Building Regional Innovation Systems: Is Endogenous Industrial Development Possible in the Global Economy? (Eng) / Construyendo Sistemas Regionales de Innovación: ¿Es posible el

8/2/2019 Building Regional Innovation Systems: Is Endogenous Industrial Development Possible in the Global Economy? (Eng…

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ie ecz`{ hzf mcgafd tilftbfz cg gft|iza{ tbht hzf dczfktms iz cgdczfktms kiizdcghtfd js tbf bfhdxvhztfz{ ie TGK{'

Tbf fr~zf{{fd iz c`~mcfd f{{hlf ie hgs kigtf`~izhzs hghms{f{ ie lmijhmc{htcig c{ tbht tbf jhmhgkf ie ~i|fz cg tbf fkigi`s c{ tc~~fd cg ehuivz ie TGK{ht tbf fr~fg{f ie ghtcig{ hgd zflcig{- h{ ìzf hgd ìzf ecz`{ hgd zflcighm ~zidvktcig {s{tf`{ hzf cgkiz~izhtfd cg lmijhm ki`ìdcts kbhcg{ "[tiz~fz 833<#'Dfkc{cig{ ig- hìgl{t itbfz tbcgl{- di|g{ccgl- kmi{vzf hgd zfmikhtcig ie ecz`{-hzf thafg dczfktms "eiz ~mhgt{ i|gfd js TGK{# hgd cgdczfktms "eiz {v~~mcfz{# cgzfìtf bfhdxvhztfz{ hgd git js mikhm fgtzf~zfgfvz{' Tbv{- h{ ecz`{ hzf tcfd cgtifuimucgl cgtfzghtcighm izlhgc{htcig {tzvktvzf{- tbf kigtcgvhm zfizlhgc{htcig ie lmijhm ecz`{ bh{ tbf kh~hkcts ti dzh`htckhmms zf{bh~f tbf eiztvgf{ ie zflcighmfkigi`cf{' Tbc{ c{ evztbfz f`~bh{c{fd js tbf ehkt tbht fkigi ck hktcucts c{ ~fzkfcufd h{ cgkzfh{cglms ~mhkfmf{{ hgd dftfzzctizchm c{fd' Tbf ~itfgtchm ie



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c{ tbfg {ffg ti jf tbzfhtfgfd js tbf lmijhmc{htcig tfgdfgkcf{'Tbc{ hztckmf hc`{ ti hghms{f {i`f ie tbf ~i{{cjcmctcf{ hgd jhzzcfz{ tbht mikhm

ki``vgctcf{ ehkf cg ~ziìtcgl fgdilfgiv{ cgdv{tzchm dfufmi~`fgt cg hg cgkzfh{cglms lmijhmc{fd fkigi`s' Tbf hghms{c{ c{ jh{fd ig tbf ucf| tbht zflcighmc{htcigc{ hg c`~izthgt h{~fkt ie tbf lmijhmc{htcig tzfgd hgd- tbfzfeizf- h kzvkchm fkigi`ck tzfgd cg tbf cgtfzghtcighm fkigi`s' Cg tbf {fkigd {fktcig- {i`f tbfizftckhmc{{vf{ hzf cgtzidvkfd hgd {i`f ~imcks jhkalzivgd hgd dcmf``h{ {ft ivt' Cg tbftbczd {fktcig- h df{kzc~tcig c{ lcufg ie tbf 833< dfkc{cig js tbf mhzlf tzhg{ghtcighm kiz~izhtcig- Fzck{{ig- ti iuf igf ie ct{ dfufmi~`fgt df~hzt`fgt{ ezi`h {`hmm Giz|flchg ti|g ti tbf I{mi zflcig' Tbf zfufz{hm ie tbc{ dfkc{cig khv{fd js {tzigl i~~i{ctcig ezi` f`~misff{ hgd tbf mikhm hzfh cg lfgfzhm c{ tbfg hghms{fd' Tbc{ frh`~mf cmmv{tzhtf{ {i`f tbzfht{ tbht lmijhmc{htcig tzfgd{ frfzt ig tbfmikhm fkigi`ck dfufmi~`fgt ~itfgtchm- h{ |fmm h{ i~~iztvgctcf{ eiz fkigi`ckdfufmi~`fgt |bckb ct khg kzfhtf cg kfzthcg hzfh{' Ecghmms- cg tbf kigkmvdcgl{fktcig- tbf dc{kv{{cig df~hzt{ ezi` tbf ‒Fzck{{ig kh{f– hgd dc{kv{{f{- ezi` tbf ~fz{~fktcuf ie zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{- dfufmi~`fgt ~imckcf{ hc`fd htf`jfddcgl vgct{ ie TGK cg mikhm hzfh{' Tbf {fktcig hm{i dc{kv{{f{ bi| tbf kh{f{tvds `hs hduhgkf ivz vgdfz{thgdcgl ie tbf cgtfz~mhs ie lmijhmc{htcig hgdzflcighm dsgh`ck{'

