Burj Khalifa
Ahmed Osama Khattab Mohamed Hatem Shams Mohamed Yosry
Mohamed
Contents
1 2 1 3 4 5
Structural System Structural Analysis and Design Foundations
Lateral Loads Long-Term Effects and Construction Sequence
Contents
6 1 7 1 8 9 10
Coupling Beams and Outriggers Concrete Material Construction
Structural System Designers purposely shaped the structural
concrete Burj DubaiY shaped in planto reduce the Wind Forces.
Structural System The structural system can be described as a
buttressed core
Structural System The center hexagonal reinforced concrete core
walls provide the torsional resistance.
Structural System The center hexagonal walls are buttressed by
the wing walls and hammerhead walls, which behave as the webs and
flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments.
Structural System Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow the
columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the
structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to
support both gravity and lateral loads.
Structural Analysis and Design The structure was analyzed for
gravity (including P- analysis), wind, and seismic loads using
ETABS version 8.4. The model consisted of the reinforced concrete
walls, link beams, slabs, raft, piles, and the spire structural
steel system
Structural Analysis and Design The dynamic analysis indicated
the first mode is lateral side-sway with a period of 11.3 s (Figure
5). The second mode is a perpendicular lateral side-sway with a
period of 10.2 s. Torsion is the fifth mode with a period of 4.3
s.
Structural Analysis and Design Under lateral wind loading, the
building deflections are well below commonly used criteria.
Structural Analysis and Design The reinforced concrete structure
was designed in accordance with the requirements of ACI 31802 The
structural steel spire was designed for gravity, wind, seismic and
fatigue in accordance with the requirements of AISC Load and
Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings (1999). The Dubai Municipality (DM) specifies Dubai as a
UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region (with a seismic zone factor Z = 0.15
and soil profile Sc).
Structural Analysis and Design Dr. Max Irvine developed
site-specific seismic reports for the project, including a seismic
hazard analysis. The potential for liquefaction was investigated;
it was determined that liquefaction is not considered to have any
structural implications for the deep-seated tower foundations.
Foundations The tower foundations consist of a pile-supported
raft. The solid reinforced concrete raft is 3.7 m (12 ft) thick and
was poured utilizing C50 (cube strength) self-consolidating
concrete (SCC). The raft was constructed in four separate pours
(three wings and the center core).
Foundations The tower raft is supported by 194 bored
cast-in-place piles. The piles are 1.5 m in diameter and
approximately 43 m long, with a design capacity of 3000 tonnes
each. The tower pile load test supported over 6000 tonnes
Foundations The site geotechnical investigation consisted of the
following phases: Phase 1: 23 boreholes (three with pressure meter
testing) with depths up to 90 m; Phase 2: three boreholes drilled
with cross-hole geophysics; Phase 3: six boreholes (two with
pressure meter testing) with depths up to 60 m. Phase 4: one
borehole with cross-hole and downhole geophysics; depth = 140
m.
Foundations The groundwater in which the Burj Dubai substructure
is constructed is particularly severe, with chloride concentrations
of up to 4.5% and sulfates of up to 0.6%, higher than sea water The
concrete mix for the piles was a 60 MPa with 25% fly ash, 7% silica
fume, and a water:cement ratio of 0.32. The concrete was a fully
self-consolidating concrete to limit the possibility of defects
during construction.
Wind Engineering The wind tunnel program included: rigid-model
force balance tests full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model
studies measurements of localized pressures pedestrian wind
environment studies and wind climatic studies.
Wind Engineering The aeroelastic and force balance studies used
models mostly at 1 : 500 scale The building has six important wind
directions
Wind Engineering
Force Balance Test
For the Burj Dubai the results of the force balance tests were
used as early input for the structural design and detailed shape of
the tower.
Wind Engineering It was noticed that the force spectra for
different wind directions showed less excitation for winds
impacting the pointed end This was borne in mind when selecting the
orientation of the tower relative to the most frequent strong wind
directions for Dubai and the direction of the set backs.
Wind Engineering Vortex Shedding is an unsteady flow that takes
place inspecial flow velocities (according to the size and shape of
the cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the
back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the
body.
Wind Engineering Vortex Shedding is an unsteady flow that takes
place inspecial flow velocities (according to the size and shape of
the cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the
back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the
body.
Wind Engineering Aeroelasticity The study of the mutual
interaction that takesplace within the triangle of the inertial,
elastic, and aerodynamic forces acting on structural members
exposed to an airstream, and the influence of this study on design.
simply, it is the same set of conditions causing a flag to flutter,
or a reed to tremble in fast-flowing water.
Wind Engineering Aeroelasticity
Wind Engineering
Wind Engineering These are wind tunnel results for a 400ft
building compared to ASCE loads, the wind tunnel loads are less
than the code loads for the majority of the building. The wind
tunnel method has also improved design safety by identifying higher
loading for the structure.
Long Term and Construction Sequence Analysis The creep and
shrinkage prediction approach is based on the GardnerLockman GL2000
(Gardner, 2004) model with additional equations to incorporate the
effects of reinforcement and complex loading history. 15 separate
three-dimensional finite-element analysis models, each representing
a discrete time during construction
Long Term and Construction Sequence Analysis Long-term creep and
shrinkage testing, over one year in duration, have been performed
by the CTL Group, under contract with Samsung, on concrete
specimens to better understand the actual behavior of the concrete
utilized for the project.
Long Term and Construction Sequence Analysis Design
Considerations: Vertical Members were sized such that the
self-weight gravity stress on the perimeter columns matched the
stress on the interior corridor walls. Since the shrinkage in
concrete occurs more quickly in thinner walls or columns, the
perimeter column thickness of 600 mm (24 in.) matched the typical
corridor wall thickness The five sets of outriggers, distributed up
the building, tie all the vertical members
Long Term and Construction Sequence Analysis Compensation
methodology:
For horizontal compensation, the building is being recentered
with each successive center hex core jump. The recentering
compensation will correct for all gravity-induced sidesway effects
(elastic, differential foundation settlement, creep, and shrinkage)
which occur up to the casting of each story.
For vertical compensation, each story is being constructed
incorporating a modest increase in the typical floor-to-floor
height.
Long Term and Construction Sequence Analysis Concrete creeps and
shrinks, so the rebar must attract additional compressive
stress
Long Term and Construction Sequence Analysis Gravity-induced
horizontal side-sway is extremely sensitive to the following:
Differential foundation settlements Construction sequence
Differential gravity loading Variations in the concrete material
properties
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence- Cranes and Concrete Placement Booms
Construction Sequence- Cranes
Construction Sequence- Cranes Dismantling
Construction Sequence- Cranes Dismantling
Construction Sequence- Concrete Pumping
Construction Sequence- Concrete Pumping
Construction Sequence- Surveying and Monitoring Lower levels
(classical) Higher Levels (GPS)
Construction Sequence- Surveying and Monitoring
Construction Sequence- Surveying and Monitoring
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Ahmed Osama Khattab Mohamed Hatem Shams Mohamed Yosry
Mohamed
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