BulletinofOldPuebloArchaeologyCenter December2006,Number47

Old Pueblo Archaeology

Figure 1. Map showing approximate route of the Coronado expedition (1540-1542).Map by Kelly Rehm.

Finding Coronado’s Route: Crossbow Points, Caret-Head Nails, and Other Oddments

By Gayle Harrison Hartmann

WhathascometobeknownastheCoronadoExpedition,alargeanddiversecrewofpeopleand animals led by FranciscoVásquez de Coronado, wended its way through theAmericanSouthwest 466 years ago. This expedition marked the first significant entry of Europeans into theregionthatwouldbecomeArizona,NewMexico,Texas,Oklahoma,andKansas.Itwasanepochaljourney,butwhatdowereallyknowabouttheparticipantsandtheirroute?

Page2 OldPuebloArchaeology Number47

OldPuebloArchaeologyCenter’sBoardofDirectorsinDecember2006

OfficersClarkI.Bright,PresidentStanfordB.Bernheim,VicePresidentEricJ.Kaldahl,Ph.D.,RPA,SecretaryJoanHood,CPA,TreasurerEmorySekaquaptewa,J.D.,ImmediatePastPresident

DirectorsStevenT.MannAmaliaA.M.ReyesKarenM.RussoMarcB.SeversonJamesW.TrimbellWendellE.Zipse

FrancesCondeEdwardEncinasBillH.EnríquezSamuelGreenleafDonaldR.HolliwayMarrilonMallonAdvisory Committee

JoAnnCowgill,CarolynO’BagyDavis,JohnDavis,Jef-freyS.Dean,Ph.D.,JosephT.Joaquin,DawnLashley,JohnLashley,CharlesH.Lund,DanJ.Lyons,MonicaT.Prillaman,CPA

ThetripbeganinFebruary1540,withanticipationofdis-covering rich, new lands including the legendary “SevenCitiesofGold”andendedinperceivedfailureinthesum-merof1542.HistorianJohnMorriswritesabouttheexpedi-tiononitsreturninhis1992book,FromCoronadotoEs-calante:TheExplorersoftheSpanishSouthwest:“Hungry,tired anddirty, grumbling among themselves, harassed byIndians who shot poisoned arrows at them, and with notanounceofgoldamongtheentirecompany,theSpaniardsstraggledbacktoCuliacán.Inthisingloriousmannertheex-plorationsofCoronado theconquistadorcame toanend.”

The expedition,whichhad startedout inCompostela, atownabout500milesnorthwestofMexicoCity,certainlywithhopeandexcitement,wasmuchlargerandmorediversethanmostpeoplerealize.Mosthistoricalaccountsstatethattheexpeditionconsistedofseveralhundredmembers,wheninalllikelihood,therewere1,600ormore.Atitscorewereabout350men-at-arms,probablyanequalnumberofslavesand servants, anumberofwomenandchildren, ahandfulof Franciscan friars, and at least 1,300 NativeAmericanswho joined the expedition in central and western Mexi-co, areas through which the expedition initially marched.

In addition, there were a huge number of four-footedmarchers, 1,500 head of cattle and sheep –– the walk-ing protein supply of the expedition –– as well as about560 horses that the conquistadores rode. It is known thatthe men-at-arms had multiple mounts; Coronado himselfbrought 23 horses. To keep these horses fit for this long andarduous trip, therehad tohavealsobeena large sup-plyofhorseshoesandhorseshoeequipmentaswellasoth-erhorseaccoutermentssuchasbridles, stirrupsandspurs.

The European members of the expedition were outfit-tedwithavarietyofweaponsincluding20crossbowsand25arquebuses,aswellaslances,daggers,andswords.Thenatives (often referred to by the Spaniards as Indian al-lies) were an important component of the expedition, inthat they provided both an additional fighting force and a labor force. The Spanish documents reporting on the ex-pedition say little about the Indian allies, so we don’tknow precisely how they were equipped. But, we can as-sumetheyhadtheirownassortmentofweaponsincludingbows and arrows and macanas or obsidian-edged swords.

Whatdidmembersoftheexpeditionwear?MostpaintingsofCoronadoandhismenshowtheminfullarmoredregaliacomplete with visored-helmets and banners flying, resem-blingacontingentofcolorfulmedievalknights. In reality,thedocumentsthatreportontheexpeditionmakeitclearthattheappearanceoftheexpeditionmemberswasmuchdiffer-ent.Onlyahandfulapparentlyhadfullsuitsofarmor,61hadsomekindofEuropeanarmor(primarilycoatsofchainmail),while45hadmetalhelmets.Inactuality,mostwereprobablydeckedoutinamixtureofEuropeanandMexicanclothingthatlikelyincludedcentralMexican-stylequiltedcottontu-nics along with cotton hats also of central Mexican style.

FindingCoronado’sRoute:CrossbowPoints, Caret-HeadNails,andOtherOddments ByGayleHarrisonHartmann 1

DearDarla ByJennyDeJongh 7

OldPuebloArchaeologyCenter’sPublicResearch& ExcavationProgramattheCNNCampBellSite ByCourtneyRose 8

OldPueblo’sCalendar 9

Editor:CourtneyRose

Old Pueblo member and volunteer Paul Virgin excavating at the CNN Camp Bell site. Photograph by Courtney Rose.

InThisIssue

December2006 OldPuebloArchaeology Page3

Mostwouldhavehadsomekindofshield(probablyleath-erwasmorecommonthanmetal)andtheywouldhavecar-riedswordsandlances.

There’s a simple but important reason to want to knowabouttheobjectsthatwerecarried,especiallythoseofmetal.These are the objects that have, in at least a few instanc-es,survivedthe464-466yearssincetheexpeditionpassedthrough the Southwest and have provided us with specifics about theroute.Ofparticular interest tousare theobjectsthat are specifically diagnostic of the Coronado expedition. Inotherwords, therearesomeobjectsofEuropeanmanu-facturethatareknowntohavebeenusedbytheSpanishinthemiddle16thcenturybutdidnotcontinue inusemuchafterthattime.Certainofthese,thebestexamplebeingthecrossbowpoint,usuallyofcopper,areknowntohavebeenontheirwaytoobsolescencebythe1540s.TheCoronadoexpedition, in fact, was the first and last major party to enter theSouthwestarmed,inpart,withcrossbows.Thus,wecanbe fairlycertain thatwhencrossbowpointsare recovered,theywereusedbythisexpeditionandnotsomelaterone.