Zflcighmc{htcig h{ hg H{~fkt ie

Fkigi`ck Lmijhmc{htcig

Zflcighmc{htcig c{ cgkzfh{cglms {ffg h{ igf c`~izthgt h{~fkt ie tbf lmijhmc{htcig

tzfgd' Zflcighmc{htcig zfefz{ ti fkigi`ck hktcucts df~fgdfgt ig zf{ivzkf{ tbhthzf {~fkceck ti cgdcucdvhm ~mhkf{ "[tiz~fz 833<#' Tbf ~zcgkc~hm f`~czckhm {clg ie tbf tzfgd ti|hzd{ zflcighmc{htcig c{ tbf h~~hzfgt lzi|tb cg c`~izthgkf ie zflcighm kmv{tfz{ hgd cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ iufz tbf mh{t dfkhdf{' [cgkf tbf 83<>{dceefzfgt ts~f{ ie zflcighm kmv{tfz bhuf f{thjmc{bfd h {tzigl ~i{ctcig cg |izmd`hzaft{ eiz jitb tzhdctcighm ~zidvkt{ "f'l' Tbczd Cthms# hgd bclb tfkbgimils ~zidvkt{ "f'l ' [cm ckig Uhmmfs#' Tbc{ bh{ mfd mfhdcgl zf{fhzkbfz{ hgd ~imcks`hafz{ ti ij{fzuf tbht ‒tidhs–{ fkigi`ck `h~ ie tbf |izmd c{ di`cghtfd js "‥#kmv{tfz{? kzctckhm `h{{f{ cg igf ~mhkf ie vgv{vhm ki`~ftctcuf {vkkf{{ cg ~hztckvmhz ecfmd– "îztfz 8332? <2#'

îztfz–{ ij{fzuhtcig zflhzdcgl tbf kvzzfgt c`~izthgkf ie zflcighm kmv{tfz{`hs zfemfkt tbf ehkt tbht tbf tzfgd ti|hzd{ zflcighmc{htcig c{ zfmhtfd ti h dc{kigtcgvcts cg zfkfgt fkigi`s bc{tizs- gh`fms tbf tzhg{ctcig ezi` Eizdc{` ti ~i{tEizdc{` h{ tbf di`cghgt eiz` ie ~zidvktcig cg cgdv{tzchmc{fd kivgtzcf{' Tbc{tzhg{ctcig bh{ {i`f c`~izthgt kig{fxvfgkf{ eiz tbf izlhgc{htcig hgd mikhmc{htcigie cgdv{tzchm hktcucts- hgd js frtfg{cig eiz zflcighm dfufmi~`fgt ~zikf{{f{ hgdzflcighm ~imcks' Hìgl itbfz tbcgl{- tbf tzhg{ctcig c{ hkki`~hgcfd js kbhglf{



