57 BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch21（2004）57－64 ⑥Japanese Society ofSnow andIce

GlacioLogica10bservationsonthepLateauofBelukhaGLacierintheAltaiMountains，Russiafrom 2001 to 2003

KojiFUJITAl，Nozomu TAKEUCHl2，VladimirAIZEN3andStanisLavNIKIT［N4 1GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies，NagoyaUniversity，C／oHydrospheric－AtmosphericResearchCenter，Nagoya464－860i Japan， 2ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature，335Takashimacho，Kamigyo－ku，Kyoto602－0878Japan 3CollegeofMinesandEarthResources，P．0．Box443025，UniversityofIdaho，Moscow，Idaho83844－3025USA 4Glacio，ClimatologicalLaboratory，36Lenina Str．，Tomsk StateUniversity，Tomsk634050Russia

（ReceivedSeptember30，2003；RevisedmanuscriptreceivedNovember17，2003）

Abstract

Inorder to reconstruct pastclimate andenvironmentchanges fromicecores，the US－Russia・ JapanjointresearchwascarriedoutonthewestplateauofBelukhaGlacierintheAltaiMountains from2001to2003．Aftertwoyearsreconnaissanceresearches，anicecoretothebottom（171m）was SuCCeSSfullyextractedinAugust2003．Wereportinthispapertheobservationalresultsduring3years （200ト2003）withrespecttomassbalance，Changesinsurfacelevel，Surfaceflowvelocities，meteOrOlog－ icalandclimatologicaldata，andpits．

1．lntroduction

RunofffromsouthwesternSiberiaplaysapartin regulating the global thermohaline circulation throughthe hydrologicalcycle of the Arctic Ocean （Wang and Cho，1997）．Seasonalsnow covers and glaciersoftheAltairangearesourcesofwaterofthe ObandYeniseyrivers，Whicharethelargestwestern Siberian rivers flowinginto the Arctic Ocean．The COntinentalrunoffamountstoabout54％ofthetotal freshwaterintotheArcticOcean（Barry et al．，1993） andthewaterflowingfromtheObandYeniseyrivers accounts for40％of the totalriverinflowinto the Arctic（Aagaard，1980）．We expect，therefore，that Climate change has a significant influence on the freshwaterbudgetoftheArcticOceanthroughimpact Onglacierandsnowrunoffintheheadwatersofthese rivers．During thelast half of the20th century，the VOlume of glaciersin the centralhighAsia has de－ CreaSed tremendously（IPCC，2001a）in association WithremarkablerapidwarminginSiberia（Chapman andWalsh，1993；Weller，1998；IPCC，2001b）．

Well－dated，high－reSOlutionice core recordswi11 improve our understanding of past climate and hydrologicalenvironmentandhelptopredictpossible future changes（Taylor et al．，1993）．Although Tibetan／Himalayanice core records have been recoveredinregions dominatedby monsoon circula－ tion（e．g．Mayewskiet al．，1984；Thompson et al．， 1988；1989；1990；1993；1995；1997；2000；YaoefαJリ1995；

1996；1999；Kang et alリ2000；Duan and Yao，2003）， paleo－ClimaticrecordsfromtheAltaiMountains are relativelyfew．TheAltaiRangeliesonthenorthwest・ ernperipheryofthecentralAsia（Fig．1a）andactsas theinitialbarrier to the westerly jet stream and Siberian high．In recent years，SeVeralobservations Withrespect toice cores andglacier dynamics have beencarriedoutintheregion（e．g．Eyrik etal．，2001； Blaser et al．，2002；Fujiiet al．，2002；Schwikowskiet al．，2002；De Smedt and Pattyn，2003；Pattyn et alリ 2003）．Despite of manyglaciersin the AltaiMoun－ tains，Suitablesnowaccumulationsitestoextractice COreSare few．Thewest plateau of Belukha Glacier （49049′N，86034′E；4000－4100ma．s．1．，Fig．1bandlc）， theobservationsiteofthisstudy，islocatedatsohigh elevation that disturbances of meltwater on climatic Signalsinsnowareexpectedtobesmall．

