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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 021 676INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA.Bureau of Incfian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C.Pub Date 68Note- 24p.Available from- Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 (.15)EDRS Price MF-S0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS.Descriptors-*ACCULTURATIOR *AMERICAN INDIANS, ANCIENT HISTORY, CULTURAL BACKGROUND, *ECONOMICDISADVANTAGEMENT, FEDERAL AID, *FEDERAL LEGISLATION, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIOR *HISTORICALREVIEVM MODERN HISTORY, SPANISH CULTURE
Identifiers-*CaliforniaA brief historical review of the American Indian in California from prehistoric to
modern times indicates the hardships and economic disadvantages which the Indianshave suffered in the acculturation process. Discussion of the treaties which werenegotiated and the Federal legislation which was passed indicates an attempt on thepart of modern day society to correct the many misfortunes which the Indians haveendured as a result of colonization, acquisition, and settlement. Pictures and sketchesadd significance to the material presented. (SW)
RC 002 568
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I 111111011ML.-- 1..
.=m.el&IWkl galL11-
INT
BU
ICT
ION
CA
LIF
OR
NIA
is th
e en
chan
tres
s w
ho, d
own
the
cent
urie
s, h
as lu
red
the
vent
ures
ome
of m
any
race
s.M
any
suito
rs h
ave
cour
ted
her:
ear
ly R
ussi
an tr
appe
rs a
nd tr
ader
s; S
pan-
ish
conq
uist
ador
es a
nd m
issi
onar
ies;
Eng
lish
expl
orer
s; Y
anke
e tr
ader
s; a
nd,
fina
lly, t
he a
dven
ture
rs o
f go
ld-r
ush
days
.T
he I
ndia
ns w
e kn
ow in
Cal
ifor
nia
toda
y ar
e sa
id to
be
the
desc
enda
nts
ofva
riou
s A
sian
trib
es w
ho m
ade
thei
r to
rtuo
us w
ay a
cros
s se
as, o
ver
land
, and
step
ping
-sto
ne is
land
s to
this
con
tinen
t.T
hey
wer
e th
e ea
rlie
st to
fin
d an
dlin
ger
in C
alif
orni
a.B
ut th
e la
nd o
f go
ld a
nd s
unsh
ine
was
net
a h
appy
plac
e fo
r th
em a
fter
the
whi
te m
an c
ame.
IND
IAN
S O
F
" de
mi
Cal
ifor
nia'
s ki
ndly
clim
ate
was
a lu
re th
at a
ttrac
ted
mor
ew
ande
ring
Ind
ian
band
s to
set
tlem
ent t
han
did
mos
t oth
erre
gion
s of
Am
eric
a no
rth
of M
exic
o.B
efor
e th
e co
min
g of
the
whi
te m
an, t
his
area
and
the
pueb
lo r
egio
n of
the
Sout
h-w
est w
ere
the
two
mos
t den
sely
pop
ulat
ed o
fall
the
land
are
asw
hich
toda
y co
mpr
ise
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
The
Ind
ians
bro
ught
with
them
fir
e an
d to
ol-m
akin
g sk
ills.
From
Ala
ska
to S
outh
Am
eric
a, th
eir
ston
e ar
tifac
ts a
refo
und
in c
aves
and
und
er th
e ea
rth.
The
y pr
obab
ly c
ame
firs
t in
the
Plei
stoc
ene
epoc
h, n
ear
the
clos
e of
the
last
gla
cial
peri
od, 1
5,00
0 to
20,
000
year
s ag
o, a
lthou
gh s
ome
scho
lars
cont
end
that
the
mig
ratio
ns b
egan
as
earl
y as
45,
000
year
s
2
ago.
The
y w
ere
hunt
ers
and
fish
erm
en, a
nd th
eir
mig
ratio
nw
as tr
ickl
ing
and
epis
odic
ove
r m
any
thou
sand
s of
yea
rs.
But
whe
n th
ey r
each
ed C
alif
orni
a th
eyse
ttled
dow
n to
a m
ore
stab
le w
ay o
f lif
e.
PR
EH
IST
OR
IC L
IFE
IN C
ALI
FO
RN
IA
At t
he ti
me
of th
e fi
rst S
pani
sh e
xplo
ratio
nsof
Cal
ifor
nia
in th
e ea
rly
16th
cen
tury
, the
re w
ere
anes
timat
ed 1
33,0
00 to
150,
000
Indi
ans
ther
e, b
elon
ging
to s
even
maj
or la
ngua
ge
fam
ilies
.O
f th
ese,
the
Shos
hone
ans,
Hok
ans,
and
Penu
-tia
ns o
ccup
ied
vast
land
are
as.
In th
e no
rthe
rn th
ird
ofC
alif
orni
a to
a le
sser
deg
ree
wcr
e th
eA
ihap
atic
an, A
lgon
-
kian
, Lut
uam
ian,
end
Yuk
ian
lingu
istic
gro
ups.
All
seve
nof
thes
e la
ngua
ge f
amili
es a
ppea
r in
man
yot
her
area
s of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, p
rovi
ding
cle
ar e
vide
nce
ofth
e co
mpl
exity
of
preh
isto
ric
Indi
an m
igra
tions
.T
he S
hosh
onea
ns o
ccup
ied
mai
nly
sout
hern
are
asof
con
ti-
nent
al N
orth
Am
eric
a.In
Cal
ifor
nia,
thei
rte
rrito
ryst
retc
hed
from
wha
t is
now
Nev
ada
to th
ePa
cifi
c, a
nd e
ven
to th
e se
a is
land
s. A
mon
g th
ese
wer
eth
e pe
ople
who
wer
e to
fall
unde
r th
e M
issi
on in
flue
nce.
The
Pen
utia
ns o
ccup
ied
the
grea
ter
part
of
cent
ral C
alif
orni
a.T
race
s of
the
Hok
an s
peak
-in
g gr
oups
, whi
le m
ainl
y in
the
Nor
th, a
re to
be f
ound
fro
m th
e
- ...
.wom
21.1
6
Ore
gon
line
to th
eM
exic
an b
orde
r. T
hede
fini
tion
of te
rri-
tori
es f
or e
ach
lang
uage
fam
ily is
dif
ficu
lt,si
nce
all o
verl
ap
on th
eir
bord
ers,
sha
ring
neig
hbor
ing
dial
ects
.D
iffe
renc
es
in th
e sa
me
spok
en to
ngue
beca
r te
mor
e ap
pare
ntw
ith g
eo-
grap
hic
dist
ance
.T
he e
arly
Ind
ians
of C
alif
orni
a ca
nbe
sub
divi
ded
into
som
e 40
maj
or tr
ibes
with
at
leas
t 21.
maj
orla
ngua
ges.
Und
er th
ese,
ther
eex
iste
d ap
prox
imat
ely
500
trib
elet
s be
-
long
ing
to a
roun
d 10
0"d
iale
ct g
roup
s,"
and
the
vari
atio
ns
in th
e se
ven
orig
inal
lang
uage
fam
ilies
are
imm
ense
ly
com
p&at
ed.
Sou
ther
n C
alifo
rnia
'sE
arly
Indi
ans
In th
e So
uth
and
Cen
tral
reg
ions
, fiv
eva
riet
ies
of a
corn
wer
eav
aila
ble
to th
e ea
rly
Indi
ans
and
they
dev
elop
ed a
corn
s
into
thei
r pr
inci
pal a
ourc
eof
foo
d. T
his
was
ano
tew
orth
y
tech
nolo
gica
l acc
ompl
ishm
ent,
sinc
e, in
ord
er to
mak
e th
e
acor
n ed
ible
,th
ey f
irst
had
tode
velo
p a
proc
ess
for
leac
hing
out t
he p
oiso
nous
tann
in. T
hey
grou
ndth
e ac
orns
into
mea
l
whi
ch w
as th
en f
ilter
ed m
any
times
with
wat
er,e
ither
thro
ugh
sand
or
thro
ugh
bask
ets
so ti
ghtly
wov
enth
at th
e fl
our
was
not l
ost.
In a
ncie
nt c
amps
ites,
still
rem
aini
ng, w
e ca
n se
e
evid
ence
of
the
amou
ntof
labo
r in
volv
ed in
redu
cing
to m
eal
the
vast
qua
ntiti
esof
aco
rns
need
edfo
r th
eir
subs
iste
nce.
Indi
an w
omen
pla
ced
the
acor
ns o
n an
yco
nven
ient
fia
t, or
slig
htly
hol
low
ed r
ock,
and
patie
ntly
gru
and
them
with
sto
ne
pest
les.
