Building Service Integration-Demo

Building Service Integration Environmental Design

ID 407

Good Design Costs Less.

chapter 2.

Comfort, Health, & Environmental Physics

A region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. As a result, environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic.

Hot and Dry Deserts temperature ranges from 20 to 25 C. The extreme maximum temperature for Hot Desert ranges from 43.5 to 49 C. Cold Deserts temperature in winter ranges from -2 to 4 C and in the summer 21 to 26 C a year

Seoul, Korea

Riyadh, KSA

Humid & Subtropical

Hot & Dry

Hot

& D

ry

Hu

mid

& S

ub

trop

ical

DOHA Homes

Kor

ean

Hou

se

Old Diriyyah Palace

Bukchon Hanok

Metabolic Rate of different activities (1 met = 58 W/m)

37Comfortable External Temperature

28-30, 50%humidity

Heat / Humidity and Human Body

So they need it.

!!1. Comfort & Control!2. Thermal Comfort & Heat Transfer! Conductive Heat Transfer & Thermal Mass!

Conceive heat transfer!Radiant heat transfer!Evaporative heat transfer!Thermal comfort levels!

3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum!4. Light!5. Sound!6. Air Quality!7. Moisture!

Dilution with fresh air!Condensation!Absorption!

1. Comfort & Control

!Less Controllable Parameters : Humidity, air temperature, surface temperatures, wind and radiation !Controllable Parameters Equation !M + W + R + C + ED + Ere + E Sw + S = 0 !M = metabolic rate ( internal energy produced by food oxidation) W = the physical work R = the net radiant balance of the body C = the convective heat flow ED = the latent heat flow to evaporate water through skin ( perspiration) ERe= heat flows for respiration ( air heating and humidifying) Esw = heat flow for sweat evaporation S = heat flow accumulated in body. !Air Flows air temperature C, ERe air humidity ED, ESw, Ere air velocity C, Esw mean radiant temperature R

!Thermal Comfort

!1. Air temperature & temperature gradients 2. Radiant temperature 3. Air Movement 4. Ambient water vapour pressure 5. Amount of clothing worn by the occupants 6. occupants level of activity 7. General comfort: light levels, noise, odours, psychological factors

fVulnerable Unpredictable

Built

forms

and m

ateria

ls for

adjus

tmen

t

fregardlessConstant Condition

Comfort Standards

Built

forms

& ma

terial

s as a

contr

oller

Heating / Cooling Building Mechanical

system

ENERGY

2. Thermal Comfort & Heat Transfer Conductive Heat Transfer &

Thermal Mass Conceive heat transfer

Radiant heat transfer Evaporative heat transfer

Thermal comfort levels

!4 Heat Transfer Process

!1. Conduction_material

2. Convection_airflow 3. Radiation_heat

4. Evaporation / Condensation_surface

Condensation Cube, 1963 by Hans Haacke.

The four forms of heat transfer

Conductive Heat Transfer & Thermal Mass

specific heat capacity (specific heat) = the heat capacity per unit mass of a material

photosynthesis = the process of converting solar energy to chemical energy

The Temperature up The Heat emitted !Emittance = a function of the material, the condition of its surface, wavelength, the temperature !Radiation absorbed, reflected, transmitted the characteristic of the surface, and the wavelength of incoming radiation

Heating 1kg of water for 1 X 500 = vaporizing 1kg of water"Steam at 100 > dry air at a hot oven 200 20 : 15g of water per kg of air"0 : 4g of water per kg of air"!The rate of evaporation : water vapour content & the air speed across the surface

Evaporative Cooling

Thermal environment !

air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity, and air movement

3. The Electromagnetic spectrumEnergy in the form of waves generated by oscillating magnetic and electrical fields

4. LightThe Visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

100000 lux

0.2 lux

The color and reflectance of surfaces do have a dramatic effect on the indirect light component, and the total light level in a space.

!a complete diffusing light = Shadowless / without texture

5. Sound

Sound is a pressure wave, through a solid, liquid, gascous medium.

The perception of sound in an internal environment = DIRECT + INDIRECT

The area + absorption of the surfaces

Furniture, carpet, curtains

The reverberation time RT, the time taken for a sound to decay 60dB

High-pitched = High frequency

Human voice sound frequency : 125-8000Hz (cycles per second) Human ear :15Hz-20000 Hz

Sound level scale , dBA

RT at a volume of 300m3

: SPEECH 0.65 s : MUSIC 1.2 s

Human ear from 0 dBA Speech : 55-70 dBA Threshold of Pain : 150 dBA

EEC, Environmental Equipment Corporation & the Control of Noise at Work Regulation (2005) 85 dBA limitation for a daily exposure

Sound Absorption 1. Dissipative absorber, Porous

absorber

2. Membrane absorber (suspended ceilings, raised floor)

3. Cavity absorber Depend on the thickness of absorptive

BNL, Background Noise Level Lecture Room : 30 dBA

Sound Absorbing Material = A material with the ability to absorb sound Sound Barrier Material = A material with the ability to reflect or block

sound

Sound Absorbing Material = A material with the ability to absorb sound Sound Barrier Material = A material with the ability to reflect or block sound

6. Air Quality

Air composition

Nitrogen (N2) 78% Oxygen (O2) 21%

Argon (Ar) 1% Carbon dioxide (CO2)

0.03%

Pollutants NOx : Nitric oxide SOx : Sulpher dioxide VOC : volatile organic

compounds Carbon monoxide Lead Ozone DustSizes of smoke particles : 0.01-0.5 m Mists & fogs : under 100 m Pollen : 10-100 m Heavy industrial dust : 100-1000 m

A micrometre is one-millionth of a metre (1/1000 of a millimetre, or 0.001mm). Its unit symbol in the International System of Units (SI) is m.

PM10 ACID RAIN

Solid Material in the air Metropolitan areas : 0.1-1.0 mg / m3

Rural areas : 0.05-0.5 mg / m3

photosynthesis

CO2, 0.5% 1.3-2.6 1/s person of fresh air (assuming 0.0% of CO2 in fresh air)

Room CO2 level = 0.25% : 2.8-5.6 1/s person

0.03 litre of air per second per person (1/s person)

Why Ventilation?Remove -indoor pollutants -moisture -heat

NO2 CO CO2 Radon Formaldehyde SO2 O3 Mineral Fibres Tobacco smoke Body odours etc

Indoor pollutants Skin scales, debris from shoes & clothing, eating & drinking, vacuum cleaner, carpets

Sick building syndrome

7. Moisture

Water & Water vapour by rain penetration, rising damp, leaking pipes, the condensation of water vapour in the air

Mould consistent surfaces above

70% r.h.

Structure Corrosion Minneapolis

Condensation Cooler surfaces than the dew point of external air

Low income housing High occupancy

Great usage of water No money for heating

Well-ventilated Low occupancy Less water usage Well-heated

vs.

Water vapour

wall

Structural problem

Inadequate air circulation

mould

Dilution with Fresh air

Desiccant mechanical system using solar energy

Absorption Moisture Stored in materials

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Building Service Integration-Demo