farms v Udc : SC 51/2000 6.8.9

See also INTEREST ELECTRICITY : ILLEGAL TAPPING OF Georgiadis v Min of Local Government & Kariba Town Council : SC 51/1996 2.8.10 ESTATE AGENT - has duty of care to purchaser Masiya v Sadomba : HH 28/2012 19.1.4 EVICTION - despite option to purchase

Akhtar v Minister of Public Construction : SC 173/1997 4.1.15 - farm settlers

Kapena Farm v Minister of Lands : HH 209/2002 8.3.12 - landowner’s right

Trustees of Methodist Church v Solani : HH 22/2000 6.12. 9 - lease : eviction

Jackson v Unity Insurance : SC 58/1999 5.5.12 - Rent Board certificate necessary before for eviction from residential premises

Fletcher v Three EdmundsP/L : SC 25/1998 4.9.9 - statutory tenant : limited grounds for eviction John Sisk Zimbabwe v Altem Enterprises : HH 83/2011 17.4.4 - tenant from commercial premises

Delco v Old Mutual Properties : SC 169/1997 3.10.9 - tenant from commercial premises : acceptable grounds for eviction Wellcroft Investments v Modern Carpets : HH 38/2011 17.4.3 - trustees of welfare home seek to evict disabled residents Leonard Cheshire Homes v Chiite : HH 267/2010 17.4.2 - wrongful

Delco v Old Mutual Properties : SC 104/1998 4.11.7 See also CONTRACT – breach of contract See also LEASE AGREEMENT EVIDENCE - by legal practitioner – oral evidence unacceptable BGM Traffic Control v Transport Ministry : HH 12/2009 15.3.2 - concealing facts from the court

Graspeak Inv (T/A Faffy’s Bar) v Delta Operations : HH 223/2001 8.6.14 - credibility of witness Zvizhinji v Std Chartered Bank : HB 32/2002 9.5.24 - evidence in civil action : entry and search of premises

Cooper v Leslie & Others : (1) ZLR 14 (H) 7.8.10 - sufficiency of evidence in claims for damages

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GDC Hauliers v Chirundu Valley Motel : SC 170/98 5.1.8 - truthfulness on part of litigants

Chikadaya v Chikadaya : 2001 (1) ZLR 343 (H) 7.9.14 EXCHANGE CONTROL – see FOREIGN CURRENCY PAYMENTS EXECUTOR - appointment when deceased dies without a will

Muchini v Adams : HH 208/11 18.1.3 See also DECEASED ESTATE

- risky to dispose of deceased estate before executor appointed FIRST REFUSAL – see RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL FOREIGN CITIZENSHIP : RENUNCIATION OF

Carr v Registrar-General : SC 136/2000 7.2.4 FOREIGN CURRENCY

Hattingh v Van Kleek : SC 138/97 4.1.9 International Who’s Who v Bernstein Clothing : HH 45/98 4.9.5 Lowveld Leather v International Finance Corp : SC 114/2002 10.5.11

- bail in foreign currency offences Attorney-General v Fundira : SC 33/2004 11.5.10

- claimant seeks to amend claim from zimdollars to foreign currency in use Stuart v National Railways of Zimbabwe : HB 7/2014 20.2.5

- date of converting forex Zimbabwe Development Bank v Scott (N.O.) : HH 25/2008 14.2.5 - illegal provision for external payment

Bligh-Wall v Bonaventure Zim : 1998 (2) ZLR 264 (2) 8.1.11 - parallel market rate Avacalos v Riley : HH 75/2007 14.2.3 - re-paying loan in foreign currency : 'impossibility'

Watergate v CBZ : SC 78/2005 12.3.5 - Reserve Bank appropriated currency from accounts without authority China Shougang International v Standard Chartered : HH 310/2011 18.2.4

Zimra v RBZ : HH 127/2011 17.3.7 - Reserve Bank appropriation of currency from bank accounts

- ‘Standard Bank transferred money to RBZ at its own risk and must repay its client’ Standard Chartered v China Shougang International : SC 49/2013 19.3.2

- ‘RBZ induced BancABC to breach contract with its client and RBZ must repay bank’ Trojan Nickel Mine v RBZ : HH 169/2013 19.3.4 - Reserve Bank unlawfully ‘sweeps’ bank accounts of Zimra Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe v ZIMRA : SC 44/2013 20.3.6 - survival excuses illegal purchase of forex

State v Telecel : HH 55/2006 12.6.11 See also CURRENCY FOREIGN JUDGMENTS – see JUDGEMENTS – of foreign courts FORFEITURE OF GOODS TO THE STATE The State v Zendera : HH 157/2004 11.5.11 See also SMUGGLING FORTHWITH – see MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS FRANCHISE AGREEMENT - cancellation

Dairibord v Lighton Trading : HB 105/2003 10.2.4 - can cancel if in contract

Dairibord v Lighton Trading : SC 97/2005 12.4.5 ‘FRIVOLOUS and/or VEXATIOUS’ LEGAL ACTION - application for dismissal Gwizi v Ndebele : HB 68/2008 16.2.4