In ti
me,
this
con
tinui
ngpr
oces
sbo
red
hole
s in
to
the
ston
e, a
nd w
hen
the
hole
s be
cam
e to
ode
ep, t
hey
bega
n
on n
ew o
nes.
Whe
n th
e pr
oces
sing
was
com
plet
e, th
e re
sult
was
api
nkis
h fl
our,
whi
ch w
asth
en c
ooke
d in
to a
grue
l or
mus
h to
for
m th
ebu
lk o
f th
e di
et.
Aco
rns
axe
used
in
Cal
ifor
nia
toda
y as
foo
dby
the
Indi
ans
fors
peci
al o
ccas
ions
,.
Oth
er e
vide
nces
rem
ain
in C
alif
orni
a of
the
earl
y pr
esen
ce
of I
ndia
ns.
Pict
ogra
phs
pain
ted
onro
cks
arou
nd c
amp-
site
s st
ill s
urvi
ve,f
aded
but
dis
tingu
isha
ble,
in s
ome
anas
of
sout
hern
Cal
ifor
nia;
and
man
y m
useu
ms
disp
lay
intr
icat
ely
fash
ione
d st
one
carv
ings
,inl
aid
with
hon
e, s
ope
rfec
t in
thei
r
exec
utio
n th
at th
eyw
ould
be
wor
thy
ofco
mpa
riso
n w
ith
thos
e of
the
grea
tC
entr
al A
mer
ican
civi
lizat
ions
.
The
cer
emon
ial c
ostu
mes
used
in d
ance
s an
dre
ligio
us
rite
r w
ere
mad
e of
the
sacr
ed e
agle
'sfe
athe
rs o
r ot
her
bril-
liant
plu
mag
e fr
omin
dige
nous
bir
ds.
Piec
es o
f pe
arly
abal
one
shel
l, an
d so
met
imes
the
pear
ls th
emse
lves
, wer
e
adde
d. T
he I
ndia
nskn
ew th
e lo
catio
n of
eve
ryea
gle'
s ne
st
in e
ach
band
'ste
rrito
ry, a
nd th
ey w
ere
priz
ed p
rope
rty,
not
to b
e tr
espa
ssed
bA
pon.
Whe
n th
e yo
ung
eagl
ets
bega
n to
grow
feat
hers
, the
y w
ere
rem
oved
fro
m th
e ne
st,c
aged
, and
care
fully
nur
ture
d in
the
villa
ges
or c
amps
ites.
The
taki
ng
of th
e fe
athe
rs w
asth
e oc
casi
on o
f a
nigh
tlong
sac
red
cere
- 3
mon
ial,
afte
r w
hich
, at
daw
n, th
e ea
gle
was
ritu
ally
sla
in
and
its f
eath
ers
rem
oved
to b
ein
corp
orat
ed in
the
cost
ume&
Ritu
al c
ostu
mes
wer
eh
id in
rev
eren
ceby
the
peop
lean
d
wer
e th
esa
cred
trus
t of
the
chie
ftai
n, to
be
guar
ded
by h
im.
The
ir lo
ss o
r th
eft w
asth
e m
oat s
ever
ely
puni
shab
le o
f cr
imes
.
But
gen
eral
ly, t
heIn
dian
peo
ple
ofso
uthe
rn a
nd c
entr
al
Cal
ifor
nia
lived
sim
ply,
havi
ng n
o ne
ed f
orel
abor
ate
hous
-
ing
or c
loth
ing
beca
use
of th
ebe
nign
clim
ate.
The
ir r
eed
and
brus
h ah
elte
rs w
ere
adap
ted
to a
mod
eof
life
that
enab
led
them
to m
ove
easi
ly f
rom
har
vest
toha
rves
t, as
thei
r fo
od c
rops
ripe
ned.
Hos
pita
lity
was
the
law
of
per-
sona
l and
soc
ial l
ife,
and
mat
eria
l ass
ets
wer
eac
cum
ulat
ed
for
the
plea
sure
tobe
der
ived
fro
mgi
ft-g
ivin
g.Pe
roon
al
cond
uct w
as c
erem
onia
llyre
gula
ted
from
bir
th to
deat
h.
The
ir r
elig
ion
was
mys
tic, a
nd th
epo
etic
imag
ery
of s
ong
and
myt
h ha
sbe
en li
kene
d to
the
mys
tical
poe
try
of
Poly
nesi
a.
Nor
ther
n In
dia=
In n
orth
ern
Cal
ifor
nia,
the
cool
ercl
imat
e re
quir
ed m
ore
adeq
uate
she
lter
than
the
brus
h an
d w
oven
rxd
wic
kiup
s of
the
Sout
h.R
edw
ood
fore
sts
prov
ichd
the
mor
eno
rthe
rly
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
ans
with
mat
eria
l for
thei
rw
oode
n sl
ab
hous
es, u
sual
lysu
bter
rane
an, s
imila
r in
desi
gn to
the
larg
er
4
plan
ked
hous
es u
sed
by I
ndia
ns o
f th
eN
orth
wes
t Coa
st.
Woo
d ca
rvin
g w
as a
natu
ral e
volu
tion
inth
eir
arts
, and
the
bask
etry
of
nort
hern
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
an w
omen
, as
wel
l
as th
atof
the
Sout
h, is
dill
som
e of
the
mos
tbea
utif
ul to
be
foun
d an
ywhe
re in
the
wor
ld. S
ome
of th
ese
coile
dba
sket
s
wer
e so
tight
ly w
oven
that
they
wer
e us
ed a
sco
okin
g ut
ensi
ls.
The
nor
ther
n pe
ople
wer
em
ainl
y hu
nter
s an
dfi
sher
men
,
and
supp
lem
ente
dth
eir
diet
by
gath
erin
gse
eds,
fru
its, h
erbs
,
and
gras
ses
avai
labl
e to
them
in th
e no
rthe
rnw
oodl
ands
.
Isla
nd a
nd M
ariti
me
Indi
ans
Thr
ee o
f th
eC
alif
orni
a tr
ibel
ets
wer
eis
land
ers
and
sea-
fare
rs.
The
se w
ere
the
trad
ers
who
vis
ited
the
villa
ges
of
sout
hern
Cal
ifor
nia,
exch
angi
ng s
tone
war
esm
ade
from
the
soft
soa
psto
nena
tive
to th
eir
isla
nds
for
suba
iste
nce
item
s
not a
vaila
ble
onth
e is
land
s.T
hese
thre
etr
ibel
etst
heN
icol
eno,
and
Gab
riel
inoa
re n
ow e
xtin
ct,
leav
ing
as th
eir
heri
tage
onl
y th
ebe
autif
ully
car
ved
ston
ebo
wls
and
artif
acts
of
thei
rtra
ding
day
s.T
hey
wer
e re
late
d to
the
Chu
rnas
h, th
eco
asta
l mar
itim
e
Indi
ans,
and
sha
red
with
them
the
diat
incf
ion
of b
eing
the
only
Ind
ians
on
this
con
tinen
t to
build
pla
nk, o
rla
petr
ake,
cano
es.
The
y to
ok a
dvan
tage
of n
atur
e's
boun
tyfr
om th
e
seas
and
craf
ted
thei
r gr
eat
trad
ing
cano
es f
rom
the
drif
t-
1
woo
d th
at w
ashe
d up
on
thei
r sh
ores
.
The
coa
stal
mar
itim
eIn
dian
s, s
uch
asth
e C
hum
ash,
Play
-
as%
Juan
eno,
and
Puri
smen
o, m
ainl
yre
aped
thei
r fo
od
harv
ests
fro
m th
e M
ILT
hey
built
thei
rhom
es f
acin
g th
e
sea,
and
mad
e lit
tle u
seof
the
land
sth
ey o
ccup
ied.
The
y
wer
e ex
pert
net
fish
erm
en a
nd d
iver
s,an
d th
e se
aste
emed
with
edi
ble
vari
etie
sof
fis
h an
dm
usse
ls e
asily
avai
labl
e fr
om
beac
h or
pro
mon
tory
.W
hile
they
bui
ltse
awor
thy
cano
es,
they
wer
e no
t the
vent
ures
om...
ese
afar
ers
that
the
isla
nder
s
wer
e.
TH
E M
ISSI
ON
PER
IOD
Stra
nge
as it
may
see
m,
the
com
ing
ofth
e w
hite
man
appe
ared
tosu
bsta
ntia
te o
ldm
yths
of
som
eC
alif
orni
a
grou
ps.
Tho
se o
f th
eM
ohav
es in
sout
heas
tern
Cal
ifor
nia
wer
e th
e m
ost
deta
iled.
Ear
ly c
onta
cts
wer
ebr
ief.
In 1
542,
aPo
rtug
uese
nav
i-
gato
r in
the
Span
ish
serv
ice,
J.