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 8>;

cg tbf cggiuhtcig ~zikf{{1 cg ~hztckvmhz ~mhkf{~fkceck- mikhm hgd zflcighm ehktiz{

bhuf cgkzfh{fd tbfcz {clgceckhgkf cg cggiuhtcig ~zikf{{f{ hgd cg fkigi`ck dfufmi~`fgt "Tõdtmcgl 8334#' Ti h lzfhtfz frtfgt tbhg cg tbf ‒Eizdc{t– mcgfhz cggiuhtcig idfm- cggiuhtcig thaf{ ~mhkf h{ cgtfzhktcuf mfhzgcgl jft|ffg ecz`{ hgd tbfcz fguczig`fgt- {tc`vmhtfd js {~fkceck mikhm zf{ivzkf{ hgd ‒ehkftiehkf– kii~fzhtcig' H{ h kig{fxvfgkf- îztfz ij{fzuf{ tbht ‒~hzhdirckhmms- tbf fgdvzcgl ki` ~ftctcuf hduhgthlf{ cg h lmijhm fkigi`s mcf cgkzfh{cglms cg mikhm tbcgl{ agi|mfdlf- zfmhtcig{bc~{- hgd ìtcuhtcig tbht dc{thgt zcuhm{ khggit `htkb– "îztfz 8332? <<#'

Df{~ctf kmfhz iufzhmm lmijhmc{htcig tzfgd{- tbf h~~hzfgt cgkzfh{f cg c ~izthgkf ie zflcighmc{htcig bh{ mfd ti cgtfzf{t cg tbf zimf ie zflcighm hgd mikhm mfufm{cg {tvdcf{ ie cgdv{tzchm dfufmi~`fgt1 ct bh{ hm{i cg{~czfd tbf eiz`vmhtcig ie fgdilfgiv{ cgdv{tzchm ~imcks' Zflcighmc{htcig c{ zflhzdfd h{ hg h{~fkt ie fkigi`ck lmijhmc{htcig jfkhv{f {i`f cggiuhtcufzflcighm kmv{tfz{ hzf afs gidf{ cg

tbf cgkzfh{cglms lmijhmc{fd hzfgh ie ~zidvktcig' Kmv{tfz{ khg thaf ig tbc{ zimf jfkhv{f tbfs `hs kigthcg ~zidvktcuf zf{ivzkf{ hgd h{{ft{ "cg tbf eiz` ie zfmhtcig{- zvmf{ hgd kigufgtcig{# tbht hzf xvctf vgcxvf hgd ~mhkf {~fkceck' Tbf{f{h{{ft{ zf`hcg {~fkceck |bfg tbfs khggit fh{cms jf c`cthtfd- {thgdhzdc{fd iz `hdfhkkf{{cjmf ti itbfz{' Tbc{ c{ tbf kh{f ~zc`hzcms |bfg tbf agi|mfdlf iz kilgctcufezh`f|iza zfxvczfd ti ~zidvkf iz v{f tbf h{{ft{ hzf f`jfddfd cg ~hztckvmhz kigkzftf zfmhtcig{ iz kvmtvzf{- iz zfxvczf vgkidcechjmf cgeiz`htcig ti h~~ms"[tiz~fz 833<#' Tzhg{ghtcighm kiz~izhtcig{ ~vzkbh{f frc{tcgl ecz`{- mikhtf{vj{cdchzs ki`~hgcf{- cdfgtces {v~~mcfz{ iz ecgd {tzhtflck ~hztgfz{ cg dceefzfgtagi|mfdlf cgtfg{cuf `cmcfv{ df~fgdcgl ig tbf gffd ti kiggfkt tbfcz i|g agi|mfdlf |ctb tbf mikhmms jh{fd- ietfg c`ìjcmf- ki`~ftfgkf ziitfd cg cggiuhtcufzflcighm kmv{tfz{'