See also COURT POWERS – grounds to disallow further action

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- risks attracting punitive costs Zimbabwe Online v Telco : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 FUGITIVE FROM JUSTICE : APPEAL CANNOT BE HEARD State v Sylow : SC 7/2004 10.11.11 FURTHER PARTICULARS PROCEDURE : ABUSE - unnecessary/unduly lengthy requests before trial cloud real issue between parties Zimbabwe Online v Telecontract : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 GARNISHEE ORDER - garnishee order would close down company

Packers International (Pvt) Ltd v ZIMRA : HH 328/2014 20.3.2 HARARE COMMISSION ILLEGAL - see ADMIN DECISIONS - attempt to legitimize actions of unlawful body HIRE PURCHASE - control over purchase price

Standard Chartered Finance v Edwards : HH 35/2001 8.4.6 - dishonest attempt to renege on agreement

Pyramid Products v Stanbic Finance : HH 178/97 4.2.6 - finance charges

Hofrho & Hoffman v UDC : SC 62/2001 7.8.1 - fraudulent agreement

Fincor Finance v E & L Walling & Paving : SC 187/97 4.1.6 - overpayment of instalments

Taikoo Farm v udc : HH 190/2000 7.5.10 - ownership of property sold

Fidelity Bank v (1) Scotfin and (2) Build-a-Lot : SC 32/96 3.9.5 - prescription of claims

Udc v Dorba Transport : HH 19/2001 7.6.10 ILLEGAL RATES INCREASE BY COUNCIL Samudzimu & Others v City of Harare : HH 234/99 6.3.7

IMMEDIATELY – see MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS INDEMNITY – see LIABILITY INDIGENISATION - income derived from indigenisation is taxable in the hands of beneficiaries Barclays Bank v Zimra : SC 31/2006 18.2.2 See also TAXES - employee share option schemes For comment, see COURTS – exist to settle specific disputes

In introduction to Mpukuta v Motor Insurance Pool : HB 25/2012 18.3.5 INSOLVENCY - application for liquidation order

Croc-Ostrich Breeders v Best of Zimbabwe : HH 239/99 6.2.5 - attempt to recover debt by applying for winding-up order

Apotex v Surgimed : HH 208/2000 7.3.9 - commercial insolvency

Mukwa Milling v Stanbic Bank : SC 55/97 3.7.10 - company is commercially insolvent when it cannot pay creditors and continue trading

Boka Investments v Thirdline Trading & Others : HH 104/2013 19.4.4 - creditor - bank confuses its roles Madondo (N.O.) v Zimbank : HH 4/2008 14.2.6 - court’s discretion about liquidation

Owen Maswela v Kuganda Farm PL : HH 184/2003 10.7.10 - debtor fails to prevent sequestration

NMB Bank v Selemani : HH 176/2004 12.2.13 - disagreement among directors about winding-up Sultan & Fryfern Enterprises : HH 25/2000 6.12.15 - grounds for winding up a company must be just and equitable Peta v Buwu : HH 29/2013 19.4.5

12

- interference with liquidation unlawful Gwatidzo NO v First Transfer Secretaries : HH 165/2014 20.3.5

- liquidator’s powers Bete v Heathview Trading : HH 89/99 5.8.7

- purchase of immovable properties by insolvent CABS v Kadanhi : SC 31/99 5.5.13

- purchase of land from insolvent estate invalid Moyo v Fraser NO and Coghlan & Welsh : HB 7/2000 6.4.12

- SEC unlawfully interferes with liquidation Gwatidzo NO v First Transfer Secretaries : HH 165/2014 20.3.5

- winding-up : confirmation of provisional order Merchant Bank v Affretair : HH 57/2001 7.5.3

- winding-up or judicial management Shagelok Chemicals v IFC, ZDB & Provisional Liquidator : SC 124/2002 10.3.7

See also article on Legislation on Insolvency in LRIS, Volume 26, Number 4 INSURANCE - broker liable for losses in export venture

Colcom & Olivine Industries v Zim Insurance Brokers : SC159/1998 4.10.14 - claim must be notified ‘as soon as possible’

Radar Holdings v Eagle Insurance : HH 85/98 4.6.4 - drivers' responsibilities in emergencies Commercial Union Insurance v Chingwaru : SC 50/2004 14.1.2

CGU Insurance v Kirby : HH 180/2003 14.1.3 - exclusion clause

Brightside Enterprises v Zimnat Insurance : HH 14/98 4.7. 14 - fraudulent claim

Allegrucci v The State : HB 37/2002 9.5.7 - guarantee on payment of goods

Blue Ribbon Foods v Orion Insurance : HH 160/2000 6.10.10 - insurance company fails in bid to reject claim on flimsy grounds

Cellphone World v Comm Union Ins : HB 42/2202 9.7.7 - insurance contract : right to avoid liability

Radar Holdings v Eagle Insurance : SC 96/1999 5.11.14 - public liability

Zimnat Insurance v Nyakambiri Farm : SC 216/97 3.12.14 INTERDICT - requirements for a provisional interdict

Nyika Investments v Zimasco : HH 53/2001 7.8.4 - to prevent dissipation of assets

Bozimo Trade & Dev Company v First Merchant Bank : HH 12/2000 6.3.5 - urgent application – see URGENT APPLICATION FOR COURT ORDER INTEREST - limits on rate of interest; finance charges