R. C
abri
llo,m
ade
the
fizs
t
reco
rded
con
tact
,an
d cl
aim
edC
alif
orni
a fo
r Sp
ain.
The
n,
in 1
578,
Sir
Fran
cis
Dra
kela
nded
at D
amoh
oB
ay a
nd to
ok
poss
essi
on o
fC
alif
orni
a in
the
nam
eof
Eng
land
,cal
ling
it
New
Alb
ion.
Vis
cayn
o ex
plor
edth
is f
ertil
e la
ndfo
r Sp
ain
in 1
602,
but
no
atte
mpt
was
mad
e to
col
oniz
epe
rman
ently
until
the
Port
ola-
Serr
a ex
pedi
tion
and
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
the
firs
tMie
sion
San
Die
gode
Alc
alai
n17
69.
The
fir
st y
ears
of E
urop
ean
infl
uenc
e in
Cah
forn
ia w
ere
trau
mat
ic to
the
peac
eabl
e, r
itual
istic
Indi
ans.
Und
er th
e
Span
ish
they
wer
e to
be c
onfr
onte
dw
ith e
mis
sari
esof
chu
rch
and
crow
n w
hose
mot
ivat
ions
wer
ew
holly
out
side
the
real
m
of I
ndia
nex
peri
ence
. The
lust
for
gol
dan
d its
pow
er,a
nd
the
pass
ion
for
pros
elyt
izin
g, w
ere
anat
hem
a to
the
Indi
ans,
who
had
mai
ntai
ned
for
10,0
00 y
ears
aliv
e-an
d-le
t-liv
e w
ay
of li
fe.
in th
e ea
tabl
ishm
entan
d gr
owth
oft
he 2
3. S
pani
shM
issi
ons
of C
alif
orni
a,th
e Sp
anis
him
pose
d la
ws
of"e
ncom
iend
a"
and
"con
greg
acio
nes,
"ba
sed
upon
the
Span
ish
Law
sof
Bur
gos
(151
2-15
13).
The
law
of
"enc
omie
nda"
hel
dth
at
Spam
ards
, gra
nted
land
s to
be
held
in tr
ust f
orth
e cr
own,
wer
e al
sogr
ante
d th
e ri
ght t
o us
ean
yIn
dian
s re
side
nt u
pon
that
land
as
serf
s."C
ongr
egac
ione
s"pr
ovid
ed th
atIn
dian
s
wer
e to
be a
ssem
bled
into
per
man
entc
ongr
egat
ions
for
the
purp
ose
of e
vang
eliz
atio
n,ac
cess
ibili
ty o
f a
forc
ed la
bor
supp
ly, p
rote
ctio
nfr
om o
ther
sla
vera
ider
s an
dm
arau
ders
,
and
ease
inac
quis
ition
of
Indi
anla
nds.
The
eff
ect o
fSp
anis
h la
w w
assu
bjug
atio
n cf
the
Indi
ans
to d
e fa
cto
slav
ery.
Rou
ndup
eof
nat
ive
Indi
ans
took
pla
ce
peri
odic
ally
to a
cqui
re n
eww
orke
rs.
Ade
quat
e ra
tions
for
an I
ndia
n m
an,w
oman
, orc
hild
labo
rer,
who
se w
orkd
ay w
as'
5
from
mor
ning
pra
yers
until
dar
k, w
ere
cons
ider
ed to
be
a
pint
of
mai
ze a
day
.A
ttrac
ted
in th
e be
ginn
ing
by p
rom
ises
of
new
agri
cultu
ral
prod
ucts
, suc
h as
citr
usfr
uits
, dat
es, a
nd c
omm
onga
rden
vege
tabl
es k
ltrod
uced
by
the
padr
es, t
he I
ndia
nsfl
ocke
d to
the
Mis
sion
s. M
any
trib
es c
oale
sced
and
adop
ted
as th
e
trib
al n
ame
that
of
the
lotr
i.z.4
on to
whi
ch th
ey w
ere
atta
ched
;
othe
r tr
ibal
nam
es w
ere
His
panN
zed,
as
is th
e ca
sew
ith th
e.
Kaw
ia w
ho b
ecam
e"C
ahui
lla."
Tib
zi m
any
anci
ent n
ames
wer
e lo
st to
time.
Alto
geth
er, a
bout
20,
000
to25
,000
Ind
ians
ail.
-Tte
dth
e
Mis
sion
way
of
life.
Tho
se w
ho f
ell d
irec
tlyun
der
euz
Mis
sion
infl
uenc
e w
ere
the
Fern
ande
no, J
uane
no,
Lui
seno
,
and
Die
guen
o.O
ther
s su
ch a
s th
eC
ahui
lla a
nd S
erra
no,
know
n to
day
es M
issi
onIn
dian
s, w
ere
not t
ruly
so.
The
ir
daily
life
was
muc
hin
flue
nced
by
the
Mis
sion
sys
tem
,bu
t
they
wer
e no
t ori
gina
llyM
issi
on I
ndia
ns. M
any
trib
elet
s
are
now
extin
ct, o
r al
mos
t so.
The
Lui
seno
, Cah
uilla
,Se
r-
rano
, and
Die
guen
o st
ill o
ccup
y tr
ust
land
s in
the
Mis
sion
area
.In
the
begi
nnin
g ye
ars
they
live
d in
hut
sar
ound
the
Mis
sion
s, a
nd la
ter
inst
ocka
des
on th
e M
issi
ongr
ound
s.
Des
erte
rs w
ere
swif
tlyap
preh
ende
d by
the
mili
tary
garr
ison
whi
ch s
uppo
rted
eac
hM
issi
on.
In th
e 65
yea
rs o
fM
issi
on r
ule,
act
ual
reco
rded
fig
ures
6
show
62,
000
deat
hsan
d 29
,000
bir
ths.
Dis
ease
ran
ram
-
pant
in th
euo
mpo
unds
.In
thei
r ho
pele
ssne
ssan
d su
ffer
ing,
Indi
an m
othe
rs w
ere
know
n to
hav
e sm
othe
red
thei
r ba
bies
at b
irth
rat
her
than
con
dem
n th
em to
live
such
an
exis
tenc
e.
Mor
e in
sidi
ous
was
the
mas
s ps
ycho
logi
cal
depr
essi
on th
at
over
took
the
Mis
sion
Indi
ans.
The
y lo
st, a
s a
race
,the
will
to s
urvi
ve.
With
the
decl
ine
ofth
e na
tive
popu
latio
nan
d its
eff
ect
upon
the
labo
r su
pply
, the
Mis
sion
sbe
cam
e, e
cono
mic
ally
, a
liabi
lity,
and
wer
eco
nsid
ered
to h
ave
faile
d.T
hey
wer
e
aban
done
d in
183
4, a
nd th
esu
rviv
ors
of m
any
Mis
sion
band
s
soon
per
ishe
d.B
eref
t by
Mis
sion
trai
ning
of in
heri
ted
skill
s,
with
icir
- vi
stig
es o
fthe
ir o
ld s
ocia
l str
uctu
re to
sust
ain
them
,
they
wer
e th
e vi
ctim
sof
sta
rvat
ion,
dis
ease
,and
the
Ang
lo-
Am
eric
an m
assa
cres
whi
ch w
ere
soon
to f
ollo
w.
It is
iron
ic th
at th
e go
ldth
e Sp
ania
rds
so a
vidl
yso
ught
mis
take
nly,
as
the
fabl
ed"S
even
Citi
es o
fC
ibol
a"an
dw
hich
cou
ld h
ave
save
dth
e M
issi
on s
yste
m,l
ay u
ndis
turb
ed,
not t
o be
dis
cove
red
for
anot
her
14 y
ears
.
Non
-Mis
sion
Ind
ians
of
the
Sout
h
Sout
hern
Ind
ians
of
the
sem
iari
d re
gion
sYum
as,C
hem
e-
huev
is, M
ohav
es,
Hal
chid
hom
as, K
owa
and
Kam
ias,
som
e
Cah
uilla
s (P
ass,
Mou
ntai
n.an
d D
eser
t), S
outh
ern
Paiu
tes,
liber
awei
st n
et a
pr.
t of
the
Mis
sion
way
of li
fe.
Mus
aira
s at
thaw
s ta
ws
wer
e kn
own,
duri
ng M
issi
on d
ays,
as 'N
Wlo
am&
Ora
lly, i
n co
mm
on w
ithal
l the
oth
er
has*
s&
Cal
ifar
air*
they
wel
com
edth
e pa
dres
and
sol
dier
s,
st a
sase
les
far
esca
pees
and
the
roun
dups
of
forc
edla
bore
rs
mat
dum
p&th
eir
attit
udes
.T
hey
lear
ned
to s
trik
e fa
st in
raid
s on
Sve
stac
k or
st..
e sp
raw
ling
Span
ish
rang
es, a
nd, d
ue
to ti
e rn
aite
dam
ber
of th
e Sp
anis
h, w
ere
succ
essf
ul in
hold
ing
back
thei
r ad
vano
ts.