Tbf kzvr ie tbf zflcighmc{htcig hzlv`fgt- tbfg- c{ tbht tbf zflcighm mfufm hs jf c`~izthgt eiz ecz`{ httf`~tcgl ti hkbcfuf lmijhm ki`~ftctcufgf{{' Tbf xvf{tcig hzc{f{ h{ ti |bht {tzhtflcf{ mikhm ki``vgctcf{ khg cgctchtf cg izdfz ti zhc{ftbf cggiuhtcufgf{{ hgd ki ~ftctcufgf{{ ie zflcighm ecz`{' Tbf kvzzfgt dc{kv{{cigie h~~zi~zchtf ~imcks tiim{ {ff`{- bi|fufz- ti {veefz ezi` |fha kigkf~tvhmc{htcig' Zf{fhzkbfz{- h{ |fmm h{ ~imcks`hafz{- ietfg bhuf dceefzfgt cgtfz~zfthtcig{ie kfgtzhm kigkf~t{ {vkb h{ zflcighm kmv{tfz{ hgd zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{-`hacgl {ivgd hghms{f{ hgd dc{kv{{cig dceeckvmt' Tbfzfeizf- cg tbf eimmi|cgldc{kv{{cig- h ~zfkc{f dfecgctcig ie tbf kfgtzhm kigkf~t{ c{ gffdfd' \ctb tbc{ c{`cgd- |f ~zi~i{f h bcfzhzkbs ie kigkf~t{ h{ {bi|g cg Thjmf 8' Tbc{ bcfzhzkbskhg jf {ffg h{ jitb hg hghmstckhm tiim hgd h ~zhktckhm `fth~biz v{fevm cg tbfeiz`vmhtcig ie fgdilfgiv{ cgdv{tzchm ~imcks' Cg hddctcig- tbc{ kigkf~tvhmc{htcig ~ziucdf{ h ezh`f|iza eiz hghms{cgl tbf dfufmi~`fgt ie tbf CKT "cgeiz`htcig hgd

ki``vgckhtcig tfkbgimils# cgdv{tzs cg h {`hmm Giz|flchg ti|g'

\bht c{ h Zflcighm Kmv{tfz9



8>4 C[HA[F G

8' Tbf {cf ie tbf lfilzh~bckhm hzfh kig{tc tv tcgl h kmv{tfz df~fgd{ ig |bfzf tbf e cz`{ cg tbf mikhm

~zidvktcig {s{tf` hzf mikhtfd' Iet fg h zflcighm kmv{tfz kiufz{ h mikhm mhjivz `hzaft hzfh iz

tzhufmti|iza hzfh'

Tbf ecz{t kigkf~t- zflcighm kmv{tfz- `hs jf dfecgfd h{ h lfilzh~bckhmms jivgdfd

kigkfgtzhtcig ie cgtfzdf~fgdfgt ecz`{' Hmtbivlb ecz`{ cg zflcighm kmv{tfz{ `hskii~fzhtf |ctb ecz`{- Z%Dcg{tctvtf{- ftk' cg hgs ~mhkf{- tbf ecz`{ hzf ~hzt ie

THJMF 8 Kmhzceckhtcig ie K igkf~t{? H Bcfzhz kbs ie Eivz Ki gkf~t{

Kig kf~t{ Dfecgctcig{ hgd dceefzfgkf{

Zflcighm kmv{tfz H kigk fgtzh tcig i e ‒cgtfz df~f gdfg t– ecz` { |ctbcg t b f { h` f iz

hdohkfgt cgdv{tzchm {fktiz{ cg h {`hmm lfilzh~bck hzfh

Zflcighm cggiuhtcig gft|iza Cgkzfh{cglms izlhgc {fd kii~fzhtcig "hlzff`fgt{# jft|ffg

ecz`{- {t c vmhtfd js tzv{t- giz`{ hgd kigufgtcig{

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agi|mfdlf df ufmi~`fgt hgd dceev{cig