Standard Chartered Finance v Marongwe Transport : HH 164/98 5.1.9 - on debt

Brightside Enterprises v Zimnat Insurance : HH 150/98 4.10.6 - on good tenancy deposit

Lens Agencies v Knight, Frank & Rutley : HH 4/1996 3.3.7 - on interest

Barclays Bank v Arrow Zip Fasteners : HH 245/99 6.2.4 - on liquidated claim

PTC v Xan Zhong : HH 112/97 5.8.15 & 7.1.16 - on overdue accounts

Linton v Corser : 1952 (3) SA 685 (A) 1.5.15 Cit-Chem v Ceres Farm : HH 114/2001 7.9.1

- on refunded deposit Hubert Davies v Educational Business Suppliers : SC 133/97 3.10.14

- on taxes – see TAXES – interest – 'no ceiling' below See also DUPLUM PRINCIPLE JOINT VENTURE : REPAYMENT OF INVESTMENT ON WITHDRAWAL Corby Farms v Mhembwe Safaris : HH 108/2001 7.9.9

13

JUDGEMENTS - explanation of decisions Kazingizi v Dzinoruma : HH 106/2006 13.1.13 - factors in sentencing

State v Moyo : HB 114/2006 13.1.6 State v Chera : HB 84/2008 16.2.2

- of foreign courts : inappropriate to review a judgement of a foreign court Venetian Blinds (Malawi) v Apex Holdings (Zimbabwe) : HH 87/2010 17.2.4 - of foreign courts : six general requirements for recognition and enforceability Tiiso Holdings (Germany) v Zisco : HH 95/2010 17.2.6 - percentages v figures Masiwa v Masiwa : SC 74/2006 13.4.3 JUDICIAL MANAGEMENT - see also INSOLVENCY - judicial manager can’t change a company’s owners, only the managers Elgate Investments v Master of the High Court : HH 57/2011 17.4.7 - restriction on sale of assets by provisional judicial manager

Feigenbaum v Germanis NO : HB 18/1998 4.12.3 - proof of inability to pay debts

Mannatt v De Kock : SC 143/99 6.7.5 - winding-up or judicial management – see Insolvency JUDICIAL MANAGEMENT - appropriate where company not viable due to mismanagement;

(not an experiment to extricate company from financial difficulties) Ellingbarn Trading v Assistant Master & POSB : HB 82/2013 19.4.2

JUDICIAL PUNISHMENT - factors in sentencing State v Chera : HB 84/2008 16.2.2 State v Moyo : HB 114/2006 13.1.6 See also JUDGEMENTS – factors in sentencing See also COMMUNITY SERVICE – when appropriate KILLING IN SELF-DEFENCE State v Van Wyk : 1967 (1) SA 488 6.9.5 State v Banana : 1994 (2) ZLR 271 (S) 6.9.3 See also CULPABLE HOMICIDE LAND - acquisition

Minister of Lands v A L Millar & Sons : Admin Court 410/2000 7.10.10 Minister of Lands v Fick : LA 370-99 6.4.4

- acquisition : damages Gilnat Investments v ZESA : SC 20/2000 6.7.6

- change of use – failure to follow procedures Bruce v Econet & City of Harare : HH 52/2009 15.3.4 - co-existence on rural land

Igudu Farm v Commissioner of Police : HH 143/2001 8.2.1 - eviction – see EVICTION – farm settlers - maintenance of law and order

Commissioner of Police v CFU : 2000 (1) ZLR 503 (H) 7.7.10 - proof of ownership of land

Machiva v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 41/2000 7.3.8 - sale of land : planning authority

X-Trend-A-Home v Hoselaw Investments : SC 112/2000 7.1.4 - unlawful interference in private business

Ruvinga v Van Der Riet Safaris : SC 160/98 4.10.6 LEASE AGREEMENT - deduction from rent to cover cost of repairs – see REPAIRS - landlord and tenant

Mungadze v Murambiwa : SC 95/1997 3.8.4 - lease to buy : house purchase

14

Jangara v Nyakutamba : HH 200/98 5.2.12 Hundah v Murauro : SC 208/97 4.1.13

- meaning of ‘new lease by relocation’ Washmate Motors v City of Harare : HH 32/2013 19. 4.7

- non-payment of lease rentals Scotfin v Rixi-Taxi : HH 74/2001 7.5.16

- principles applicable to renting commercial premises Parkside Holdings v Londoner Sports Bar : HH 66/2005 15.1.11 - prospective tenant cannot legally be required to pay a fee to get priority treatment 20.4.3

Goodliving Real Estate v Lin : SC 61/2013 - retaining equipment when lease ends Gute v Jumbe : HH 31/2009 15:3:6 - right of first refusal to purchase property contained in a lease constitutes a contract Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - role of Rent Board in ejectment of tenant Kudinga v Dhliwayo : HH 22/2008 15.1.14 - role of Rent Board in determining fair rent Rosati & Sons v P&C Panel-Beaters : HH 102/2008 15.2.4 - sale of motor vehicle under a lease agreement

Kanohanga v Evans : HH 140/2000 7.2.8 - tacit lease agreement

Meerbrook Mine v Rensburg Investments : HH 18/2000 7.1.11 - tenant loses claim for improvements on land