Thelistofdiagnosticartifactsissmall:besidescrossbowpoints,crossbowpartsandaccessories,caret-headnails(usedforshoeinghorses),shortaglets(lacetips)madeofcopperorbrass,NuevaCadizandchevronglassbeads,andClarksdalebells. In addition, obsidian-edged swords or more specifi-callytheobsidianbladesthatweremountedalongtheedgesmaybediagnostic,astheobsidian(calledPachucaobsidian)came from identifiable sources in central Mexico.

It is important to point out that the precise route of theCoronado expedition is not known, but their general lineofmarchisfairlywellunderstood.AsisshowninFigure1(maponpage1),afterleavingSonoratheexpeditionmovednorththrougheasternArizonaandwesternNewMexicoun-tiltheyarrivedatHawikku,oneoftheancestralvillagesofmodernZuni,NewMexico.AbattleoccurredthereinJulyof1540ontheplaintothesouthofHawikku.

TheexpeditionmovedintoHawikku,butfoundnoneofthegoldtheyanticipated.TheexpeditionthenmovednorthtotheAlbuquerqueandPecosregionwheretheyspentthewinterof1540-1541.Inthespring,theytraveledeastacrossnortheastern New Mexico, crossed the flat, Llano Estacado (StakedPlain)inthesouthernpartoftheTexaspanhandle,and traveled northeast as far as central Kansas. They re-turned to theAlbuquerque region for the winter of 1541-1542andthen,forlorn,theyheadedbackintoMexico.SmallpartieswerealsosentbyCoronadotoexploreotherroutes,suchasintosouthwesternArizonaandtotheGrandCanyon,butindiscussingtherouteandtheartifactsthathavehelpeddefine it, we will confine ourselves here to the route of the mainexpedition.

ThechroniclersoftheCoronadoexpeditiondescribetheroute in some detail, sometimes using geographic namesstill in use today (such as Compostela and Culiacán), butmorefrequentlyusingnamesthataremuchlessmeaningfultoussuchasNexpa,Acuco,Tiguex,andCicuique.Some-timesthesenamescanbedecodedwithaccuracyfromothergeographicalinformationprovidedinthechronicles.Forex-ample,withsomecertaintywecansaythatAcucoreferstothepuebloofAcomainwesternNewMexicoabout50mileseastofZuni.ThewordNexpareferstoastreamthatcanbegenerallylocated,fromdescriptionsthatprecedeandfollowit,somewhereinnorthernSonoraorsoutheasternArizona.

Because the Jaramillo chronicle in Documents of theCoronadoExpedition,1539-1542(astranslatedbyRichardandShirleyFlintin2005)notesthat“wewentdownstreamalongthisrivuletfortwodays”andweknowtheexpeditionistravelingnorth,wecanmakeaneducatedguessthatthestreamiseithertheSantaCruzortheSanPedro,asthesearethe only two rivers in the region that flow north. From other clues in the expeditionnarratives,most scholars concludethatthestreamreferredtoistheSanPedro.Inthismanner,scholars have over several decades, refined their knowledge ofCoronado’srouteusingtheavailabledocuments.

Jack plate from LA 54147 and obsidian blades. Jack plate illustration by Ann Noble and Ron Stauber, courtesy of Bradley Vierra. Photo of obsidan blades by Don Burgess, courtesy of Center for Desert Archaeology.

Figure 2a Figure 2b

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Photograph of caret-head nails by Todd Howell. Courtesy of Center for Desert Archaeology.

Crossbow points and caret-head nails from the Jimmy Owens site.

Photograph of crossbow points by William K. Hartmann.

However,asallarchaeologistsknow,thebestwaytode-fine with precision exactly where some past event occurred is to find material culture remains. Until 1989, only a few artifactshadbeen located thatwere likelyassociatedwiththeCoronadoexpedition.Mostthathadbeenfound,suchasamiscellanyofmetalobjectsfromcentralKansas,couldn’tbetiedwithcertaintytotheCoronadoexpeditionandwereofuncertainprovenience.TheyhadbeencollectedbyKan-sasresidentsandfoundtheirwayintolocalmuseumswith-out precise knowledge of their origin. Several crossbowpoints, some misidentified, had been recovered from sites in the Santa Fe -Albuquerque region including two fromPecosPueblo.

The discovery of two archaeological sites, the first in 1989 and the second in 1995, has provided exciting new dataabout specific locations visited by the Coronado expedition. Theknowledgegainedfromthesesiteshasgivenusamuchbetter ideaofwhatCoronado sitesmight look like. Iwillprovidesomedetailsoneachofthesesites,emphasizingin-formationandartifactsthatarediagnosticoftheSpanishingeneralandtheCoronadoexpeditioninparticular.

In 1989, as part of road-grading activities along a statehighwaywestofBernalillo,NewMexico,severalcharcoalstainswereexposed.Whenexcavated,thestainsturnedoutto be shallow, trash-filled tent depressions with interior and exterior hearths. At first this excavation (LA 54147), di-rectedbyarchaeologistBradleyVierra,was thought tobeassociatedwithanearbyprotohistoricpueblo.However,theartifactsthatwereuncoveredwerenotwhatarchaeologistsusually find at Native American, protohistoric sites. Many oftheitemsweremetalandincluded12shortnails,about4cminlength,withpointedheads(caret-headnails);atinyclothes hook belonging to a hook and eye set; a sewing

needle or straight pin; and a jack plate (a small, flat piece of metal about 3 cm in length from a flexible armored vest). ThejackplateisillustratedinFigure2a(page3).