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hgd zflcighm {tzvktvzf{'

mikhm gft|iza{- ietfg cg tbf eiz` ie ~zidvktcig {s{tf`{'8 Tbf{f {s{tf`{ ecz{t hgdeizfì{t tfgd ti cgkiz~izhtf {vjkigtzhktiz{- jvt `hs hm{i cguimuf bizcigthm kii~fzhtcig jft|ffg ecz`{ ht tbf {h`f ~zidvktcig {thlf' Mikhm ecz`{ frkbhglfki`~igfgt{ hgd {fzuckf{ eimmi|fd js emi|{ ie cgeiz`htcig hgd agi|mfdlf'Vtcmc{htcig ie h ki`ìg tfkbgimils- agi|mfdlf jh{f iz {ivzkf ie zh| `htfzchm{`hs hm{i kiggfkt ecz`{ cg hg hzfh' Zfmhtcig{ jft|ffg ecz`{- hgd git tbfcz `fzfkimikhtcig- hzf tbf dfkc{cuf ehktiz cg dfecgcgl h zflcighm kmv{tfz' Zi{fgefmd"833<# f`~bh{c{f{ tbht kmv{tfz{ {bivmd bhuf hktcuf kbhggfm{ eiz jv{cgf{{ tzhg{hktcig{- dchmilvf hgd ki``vgckhtcig' ”\ctbivt hktcuf kbhggfm{ fufg h kzctckhm`h{{ ie zfmhtfd ecz`{ c{ git h mikhm ~zidvktcig iz {ikchm {s{tf` hgd tbfzfeizf

dif{ git i~fzhtf h{ h kmv{tfz‐ "Zi{fgefmd 833<? 8>#'‒Zflcighm kmv{tfz– `hs jf {ffg h{ h khtkb|izd eiz `hgs ts~f{ ie cgdv{tzchm

hllmi`fzhtcig- f'l' cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt{- cggiuhtcuf `cmcfv{- mikhm cgdv{tzchmki`~mfrf{ hgd gf| cgdv{tzchm {~hkf{' Tbv{- ‒zflcighm kmv{tfz– c{ h jzihdfz kigkf~t tbhg `hgs ie tbf itbfz tfz`{ `fgtcigfd' Eiz frh`~mf- fufzs cgdv{tzchmdc{tzckt c{ h zflcighm kmv{tfz- |bcm{t h zflcighm kmv{tfz c{ git gfkf{{hzcms hg cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt' Jitb zflcighm kmv{tfz{ hgd cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt{ lfgfzhtf frtfzghmfkigi`cf{' Cg tbc{ kigtfrt- tbf kigkf~t zfmhtf{ ti tbf hkbcfuf`fgt ie cgkzfh{fdfeeckcfgks tbzivlb frtfg{cuf frtfzghm dcuc{cig ie mhjivz |ctbcg gft|iza{ ie {~fkchmc{fd ecz`{' [~htchm hllmi`fzhtcig {tzfgltbfg{ tbf hduhgthlf tbht ikkvz{tbzivlb dcuc{cig ie mhjivz hgd {~fkchmc{htcig' \bcmf zflcighm kmv{tfz{ khg jfevmms dfecgfd js tbf{f ~zcgkc~hmms fkigi`ck `fkbhgc{`{- tbfs di git ~ziucdf{veeckcfgt fr~mhghtcig h{ ti |bs cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt{ ikkvz hgd dfufmi~' H zfkfgt



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 8>6

IFKD ~h~fz ehcm{ ti thaf tbc{ cgti hkkivgt hgd h{{clg{ tii `hgs ‒mikhm {s{tf`{–

ti tbf {h`f lziv~? ‒ ”Mikhm ~zidvktcuf {s{tf`{‐- ” kmv{tfz{‐ - ” cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt{‐- ”fgtfz~zc{f hllmi`fzhtcig{‐ |bcmf tbf tfz`cgimils uhzcf{ tbf ~bfgi`fgig zf`hcg{ tbf {h`f? hmm zfefz ti lfilzh~bckhm lziv~cgl{ ie ecz`{ cg zfmhtfdmcgf{ ie jv{cgf{{– "IFKD :>>8? 8#'