Reza v Nyangani : HH 72/2000 6.12.13 - tenant’s investment in leased property

City of Gweru v Bangure : HB 49/1997 4.6.12 - tenant’s rights in event of breach

TM v Chadcombe Properties : HH 30/2010 16.2.7 - termination before lease expires

Wei Wei Properties v S&T Export & Import : HH 336/2013 20.4.2 - termination by effluxion of time Washmate Motors v City of Harare : HH 32/2013 19. 4.7 - termination : commercial premises

Air Zimbabwe v Springbok Travel : HH 194/2001 8.3.9 - termination when tenant pays rent late Maplanka v B N Ncube Holdings : HB 63/2010 16.4.13 - termination when tenant stops paying rent during dispute Negowac Services v 3D Holdings : HH 144/2009 15.4.13 - waiver of cancellation of lease agreement

NSSA v Lunga : HB 38/1997 4.3.3 - whether particular premises are deemed business/commercial is a matter of fact and degree Kingdom Calls v Sunseeker : HH 301/2012 19.1.3 LEGAL AUTHORITIES/DECIDED CASES - always check other side’s quoted authorities

Kawondera v Mandebvu : SC 12/2006 13.1.8 LEGALCOSTS - awarded on a a legal practitioner and client scale : principles to be considered Zimbabwe Online v Telco : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 LEGAL PRACTITIONER - company suffers because legal practitioner does not comply with Supreme Court Rules KM Auctions v Samuel : SC 15/2012 19.1.2 See also COURT RULES – non-compliance - duty to act only on client’s specific instructions Khuzwayo v Assistant Master : HB 8/2007 15.2.9 - duty to check with Court Registrar whether judgment yet given Metro v Old Mutual Properties : SC 31/2008 15.1.2

Mutizhe v Ganda : SC 17/2009 18.1.2 See also COURT RULES – non-compliance – condonation by Court

See also LITIGANTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES - to brief legal practitioner - to be diligent and vigilant in following up with legal practitioner

- duty to client and court

15

Central Afr. Bldg Constr. v Construction Resources : HH 122/2010 17.2.2 See also SHAREHOLDERS – meeting manipulated by legal practitioner

- duty to stop client from lying to the court Moyo v Hassbro Properties : HB 73/2010 16.4.7 - ethical conduct expected from legal practitioners

Deputy Sheriff, Harare v Maketshemu : HH 491/2013 20.4.5 - oral evidence by legal practitioner unacceptable BGM Traffic Control v Transport Ministry : HH 12/2009 15.3.2 - ‘shabby performance in court’ Blumo Trading v Nelmah Milling : HH 39/2011 18.3.2 See also COURT RULES – non-compliance – condonation LEGAL COSTS See also PUNITIVE COSTS LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION - arises from express promise by public authority or existence of a regular practice Makromed v Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe : HB 36/2011 17.3.5 See also ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS – authority must act reasonably LETTER OF CREDIT - CONDITIONS Brimpton v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 160/2001 7.10.4 LEVIES - illegal levy : Local Authorities

Pyramid Products v Ruwa Local Board : HH 217/2000 7.3.4 - tourism levy

ZTA v Chibanguza Car Repairs : SC 49/2000 6.10.8 - training levy

Higher Education v Border Timbers : HH 131/1999 5.9.12 LIABILITY - defective instructions on product use

Mutangadura v Windmill : HH 135/2000 6.7.10 - employee’s actions

Rose v Fawcett Security : HH 124/1998 4.11.8 Gwatiringa v Jaravaza & Guard-Alert : HH 103/2001 7.9.10 - employer’s Khosa v Cargo Carriers : HH 90/2006 13.1.10 - exemption for loss or damage

Jiawu Manufacturers v Mitchell Cotts Freight : HH 104/2003 10.7.15 Masundire v OK Zimbabwe : HH 94/2012 18.2.6

See also CONTRACT – disclaimer clause in contract too broad - failure to disclose defects : see SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS - goods damaged in transit

Zimpapers v Cargo Marketing : HH 73/1999 5.5.4 Modzone Enterprises v Transtech Freight : HH 65/2007 15.1.8 - goods left at owner’s risk

Tubb v Mwamuka : SC 116/1996 3.9.10 W&M Enterprises v Colbro Masvingo : HB 47/1999 5.12.5

- limited liability of shareholder for corruption in company Mawere v Minister of Justice : HH 1/2005 12.4.7

- limited liability for goods destroyed in transit Modzone v Transtech : HH 65/2007 15.1.8

- personal liability when signing a company cheque Clan Transport v Pemhenayi : 1999 (1) ZLR 520 (H) 6.11.4

Thomas Meikle Stores v Muvirimi : HH 99/2006 12.2.1 - reckless handling of company business

Powertech Industries v Mayberry : 1996 (2) SA 742 (W) 3.9.15 - release of surety from liability

Grain Marketing Board v Diamond Insurance : HH 4/1998 4.3.8 - road accident Harris v Diamond Insurance : HH 203/2000 7.4.14 - straying animals

