Business and Politics of Climate Change HS 2010 …webarchiv.ethz.ch/vwl/down/v-schubert/BaPoCC/2010/Folien/Werner... · Look for and avoid potential migration paths Monitor the environment

Carbon Management in Power Generation

CCS - Carbon dioxide Capture and StorageMischa Werner

Institute of Process Engineering, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland

Business and Politics of Climate ChangeHS 2010

Zurich, November 23, 2010


Tuesday, November 23, 2010 D-MAVT/IPE/SPL – Mischa Werner, [email protected] 2

By 2050, global population will rise from 7 to 9 billion people World energy demand is expected to increase

by 50% over the next 20 years

7 billion people

Why do we Need CO2 Capture and Storage?



Fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) represent 80%of the global energy mix Renewables

only account for 13% of our total energy supply

Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009

Fossil Fuels

81.1%Renewables13%

Nuclear5.9%

World total primary energy supply (2007)

We Still Rely on Fossil Fuels

Today



We need to cut CO2emissions fast…

… as energy consumption continues to rise



By using a portfolio of solutions:

How do we Meet this Challenge?



CCS will provide up to 20% of the CO2 emission reductions we need to make by 2050

Source: OECD/IEA, 2008



Concentrated emissions (2004):

20 Gt CO2/yr

GHG total (2004): 50 Gt CO2-eq/yrCarbon dioxide (2004): 30 Gt CO2/yr

Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)

GHG emissions per sector (1990-2004)



We can capture at least 90% of emissions from fixed emitters

We have been transporting CO2for decades

CO2 can be storedsafely and permanentlyusing natural trapping mechanisms

CCS – Concept



Pre-combustion: Where CO2 is captured before fuel is burned Oxy-fuel:

Where CO2 is captured during fuel combustion Post-combustion:

Where CO2 is captured after fuel has been burned (can also be retrofitted to existing power and industrial plants)

There are 3 technologies to capture CO2 :

CO2 Capture



carbon dioxide

nitrogen

CH4 + 2 O2 + 8 N2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 8 N2

CoalGas

Oil

Conventional power plant



CH4 + 2 O2 + 8 N2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 8 N2

CoalGas

Oil

Post-combustion(new + retrofit)



CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2OO2 + 4 N2

Oxyfuel (new + retrofit)


13

mechanicalenergy

3 C + O2 + 4 H2O 3 CO + 3 H2O + H2

Pre-combustion (new, e.g. IGCC)



mechanicalenergy

O2 + 4 N2

3 C + O2 + 4 H2O 3 CO + 3 H2O + H2 3 CO2 + 4 H2

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O

Pre-combustion (new, e.g. IGCC)



Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

Examples of existing CO2-capture plants



Schwarze Pumpe, E-Germany, Source: Vattenfall

Examples of existing CO2-capture plants



Conventional power plant

[same net power output]

New power plant with CCS

Energy penalty and additional cost

Δenergy= + 10 to +40%Δefficiency= -7 to - 12%ΔCOE= + 20 to +90%

Power generation w/ and w/o CCS

Source: IPCC SRCCS, 2005



Once captured, the CO2 is compressed into a liquid state and dehydrated for transport and storage CO2 is preferably transported by pipeline …or by ships when a storage site is too far from the CCS

capture plant

CO2Transport



Source: BP

The USA’s existing CO2-pipeline network:

Liquid gas Trans-Port by shipSource: IPCC SRCCS, 2005

CO2-pipeline



We use a natural mechanism that has trapped CO2, gas and oil for millions of years Liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into one

of two types of reservoirs: deep saline aquifers (700m-3,000m) depleted gas and oil fields (up to 5,000m) Both types of reservoirs have a layer of porous rock to

absorb the CO2 and an impermeable layer of cap rock to seal the porous layer

Safely Storing CO2



CO2 Storage:CapacityInjectivityContainment

The liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into one of two types of CO2 storage reservoir (porous rock)

Cap rock

Cap rock

Deep saline formations700m - 3,000m

up to 5,000m

Depleted oil and gas fields



(kg/m3)

Capacity and injectivity: storage conditions

Optimal CO2 injectiondepth for density and permeability

Pressure: 80 – 150 barTemperature: 40 – 70°C



Mineral trappingCO2-rich water sinks to the bottom of the reservoir and reacts to form minerals

1

2

3

Dissolution trappingCO2 dissolves into surrounding salt water

Residual trappingCO2 is trapped in tiny rock pores and cannot move

... due to 3 natural mechanisms

The Safety of Stored CO2 Increases Over Time



The Safety of Stored CO2 Increases Over Time




To be mapped & avoided when choosing storage formation!