Tbf hjiuf xvithtcig ehcm{ ti gitf tbf dceefzfgkf{ f`fzlcgl |ctbcg zf{fhzkbig zflcighm ~zidvktcig hgd cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ zflhzdcgl tbf c`~izthgkf ie {~fkceck zflcighm zf{ivzkf{ eiz tbf lzi|tb hgd |izacgl ie kmv{tfz{ "[tiz~fz :>>>j#' Tbf dfufmi~`fgt ie cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt{- eiz frh`~mf- c{ jh{fd ig hgv`jfz ie {ikchm hgd kvmtvzhm ehktiz{- |bckb hzf tfzzctizchmms {~fkceck "H{bfc`833:#' Tbf frc{tfgkf ie `vtvhm tzv{t hgd ‒cgdv{tzchm htì{~bfzf– hzf gfkf{{hzscglzfdcfgt{ cg tbf dfecgctcig ie cgdv{tzchm dc{tz ckt{' Tbfs hzf cgdv{tzchm hllmi`fzhtcig{ cg |bckb ‒ki``vgcts hgd ecz`{ tfgd ti `fzlf– "Jfkhttcgc 833>? ;2#- hgd|bfzf dc{tzckt {vkkf{{ zfmcf{ bfhucms v~ig tbf {ikcikvmtvzhm kigtfrt cg |bckb ct

c{ ziitfd' Tbf ‒Khmceizgchg {kbiim– lfgfzhmc{fd hjivt tbf lzi|tb ie gf| cgdv{tzchm {~hkf{ f`~bh{c{cgl ufztckhm dc{cgtflzhtcig ie ~zidvktcig kbhcg{ cg h gf| fzhie ‒emfrcjmf hkkv`vmhtcig–1 tbc{ c{ {hcd ti jzcgl hjivt tbf hllmi`fzhtcig ie ecz`{cg izdfz ti zfdvkf cgtfzecz` tzhg{hktcig ki{t{ hgd ti tbf eiz`htcig ie {~fkchmc{fdmikhm mhjivz `hzaft{ "[kitt 8322#' Hmtbivlb cgctchmms h `hcgms {tzvktvzhm h~ ~zihkb zfefzzcgl ti vgcufz{hm khv{hm `fkbhgc{`{ hgd kczkv`{thgkf{- httfgtcig{iig {bcetfd ti frh`cgcgl tbf zimf ie kvmtvzf- cg{tctvtcig{ hgd liufzghgkf cg tbfkzfhtcig ie gf| cgdv{tzchm {~hkf{ "Mhlfgdcoa 833<#' Tbc{ h~~zihkb kh`f tikig{cdfz tbf hllmi`fzhtcig ct{fme h{ h {ivzkf ie cgdv{tzchm dsgh`ck{- hgd cg ~hztckvmhz {h| tbf zflcig h{ tbf mikv{ ie ‒vgtzhdfd cgtfzdf~fgdfgkcf{–1 kigufgtcig{- cgeiz`hm zvmf{ hgd bhjct{ tbht kiizdcghtf fkigi`ck hktiz{ vgdfz kigdctcig{ie vgkfzthcgts "[tiz~fz 833<#'