Bwanya v Matanda : 2000 (1) ZLR 546 (H) 7.12.13

16

- veld fire Donaldson v Tucker : HH 3/1998 4.8.14

- vicarious Fawcett Security v Omar Enterprises : SC 217/1991 1.7.3 StanChart Finance v Georgias : 1998 (2) ZLR 547 (H) 5.7.7

See also COMPENSATION and DAMAGES and SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS LIEN (right to retain property pending payment of debt) - applies only to goods on which work has been done Nexbak Inv. v Global Electrical : SC 4/2009 15.4.2 - ceases to operate once property is surrendered

Deputy Sheriff v Sherwood Motors : 1998 (2) ZLR 373 (H) 5.7.11 - claimed over immovable property

Blair Holdings v Walenn Construction : SC 122/1995 2.8.13 - improper interference by court official Deven Engineering v Chiyangwa : HH 1/2007 14.3.7 - on imported goods pending payment of duty

Director of Customs & Excise v Absa Bank : 1998 (2) ZLR 71 (S) 5.7.13 - principle of retaining property pending payment of debt

Sanyati Motor Spares v Masanga : SC 26/2001 7.4.10 See also DEBT

LIQUIDATION – see INSOLVENCY LITIGANTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES - to be diligent and vigilant in following up with legal practitioner Mutizhe v Ganda : SC 17/2009 18.1.2 See also LEGAL PRACTITIONER - duty to check with Court Registrar LOAN - loan : recovery of business

Chidyausiku v SEDCO : SC 70/2001 7.11.5 - loan : security : immovable property

Oceaner v Upper Class Enterprises : HH 138/2001 8.3.16

LOSS OF COMPANY PRODUCTS : EMPLOYEE SUED Rothmans of Pall Mall v Chitswanda : HH 82/2002 7.9.13 MANAGING DIRECTOR - appointment

Pertsilis v Calcterra : HH 19/1999 7.1.14 - implied power to enter into contracts See CONTRACT – implied power of MD to enter into contracts MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS - ‘immediately’ means the same as ‘forthwith’ Sithole v Khumalo : HB 138/2006 15.2.16 MINING FEES DECLARED ULTRA VIRES Natural Stone Export Company v Director of National Parks : HH 129/1997 4.3.12 MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE - obtainable at port of entry Mpukuta v Motor Insurance Pool : HB 25/2012 18.3.5 NEGLECT OF DUTY BY PUBLIC SERVANT Binza v Town Clerk, City of Harare : HH 45/1997 3.6.9 NSSA CONTRIBUTIONS : NON-PAYMENT NSSA v Kleen Bright Services : HH 146/2001 7.10.2 ONUS OF PROOF IN A CIVIL CLAIM Nyahondo v Hokonya : 1998 JOL 1916 5.1.11 OVERCHARGING BY PTC

17

PTC v Ndlovu : HB 18/1997 4.8.15 OWNERSHIP - benefit and risk pass to the buyer when sale agreed

AMI Zimbabwe v Casalee Holdings : SC 91/1997 3.8.1 - dispute over assets

U-Freight Euromar P/L v Emmanuel Mutebuka : HH 5/2003 9.3.10 - important principle of property law Alspite Investments v Westerhof : HH 99/2009 17.2.3 See also PROPERTY – owner shall not be deprived of his property without consent - proof of ownership of land

Machiva v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 41/2000 7.3.8 - proof of ownership of motor vehicle

African Distillers v Matabeleland Tractor Services : SC 205/1997 4.1.8 - proof of purchase of used car

Stanbic Finance v Chivhungwa : HB 19/1999 6.5.7 - receipt does not prove ownership

Rusinga v Marangwanda : SC 159/1997 4.5.6 - right of possession and right of ownership

Bango v Mkhwananzi : SC 203/1997 3.12.11 PARTNERSHIP - consortium : legal requirements

P & M Spares v GT Earthmovers & Plant Hire : SC 141/1997 3.12.8 - essentials of partnership

Pfani v Mapfidza : HH 166/2001 7.10.7 Metallon Corporation v Stanmarker Mining SC 82/2006 14.1.7 - tacit universal partnership of couple living as husband and wife

Nyamwanza v Masiiwa : HH 95/2000 6.6.4 Masiiwa v Nyamwanza : SC 23/2001 7.6.4

‘PASSING OFF’ F W Woolworth & Co v Sunray Stores : HH 25/1998 4.4.5 A1 Taxis v Point to Point Rosewise Taxis : HH 214/1999 5.12.6 Cairns Foods v Zimbabwe Gelatine : HH 18/2001 7.5.8 Zimbabwe Gelatine v Cairns Foods : SC 130/2002 11.3.3 Zapchem Detergent Mfg v Polaris Zimbabwe : HH 67/2003 10.1/2.1 Polaris Zimbabwe v Zapchem Detergent Mfg : SC 68/2004 11.11.4 Unilever v Vimco : HH 175/2004 11.3.1 See also Company name : dispute over use and Competition and Trade mark PERMIT - renewal procedure Makromed v Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe : HB36/2011 17.3.5 See also ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS – authority must act reasonably POLICE - arrested person’s right to dignity

Chituku v Minister of Home Affairs : HH 6/2004 10.11.12 - corruption

Chauya v The State : SC 127/1996 3.1.13 Kutya & Mawere v The State : SC 157/1996 3.1.14 Chiviru v The State : HH 40/2004 10.9.1