Potential CO2 Migration Pathways

Old wells Spill points Faults Cap rock



To ensure that a CO2 storage site functions as it should, a rigorous monitoring process begins at the reservoir selection stage and continues for as long as required Look for and avoid potential migration paths Monitor the environment on the surface (permanent data loggers) Watch stored CO2 (geophysical methods, e.g. 4D seismic)

Monitoring CO2 Storage Sites



Expert‘s view on risk:Risk size =

(Probability of occurrence)*(Loss due to occurrece)

Probability minimized: Site selection, characterization, construction, retirement

Loss minimized: „safe-by-design“ operation, monitoring, remedial measures

Risk and Risk Management



Public‘s view on risk:Risk size =

(„Known“ factor)*(„Dread“ factor)

… needs to be understoodand carfully addressed:

Public outreach!

Risk and Risk Management



Examples of risks and its management

FAZ online: „Hessens Verkehrsminister Dieter Posch lässt vielerorts auf Autobahnen das Tempolimit aufheben“



Examples of risks and its management



Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)




Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM)CO2 (about twice more adsorbable) displaces CH4 from deep unminable coal seams

1 CO2

12

plus 1 CO2 power



Source: IPCC SRCCS (2005) Chpt. 7

2

Mineral Carbonation

Mg2SiO4 + 2 CO2 2 MgCO3 + SiO2

Exothermic, slow, activation needed

Natural mineral feedstock:Serpentine, olivine, wollastonite



Example of existing CO2 storage site

Injection well head, CO2CRC R&D Project, Otway, VIC, Australia



(Statoil - 1996)(StatoilHydro - 2008)

(BP, Statoil, Sonatrach - 2004)

(Encana - 2000)

Aquifer

Aquifer

Aquifer

EOREach project ≈ 1 Mt CO2/yGlobal emissions ≈ 28 Gt CO2/y2030 EU target ≈ 400 Mt CO2/y (≈ 80 GW)

Commercial CCS operations



Natural gas with ~9% CO2

CO2 injection in the Utsira formation

ca. 1 Mton per year

~ 2500 m

~ 1000 mCO2 separation

from gas

~ 3000 mGas

CO2

Source: StatoilHydro

Sleipner (Statoil – 1996)



4D-Seismics at Sleipner

Source: StatoilHydro



Operating and planned pilots in Europe



Large-scale future CCS projects



Challenges in CCS implementation Technical challenges…? …Economic challenges! Cost and energy penalty, likely to be passed to the

consumer Public understanding and acceptance, to be overcome

by information and transparency Absence of policy, legislation and regulatory framework Carbon prize: internalize the externalities Capture, transport, and injection (operational phase) are or can

be regulated Post-operational, storage part of CCS is an issue



There is an urgent need to dramatically increase public understanding and awareness of the technology through CCS demonstration programmes.

Enabling CCS to be commercially viable by 2020 means validating the technology through large-scale demonstration programmes that require:

sufficient and flexible funding

clear knowledge-sharing principles to maximise learnings

appropriate and comprehensive legislation

accelerated permitting processes

1234

Commercially Viable by 2020



Alongside more renewables and greater energy efficiency, CO2 Capture and Storage will help us get to the sustainable, renewable energy systems of the future!

A Portfolio of Solutions



CCS lecture in FS 2011 151-0928-00L Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) W4 KP 3G M. Mazzotti, C. Cremer, C. Müller, P. Radgen

Documents

Business and Politics of Climate Change HS 2010 …webarchiv.ethz.ch/vwl/down/v-schubert/BaPoCC/2010/Folien/Werner... · Look for and avoid potential migration paths Monitor the environment