Fula
Ily
, how
ever
, the
y w
ere
deci
mat
ed b
y ba
ttle,
dis
ease
, and
sta
rvat
ion.
One
Spa
nish
chr
onkl
er, J
ose
M. A
mad
or, 2
d. L
ieut
enan
tin
the
Span
ish
Arm
y, w
rite
s of
aty
pica
l rai
d on
"w
ild"
Indi
ans
in th
ese
wor
ds:
"We
invi
ted
the
wild
and
Chr
istia
n In
dian
s to
com
e an
dea
t pin
ole
and
drie
d m
eat.
The
y ca
me
over
to o
ur s
ide
of
the
rive
r.T
hen
whe
n th
ey w
ere
on o
ursh
ore
we
surr
ound
ed
them
by
the
troo
p, c
itize
ns, a
ndIn
dian
aid
es, a
nd to
ok th
em
all p
riso
ners
. .. .
We
sepa
rate
d 10
0 C
hris
tians
from
the
pris
oner
s, a
nd a
t eac
h ha
lf m
ile o
rmile
thes
e w
ere
forc
ed o
n
thei
r kn
ees
and
wer
e m
ade
toun
ders
tand
that
they
wer
e go
ing
to d
ie. .
.E
ach
one
of th
em r
ecei
ved
four
arr
ows,
two
in
fron
t and
two
in e
ach
shou
lder
.. .
.W
e ba
ptiz
ed a
ll an
dth
en w
e sh
ot th
em th
roug
h th
esh
ould
er.
Seve
nty
of th
em
fell
at o
ne s
hot.
I do
uble
d th
e ch
arge
for
the
30 th
atre
mai
ned
and
they
all
fell.
"
Nor
ther
n In
dian
sT
he S
pani
sh in
flue
nce,
whi
ledo
min
t and
last
ing
inth
e
sout
hern
qua
rter
of
Cal
ifor
nia,
had
little
impa
ct o
nth
e
nort
hern
Ind
ian
grou
ps.
The
gre
nort
hern
trib
esth
eT
otow
a, K
arok
, Sha
sta,
Mod
oc,
ok, W
iyot
, Win
tun,
Ath
apas
can,
Yan
a, Y
uki,
Pom
o,W
. po,
and
Mai
dusw
ere
in li
ttle,
g a
ny, c
onta
ctw
ith th
e Sp
anis
h.H
owev
er, t
hey
did
cons
ider
able
trad
ing
with
the
Rus
sian
s, a
sw
ell a
s w
ith
Fren
ch, B
ritis
h, D
utch
,Po
rtug
uese
, and
late
r,Y
anke
e
trad
ers.
An
inte
rest
ing
foot
note
toth
is p
erio
d is
the
fact
that
the
Span
ish
Mis
sion
bel
ls, t
ypic
3lly
a sy
mbo
l of
Span
ish
colo
nial
-
ism
, wer
e bo
ught
fro
mth
e R
usis
ians
.
TH
E U
NIT
ED
STA
TE
S A
CQ
UIR
ES
CA
LIF
OR
NIA
The
184
8 T
reat
y of
Gua
dalu
pe H
idal
go, w
hich
ende
d th
e
war
with
Mex
ico,
ced
ed C
alif
orni
aan
d ot
her
terr
itori
es to
the
juri
sdic
don
of th
eU
nite
d St
ates
.U
nder
that
trea
ty, t
he
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
gree
d to
prbs
erve
rec
ogni
tion
of th
eIn
dian
peop
le's
rig
ht to
the
land
skh
ey in
habi
ted.
Dur
ing
the
65 y
ears
ofiS
pani
sh M
issi
on d
omin
ance
, the
tota
l zon
e of
Mis
sion
inilt
ienc
e em
brac
ed o
nly
abou
t one
-
sixt
h of
the
tota
l are
a of
iihe
Stat
e, a
lthou
gh it
had
redu
ced 7
4.01
1the
orig
inal
Ind
ian
popu
latio
n by
app
roxi
mat
ely
one-
thir
d.M
ore
dest
ruct
ion
took
pla
ce a
fter
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esac
quir
ed
the
terr
itory
.O
f th
e es
timat
ed 1
00,0
00 I
ndia
ns in
Cal
ifor
nia
in 1
851,
ther
e w
ere
only
abo
ut 1
7,00
0 su
rviv
ors
byth
e la
stde
cade
of
the
19th
cen
tury
.
Tre
atie
s N
egot
iate
d an
d L
ost
Whe
n go
ld w
as d
isco
vere
d at
Slit
ters
Mill
in 1
848,
the
econ
omic
impo
rtan
ce o
f st
ateh
ood
for
Cal
ifor
nia
beca
me
clea
rly
evid
ent.
In 1
850
Cal
ifor
nia
beca
me
the
31st
Sta
teof
the
Uni
on. B
y 18
52 m
ore
than
200
,000
gol
dru
sher
s an
dse
ttler
s ha
d po
ured
into
Cal
ifor
nia.
The
y op
pose
d In
dian
use
of a
ny la
nds
whi
chha
d m
iner
al v
alue
and
rega
rded
all
Indi
an la
nds
as p
ossi
ble
gold
land
s.
Ear
ly s
tatu
tes
of th
e St
ate
of C
alif
orni
a, a
s th
ey p
erta
ined
to I
ndia
ns, d
rew
upo
n th
eSp
anis
h la
w o
f "e
ncom
iend
a."
Cou
nty
just
ices
of
the
peac
e w
ere
mad
e gu
ardi
ans
ofth
eIn
dian
s, a
nd a
ny I
ndia
n fo
und
guilt
y of
an
infr
actio
nco
uld
be in
dent
ured
to th
e hi
ghes
t bid
der
in p
aym
ent o
f th
ere
sult-
ing
fine
.It
was
com
mon
pra
ctic
e to
fin
d In
dian
s to
be
"abl
e-bo
died
vag
rant
s."
Indi
ans
wer
e pr
ohib
ited
from
brin
ging
any
act
ion
agai
nst a
whi
te m
an, a
nd th
eir
test
i-m
ony
was
not
adm
issi
ble
in c
ourt
.
8
To
effe
ct a
"ju
st a
nd e
quita
ble
settl
emen
twith
the
Indi
ans
of C
alif
orni
a,"
once
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
cqui
red
the
terr
itory
,Pr
esid
ent F
illm
ore
appo
inte
d th
ree
com
mis
sion
ers
tone
goti-
ate
with
the
Indi
ans.
Bet
wee
n ea
rly
1851
and
ear
ly 1
852,
Com
mis
sion
ers
Red
ick
McK
ee, 0
. M. W
ozen
craf
t,an
d G
. W.
Bar
bour
met
with
som
e 40
2 In
dian
chi
efs
and
exec
uted
ase
ries
of
18 tr
eatie
s an
d on
esu
pple
men
tal a
gree
men
t neg
o-tia
ted
at K
ings
Riv
er, C
alif
orni
a.T
he I
ndia
n si
gnat
orie
swho
rep
rese
nted
one-
thir
d to
one
-
half
of
the
tota
l Ind
ian
popu
latio
n of
the
Stat
erel
inqu
ishe
dal
l of
thei
r ri
ghts
and
title
to th
eap
prox
imat
ely
75,0
00,0
00
acre
s of
Cal
ifor
nia
land
, in
retu
rn f
or w
hich
they
wer
e gu
ar-
ante
ed r
ight
s of
per
petu
al u
se a
nd o
ccup
ancy
tore
serv
atio
ns,
desc
ribe
d by
met
es a
nd b
ound
s in
eac
h Ir
eaty
,to
talin
g
8,51
8,90
0 ac
res.
The
y w
ere
also
pro
mis
ed g
reat
spe
cifi
cqu
antit
ies
of g
oods
, sub
sist
ence
sup
plie
s,im
plem
ents
of
hus-
band
ry, l
ives
tock
, and
clo
thin
g.Fu
rthe
r gu
aran
teed
toth
em w
ere
the
serv
ices
of
teac
hers
, far
mer
s, c
arpe
nter
s,an
d
othe
r w
orkm
en.