- deposit fines (‘spot fines’) - principles governing use State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 See also BIZ Bulletin November 2012(1), pages 2/3 and November 2012(2), p.1 - no authority to detain suspects beyond prescribed period of time Dube v ZRP, Nkayi : HB 125/2010 17.3.2 - public right to police protection

Chavunduka v Commissioner of Police : SC 20/2000 6.8.13 Masunda v Minister of State : HB 75/2006 13.1.17

- responsibility to maintain law Mukwereza v Minister of Home Affairs : SC 27/2004 11.5.14

POWER OF ATTORNEY – English Solicitors

18

Tawanda v Ndebele : HB 27/2006 BIZ Bulletin March 2007(2) PRE-EMPTION - involves a negative contract not to sell to a third party without giving grantee the first refusal Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 PRIVATE CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE – historical origins - private party must show individual injury

Telecel Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd v the Attorney-General : SC 1/2014 20.2.6 PROMISSORY NOTES : FRAUDULENT ISSUE Rapid Discount House v Cold Storage Commission : HH 230/2000 7.9.4 PROOF OF ORDERS AND DELIVERY New Peak Manufacturing v Delta Zim : SC 43/2001 7.5.13 PROPERTY - buyer is not entitled to nominate conveyancer

Scapelox Trading v Mashangwa Family Trust : HH 91/2014 20.2.2 - immovable property sold twice

Rowona v Mashura : HH 244/2000 8.2.6 Guga v Moyo & Mtungwazi: SC 130/2000 7.3.2

- owner shall not be deprived of his property without consent Alspite Investments v Westerhof : HH 99/2009 17.2.3 See also OWNERSHIP – important principle of property law - pricing immovable property

Mchechesi v Field & Others : SC 116/1999 6.1.6 - repossession of property requires legal sanction

Mudziniko v Madyara : HH 9/1998 4.9.7 - sale

- advisability of using services of a legal practitioner Muchini v Adams : HH 208/2011 18.1.3

- agent’s duty to comply with owner’s instructions Kahari v Avondale Estate & Invest Co : HH 219/2001 8.3.10

- of jointly-owned property invalid Gonyora v Zenith Distributors & Others : HH 44/2004 10.11.7

- seizure of property by Messenger of Court Tendere v Harare City Council : SC 66/2003 10.11.4

PROXY VOTES - be careful who you give proxies to Central African Building Construction v Construction Resources : HH 122/2010 17.2.2 See also SHAREHOLDERS – meeting manipulated by legal practitioner PUBLIC AUCTION - fair market price– see also PROPERTY – pricing immovable property

Benma Enterprises v Scotfin : SC 49/1999 5.6.16 - seller bound by sale agreement

Gwafa v SEDCO : SC 136/1999 6.2.12 PUNITIVE COSTS - imposed for an application without merit, an exercise in futility, an absolute waste of time Daya v Savanna Tobacco : HH 242/2012 19.2.3 - imposed for vexatious, reckless or frivolous legal action Zimbabwe Online v Telco : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 See also FRIVOLOUS and/or VEXATIOUS LEGAL ACTION See also LEGAL COSTS RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS OF BUYER AND SELLER Enpa v Taurai : HH 5/1998 4.3.1 REGULATIONS - a Minister’s powers to regulate are not unlimited Trust Insurance Brokers v Minister of Finance : SC 6/2008 18.1.4 - a Minister’s powers to regulate are not unlimited : must conform to Parliament’s wishes

19

Transport Operators Association v Minister of Transport : HH 455/2012 19.3.6 RENT BOARD’S ROLE IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL PREMISES - whether particular premises are deemed business/commercial is a matter of fact and degree Kingdom Calls v Sunseeker : HH 301/2012 19.1.3 See also LEASE AGREEMENT – role of Rent Board REPAIRS : DEDUCTION FROM RENT TO COVER COST Choruma v Wayout International Holdings : HH 21/2001 7.4.6 RESPONSIBILITIES OF A DEALER IN SECOND-HAND VEHICLES Taunton Enterprises v Marais : HH 135/1996 3.2.1 RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL TO PURCHASE SOMETHING (‘pre-emption’) - cannot withdraw Nerger Properties v R Chitrin & Co : SC 47/2006 13.4.1 - difference between an option to buy and right of pre-emption

Sawyer v Chioza & Mujikiwa : HH 33/1999 5.3.5 - may constitute a contract if contained in a precisely-written lease agreement Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - tenant’s right of first refusal to buy exists only if in lease

Central African Process Exports v Gollan : HH 240/2000 7.6.14 RIGHT TO REPAYMENT - wronged party has right to repayment of excess amounts levied Gold Driven Investments v Matipano NO : HH 266/2012 19.2.2 RULE OF LAW : SUBVERTED BY SELECTIVE PROSECUTION State v Humbarume : HH 148/2001 8.1.1 SALE AGREEMENT - agreement not concluded and so earlier communications not binding