A large amount of broken pottery, identified as Rio Grande GlazeEmadeduringthesixteenthcentury,camefromthesite.Stoneartifactswerealsocommonandincludedapro-jectile point and a fragment of an obsidian blade identified asPachucaobsidianfromcentralMexico.Figure2b(page3)illustratestwoobsidianbladestogiveageneralideaofwhatthebladeslookedlike;thesebladesarenotmadeofPachucaobsidian.Theprojectilepoint,oflocalchert,wasside-andbasallynotched, and is similar toTexcocopointsmade inMexicoatthatperiod.Burnedcornkernels,somebeansandcotton seed were also recovered along with animal bonesfromlocalwild faunasuchasmuledeer,cottontail rabbit,pronghorn,andturkeyaswellasdomesticsheep.

After careful examination, it became clear that the siterepresentedaSpanishcampsiteofthe16thcentury.SeveralSpanishexpeditionsfromthattimeperiodpassedthroughtheregion,withtheCoronadoexpeditionspendingthelongesttime,theentirewinterof1540-1541aswellasthefollowingwinter.Thus, the quantity of artifactual debris and the re-mainsoftentstructureswithhearthssuggestedthatwhoeverusedthissitewasthereforanextendedperiodoftimeduringcold weather. The Coronado expedition was the best fit.

The second discovery took place in Blanco Canyon, alarge,mile-widecanyonincisedintotheeasternedgeoftheLlanoEstacadoofnorthwestTexas.BlancoCanyonislocat-edabout50milesnortheastofthecityofLubbock,nearthesmalltownofFloydada.Throughasetofcircumstances,tooconvolutedtoreportinanydetailhere,anassortmentofhis-torians, archaeologists, andother interested folksgatheredthereonLaborDayweekend,1995,tolookforaCoronado

Figure 3a Figure 3b

December2006 OldPuebloArchaeology Page5

Chevron and Nueva Cadiz beads, Clarksdale bells and aglets.a) Maximum diameter (1.5 cm) of round, chevron bead at left center; Nueva Cadiz beads are the long tubular beads from Peru. Photograph by Kelly Rehm. b) Clarksdale bells from Haiti (maximum diameter of bells 2.94 cm). Figure of bells after Deagan 2002. Original photograph by James Quine. c) Possible Clarksdale bell fragments from Zuni. Photograph by Todd Howell, courtesy of Center for Desert Archaeology. d) Aglets diagnostic of the mid 16th century from

the Caribbean. Photograph by Richard Flint, courtesy of Center for Desert Archaeology.

site. A local metal detector buff named Jimmy Ow-ens had just found three metal items that were thought tobe crossbow points. No one other than Jimmy had seentheseartifactscomeoutof theground,so therewasmuchuncertainty about the authenticity of the finds. How-ever, by the end of that weekend another crossbow pointwas discovered, about 10 cm below the ground surface.Excavationshavecontinuedatthesiteunderthedirectionof

archaeologist Donald Blakeslee of Wichita State University, andmorethan40crossbowpoints(Figure3a),100caret-headnails(Figure3b),andawidevarietyofmetalartifactshavebeendiscovered.Thesite(namedtheJimmyOwenssiteafterJimmy’suntimelydeath)islarge,stretchingabout350mby200 m along the first terrace above what is called the White River,anintermittentstreamthatrunsthroughthecenterofthe canyon. Before the water table dropped as a result ofranchers’pumping,thestreamranwithmorefrequency.Tallgrassescoveredthecanyonbottomandnuttreesandmulberry

treesgrewnearby,makingthisaninvitingspottocamp.Otherthantracesofseveralhearths,apostmold,andsev-

eralshallowbasins,fewsitefeatureshavebeenlocatedotherthanthelargequantityofmetalartifacts.Ofmostinterestarethecrossbowpoints andcaret-headnails.Neitherof theseartifacts is impressivetoanuninformedobserverandbothcouldbediscardedeasilyiftheywerefoundonanarchaeo-logicalsurvey,mistakenforbitsofrecentranchingdebris.Thus,theyaredescribedinsomedetailhere.

Withoneexceptionofiron,the40+crossbowpointsfromtheJimmyOwenssitearemadeofcopper.Whenintact,theyconsistofacircular,hollowdistalend(ferrule)designedtofit over a wooden shaft and a sharply pointed tip; they aver-age3.5to5cminlength.Theyareoftendescribedaslook-ingverysimilartoold-fashionedpennibs.It is interestingtonotethatallthecrossbowpointsfoundinBlancoCanyonandothersitesintheSouthwestareverysimilar.

Figure 4

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Atthesametime,theyaredissimilartopointsfoundintheSoutheast,suchasonesfromSpanishgalleonsandfromtherecentlydiscoveredHernandodeSotowintercampinTalla-hassee,Florida.Foramoredetaileddiscussionofcrossbowpoints, see Frank Gagné’s 2003 article in “The CoronadoExpedition:FromaDistanceof460Years,”inavolumeed-itedbyRichardandShirleyFlint.

Caret-headnailsareevenlessimpressivethancrossbowpoints.Theseironnailsrangefrom4cmto7cminlength.OfthosefoundattheJimmyOwenssite,afairnumberwerebrokenorhadtipsthatwerebent.Theirmostdistinguishingfeatureisthehead,whichistriangularincrosssection.Thehistoryof thesenails isnotyetwellunderstood,butcom-parison withotherSpanish sites in theSoutheast suggeststhat theywerenot inusebeyondthemid16thcentury.Atleast onewas found in a horseshoe andmanywere likelyusedinthatway.

Threeotherpotentiallydiagnosticartifactsarementionedonly briefly here. The designs of chevron and Nueva Cadiz tradebeadsareverytemporallysensitiveandsomecanbedatedtothemid16thcentury.NoexampleswerefoundattheBernalilloorJimmyOwenssites,butoneNuevaCadizbead was found during 2006 field work at Hawikku that may date to theCoronadoperiod (Figure4a).Clarksdalebells,also known as rumbler bells, are small, sheet-metal bellsopen at one end and with a metal clapper attached to theinside(Figure4b).ThreepossiblefragmentsfromZuniareillustratedinFigure4c.SeeFigures4a-donpage5.