In order to examine climatic and environmental records throughice core，We have started the US－ Russia－Japan joint research on the west plateau of Belukha Glacierin the AltaiMountains sinceJuly 2001．After two years reconnaissance researches，an ice core to the bottom（170 m）was extractedin August2003．Observationalresults during3 years （2001－2003）withrespecttomassbalance，Changesin Surfacelevel，Surface flowvelocities，meteOrOlogical andclimatologicaldata，andsnowpits，Whichwillbe helpfulfor analysIS Ofice core，are repOrtedin this paper．

5β BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch

80E 90E lOOE llOE 120E

Fig．1．Location of Belukha Glacier（a）and photographs of research area（b：Mt BelukhafromAkkembasecamptakenon13August2003，C：Thewestplateau takenfromawesthillon9August2003）．

59 Fujita et al．

2．Observations and results

InJuly2001，areCOnnaissanceresearchexpedition was carried out．Two bench marks and five stakes WereinstalledonthewestplateauofBelukhaGlacier． Severalsnowpitsweredugandsha1lowanddeepice COreSWereeXtraCtedduringthesucceedingtwoyears． Participants in the field observation during three years arelistedinTablel．Relativelocations of the benchmarks（BM），Stakes（ST），SnOWpits（P，JP，RP）， drillingsite（DS），andglaciercamp（GC）areshownin Fig．2．Thelocationsofthebenchmarks，Stakes，pit JP and drilling site were measured precisely with a Carrier－phasedifferentialGPS（GPTSXl，TOPCONin 2001and 2003；Allstar，CMC electronicsin 2002）． Locations of the snow pits（P and RP）and glacier CampWeremeaSuredwithahandy－typeGPS（Garmin， U．S．A．）．Inaddition，dailyprecipitationsweresampled at the Akkem meteorologicalstation，located at12 kmnorthoftheplateauofBelukhaGlacier，forstable isotope analysis fromJuly2002 toJuly2003（136 Samples）．Samplesareunderanalysisatpresent．

ユ／．（、／／川（〟り／（融（■‘／／（ん／‘＝J／▲1扶i〃J Long－term meteOrOlogicalrecords（air tempera－

tureandprecipitationsince1950s）areavailableatthc Akkemmeteorologicalstation（2040ma．s．1．）operated bytheRussiangovernment．Itisvaluabletocomparc Climatic slgnalsinice cores withlongTterm Climatologicaldatainordertoimprovereliabilityof the climateinformation reconstructed from theicc COreS．Changesin annualmean air temperature and annualamounts of precipitation，and their seasonal ChangesobservedatAkkemareshowninFig．3．Inthe long－termreCOrds（Fig．3a），annualmeanairtempera－ turetendstorisesincethemid1980s，Whilethereisn（） Clear tendencyin annualprecipitation．Seasonal Changeinmonthly precipitation（Fig．3b）shows that fairly large amounts of precipitation occur during Summer SeaSOn（Mayto September），SuggeSting that Belukha Glacieris a summer－aCCumulationtypegla－ Cier．Ithasbeenknownthatmassbalanceandfluctua－ tionofsummer－aCCumulationtypeglacierintheAsian high1andareverysensitivetochangeinairtempera－ ture（Kayastha et al．，1999；Fujita and Ageta，2000；

Tablel．Listofparticipantsinthefieldobservation

Period（in／outAkkem） Participants Ⅴ．Aizenl，S．Nikitin2，L．D．Ceci13，K．J．Kreutz4，K．Fujita5，Y．Matsuda5，

11to23July2001 K．Matsuki5，A．Surazakov2，A．Lushnikov2，A．Chebotarev2， T．Prokopinskaya2，SPolesskiy6 Ⅴ．Aizenl，S．A．Nikitin2，K．Fujita5，N．Takeuchi7，A．Surazakov2，

10to18July2002 A．Lushnikov2，A．Chebotarev2，T．Prokopinskaya2 V．Aizenl，S．Nikitin2，N．Takeuchi7，）．Uetake8，A．Takahashi9，

22Julyto13August 2003 T．YamazakilO，M．Sawahatall，A．Surazakovl，D．Joswiakl， A ．Lushnikov2，A．Chebotarev2，T．Prokopinskaya2 Affiliations：1・University ofIdaho，USA．2．Tomsk State University，Tomsk，Russia．3．USGeological Survey，Idaho，USA・4．University of Maine，Maine，USA．5．Nagoya University，Nagoya，Japan．6． NovosibirskInstituteofInorganicChemistry．7．ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature，Kyoto，Japan． 8・TokyoInstituteofTechnology，Tokyo，Japan．9．GeoTecsCo．Ltd．，Nagoya，Japan．10．MTSInstitute Inc．，Tokyo，Japan．11．AsiaTV＆FilmProductionsCompany，Tokyo，Japan