Davis Granite v Trust Merchant Bank : SC 70/2000 6.10.11 - cancellation Ndlovu v Muranda : 1999 (2) ZLR 341 (S) 7.12.10 - cancellation attempt by directors-cum-shareholders unsuccessful Chevron Investments v Chihuri : SC 36/2006 15.2.11 - cancellation of agreement 13 years later fails Agro-Chem v Gomo and City of Harare : HH 71/2009 15.4.10 - clause inserted after signing renders null and void

Mukwaira v Chaitezvi : HH 90/1999 5.12.12 - elements

Clover Leaf Motors v Arrow Zip Fasteners : SC 137/2000 7.2.11 - estate agent releases money to bogus seller on basis of copy title deed, before transfer Masiya v Sadomba : HH 28/2012 19.1.4 - illegal provision for external payment

Bligh-Wall v Bonaventure Zim : 1998 (2) ZLR 264 (2) 8.1.11 - inclusion of suspensive condition Runatsa v Rumani (Pvt) Ltd : SC 54/2009 16.2.14 - misrepresentation repudiates agreement

Cohen v Kelly : SC 188/1997 3.12.12 Avagadros P/L v Access to Capital : SC 167/1998 5.2.9

- proof of ability to pay Lincoln Investments v Sarbah : SC 106/2000 6.11.10 - right to sue

Kapenya v Mpofu : SC 27/2000 6.10.14 - significance of signatories

Morris & Others v Lavin : HH 2/1998 4.2.12 - verbal Mhute v Chifamba : SC 89/1999 6.10.11

Bligh-Wall v Bonaventure Zimbabwe : 1998 (2) ZLR 264 (S) 8.1.11 See also CONTRACT – oral contract

- wrongful profit from invalid agreement Hundah v Murauro : SC 208/1997 4.1.13

20

SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS - disclosure of defects

Elston v Dicker : SC 212/1995 3.10.3 - liability for defects

Deve v Nyatanga : HH 15/1996 3.6.6 - ‘voetstoets’ sale

Kuchi Electrical Suppliers v Van de Ruit : HH 99/1996 3.4.14 See also LIABILITY SALE IN EXECUTION - cancellation

Munyoro v Founders Building Society : HH 549/1999 5.5.10 Kaseke v Munyoro : SC 9/2000 6.3.13

- equities favour good faith buyer, not tardy owner Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court : SC 68/2006 15.2.6 - grounds for setting aside

Twin Wire Agencies v CABS : SC 46/2005 12.2.12 - sheriff’s obligations

Chizikani v CABS : SC 50/1998 4.12.11 - stay in execution on basis of counter-claim

Scotfin v Inkuni Products : HH 137/1999 5.8.13 See also DEBT SALES TAX - evasion

Deputy Sheriff Harare v Mahleza : HH 168/1997 4.2.5 - incorrect official advice

‘A.H.’ v Commissioner of Taxes : ref FJ 23 7.1.5 - on architectural services

Plan Construction v Comm of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 10-1-02 8.2.8 - on goods and services

‘N.I.’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeals Court FJ 24 6.12.4 - on imported vehicles

‘A Take’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 10/2001 8.3.6 T&A’ Transport v Comm of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 12-11-01 8.4.1

- on services Commissioner of Taxes v Edgars Stores : SC 2/2000 6.1.3 ‘SL Ltd’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeals Court 11/2001 8.3.3

- on services from South Africa ‘SKN’ v Comm of Taxes : FJ 22 7.3.12

- on transport out of country G R & Storage v Commissioner of Taxes : FAC 21.1.02 8.10.1

See also TAXES SECURITY FOR MORTGAGE BOND : SUBSTITUTION OF Chawatama v United Merchant Bank : HH 111/2001 7.9.7 SHAREHOLDERS MEETING - manipulated by legal practitioner Central African Building Construction v Construction Resources : HH 122/2010 17.2.2 See also LEGAL PRACTITIONER – duty to client and court See also PROXY VOTES – be careful who you give proxies to SHAREHOLDERS DISPUTE Pertsilis v Calcterra : HH 16257/1998 5.4.9 Africa First v ACM Investments : HH 95/2008 15.2.2 SHIPPING DISPUTES - English law applies Colour Fast Textiles v P&O Ned Lloyd : HH 70/2005 12.1.4 SMUGGLING - forfeiture of hired vessel

Ndaza v ZIMRA : HH 79/2004 10.11.8 - forfeited goods/vehicle : Customs ordered to return

21

Frenken v Controller of Customs : HH 27/2005 11.11.2 - proof required

Preston Transport v Customs & Excise : HH 130/1997 4.9.12 See also FORFEITURE OF GOODS TO THE STATE SPOLIATION ORDER - what applicant must prove to court Shiriyekutanga Bus v Total Zimbabwe : HH 64/2008 15.1.4 Karori (Pvt) Ltd v Mujaji : HH 23/2007 15.1.4 See also COMPUTER CRIME STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLE - purchase of stolen vehicle

Mashave v Standard Bank of South Africa : SC 6/1998 4.6.6 - sale of stolen vehicle

Patsika v Jemuce : HH 257/1999 6.2.16 SURETYSHIP : EXTENT OF GUARANTOR’S OBLIGATIONS PTC v Lamb : HH 19/2002 8.4.4 See also CONTRACT - suretyship See also LIABILITY – release from surety TAXES - asessed on cash sales