Finally,agletsorlacetips,whichlookverymuchliketheplastictipsontheendsofshoelaces,wereusedontheendsofleatherlacestoholdclothingtogether.Theyvaryinlengthovertimewithshortones(approximately1.5to3.5cm)be-ingdiagnosticofthemid16thcentury;severalofthesewererecoveredfromtheJimmyOwenssite(Figure4d).

Inconclusion,thegoalofthisarticlehasbeentoclarifywhatsitesandartifactsassociatedwiththeCoronadoexpe-ditionmaylooklike.

By briefly describing and illustrating the diagnostic arti-factsof theexpedition,IhopethatarchaeologistsworkingineasternArizonawillrecognizeartifactssuchascrossbowpointsorcaret-headnails,ifandwhentheyencounterthem.This would help define the route of this monumental expe-dition,whichis importantforseveralreasons.Fromahis-torical point of view, knowing the route fleshes out the early historyoftheSouthwest,providinguswithmoredetailsofthe first significant entry of Europeans. In addition, the route isimportantbecauseapreciseunderstandingofthelocalesandvillagesthataredescribedoffersusaviewintothelastdaysofourprehistoricpast.Thejournalsoftheexpeditiondescribe native peoples and communities; if we knew ex-actlywherethesewere,thejournalswouldhavefargreatersignificance. Finally, a precise knowledge of the route can beimportanttomoderncommunitiesinterestedintakingad-vantageoftheirownhistoricalheritage.

ReferencesCitedDeagan,KathleenArtifactsoftheSpanishColoniesofFloridaandtheCaribbean,1500-

1800.PersonalPortablePossessions,Vol.2.SmithsonianInstitutionPress,WashingtonandLondon.Flint,Richard2003What’sMissingfromthisPicture?TheAlarde,orMusterRoll,

oftheCoronadoExpedition.InTheCoronadoExpedition:FromtheDistanceof460Years,editedbyRichardFlintandShirleyCushingFlint, pgs. 57-80. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Flint,Richard,andShirleyCushingFlint2005DocumentsoftheCoronadoExpedition,1539-1542.Southern

Methodist University Press, Dallas.Gagné,FrankR.,Jr.2003SpanishCrossbowBoltheadsofSixteenth-CenturyNorthAmer-

ica:AComparativeAnalysis.InTheCoronadoExpedition:FromtheDistanceof460Years,editedbyRichardFlintandShirleyCushingFlint, pgs. 240-252. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Hartmann,GayleHarrison2005WhereCoronadoCamped.ArchaeologySouthwest19(1):13.

CenterforDesertArchaeology,Tucson.Morris,JohnMiller1992 From Coronado to Escalante: The Explorers of the Spanish

Southwest.ChelseaHousePublishers,NewYorkandPhiladelphia.Vierra,BradleyJ.,andStanleyM.Hordes1997 Let the Dust Settle:A Review of the Coronado Campsite in

theTiguexProvince. InTheCoronadoExpedition toTierraNueva:The1540-42RouteAcrosstheSouthwest,editedbyRichardFlintandShirley Cushing Flint, pgs. 249-261. University Press of Colorado,

AbouttheAuthorGayleHarrisonHartmannreceivedaMaster’sdegreeinAn-thropology from the University of Arizona and has worked onnumerousarchaeologicalandhistoricalprojects for theArizonaStateMuseumandvariousarchaeologicalconsult-ing firms. She has also edited many archaeological publica-tionsandservedaseditorofKiva:TheJournalofSouthwest-ernAnthropology and History. She is a former presidentoftheArizonaArchaeologicalandHistoricalSocietyandiscurrentlypresidentoftheTucsonPresidioTrustforHistoricPreservation,involvedinthereconstructionofthenortheastcorneroftheSpanishfort,PresidioSanAgustíndelTucsón,foundedin1775inwhatisnowdowntownTucson.Gayle’sinterest in theCoronadoexpeditionstemsfromheralmostcompletely accidental involvement in the discovery of aCoronadotrailsiteinBlancoCanyoninwestTexas.

OldPueblo’sLabisrequestingdonations in the form of film vials (HDP or showing recy-clable symbol only). Theseare used in the field to collect the more fragile artifacts andecofacts, suchas animalbone,shell,andprojectilepoints.

Thankyou!

Donations

December2006 OldPuebloArchaeology Page7

Dear Darla

By Jenny DeJongh

Thank you Old Pueblo Office & Laboratory VolunteersOldPueblo’sstaffthanksSarahBoyle,JaneDelaney,NateErvin,AlexisO’Donnell,

SherryParis,KarenRusso,andBobSmallfortheirhardworkandsupport.

The Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Membership ProgramArchaeology Opportunities

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MembershipcategoriesaboveprovideannualsubscriptiontoOldPuebloArchaeologyandopportunitiestoexcavateinOldPueblo’spublicresearchprogramsatnoadditionalcostplus20%discountonpublicationsandclasses.

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DearDarla,WefoundthesesmallbeadswhileexcavatingaClassicpe-riod(ca.A.D.1150–1450)HohokamsiteinTucson.Ibe-lievetheymayoncehavebeenstrungonanecklace.Iwouldbeinyourdebtifyoucouldprovidemewithanyinforma-tionaboutthem.

-NoStringsAttached

Tomakesmallbeadssuchasthoseshownhere,thearti-san who created them probably first formed bead preforms which were basically slightly rounded shell disks. He orshenextdrilleda tinyhole ineachdisk,probablyusingachippedstonedrill (theyhadmicrodrills for thesesortsoftasks- howtheymadethoseisforanothercolumn).Thedisks could then be ground flat and strung together tightly onastring.Thestrungpreformswerethengroundintouni-form,circularbeadsallatonce.

Ethnographicevidencesuggeststhattheuseofshellmayhavemeantdifferent thingstotheHohokam.Itmayhaverepresented wealth or social status, or been used to paydebts, in rituals and ceremonies, or as grave offerings. Ithasalsobeensuggested thatshellmayhavesymbolizedaperson’sinclusionintheculturalgroupwecalltheHohokam-apeoplestillknowntodayfortheirbeautifulandoftenor-nateshellornaments.