In s
um, t
hey
wer
e to
rec
eive
eve
ryth
ing
nece
ssar
y fo
r th
eir
educ
atio
n an
d su
ppor
t, en
ablin
g th
em to
prep
are
them
selv
es f
orco
mpl
ete
inde
pend
ence
in a
civ
lized
Stat
e.W
ith f
ew e
xcep
tions
the
Indi
ans
kept
the
peac
e an
d pr
o-ce
eded
to m
ove
to th
e la
nds
desi
gnat
ed u
nder
thes
e tr
eatie
s.M
any
of th
e w
hite
set
tlers
did
not
kee
p to
thei
r si
deof
the
.1
barg
ain,
but
con
tinue
d to
per
secu
teth
e In
dian
s.O
ne C
alif
orni
a ne
wsp
aper
, on
Oct
ober
2, 1
854,
rep
orte
d:"A
bduc
ting
Indi
an c
hild
ren
has
beco
me
quite
a c
omm
on
prac
tice.
Nea
rly
all o
f th
e ch
ildre
nbe
long
ing
to s
ome
Indi
an tr
ibes
in th
e no
rthe
rn p
art o
fth
e St
ate
have
bee
n
stol
en.
The
y ar
e ta
ken
to th
e so
uthe
rn p
art o
fthe
Sta
te a
nd
ther
e so
ld."
The
re w
ere
thos
e am
ong
the
Cal
ifor
nia
whi
tes
who
pro
-te
sted
the
trea
tmen
t of
the
Indi
an,
alth
ough
thei
r vo
ices
wer
e
thin
'und
er th
e ro
ar o
f a
gold
boom
eco
nom
y. O
ne s
uch
oppo
sitio
n vo
ice
was
that
of
Stat
eSe
nato
r W
arne
r, w
ho c
hal-
leng
ed h
is f
ello
w le
gisl
ator
s in
185
1:
"Will
it b
e sa
id th
at th
e la
nd is
not
broa
d en
ough
for
them
and
us?
Or
that
whi
le o
ur d
oors
are
ope
n to
the
stra
nger
from
the
utte
rmos
t par
ts o
f th
e ea
rth
we
have
not
spa
re r
oom
for
the
once
sol
e in
habi
tant
s of
our
mag
nifi
cent
em
pire
?
Shal
l fut
ure
gene
ratio
ns s
eek
inva
in f
or o
ne r
emai
ning
desc
enda
nt o
f th
e so
ns o
f th
e fo
rest
?H
as th
e lo
ve o
f go
ld
blot
ted
from
our
min
ds a
llfe
elin
gs o
f co
mpa
ssio
n or
j ust
ice
?"
The
Leg
isla
ture
of
the
Stat
e of
Cal
ifor
nia
reso
lved
to p
ress
the
Cal
ifor
nia
dele
gatio
n in
the
U.S
. Con
gres
s "t
o us
eth
eir
best
end
eavo
rs to
indu
ce th
eFe
dera
l Gov
ernm
ent t
o re
mov
e
the
Indi
ans
of th
is S
tate
beyo
nd it
s ju
risd
ictio
n."
Faili
ng
287-
163
0 -
68 -
2
1111
1111
.111
1111
1111
1.11
----
-__
in th
is a
ttem
pt, t
heC
alif
orni
a ne
wco
mer
s re
sort
ed to
wha
t
amou
nted
to a
ttem
pted
geno
cide
thro
ugh
a se
ries
of
"Ind
ian
hunt
s" a
nd o
ther
met
hods
of
exte
rmin
atio
n.T
he I
ndia
ns
beca
me
subj
ects
of
terr
or in
wha
t was
onc
e a
pi..n
itive
par
a-
dise
, the
ir a
ncie
nt h
abita
ts o
verr
unby
whi
te s
ettle
rs, t
heir
trad
ition
al f
ood
supp
ly o
f ac
orns
and
seed
s no
w h
arve
sted
as f
odde
rfo
r th
e ho
gs, a
nd e
ven
the
fam
iliar
con
tour
s of
the
land
cha
nged
by
the
deva
stat
ion
of h
ydra
ulic
min
ing.
Tho
se
who
had
not
alr
eady
per
ishe
d in
the
"Ind
ian
hunt
s" b
ecam
e
the
prey
of
dise
ase
and
fam
ine.
The
trea
ties
nego
tiate
d an
dsi
gned
in 1
851
and
1852
had,
mea
nwhi
le, b
een
subm
itted
toth
e Se
nate
for
rat
ific
atio
n.T
hey
wer
e re
ject
ed.
The
doc
umen
ts w
ere
clas
sifi
ed a
s"c
onfi
dent
ial"
and
file
d in
the
Sena
te's
sec
ret a
rchi
ves.
The
Indi
ans
of C
alif
orni
a w
ere
noti
nfor
med
of
the
Sena
te a
ctio
n
on th
e tr
eatie
s ;
and
the
docu
men
ts r
emai
ned
"los
t" f
or h
alf
a ce
ntur
y,un
til c
lerk
s re
disc
over
ed th
emin
190
5. O
nJa
nuar
y 18
, 190
5, th
e in
junc
tion
of s
ecre
cy w
as r
emov
edby
orde
r of
the
Sena
te, a
nd f
or th
efi
rst t
ime,
the
publ
ic w
asin
form
ed o
f th
eir
exis
tenc
e.In
the
inte
rim
, Con
gres
s in
1851
pas
sed
a la
w, "
to a
scer
-
tain
and
set
tle p
riva
te la
ndcl
aim
s in
the
Stat
e of
Cal
ifor
nia.
"
Mos
t of
the
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
ans
coul
d ne
ither
rea
d no
r w
rite
Eng
lish.
Failu
re to
pre
sent
thei
r cl
aim
sbe
fore
the
com
mis
-
sion
was
late
r co
nclu
sive
lyhe
ld b
y th
e co
urts
as
forf
eitu
re 9
`'^"
l
.
- .MMMESPE3MMeellEW
of a
ny a
nd a
ll ri
ght,
title
,and
inte
rest
in la
nds,
incl
udin
gth
e
righ
t of
abor
igin
al u
sean
d oc
cupa
ncy
in th
e en
tire
Stat
e of
Cal
ifor
nia.
Furt
her
legi
slat
ion
detr
imen
tal t
oth
e In
dian
s w
as p
asse
d
in 1
853,
pro
vidi
ng f
orth
e su
rvey
of
publ
ic la
nds
inC
alif
orni
a
and
gran
ting
of p
reem
ptio
nri
ghts
to th
e se
ttler
s.A
ll C
ali-
forn
ia la
nd, i
nclu
ding
Ind
ian
land
bec
ame,
in e
ffec
t,pu
blic
dom
ain.
Follo
win
g th
e co
urts
' int
erpr
etat
ion
of th
e Pr
ivat
e L
and
Cla
ims
Act
, and
the
extin
guis
lune
nt o
f al
l Ind
ian
title
in
the
Act
of
1853
, no
lega
l rec
ours
e ex
iste
d fo
r th
eIn
dian
s
until
a n
ew la
w w
as p
asse
din
187
5 w
hich
allo
wed
Indi
ans
to h
omes
tead
on
publ
ic d
omai
n la
nds
prov
ided
they
for
sake
thei
r na
tive
way
s. S
omei
nfer
ior
land
s w
ere
set a
side
duri
ng
this
per
iod
by E
xecu
tive
Ord
er a
nd b
y al
lotm
ent,
thus
cre
at-
ing
anot
her
lega
l con
trov
ersy
in la
ter
year
s ov
er th
eva
lidity
of te
nure
by
Exe
cutiv
eO
rder
as
oppo
sed
to r
atif
ied
trea
ty.
Mea
nwhi
le, t
he f
irst
Fed
eral
Indi
an A
gent
cam
e to
Cal
i-
forn
ia in
185
2 w
ith ju
risd
ictio
n ov
eral
l of
the
Indi
ans
of th
e
Stat
e. B
y 18
60, C
ongr
ess
had
spen
t $2
mill
ion
on th
ees
tab-
lishm
ent o
f fo
ur r
eser
vatio
nsin
Cal
ifor
nia.
The
y w
ere
Nom
e L
acki
e, K
lam
ath
Riv
er,
Tej
on, a
nd M
endo
cino
.In
-
dian
s to
day
tell
how
thei
r an
cest
ors
wer
ehe
rded
like
cat
tle,
som
etim
es ti
ed to
geth
er, w
hile
the
aged
, the
wom
en, a
ndth
e
child
ren
who
cou
ld n
ot k
eep
up w
erel
eft t
o di
e on
the
way
.
12
The
Mac
ke W
arIn
one
enf
orce
d m
igra
fion
in 1
864,
rep
rese
ntat
ives
of th
e
Gov
ernm
ent i
nduc
ed th
eM
odoc
s in
the
nort
h to
join
the
Kla
mat
hs o
n th
eir
rese
rvat
ion
in O
rego
n, c
edin
g th
eir
trib
al
land
s to
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Con
firm
atio
n of
this
trea
ty w
as
also
del
ayed
fro
m y
ear
to y
ear.