‘R & Co’ v Commissioner of Taxes : FAC 20.2.02 8.10.7 - correction of errors in computation

‘P’ v Commissioner of Taxes : ref FJ-505 (2000) 6.7.9 - employee share option schemes Barclays Bank v Zimra : SC 31/2006 18.2.2 See also INDIGENISATION - income derived from indigenisation is taxable in the hands of beneficiaries - employees’ tax : automatic penalty for late submission

‘Sildyna’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 15-11-01 8.7.3 - evasion : penalties : onus of proof

‘Mark’ v Commissioner of Taxes : J-511 7.4.3 - garnishee order : Zimra must first issue assessment

Barclays Bank v Zimra : HH 162/2004 11.11.1 See also ADMIN DECISIONS

- interest on tax debts – no ceiling Bindura Nickel v Zimra : HH 30/2008 14.2.8

- on non-residents’ fees Sunfresh Enterprises v ZIMRA : HB 78/2004 10.11.1

- on prizes Stander v Commissioner of Inland Revenue : 59 SATC 212 1 July 97 4.3.7

- overpaid tax - claim for refund

Hondo Sales v Commissioner of Taxes : HH 77/2000 6.5.4 - recovery of excess payment

Matabeleland Turf Club v Comm of Taxes, HH 220/2000 7.4.12 - representative taxpayers

Hunting Industries v Barclays & Others : HH 57/2005 12.2.15 - special initial allowance

‘S’ v Commissioner of Taxes : SC 151/1997 3.10.15 - when next year’s income is taxable Standard Chartered Bank v Zimra : SC 42/2009 15.4.7 & 16.1.2 See also SALES TAX TENANTS – see LEASE AGREEMENT TENDERS - acceptance of tender results in binding contract

PTC v Support Construction : 1998 (2) ZRR 221 (S) 5.7.5 - detailed invitation to tender can lead to breach of contract

Telecon Italia v PTC & Another : HH 149/2000 8.6.5 - government tenders must be approved by Government Tender Board

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Power-Tech Engineering v CAA & Power Construction : HH 27/2001 7.6.6 - procedure

Systems Technology v Government Tender Board : HH 2/1999 6.3.11 Deutsche Aeroconsult v Government Tender Board : HH 76/2001 7.7.5

- risky to assume officials have followed procedures when tendering for contracts PMA Real Estate v ARDA : HH 236/2011 19.2.4 See also CONTRACT THREATS OF LEGAL ACTION : UNLAWFUL Dube & Motoring Consultants v Law Society of Zimbabwe : SC 122/1999 6.2.14 TRADE MARK - competing applications to register a trade mark

Philip Morris Products Inc v Marlboro Shirt Co : SC 127/2001 8.10.13 - does not monopolize ideas

First Mutual v Intermarket : HH 104/2005 12.3.12 See also COMPANY NAME : DISPUTE OVER USE and COMPETITION and ‘PASSING OFF’ TRESPASS

Thomson v Schietekat : 1893 10 SC 46 1.3.1 - shooting at trespassers

State v Chikukutu : 1996 (1) ZLR 702 (S) 6.9.11 State v Smart : 1971 RLR 256 (A) 6.9.7

- what the law says about unauthorized persons found on your premises State v Garawenako : HH 242/2010 17.1.8 TRIAL - must be held within reasonable period

State v Watson : SC 17/2006 12.6.10 TRUST - law is interested in sustaining the Trust, not the trustees Leonard Cheshire Homes v Chiite : HH 267/2010 17.4.2 See also EVICTION – trustees seek to evict disabled residents - not a legal entity

Gold Trust v Zim Miners Federation : HH 24/2006 12.6.7 - use of money held in trust

De Villiers v James : 1996 (2) ZLR 597 (S) 5.6.9 UNJUST ENRICHMENT Faber Enthoven v Receiver of Revenue : 1992 (4) SA 202 (A) 1.12.9 Govender v Standard Bank of SA : 1984 (4) SA 392 1.12.9 Industrial Equity v Walker : HH 30/1996 3.4.16 Madori v Chiwoni : HH 151/2000 7.3.7 C & S Karigambe v C Jogi & Others SC 111/2002 10.5.16 - wronged party has right to repayment of excess amounts levied Gold Driven Investments v Matipano NO : HH 266/2012 19.2.2 URGENT APPLICATION FOR COURT ORDER

ZESA Staff Pension Fund v Mushambadzi : SC 57/2002 9.9.1 Document Support Centre v Mapuvire : HH 117/2006 13.1.15 - cannot 'go over head' of High Court

Total Marketing v Pollylamp Inv : SC 34/2007 14.1.6 WARRANTY : REDRESS UNDER Endurite v Welter Computers (‘Weltec’) : HH 96/2002 9.3.6 WHISTLEBLOWING - reward Chapfika v Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 77/2007 14.3.6 WILL - of deceased person – risks of writing one’s own will Mujuru v Master of High Court : HH 112/2008 15.2.8 - when person dies without leaving a will Muchini v Adams : HH 208/11 18.1.3

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WINDING-UP – see INSOLVENCY

Consolidated Index of business-relevant court cases reported in Business Information Zimbabwe 1994-2012 Updated by Howard Dean January 2015, Harare, Zimbabwe