AndI’mnotstringingyoualong.

My dear Strings, you flatter me with your confidence. Yourstringtheoryisprobablycorrect:itislikelythattheseshell beads were once part of a necklace. The Hohokamarewellknownforproducingshellornamentsthatincludedbeads,pendants,bracelets, tinklers, rings,andother items.Carveddesignsandzoomorphic(i.eanimal)imagesareof-ten foundonHohokamornaments, themost elaborate ex-ampleshavingbeenproducedduringthePreclassicperiod.Debris and materials related to shell manufacturing in theTucsonareaareparticularlyprevalentinsitesinthenorthernTucsonBasin,suggestingthatnortherngroupswereproduc-ing finished products that were distributed to their neighbors tothesouth.

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Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Public-Assisted Excavation & Research Program at the CNN Camp Bell Site

ExcavationDates:February23-25;March2-4,2007;Time:8a.m.to2:30p.m.Freetoursofferedtoallmembersofthepubliconthetopofthehourfrom9a.m.to1p.m.oneachexcavationdate.

.

Old PuebloArchaeology Center memberPaulDutrowexcavatingattheCNNCamp

Bellsite.PhotographbyCourtneyRose.

TheCNNCampBellsitewasoccupiedaround900yearsago,andpossiblyevenearlier.Whilethelandonwhichthesitewasfoundhasbeenoccupiedduringbothrecentandhistorictimes,theonlyresidentialstructuresthatremainonthesitetodaywerethosebuiltbytheancientHohokampeople.TheHohokam(A.D.650-1450)areknownarchaeologicallyasdesertfarmersofsouth-centralArizonawhoconstructedpithousearchitectureandirrigationsystems,andmadeandtradedpotteryandshelljewelry.

SeveralHohokamresidentialstructuresandoutdoorpitshavebeenfoundattheCNNCampBellsite,butlittledomesticrefusehasyetbeenfoundinassociationwiththeseculturalfeatures.TheCNNCampBellsitemay,infact,bepartofalargerHohokamvillagethatextendswestandsouth--pastthemodernpropertyboundaries.

ThepropertyonwhichthesiteislocatediscurrentlyownedbyC38Development,acompanyorganizedbyClaytonN.NilesofCNNRealty.C38isfundingOldPueblo’sdatarecoveryprogram.Mr.Niles,whohasbeenanOldPuebloArchae-ology member since 2004, became interested in archaeology after finding out that the Hohokam had once inhabited the property.Duetohisinterestinbothsitepreservationandeducatingthepublicaboutthepast,Mr.NileshasagreedtoallowOldPueblotoincorporatevolunteersintothedatarecoveryprogramatthesite.

ResearchatthesiteisfocusingonwhattypeofsettlementtheCNNCampBellsitewas.Forinstance,OldPuebloisex-ploringissuessuchastowhetherthesitewasavillage,farmstead,orcampsite,iftheHohokamlivedthereyear-round,whattypesoffoodstheyate,typesofitemsthatmayhavebeentraded.Manyofthesequestionscanbeaddressedbylookingatthe way the Hohokam organized their households at the CNN Camp Bell site. The artifacts identified during Old Pueblo’s archaeologicaltestingprojectatthissitein2004suggestedthatitwasoccupiedbytheHohokambetweenA.D.950and1450.However,the11daysofpublicexcavationthispastOctoberandNovemberenabledOldPuebloarchaeologiststofind out more about when the site was occupied. Two distinctive types of pottery were found in two pithouses. A partial corrugated jar dating to the Early Classic period, A.D. 1100-1300, was found in the entryway floor of one pithouse, while a partial Late Rincon (A.D. 1100-1150) bowl was found on the floor near the hearth of another pithouse. Other artifacts (not foundinsitu)includingthreepossibleLateArchaicpoints,anincisedsherd,aRillitophasesherd,TanqueVerdeRed-on-brown sherds, and sun-colored amethyst glass were also found in the cultural fill. Together with archaeological analysis of howthesitedepositswereformed,archaeomagneticandradiocarbondates,thesetypesofartifactscangiveusanideaaboutwhenthesitewasoccupied.

Forinformationonresearchatthesite,contactprojectdirector,Dr.CourtneyRose(crose@oldpueblo.org),otherwise,callDavetoregisterat520-798-1201.ExcavationopportunitiesatthissiteareavailabletoallOldPuebloArchaeologyCentermembers(checkoutwww.oldpueblo.orgorcallDaveat520-798-1201fordetailsonmembership)withadvancereservationsonly.Theminimumagelimitis14yearsandonly15membersperdaycanbeaccommodated.Participantsmustbringtheirownlunch,water,hats,andsunscreen.Besuretoregisteratleastadayahead.Thesiteislocatedat3883N.CampbellAve.,justnorthoftheNWcornerofCampbellAve.andAllenRd.

Answers to September Bulletin’s Archaeology Word Search

1.Vessel2.Hearth3.Record4.Trash5.Map6.Temper7.Ramped8.Etic9.NAD10.Screened11.Trowel

12.Dig13.Shell14.Archaeologist15.Mesquite16.Resin17.Haury18.Ruins19.North20.Fluted21.DoughnutStone22.AlDart

23.Linelevel24.Trees25.TanqueVerde26.Dirty27.Shovel28.Dates29.Context30.Stone

December2006 OldPuebloArchaeology Page9

Old Pueblo CalendarPima Community College

Study Tours

“Central Tohono O’odham Nation:CultureandArchaeology”PimaCom-munityCollegestudytourviapassengervan departing from Pima CommunityCollege,401N.BonitaAve.,Tucson.8a.m. to 6 p.m. $69. Archaeologist Allen DartleadsvantourtoVentanaCavear-chaeologicalsiteandrockart,villagesintheSantaRosa,Kaka,andQuijotoavalleys,TohonoO’odhamgovernmentcomplex in Sells, and a reservationtradingpost.Bringa lunchandwater.Advance reservations required: 520-206-6468 (Pima Community College,Tucson).