In th
e in
teri
m, t
heM
odoc
s
foun
d th
emse
lves
to b
ein
terl
oper
s w
ith th
e K
lam
aths
,an
d
thei
r di
scon
tent
gre
w.
Fmal
ly a
ban
d of
Mod
ocs
unde
r th
e
lead
ersh
ip o
f C
hief
Kin
tpua
sh, b
ette
r kn
own
asC
apta
in
Jack
, det
erm
ined
to r
etur
n to
Cal
ifor
nia
and
dem
and
a re
ser-
vatio
n on
thei
r fo
rmer
land
s.U
nsuc
cess
ful,
but r
esis
ting
all a
ttem
pts
to f
orce
them
back
to th
e K
lam
ath
Res
erva
tion,
they
eng
aged
in th
e M
odoc
War
of
1872
-73.
Thi
s ca
mpa
ign
is s
omet
imes
cal
led
"the
trag
edy
of th
e la
vabe
ds,"
sin
ce
Cap
tain
Jac
k an
d M
s fo
llow
ers
took
up
an im
pene
trab
lepo
si-
tion
in th
e la
va b
ed, o
nth
e C
alif
orni
a-O
rego
nbo
rder
, and
for
mon
ths
held
off
sup
erio
rfo
rces
dir
ecte
d ag
ains
tth
em.
Cap
tain
Jac
k su
rren
dere
d in
1873
, and
he
and
five
othe
r
Mod
oc le
ader
s w
ere
trie
dby
cou
rt-m
artia
l and
hang
ed a
t
Fort
Kla
mat
h. T
he s
urvi
vors
of h
is b
and
wer
e no
tallo
wed
to jo
in th
eir
fello
ws
on th
e K
lam
ath
Res
erva
tion,
but
wer
e
exile
d to
a s
mal
l res
erve
of
land
in th
e Q
uapa
w c
ount
ryof
the
Indi
an T
erri
tory
of
Okl
ahom
a. T
here
they
rem
aine
d
until
a la
w p
asse
d in
190
9re
stor
ed m
ost o
f th
em to
the
Kla
mat
h R
eser
vatio
n in
Ore
gon.
Rem
edia
l Mea
sure
sIn
dian
legi
slat
ion
sign
ific
antto
oth
er a
reas
of th
e co
untr
y
had
little
eff
ect o
nth
e In
dian
s of
Cal
ifor
nia.
The
Allo
tmen
t
Act
of
1887
, giv
ing
indi
vidu
al r
athe
r th
an c
omm
ontit
le to
Indi
an la
nds,
and
the
perm
issi
ongi
ven
unde
rtha
t law
the
Indi
an to
sel
l his
land
if h
e so
des
ired
,had
littl
e ef
fect
on
the
alre
ady
gene
rally
land
less
Ind
ians
ofC
alif
orni
a.
In th
e 18
90's
thre
em
enA
lbei
t K. S
mile
y, J
osep
hB
.
Moo
re, a
ndPr
ofes
sor
Cha
rles
C.
Pain
terw
ere
appo
inte
d to
a sp
ecia
l com
mis
sion
,kno
wn
as th
e Sm
iky
Com
mis
sion
, to
cond
uct a
n ex
tens
ive
surv
eyof
the
cond
ition
of s
outh
ern
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
ans.
The
ens
uing
Mis
sion
Rel
ief
Act
of
1891
set a
side
par
cels
of g
ener
ally
poo
rla
nd f
or th
e re
mna
nt
Indi
an b
ands
.T
hese
trac
ts a
re to
day
amon
gth
e ho
ldin
gs o
f
the
Mis
sion
Ind
ians
of C
alno
rnia
.Po
or a
s th
e la
nds
wer
e
in te
rms
of p
rodu
ctiv
eca
paci
ty, t
hey
wer
eof
gre
at im
por-
tanc
e to
hom
eles
sIn
dian
s, s
quat
ters
on
whi
te h
omes
tead
s,
and
the
frin
ge g
roup
sw
ho h
ad ta
ken
upre
side
nce
on la
nds
that
no
one
else
wan
ted,
One
of
thes
e gr
ants
,of
no im
por-
tanc
e at
the
time,
is n
ow th
e ri
ches
tblo
ck o
f re
al e
stat
eth
e
Indi
ans
of C
alif
orni
aho
ldth
e 30
,000
acr
esof
the
Agu
a
Cal
ient
e R
eser
vatio
n,w
hich
lie
with
in a
ndar
ound
the
reso
rt
of P
alm
Spr
ings
.W
ith th
e re
disc
over
y,in
190
5, o
f th
e"l
ost"
trea
ties
of
1851
, pub
lic o
pini
onbe
gan
tofa
vor
the
Indi
ans.
Bet
wee
n
1906
and
191
0 le
gisl
atio
nw
as p
asse
dap
prop
riat
ing
fund
s
whi
ch w
ere
used
to p
urch
ase
man
ysm
all t
ract
s of
land
in
cent
ral a
nd n
orth
cent
ral C
alif
orni
afo
r th
e la
ndle
ssIn
dian
s
of th
ose
area
s.T
hese
trac
ts to
day
are
the
bulk
of
thos
e
Indi
an la
nds
know
n as
"ran
cher
ias.
"It
was
not
unt
ilth
e 19
20's
, how
ever
,th
at th
e fi
rst r
eally
sign
ific
ant s
teps
wer
eto
be
take
n by
law
to s
atis
fy th
e m
any
land
cla
hns
of th
eIn
dian
s of
Cal
ifor
nia.
A C
alif
orni
a la
v pa
ssed
in 1
927
mad
eth
e se
rvic
es o
f th
e
Stat
e A
ttorn
eyG
emra
l ava
ilabl
e to
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
ans
and
a
1930
Act
of
Con
gres
s(C
alif
orni
a In
disn
Juri
sdic
tiona
l Act
)
prov
ided
that
Indi
an c
laim
s be
ente
red
only
thro
ugh
his
offi
ce.
The
cla
im w
hich
was
to r
esul
t in
the
firs
t lar
ge ju
dgm
entf
or
the
Indi
ans
was
file
d in
192
9.
A 1
930
amen
dmen
tto
the
Juri
sdkt
iom
d A
ctau
thor
ized
the
US.
Cou
rt. o
fC
laim
s to
adj
udic
ate
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
an
clai
ms
in a
ccor
danc
ew
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of th
e 18
unr
atif
ied
trea
ties
of 1
851
and
1852
,allo
win
g fu
ll pa
ymen
tof
spec
ifie
d
bene
fits
, as
ifth
e tr
eatie
s ha
dbe
en r
atif
ied.
In 1
944
the
Cou
rtof
Cla
ims
awar
ded
the
Cal
ifor
nia
In-
dian
s th
eir
firs
tsub
stan
tial j
udgm
ent,
netti
ngth
em a
ppro
xi-
mat
ely
$5m
illio
n. A
late
rcl
aim
ent
ered
afte
r es
tabl
ish-
men
t of
the
Indi
an C
laim
sC
omm
issi
on in
194
6re
sulte
d in
a
$29
mill
ion
settl
emen
t(T
his
mor
e re
cent
judg
men
t is
desc
ribe
d in
the
conc
ludi
ngse
ctio
n of
the
book
let.)
13
,
\4t151111111111111111---
'.AzollabLve
-4.6citimiw
,yekvosaviiikiscapprov.N
s-tlA
xiMm
illirre"-441111111
,4000"
9,.116111W
.01rneiraig
CA
LIF
OR
NIA
IND
IAN
S T
OD
AY
The
Ind
iau
Reo
rgan
izag
on A
ct o
f19
34 b
roug
htab
out
swee
ping
cha
nges
inth
e st
atus
of
Am
eric
anIn
dian
s in
man
y
wes
tern
reg
ions
beca
use
it ha
lted
land
allo
tmen
t, m
ade
pos-
sibl
e th
e re
-cre
atio
nof
trib
al g
over
ning
bodi
es, a
nd a
utho
r-
ized
res
ourc
esde
velo
pmen
tIt
had
littl
epe
rcep
tible
eff
ect
onC
alif
orni
a In
dian
s,ho
wev
er. O
nly
12 g
roup
sde
cide
d to
acce
pt it
spr
ovis
ions
in th
ebe
ginn
ing,
pro
babl
ybe
caus
e th
e
grou
ps w
ere
sosm
all a
nd th
e co
ncep
tof
trib
al o
rgan
izat
ion
had
neve
r be
en g
rong
.G
radu
ally
, mor
e of
the
larg
er C
ali-
forn
ia tr
ibes
acc
epte
dth
e IR
A b
enef
itsan
d es
tabl
itSed
trib
al
gove
rnin
g bo
dies
with
con
stitu
tions
and
byla
ws.