▲■ ▲BM◆DS MN BM2 BMl

＋ST◇GC ・Pit

P4 GC ● P3

0

ホ丁 ● P51bs RP2 ST4 P2 STl＋ JP ST2乍1＋s，5 ＋sT3

0 2

（∈）幸ONOl王⊃OS

－500 －400 －300 －200 －100 0 100 200 WesttoEast（m）

Fig2・Locationsofbenchmarks（BM），Stakes（ST），pits（P，JPandRP），drillingsite （DS），andglaciercamp（GC）ontheplateauofBelukhaGlacier．MNdenotesthe directionofmagnetic north．

60 Bulletin of GlacioloRical Research

Naitoetal．，2001）．Itisinteresting，therefore，tOinves－ tigate how the glaciersin the AltaiMountains are SenSitiveto climatechange．Itis，therefore，Valuable to compare climatic records derived fromice cores， instrumentalclimatic records around glaciers，and fluctuationsofglaciersandriverdischarges．

2．2．5〟ゆcg／g〃gJ Inordertomeasureannualsnowaccumulationon

theplateau，fivestakeswereinstalledinJuly2001and re－installedinJuly2002（Fig．2）．Measurements of these stakes provide surface accumulation in snow thickness（Table2）． Anautomaticsnowgauge（KADEC－SNOW，Kona

SystemCo．Ltd．，Sapporo，Japan）wasinsta11edin2001 and2002atStake2（ST2inFig．2）tomeasuredaily accumulationthroughouttheyearsontheplateau．It providesdailysurfacelevelwith a resolutionof O．01 m．Unfortunately，thedatalogglngSWereStOppedat the end of October2001and at theendof November 2002duetoabatterytrouble．Figure4showsthedaily meansurfacelevelas results ofthe2yearmeasure－ ment．The surfacelevels are represented as relative levelstothatinJuly2001（thefirstdayofthemeasure－

（．甲≧∈∈）uO焉温．8巴d一再コ∪⊂＜

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 〈U （U O

7 6 5 4 3 2 ■1 0

O T －2 ■3 ■

（00）巴⊃l巴むd∈望J葡Uq少ヒ一雪Uu＜

0

0

0 2

0

9 9

0

8 9

0

7 9

0

6 9

1

0

5 9

0 5 0

0 0

2 0

（UO）聖⊃l空父】∈り｝」局u双∈i室∪きノー

（．叩き∈∈）uO焉l香0聖dと壬∪（≦

0 0 0 0

8 6 4 2 0

5 0 5 0 1 1 2

Fig．3．Recordsofairtemperature（solidlines）andprecipi－ tation（brokenlines）atAkkemmeteorologjcalstation． Annualchanges from1951to1998（a）and seasonal Changeofmonthlymeanvaluesfrom1951to1998（b）．

Table2．Changesinsurfacelevel（m）atfivestakesfromJuly2001toJuly2003．Locations ofstakesareshowninFig．2．Stakelwaslostandre－installedinJuly2002．Icethicknesses （m）measuredbyaradioechosoundingsystem（TomskStateUnivesrity，Russia）arealso shown．

Snowaccumulation Snowaccumulation Icethickness（m） from18July2001 fr・Om16July2002 to13July2002 to30July2003

Stakel（STl） 1．53 151 Stake2（ST2） 2．13 1．58 168 Stake3（ST3） 2．36 1．73 185 Stake4（ST4） 2．15 1．50 143 Stake5（ST5） 2．39 1．65 193 Averages and standarddeviation 2．26±0．14 1．60±0．09 168 i- 21

Fig．4．ChangesinrelativesurfacelevelsbasedonthelevelonJuly2001（thefirstday ofthe measurement）on the plateau of Belukha Glacier fromJuly2001toJuly 2003．Linesandsquaresdenotesurfacelevelsmeasuredbyautomaticsnowgauges and by stakes．