Tuesday,January23,2007ST146,CRN70574

“Tucson-Marana Hohokam Vil-lagesandRockArt”PimaCommunityCollege study tour via passenger vandeparting from 401 N. Bonita Ave.,Tucson. 8 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. $69. Ar-chaeologist Allen Dart leads tour toHohokampetroglyph,agricultural,andvillage sites, and tohistoricMexican-Americanranchruins.Bringlunchandwater.Advance reservations required:520-206-6468(PimaCommunityCol-lege,Tucson).

Tuesday, January 9, 2007. ST149,CRN70564

“AncientHistoryoftheMiddleGilaValley” Pima Community CollegestudytourviapassengervandepartingfromPimaCommunityCollege,401N.BonitaAve.,Tucson.8a.m. to6p.m.$69. Archaeologist Allen Dart leads van tour to Coolidge-Florence area:visitbackcountryareaofCasaGrandeRuins, other early and late Hohokamvillages,historicAdamsvilleCemetery,PinalCountyHistoricalSocietyMuse-um.Bringalunchandwater.Advancereservations required: 520-206-6468.

Tuesday,February13,2007ST147,CRN70653

Pima Community CollegeNoncredit Class “Arts and Culture of Southern Ari-zona” Pima Community College non-credit class.ArchaeologistAllen Dartteaches class on artifacts, religiouspractices, and social organization ofArizona’s ancient Hohokam Indians.There are three sessions: Sessions 1and 2 provide overviews of artifactsand rock art. Session 3 is a field trip to see Hohokam artifacts in theArizonaStateMuseum.

Class Times: Thursdays, Feb 1, 8,and 15, 2007, from 9-11 a.m.. Fee $59. CurriculumNo.SW294Z,CRN72578.Advance registration required: 520-625-5063.OASIS noncredit class

“Ancient Southern Arizona NativeAmericanArts” noncredit class at theOASIS Center at Macy’s Dept. Store(3rd floor), El Con Mall, 3435 E. Broad-way,Tucson.ArchaeologistAllenDartteaches class on material culture ofsouthern Arizona’s ancient HohokamIndians, including their pottery, arti-factsmadefromstone,seashell,bone,textiles,androckart,includingarchae-ological interpretations of what thesematerialsindicateaboutHohokamreli-giouspracticesandsocialorganization.

This class will be taught in threesessions: Session 1 focuses on pot-tery, session 2 f on other arts and in-terpretations, and session 3 is a field trip to see Hohokam artifact collec-tions housed at the Arizona StateMuseum, Unviersity of Arizona.

ClassTimes:Fridays:Jan.26,Feb2,Feb 9, 2007, from 1 to 3 pm. Fee: $9. Advance reservations required: CallOASIS at 520-795-3950 or online atwww.oasisnet.org/tucson.

Presentations Sponsored by Arizona Humanities CouncilThursday, January11,2007: “AncientNative American Potters of SouthernArizona” free slide-illustrated pre-sentation by Old PuebloArchaeologyCenter’s director, archaeologist AllenDart.LearnaboutNativeAmericance-ramicstylesthatwereinvogueduringspecific periods of Arizona’s prehistory andhistoryand theusefulnessofpot-teryfordatingarchaeologicalsitesandinterpretingancient lifeways.Throughaslideshowandapotterydisplay,youwillseeexamplesofpotterystylesthatweremadeinsouthernArizonabytheancient“EarlyCeramic”andHohokamcultures,andhistoricallybyPiman(To-honoO’odhamandAkimelO’odham),Yuma (including Mohave and Mari-copa), andApachean peoples from asearlyas800B.C.intotheearlytwenti-ethcentury.FormeetingdetailscontactAlanStanzat520-723-3172ext.38orAlan_Stanz@nps.govinCoolidge.Forinformationaboutthepresentationsub-jectmatter,contactAllenDartat520-798-1201oradart@oldpueblo.org.

FridayFeb.16,2007;3-4p.m.CityofCasaGrandePublicLibrary449 N. Dry Lake St., Casa Grande.No reservations needed. For meetingdetails contactAdri Saavedra at 520-421-8710,ext.5160orasaavedra@ci.Casa-Grande.az.us in Casa Grande.For informationonthesubjectmatter,contactAllenDartat520-798-1201oradart@oldpueblo.org.

Choosefromthefollowingthreetimesandplaces:

MondayFeb.19,2007;1-2p.m.Heard Museum, 22 E. Monte VistaRd.,Phoenix.Formeetingdetailscon-tactDeanMorfordat480-471-2518orwymorford@aol.com in Phoenix. Forinformationonthesubjectmattercon-tactAllenDartat520-798-1201.

“ArtsandCultureofSouthernArizonaHohokamIndians”freeslide-illsutratedpresentation.ArchaeologistAllenDartdiscusses artifacts, architecture, andothermaterialcultureoftheHohokam.

Thursday,Feb.22,2007;3-4p.m.Casa Grande Ruins National Monu-ment, 1100 Ruins Dr., Coolidge,Arizona. For meeting details contactAlan Stanz at 520-723-3172, ext. 38or Alan_Stanz@nps.gov in Coolidge.For information on the subject mattercontactAllenDartat520-798-1201oradart@oldpueblo.org.

Page10 OldPuebloArchaeology Number47

Traditional Technology WorkshopsTraditionalPotteryMaking(LevelI)

Experienced Southwestern potterand artisan John Guerin teaches OldPueblo’spotteryworkshops.Learnhowto make traditional Indian pottery thewayithasbeenmadeintheSouthwestforovertwothousandyears.Digyourown clay, then hand-make your ownpotsandotherwares.Allequipmentisprovided. Children under 16 may en-roll if aparent enrollswith them.Forworkshopdatesrefertothecurrentac-tivities section at www.oldpueblo.orgor call Old Pueblo at 520-798-1201to register. Sessions are held on Sun-daysatOldPuebloArchaeologyCen-ter,5100W.InaRd.,Bldg.8,Tucson.Thismultisessionworkshopcostsonly$69 ($55.20 for Pueblo Grande or Old Pueblomembers).