A r
oll-
taki
ng,
com
plet
ed in
195
5 in
conn
ectio
n w
ith d
is-
trib
utio
n of
judg
men
taw
ard
fund
s, s
how
edap
prox
imat
ely
36,0
00 d
esce
ndan
tsof
Cal
ifor
nia
trib
es,o
f w
hom
som
e w
ere
no lo
nger
Stat
e re
side
nts.
The
196
0 ce
nsus
show
ed a
tota
l
of a
ppro
xinn
tely
40,0
00 I
ndia
ns in
Cal
ifor
nia,
cou
ntin
g as
Indi
ans
all p
erso
nsw
ho id
entif
y as
Indi
ans.
How
ever
, man
y
of th
ese
are
late
com
ers
to th
eSt
ate,
and
sho
uld
notb
e co
n-
fuse
d w
ith th
eab
orig
inal
trib
es.
For
exam
ple,
ala
rge
num
-
ber
of N
avaj
osfr
om N
ew M
exic
oan
d A
rizo
na, a
ndSi
oux
from
the
Dak
otas
,hav
e se
ttled
inso
uthe
rn C
alif
orni
adu
ring
the
last
dec
ade.
Onl
y ab
out 7
,000
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
ans
actu
ally
res
ide
on th
e
4 ""
.+
kb
New
hom
e of
Mr.
and
Mrs
. Cle
vela
ndA
dam
sA
ubur
n R
anch
eria
insp
ires
obvi
ous
prid
e in
the
owne
rs.
(PH
OT
O C
RE
DIT
: BU
RE
AU
OF
IND
IAN
AF-
FAIR
S)
15
t-
OW
-
mor
e th
an 1
00re
serv
atio
ns a
nd s
mal
l ran
cher
ias
ofth
e St
ate.
The
se r
eser
vatio
ns a
ndra
nche
rias
tota
l ove
r ha
lf a
mill
ion
acre
s, a
nd r
ange
in s
ize
from
less
than
one
acr
e to
the
87,0
00
acre
s of
the
Hoo
pa V
alle
y R
eser
vatio
n in
the
nort
h.A
lthou
gh v
ery
smal
l in
popu
latio
n (a
bout
75)
, Agu
aC
alie
nte
at P
alm
Spr
ings
is th
ebe
st k
now
n of
the
surv
ivin
g
Mis
sion
Ind
ian
com
mun
ities
.T
he F
ort Y
uma
Res
erva
tion
has
abou
t 900
res
iden
ts, a
nd
the
Fort
Moh
ave
Res
erva
tion
has
less
than
300
. Bot
h of
thes
e la
nd a
reas
spi
ll ov
er in
tobo
rder
Sta
tes.
The
Che
m-
huev
i Res
erva
tion
near
Col
orad
oR
iver
is w
holly
unp
opul
ated
.
Prob
ably
the
mos
t pop
ulou
sno
nres
erva
tion
Indi
an c
om-
mun
ities
of
Cal
ifor
nia
are
thos
eof
the
Pit R
iver
peo
ple,
the
Ach
omaw
is a
nd A
begu
is, l
ocat
ed in
the
vici
nity
of
Aku
ras.
The
rig
ht o
f In
dian
chi
ldre
n to
atte
nd p
ublic
edu
catio
nal
inst
itutio
ns o
f th
e St
atel
was
esta
blis
hed
in th
e 19
20's
. The
Bur
eau
of I
ndia
n A
ffai
rs h
asdi
scon
tinue
d al
l spe
cial
Fed
eral
Indi
an s
choo
ls in
the
Stat
e w
ithth
e ex
cept
ion
of S
herm
anIn
sdtu
te a
t Riv
ersi
de, w
hich
isst
ill o
pera
ted
as a
boa
rdin
gac
hool
for
Nav
ajo
and
Papa
goch
ildre
n fr
om A
rizo
na a
nd
New
Mex
ico.
The
Sta
te o
f C
alif
orni
a ha
s al
soas
sum
ed f
ull r
espo
nsib
ility
for
prov
idin
g its
non
rese
rvat
ion
Indi
an c
itize
ns w
ith w
elfa
re
serv
ices
, and
has
bot
h ci
vil
and
crim
inal
juri
sdic
tion
onIn
dian
land
s in
the
Stat
e.
16
Purs
uant
to th
e R
anch
eria
Ter
min
atio
n A
ct o
f 19
58an
d
subs
eque
nt a
men
dmen
ts,
the
smal
ler
trus
t ent
ities
and
the
grou
ps a
ssoc
iate
dw
ith s
uch
land
s ar
egr
adua
lly b
eing
with
-
draw
n fr
om F
eder
al s
uper
visi
on.
The
law
pro
vide
s fo
r th
e
dist
ribu
tion
of a
ll ra
nche
ria
land
and
asse
ts, a
nd d
irec
tsth
at
a pl
an b
epr
epar
ed f
or e
ach
ranc
heri
a,ou
tlini
ng to
who
m a
nd
how
the
asse
ts s
hall
bedi
stri
bute
d.Su
ch a
pla
n, w
hen
ap-
prov
ed b
y th
e C
omm
issi
oner
of I
ndia
n A
ffai
rs, a
ndac
cept
ed
by th
b pa
rtic
ipan
ts, b
ecom
esth
e op
erat
ing
prog
ram
unde
r
whi
ch ti
tle is
tran
sfer
red
from
the
Gov
ernm
ent t
oth
e In
dian
s.
The
set
tlem
ent o
f la
ndtid
es, i
nclu
ding
min
eral
and
wat
erri
ghts
, has
cre
ated
som
e kn
otty
lega
l pro
blem
s w
hich
take
time
to r
esol
ve.
Sani
tatio
n sy
stem
s, h
ousi
ng,
and
road
im-
prov
emen
ts to
bri
ngIn
dian
land
up
to a
par
with
the
requ
irem
c...t
s of
Cal
ifor
nia
law
are
now
bein
g ef
fect
ed.
Fede
ral S
ervi
ces
for
Indi
ans
inC
alif
orni
a
Non
rese
rvat
ion
Indi
ans
inC
alif
orni
a ha
ve li
ttle,
if a
ny,
cont
act w
ith th
eB
urea
u of
Ind
ian
Aff
airs
.R
emai
ning
trus
t lan
ds a
rest
ill e
ligib
le f
or F
eder
alai
d fo
r
reso
urce
deve
lopm
ent.
Wat
erde
velo
pmen
tfa
cilit
ies
rang
ing
from
div
ersi
onda
ms,
res
ervo
irs,
hea
dwor
ks,c
anal
s,
dist
ribu
tion
syst
ems,
wel
ls, t
opu
mpi
ng p
lant
shav
ebe
en
-
inst
alle
d fo
r do
mes
tic o
r ir
riga
tion
purp
oses
.T
he B
urea
u al
so h
elps
ran
cher
ia g
roup
s to
man
age
timbe
r
and
graz
ing
land
s, n
egot
iate
leas
es,b
uild
roa
ds a
nd p
rovi
de
othe
r co
mm
unity
impr
ovem
ents
for
the
Indi
an r
esid
ents
.(T
he F
ort Y
uma
Res
erva
tion
is s
uppl
ied
Col
orad
oR
iver
wat
er th
roug
h fa
cilit
ies
owne
d an
d op
erat
ed b
y th
e B
urea
uof
Rec
lam
atio
n.)
Ran
cher
ias
prep
arin
g to
with
draw
from
Fede
ral s
uper
visi
on a
re s
uppl
ied
byth
e U
.S. P
ublic
Hea
lth
Serv
ice
any
sew
age
orw
ater
line
s ne
eded
to ti
eth
em to
the
oute
r co
mm
unity
.T
he B
urea
u st
ill m
aint
ains
an
Are
aO
ffim
in S
acra
men
to
and
subo
ffic
es to
adm
inis
ter
trus
t res
pons
ibili
ties
for
Indi
ans
of C
alif
orni
a.O
ne o
f its
mos
t act
ive
ente
rpri
ses
isth
e E
m-
ploy
men
t Ass
ista
nce
Prog
ram
,ce
nter
ed in
the
thre
e ur
ban
com
mun
ities
of
Los
Ang
eles
, Oak
land
,an
d Sa
n Jo
se.
Itop
erat
es f
orth
e be
nefi
t of
rese
rvat
ion
Indi
ansf
rom
num
erou
s
Stat
es, p
rovi
ding
fin
anci
alai
d an
d vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
to h
elp
Indi
ans
adju
st to
big
-city
life
.