6．7 Fujita et al．

ment）． According to the snow gauge data，the surface

levelincreasedmorethanlmfromJulytoSeptember 2001，and then decreased rapidlyin October．The decreaseinthesurfacelevelmaybedue tocompac－ tionofsnow，meltofsnow，Orwinderosion．However， thedecreaseisunlikelyduetocompactionofsnowor melt ofsnow．ThedecreaseinOctober was approxi－ mately50cminamonth，Whichistoolargetoresult fromsnowcompaction．Furthermore，inthesnowpit Observationin2002，nOheavymeltfeaturewasfound insnowlayer，SuggeStingthatsignificantsnowmelt－ ingdidnot occurin2001．Therefore，Winderosionis themostplausiblepossibilityforthedecrease ofthe Surfacelevel．Incontrasttotheresultin2001，nOSuCh rapid subsidence was foundin2002．Itisimportant whether such wind erosion occurred or not when net・balanceestimatedfromanicecoreisregardedas regionalprecipitation．Althoughapossibilityofwind erosion has been vaguely pointed out at many‘ice COringsites’，thisisthefirstevidenceofwinderosion． This result suggests thatitis necessary to discuss net－balancefromicecoreontheplateauwithpreclpl－ tationandwindspeedrecordedattheAkkemmeteor－ 0logicalstation． Althoughwefailedto collect surfacelevelfrom

Wintertospringinboth2002and2003，1argeamounts of accumulation should have occurredin this season． Based on the stake measurements and snow gage data，theaccumulationinthisseasonwasl．9min2002 andl．2min2003，Whicharemorethanhalfofannual accuInulationsin each year．Seasonalchangein monthly precipitation at Akkem（averages for the periodfrom1951to1998；Fig．3b）suggests that the restoftheannualsnowaccumulationoccursmainlyin May andJune．In order to analyze anindividual precipitation event at Akkem and surface level Change on the plateauin detail，itis necessary to ObtainmeteorologicalrecordsatAkkemafter1999．

ユユ∫J†巾（、り7州、甘ん）（イ／ん，∫ Since the plateauislocated at the top of the

glacier，icemovementislikelysmallenoughforanice COreStudy．In ordertomeasureicemovement atthe

drillingsite，locationsofthefivestakesontheplateau and two bench marksinstalled on rocks were sur－ VeyedwiththedifferentialGPS．Changesintheloca－ tionsofBenchMark2andfivestakesbetweenstudy years are summarizedin Table3．The origin of the SurVeySWaSSet at Bench Markl．Sincebothofthe benchmarkswereinstalledonrocks，thechangesin relativelocation of Bench Mark2indicate measure－ menterrors，WhichwerelessthanO．2minhorizonand O．05min vertical．The result shows that the surface flow velocities increased downstream and that the grid of5stakes strained convergently（Fig．5）．Since thedrillingsitein2003waslocatedupstreamofStake l（DSinFig．2）horizontalsurfaceflowatthesitewas expectedlessthanl．5ma‾1．

Fig．5．Surfaceflowvelocities onthe plateau of Belukha Glacier．Circles，and black and gray arrows denote relative positions of stakes（ST），and flow velocities between2001and2002，and between2002and2003， respectively．

Table3．Changesinlocations（m）ofbenchmarkandfivestakesfromJuly2001toJuly2003．AbbreviationsdN， dE，dZanddHdenotethenorthward，eaStWard，Verticalandhorizontalcomponentsofthechanges，reSpeCtive－ 1y．Theoriginissetat BenchMarkl．VelocitiesinFig．5areconvertedinto annualvalues．

Duration 18 July 2001 to 14 July 2002 14 July 2002 to 30 July 2003 dN dE dZ dH dN dE dZ dH

Benchmark2 （BM2）

0．10 0．13 －0．01 0．16 0．02 0．02 －0．04 0．02 Stakel（STl） －1．36 －0．76 0．09 1．56 Stake2（ST2） －2．11 －1，16 1．20 2．40 －2．19 －0．98 －0．89 2．39 Stake3（ST3） －3．38 －1．80 0．22 3．83 －3．58 －1．78 －0．90 4．00 Stake4（ST4） －2．36 －0．54 0．94 2．42 －2．47 －0．53 －1．04 2．53 Stake5（ST5） －1．68 －1．69 0．78 2．38 －2．05 －1．52 －0．30 2．55

/i2 Hu11etinofGlaciologicalResearch

Table4．Slopeangle（a），effect ofslope（SE）andsubmergencevelocities（SV and SVa）ateachstakefrom2001 to2003，Averagesofeachperiod are alsoshown．