Old Pueblo’s “Traditional Pottery Making” and “Arrowhead Making” workshops are designed to help modern people understand how prehistoric people may have made arti-facts. They are not intended to train students how to make artwork for sale.

Old Pueblo’s “Third Thursdays” Lectures

OldPueblo’sThirdThursdayspresen-tationsareheldatOldPuebloArchae-ologyCenter,5100W.InaRoad,Build-ing8(exceptforFebruary2007),intheMarana Town Limits, Arizona, from7:30to9:00p.m.Presentationsarefreeandnoreservationsareneeded.

Thursday,January18,2007Finding Coronado’s Route: CrossbowBolts, Caret-head Nails, and OtherOddmentsbyGayleHartmann

Seeourmainarticle in this issueofOld Pueblo Archaeology! From 1540to1542anenormousexpeditionofEu-ropeans and Mexican Indians led byexplorer Francisco VasquezCoronadotrekked through the American South-westandintotheplainsofKansas.Thisfirst contact betwen the region’s Native AmericansandEuropeanssignaledtheendofprehisotryandthebeginningofhistoryintheAmericanSouthwest.ItislargeleyagreedthattheCoronadoexpe-ditioncame through southeasternAri-zonaandtraveleduptotheZuniPuebloarea,theneastacrossNewMexicointonorthwestTexasandKansas.

Women in Charge of Themselves:SouthwesternMatrilinealCulturesbyLauraTohe

Thursday,February15,2007Programwill beheld in theMesquiteRoomauditoriumoftheTownofMara-naOperationsCenterbuildingat5100W.InaRd.,justeastofOldPuebloAr-chaeology Center (across the parkinglot).

Manyworldcivilzations throughouthuman history believed in the powerandcross-culturaluniversalityofgod-dess cultures. In many SouthwesternAmerican Indian cultures, women’slives are modeled after female heroesanddeitieswhoexemplifyandexpressfemininity and courage.Among thesetribalcultures, femaleritesofpassagecelebrate the creativity of women inritual cermonies. The Diné (Navajo)deity, Changing Woman/White ShellWoman, forexample,continues to in-formtheDinéwomen’slivesthrough-out the life cycle as exemplified by through role expectations, artistic andcreativeexpressions, andhowwomencontinuetomodeltheirlivesafterthesefemaledeities.Asaresultoftherespectand power that women held withinthese traditional tribal cultures, therewas no need for the western conceptof feminism.The second half focuseson how contemporary SouthwesternNative American women continue tomanifest the strength of matrilinealculture in their lives,writing, andart.GuestspeakerDr.LauraTohe,ArizonaState University, draws from her expe-riencesontheNavajoReservationandat an Indian boarding school for thispresentation.

Old Pueblo Calendar

Timetorenew?Ifyoureceivedthisissueinoneofourmass-mailings,an8-digitnumberinyouraddresslabel indicates the year, month, andday your Old Pueblo Archaeology sub-scription will expire. If your labelmonth is the same as or earlier thanthe month of this bulletin issue youneed to renew your subscription ormembershipinordertoreceivemoreissues.

Thursday,March15,2007Kokopelli:MysteryofaFlutePlayerbyJayCraváth

Arrowhead Making & FlintknappingFlintknapperandavocationalarchae-

ologistSamGreenleafwillofferan“Ar-rowhead-MakingandFlintknapping”flaked stone toolmaking workshop to teachyouhowtomakearrowheadsandother stone tools just like prehistoricsouthwesternNativeAmericansdid.Bytakingthisclassyoucanlearnhowpre-historiclifewaysarebetterunderstoodthroughthestudyandpracticeofancientpeople’stechniquesformakingandus-ingartifacts.Allequipmentisprovided.

Thiscourseisdesignedtohelpmodernpeopleunderstandhowprehistoricpeo-ples made and used flaked stone artifacts.

NewclassdatesareJan.14,Feb.11,March11,April 15, 2007.To registercall(520)798-1201.Eachclassstartsat1-3p.m..Minimumage16years.Max-imumenrollment8persons/class.Reg-istration deadline 48 hours before theclass starts. Fee $25 ($20 for members).

Kokopelli, that flute-playing fellow of southwestern Indian archaeologyandart,representsnumerousstoriesofArizonafromtraderstothesouthtothemagicalceremoniesoftheHopi.Koko-pellirepresentstheimportanceofmu-sictothewell-beingofourancientcul-tures,includingtheAncestralPuebloanand Hohokam cultures. Jay Craváthexplainsthemythsandtakestheaudi-ence on a journey through the magic,iconography, and story of Kokopelli.Dr.JayCraváthisawriter,scholarandperformer in the field of the arts and humanities. Dr. Craváth received theArizona Humanities Council Distin-guishedScholarAwardandCitizenoftheYear,awardedbytheArizonaCableTVAssociation.Hismostrecentbook,entitledNorthAmericanIndianMusicispublishedbyWatt’sLibrary.

December2006 OldPuebloArchaeology Page11

Old Pueblo’s Calendar of Events for March: Archaeology Awareness Month

Friday,March9,2007“TumamocHillArchaeologyandHistory”departingfromsoutheastparkinglotcornerof Pima Community College CommunityCampus,401N.BonitaAve.,Tucsonat8a.m. Archaeologist Allen Dart leads vantour Bring a lunch and water. Tour willbe from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.Advance reser-vations required: Call 520-798-1201 orinfo@oldpueblo.org.

Sunday,March4,2007ArtsandCultureofSouthernArizonaHo-

hokamIndiansfreeslide-illustratedpresen-tationbyAllenDart in the theatre atRedRock State Park, 4050 Lower Red RockLoop Road, Sedona. Cosponsored by theArizonaHumanitiesCouncil.2-3p.m.Free.