The
cra
srqu
ilt p
auen
i vis
ible
in th
is f
ine
mon
d of
tine
krw
e th
e H
oopa
Val
ley
Res
erva
tion
in n
orth
ern
Cal
ifor
nia
ispr
oduc
ed b
y In
oile
nt c
onse
rvat
ion
wad
tim
ber
Imrs
estiu
gm
etho
ds is
use
cutti
ng in
pat
ches
mod
res
eedi
agfo
r ne
mgr
owth
rat
her
than
den
udiu
g th
e sl
opes
, as
sow
sth
e pr
actic
eha
lf a
cen
tury
ago
.17
.9.1
11.1
1:Z
OS.
Mod
ern
met
hods
and
mac
hine
ry c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
succ
ess
of th
elo
ggin
g en
terp
rise
on
the
Hoo
pa V
alle
y R
eser
vatio
n, p
rovi
ding
the
Indi
ans
with
a c
ontin
uing
sou
rce
of r
even
ue.
(PH
OT
O C
RE
DIT
: BU
RE
AU
,' (I
F IN
DIA
N A
FFA
IRS)
?t-
%Is
aa"
40.
Se
.
I.
144,
1318
t44
.41w
v
va.
4
Ass
ets
of th
e C
alif
orni
a In
dian
sT
oday
The
re is
ver
y lit
tle m
iner
al d
evel
opm
enta
ctiv
ity o
n In
dian
land
s in
the
Stat
e.T
hose
that
exi
st a
re s
ever
al s
and
and
grav
el o
pera
tions
, ape
at m
oss
rain
ing
leas
e ou
the
Mor
ongo
Res
erva
tion,
one
dol
omite
leas
e an
d on
ebu
ildin
g st
one
per-
mit
on th
e T
ule
Riv
er R
eser
vatio
n,an
d on
e no
npro
duct
ive
oil a
nd g
as le
ase
in C
olus
a C
ount
y.In
con
tras
% ti
mbe
r re
sour
ces
in19
67 c
over
ed n
earl
y13
6,00
0 ac
res
and
had
a co
mm
erci
alvo
lum
e of
alm
ost 3
billi
on b
oard
fee
t.A
t Hoo
pa V
alle
y al
one,
ther
e ar
e2.
8
billi
on b
oard
fee
t of
stan
ding
tim
ber,
whi
ch, o
n to
day'
s m
ar-
ket w
ould
bui
ld 2
50,0
00 th
ree-
bedr
oom
hom
es a
nd p
rovi
dejo
bs f
or 1
yea
r in
the
saw
mill
s fo
r17
,500
men
.Sc
atte
red
thro
ugho
ut th
e St
ate
are
256,
000
acre
sof
Ind
ian-
owne
d ra
ngel
and.
Rec
reat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t pot
entia
l is
limite
d on
Cal
ifor
nia
Indi
an la
nd d
ue. m
ainl
y, to
the
smal
lsi
ze o
f m
ost o
f th
eho
ldin
g& T
he A
gua
Cal
ient
e la
nds
atPa
lm S
prin
gs a
re th
e
nota
ble
exce
ptio
n.
Mot
el c
onst
ract
ed b
y kn
eeux
Pal
a Sp
aao
Aw
e.(P
HO
TO
MIX
T: B
UR
RA
TI
orIN
DIA
N A
FFA
IRS)
.01M
IN
,
I
INN
Ell
EV
IN
19
1111
1111
111W
Aar
Irri
gatio
n un
its e
xist
on
Indi
an la
ndth
roug
hout
the
Stat
e
and
rang
e in
siz
e fr
om a
sm
allg
arde
n tr
act t
o 12
,000
acr
es.
The
maj
or ir
riga
tion
proj
ects
inC
alif
orni
a ar
e lo
cate
d in
Hoo
pa V
alle
y, C
oach
ella
Val
ley,
and
atF
ort Y
uma.
Rap
idpo
pula
tion
incr
ease
s, p
lus
the
keen
com
petit
ion
for
wat
er,
have
cau
sed
man
y re
serv
atio
ns a
ndra
nche
rias
to d
iver
t wat
er
reso
urce
s fr
omir
riga
tion
to d
omes
tic o
r in
dust
rial
use
.In
195
9, th
e In
dian
Cla
ims
Com
mis
sion
issu
ed a
n or
der
stat
ing
that
the
Indi
ans
of th
eSt
ate
had
abor
igin
al ti
tle, a
sof
185
3, to
app
roxi
mat
ely
64 m
illio
n ac
res
of C
alif
orni
a la
nd
wes
t of
the
Sier
ra N
evad
as.
A n
egot
iate
d se
ttlem
ent,
agre
ed
to a
fter
inte
rmitt
ent
disc
ussi
ons
betw
een
atto
rney
s fo
r th
eC
alif
orni
a In
dian
s an
d th
e U
.S. J
ustic
eD
epar
tmen
t, en
ded
in a
n ag
reed
-upo
n fi
gtir
e of
$29.
1 m
illio
n as
red
ress
.T
he
Indi
an C
laim
s C
omm
issi
on a
ppro
ved
the
settl
emen
t in
1964
,an
d C
ongr
ess
appr
opri
ated
fun
ds to
cov
erth
e aw
ard.
The
last
ste
p is
for
Con
gres
s to
ord
erth
e pr
epar
atio
n of
a ro
ll of
elig
ible
san
d au
thor
ize
disp
ositi
on o
f th
e fu
nds.
Prep
arat
ion
of th
e ro
ll an
d di
stri
butio
n of
the
fund
s w
ill b
eth
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e Sa
cram
ento
Are
a O
ffic
e of
the
Bur
eau
of I
ndia
n A
ffai
rs.
Farm
ing
this
vas
t bea
n fi
eld
on th
e C
olus
aR
anch
eria
is a
task
that
requ
ires
all
hand
s.M
ost r
anch
eria
land
s ar
e fa
rmed
col
lect
ivel
y,fo
rth
e be
nefi
t of
the
entir
e ba
nd r
athe
r th
an th
ein
divi
dual
fam
ily.
( P
HO
TO
CR
ED
IT :
BU
RE
AU
OF
IND
IAN
AF
FA
IRS
)
U.S
. GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
PR
INT
ING
OF
FIC
E:1
968
0-28
7-16
3
Dra
win
gs c
reat
ed a
n ,,.
?co
ntri
bute
d by
May
a
MIW
OK
MA
NH
is c
row
nlik
ehe
addr
ess
is c
ompo
sed
of a
hea
d-ba
nd o
f ye
llow
-han
zrne
rqu
ills,
surm
ount
ed b
y a
ruff
of
dow
nyfe
athe
rs f
rom
the
eagl
e's
brea
st,
topp
ed o
ff w
ith a
gre
at c
lust
er o
feb
ony-
hued
win
g an
d ta
il fe
ath-
ers,
eith
er f
rom
the
cond
or o
rbu
zzar
d.
tral
'''411
1101
11W
.,,,..
....io
wM
omm
liIN
IIMIN
I,-,
Cre
ated
in 1
849,
the
Dep
artm
ent
of th
e
Inte
rior
a D
epar
tmen
tof
Con
serv
atio
nis
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e m
anag
emen
t,co
nser
vatio
n,
and
deve
lopm
ent
of th
e N
atio
n's
wat
er,
fish
,
wild
life,
min
eral
,for
est,
and
park
and
recr
ea-
tiona
l res
ourc
es.
It a
lso
has
maj
orre
spon
si-
bilit
ies
for
Indi
anan
d T
erri
tori
alaf
fair
s.
At t
heN
atio
n's
prin
cipa
lco
nser
vatio
n
agen
cy, t
heD
epar
tmen
t wor
ks to
ass
ure
that
nonr
enew
able
rei
ourc
es a
rede
velo
ped
and
used
wis
ely,
that
park
and
rec
reat
iona
l re-
sour
ces
are
cons
erve
d fo
r th
e fu
ture
,an
d th
at
rene
wab
le r
esou
rces
mak
e th
eir
full
cont
ribu
-
tion
to th
e pr
ogre
ss,
pros
peri
ty, a
nd s
ecur
ity
of th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
now
and
in th
efu
ture
.U
.S. D
EPA
RT
ME
NT
OF
TH
E I
NT
ER
IOR
BU
RE
AU
OF
IND
IAN
AFF
AIR
S
For
sale
by
the
Supe
rint
ende
nt o
f D
ocum
ents
,U.S
. Gov
ernm
entP
rint
ing
Off
ice
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
., 20
402
-Pr
ice
15 c
ents