18July2001to14July2002 14July2002to30July2003 Sl左 α（つ） 5g（m） ∫r（m） Sl左 （ma－1） α（D） 5g（m） 5r（m） （ma1）

Stakel（STl） 3．28 3．41 －0．09 －1．34 －1．29 Stake2（ST2） 4．13 －0．17 －0．75 －0．76 4．32 【0．18 －2．29 －2．19 Stake3（ST3） 4．98 －0．33 1．81 1．83 5．24 0．37 2．26 －2．17 Stake・4（ST4） 4．13 【0．18 －1．03 －1．04 4．32 －0．19 －2．35 －2，25 Stake5（ST5） 4．13 －0．17 －1．44 －1．45 4．32 0．19 －1．75 －1．68

Averageandstandarddeviation St完（nla‾1） －1．27±0．47 ー1．91±0．42

SenSOr．IntheearlyJune of2003，the snowtempera－ tureincreaseddrasticallyuptoOOC．Thisisprobably due to melt of theice around the sensor． Air temperature，relative humidity，Wind speed

and direction，and atmospheric pressure were mea－ SuredbesideBenchMarklfromJuly2002toAugust 2003．Themeteorologicaldatawillbecomparedwith atmosphericcirculationpatterns．Itwi11helptounder， Stand vaporsources and origins ofchemicalspecies， dust，and pollens preservedinsnow（see the next Sub－Chapter）．Detailed discussion willbe published elsewhere．

ユご；，ノ（、＝、州・J（川（／∫〃り什／－J／∫ Severalsnowpitsweredugeveryyearfrom2001

to2003．Manythinicelayersbutno heavymeltfea－ ture were observedin allof the pits．This suggests thatannualsnowlayersontheplateauarenotdistur－ bedbymeltwaterpercolation．Therefore，theplateau islikely to preserve wellinformation of atmosphere Whensnowwasdeposited．Incontrasttothisplateau Of Belukha Glacier，Significant melt and melt water percolationhavebeenobservedatthedri11ingsiteof Sofiyskiy Glacier（3435m a．s．1．，49047′N，87O44′E， located80km east from Belukha Glacier），Where an icecorehasbeendrilledin2001byFujiietal．（2002）． Thisfactimpliesthatthesuitablesitestoextract‘dry icecore’arelimitedeveniftheAltaiMountainRange

Since the measurement errors of the carrier－ phasedifferentialGPSsurveyaresmall，Submergence Velocity can be calculated by subtracting accumula－ tionheightandeffectofslopefromverticalchangein Surface．Valuesateachstake and averagesaresum－ marizedinTable4．Itisconsideredthatmostpartof thesubmergencevelocityiscausedbycompactionof snowlayeraccumulatedinpreviousyear．

ユ・J、れ・川／力り■√J／（ゾJ叫ぐ◆（・／JJヾ〃州・／l川♪川／／／…・ Snow temperature recordis usefultointerpret

post－depositionalchangesin stratlgraphy，Chemical， and stableisotopes near the surface．A temperature sensor wasinsta11ed at Stake2（ST2in Fig．2）and SnOW temperature WaS mOnitored fromJuly2002to July2003atanintervalofonehour（Fig．6）．Sincethe SenSOr WaS fixed at the surfacelevelinJuly2002， depth of the sensor below the surface has changed Withsnowaccumulation．SnowtemperaturewasOOC during the first two months（July and August）．This COnStanttemperatureislikelyduetoanaquiferkeep－ ing meltwater isolated by snow accumulation from thesurface（Fig．4）．Theaquiferprobablybecamean icelayer during the succeeding winter．However，nO heavy melting feature was foundinthe snow pit of July2003．Therefore，the aquifer may have formed Only at the site around the sensor．Meltwater may have flowed down along the stake then froze the

0 5 0 5 0 5 ■ 1 1 2 2

■■■■

（UO）巴⊃l空監∈空室OUS

Fig．6．SnowtemperatureatStake2（STinFig．2）．Depthof thesensorwasfixatthesurfaceinJuly2002（seeFig，3）．