Wednesday,March7,2007Tumamoc Hill Archaeology and His-

tory Pima Community Study Tour withAllen Dart. Study tour (ST143, CRN70611D) leaves via passenger van fromPima Community College, 401 N. Bo-nita Ave., Tucson. 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. $59.

Saturday,March10,2007Vista del Rio Archaeology Celebration

atCityofTucson’sVistadelRioCulturalPark, 7575 E. Desert Arbors St. (at DosHombresRoad),Tucson,Arizona.10a.m.to4p.m.Free.

Friday,March16&Saturday,March17.March17,2007The Annual Arizona Archaeology Expo

willbeheldatYumaCrossingStateHistor-icParkinYuma,Arizona.Anyoneinterest-ed involunteering forOldPueblo, pleasecontactAlDartat520-798-1201.

Saturday,March17,2007See How Archaeologists Interpret their

Excavations with Courtney Rose at theCNNCampbellHohokamarchaeologicalsite,3883N.CampbellAve.(justnorthofthenorthwestcornerofCampbellAve.andAllenRd.),Tucson.10a.m.tonoon.Free.

Saturday,March31,2007OntheTrailofFatherKino:HistoricalIn-

dianVillagesandtheTumacacori,Guevavi,and Calabasar Missions educational tourwith archaeologists Deni J. Seymour andJeremy Moss, beginning at TumacácoriNationalHistoricalPark,1891E.FrontageRd..,Tumacacori,Arizona.8:30to6p.m.Free.

FromtheExecutiveDirector

InarecentfundraisingappealletterthatIsenttopersonsonOldPuebloArchae-ology Center’s mailing list, I gave incorrect figures for the number of people served by Old Pueblo during our recently completed fiscal year (Oct. 2005 through Sept. 2006). I’d like to apologize for the error, provide the correct figures, and let you know a little more aboutourpastyearatOldPueblo. During our 2005-2006 fiscal year we directly served 8,436 people – 4,734 children and3,702adults–representingincreasesof17%and54%,respectively,overthe4,044children and 2,408 adults served in our previous fiscal year. The 4,734 children served thispastyearincluded2,761intheOPEN2simulatedarchaeologicalexcavationlearningprogram (97 programs for 108 classrooms from 56 schools) + 1,515 in OPENOUT pre-sentationsinschoolclassrooms(55programs,61classrooms,19schools)+346whotookYumaWasharchaeologicalsitetoursforclassrooms(10tours,13classrooms,5schools)+112whodidacombinationlearningprogramatboththeOPEN2andYumaWashsites(3programs,3classrooms,2schools).Ofthe3,702adultsserved,461attendedourfreeThirdThursdayslectures+432attendedotherpresentations(including253whoattendedmylecturesthatwerearrangedandfundedbytheArizonaHumanitiesCouncilforotherorganizations) + 68 took potterymaking and flintknapping workshops + 18 attended pre-fieldwork orientation session for the Yuma Wash site excavations + 166 participated in YumaWashsiteexcavations+387wentonYumaWasharchaeologicalsitetours+145wentontourstoothersitesofarchaeological,historical,andculturalimportance(includ-ing51whotookmytoursthatwerepromotedbyOldPueblobutofferedthroughPimaCommunityCollege)+311weremembersandsubscribers+1,714nonmembersreceivedcopiesofthequarterlyOldPuebloArchaeologybulletin. Despite the significant increase in people served by our education programs, the 2005-2006 fiscal year was another rough one for Old Pueblo. Due to setbacks in our archaeological researchprogram(whichnormallybrings inmoney thatcanbeused tosupport our education efforts) our financial statements for each of our past three fiscal years show substantial monetary losses. In the past fiscal year we did receive grants from theJosephandMaryCacioppoFoundation,theCommunityFoundationforSouthernAri-zona, the Jostens Foundation, and the Long Realty Cares Foundation, and some signifi-cantmonetarydonationstohelpuscontinueofferingoureducationprograms.Also,onSeptember 27, just before our fiscal year ended, Tucson’s CNN Realty agreed to sponsor anewarchaeologicaldatarecoveryprojectattheCNNCampBellHohokamsitewherewecanallowourmemberstoparticipateinexcavations.TheCNNprojecttemporarilyrelieves some of the financial hit we had to take this past summer when we unexpectedly had to cut short our previous volunteer-assisted excavation project at theYumaWashHohokamsite inMarana.However,allof thosegrants,donations,andCNN’scontractproject funding werenot enough to balance our budget for the recently ended fiscal year. Also,noneofthegrantfundscouldbeusedtopayadministrative(overhead)costsortoretireanyofthetremendousloanswehadtotakeoutinthepastthreeyearstokeepOldPueblo afloat. TohelpensurethatOldPuebloArchaeologyCentercancontinuetooperateandgrowduringthecomingyear,Irespectfullyaskourreaderstopurchaseour“OldPueblo- Young People” raffle tickets that were mailed with this issue, and to donate whatever moneyyoucansparetoOldPuebloassoonaspossible.DonationscanbemadebycheckpayabletoOldPuebloArchaeologyCenter(orsimply“OPAC”).Or,youcandonateus-ingyourVisaorMastercard,bycallingusat(520)798-1201orbyclickingon“DonationForm”atOldPueblo’swww.oldpueblo.org/donate.htmlwebpage.Stockdonationscanalsobeaccepted,ascancash,ofcourse(butpleasedon’tsendcashinthemail). We really need your financial support immediately. Donations of $50, $100, $200, $500, and $1,000 will be especially helpful, but we would be grateful for any con-tributionthatyoucanspare.Pleasehelpifyoucan.

AllenDart,RPA

Old Pueblo ArchaeologyBulletinofOldPuebloArchaeologyCenter

Locatedat5100WestInaRoad,Buildings6,7,&8inMarana,Arizona520-798-1201

OldPuebloArchaeologyCenterPOBox40577TucsonAZ85717-0577

Checkusoutatwww.oldpueblo.org

• Old PuebloArchaeology Center members Drs.TadAversaandAnaGoneshelpexcavateapithousefeatureattheCNNCampBellsite.PhotographbyCourtneyRose.

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December2006OldPuebloArchaeology