（丈■ノ Fujita et al．

Table5．Accumulationsin snow thickness and water equivalent on the plateau of Belukha Glacier．Accumulationbetween2000and2001are estimated from depth oficelayer and densityprofilesin pits（Pin Fig．2）．Accumulations from2001to2003are obtained from Stake measurements（STinFig．2）and density profilesin pits（JPin Fig．2）．Averaged densitiesofsurfacelayerarealsoshown．

Snowthickness Waterequivalent Averageddensity thickness（m） （×1000kgm3）

fromsummerof2000 to July 2001 1．78±0．06 0．69±0．05 0．39 fromJuly2001to July2002 2．26±0．14 0．87±0．06 0．38 fromJuly2002to July2003 1．60±0．09 0．56±0．04 0．35

1iesathigh1atitude．Comparisonoftheicecoresfrom twolocations of different conditionsin Altaimay yield someinformation whichis not obtained from OnelCe COre． In2001，fivepits（PinFig．2）weredugtounder－

Standspatialdistributionofchemicalspecies，OXygen andhydrogenstableisotopes，andothervariables on theplateau．Theresultswillbepublishedelsewhere．In thesepits，anObviousicelayerwasobserved．Theice layerisconsideredtobeformedintheprevioussum－ merof2000．Basedonthedepthoftheicelayer，the accumulationinthepreviousyear（2000toJuly2001） was estimatedto bel．78±0．06minsnowthickness andO．69±0．05mwaterequlValent．Accumulationsin SnOW thickness，thatin water equlValent，and aver－ agedsurfacesnowdensitiesfrom2000to2003，Which Were Obtained from the stake and pit observations （STandJPinFig，2）aresummarizedinTable5．

Inadditiontothesnowpits，aShallowicecorein 21mdepthwasextracted with a hand auger（PICO， U．S．A．）atthesiteofpitP5in2001．Chemicalspecies， Stableisotopes，anddustconcentrationsintheicecore Were analyzed and willbe published elsewhere． Resultsoftheanalysisshowedseasonalvariationsof major solubleions and suggest that the21m core COVerS8years．TheresultsalsosuggestthatNHIand SOlid particlesin theice core may reflect biomass burnlngeVentSarOundtheglacier．

Inordertoevaluatetheeffectofseasonalmelton Chemicalspeciesandstableisotopesinsnow，aSnOW pitwasdugattheexactlysameplace（JP）in2002and 2003．Snowsampleswerecollectedatthesameverti－ Calsnowplaneatoneyearinterval．Itisimportantto know the post－depositionalchangesin chemical SpeCiesandstableisotopesinsnowfortheinterpreta－ tion of deepice core records．Samples collectedin 2003are nowunder analysis．The results and discus－ Sionwillbepublishedelsewhere． InJuly2003，anicecoredowntothebottom（171

m depth）was successfully recovered at drilling site （DSinFig．2）withamechanicalicecoredrill（Taka－ hashi，1996，Geo TecsCo．Ltd．，Nagoya，Japan）．The depth was almost the same as the ice thicknesses Obtainedwitha radio echo soundingsystem（Tomsk

State University，Tomsk，Russia；Table2）．Another COre Of48m depth was also drilled．Stratigraphy， density，0Ⅹygen andhydrogen stableisotopes，major ions，heavymetals，dust，pOllens，Organicmatters，and microbeswi11beanalyzedinordertocomprehensively understandanenvironmentalhistoryaroundtheAltai Mountains．

Acknowledgments

Theauthorsareobligedtotheallmemberswho assisted in this research on the plateau of Belukha Glacier．We appreciate T．Sawagaki（Hokkaido Univ．）for use of carrier－phase differentialGPS sys－ temin2001and2003．WealsoappreciateT．Fujiiand R．Naruse for helpfulcomments on this manuscript． ThisstudywassupportedbytheU．S．Departmentof Energy（DEAlO7）research projects‘Aeolian Dust ExperimentonClimateImpact（ADEC）’and‘Icecore analysiswithcryo－microbes onglaciersin a Chinese aridregion’supportedbySpecialCoordinationFunds for Promoting Science and Technology from the Ministry of Education，Culture，Sports，Science and Technology，JapaneseGovernment，andresearchpro－ ject‘Historicalevolution of adaptabilityin oases region to water resources changes（Oasis Project）’ organized by Research Institute for Humanity and Nature，Kyoto，Japan，and SpecialCoordination FundsforPromotingScienceandTechnology．

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