Hgitbfz frh`~mf c{ tbf ‒Gizdck [kbiim– ie tbf mfhzgcgl fkigi`s "Mvgduhmmhgd Oibg{ig 8334#' Ct bclbmclbt{ cggiuhtcig h{ tbf jh{c{ eiz hkbcfucgl ki`~ftctcufgf{{ js ecz`{- zflcig{ hgd ghtcig{' Cggiuhtcig c{ kigkf~tvhmc{fd h{ h ki` ~mfr- cgtfzhktcuf- gigmcgfhz mfhzgcgl ~zikf{{' Tbf c`~izthgkf ie kii~fzhtcighgd `vtvhm tzv{t cg ~ziìtcgl ki`~ftctcufgf{{ c{ f`~bh{c{fdhgd tbc{ c{ ~ziìtfd js ~zirc`cts' E vztbfzìzf- mfhzgcgl c{ {ffg h{ h hcgms mikhmc{fd ~zikf{{- ~icgtcgl ti tbf c`~izthgkf ie bc{tizckhm tzhofktizcf{ hgd ‒{tckas– agi|mfdlf"H{bfc` hgd C{ha{fg :>>>#' Zflcighm dcufzlfgkf ie cggiuhtcuf kh~hjcmctcf{ c{ tbfzf{vmt ie {~fkceck mfhzgcgl tzhofktizcf{ f`jfddfd cg dceefzfgt cg{tctvtcighm {s{tf`{'

Zflcighm kimmfktcuf mfhzgcgl ikkvz{ cg {i`f ~hztckvmhz ~mhkf{ cguimucgl ‒tbfkzfhtcig hgd evztbfz dfufmi~`fgt ie h jh{f ie ki`ìg iz {bhzfd agi|mfdlfhìgl cgdcucdvhm{ hacgl v~ h ~zidvktcuf {s{tf`– "Affjmf hgd \cmacg{ig 8333?

:35#' Cg ehkt- igf ie tbf ef| zf`hcgcgl lfgvcgfms mikhmc{fd ~bfgi`fgh cg tbfcgkzfh{cglms ‒{mc~~fzs– lmijhm fkigi`s c{ tbf ‒{tckacgf{{– ie {i`f eiz`{ ie agi|mfdlf hgd mfhzgcgl ~zikf{{f{ "@hm`jfzl 833<#' Tbf ‒{tckacgf{{– c{ dvf titbf ehkt tbht {i`f c`~izthgt ts~f{ ie agi|mfdlf hzf ie hg cgeiz`hm- thkct ghtvzfkig{tctvtfd js {acmmfd ~fz{ighm zivtcgf{- tfkbgckhm ~zhktc{f{- giz`{ ie jfbhucivz-



8>5 C[HA[F G

c`~mckct hgd {bhzfd jfmcfe{ hgd kii~fzhtcuf zfmhtcig{ cg izlhgc{htcig{- ecz`

gft|iza{ hgd mikhm ki``vgctcf{' Tbc{ acgd ie agi|mfdlf khggit fh{cms jfc{imhtfd ezi` ct{ c gdcucdvhm - {i kchm hgd tfzzctizchm kigtfrt1 ct c { h {ikchmms f`jfddfd agi|mfdlf dceeckvmt ti kidces hgd tzhg{efz tbzivlb eiz`hm kbhggfm{ ie cgeiz`htcig' Tbv{- |bcm{t ‒cgeiz`htcig c{ zfmhtcufms lmijhmms ìjcmf "‥# agi|mfdlfc{ zf`hzahjms {~htchmms ziitfd– "Kiiaf ft hm :>>>? 8:#'

Tbf tbzff hjiuf`fgtcigfd tbfizftckhm h~~zihkbf{ f`~bh{c{f zflcighm hgd ~mhkf {~fkceck zf{ivzkf{ hgd cg{tctvtcighm ezh`f|iza{ cg izdfz ti fr~mhcg tbflzi|tb iz dfkmcgf ie zflcighm kmv{tfz{' Tzv{t- kigufgtcig{- vgkidcecfd agi|mfdlfftk' hzf {ffg h{ ehktiz{ ie {~htchm jcgdcgl' Tbf `hcg fr~mhghtcig{ eiz tbf dsgh`c{` ie zflcighm kmv{tfz{ cg tbc{ mctfzhtvzf bhuf cgkzfh{cglms tvzgfd ezi` ‒fkigi`ck– zfh{ig{- {vkb h{ mikhmc{htcig fkigi`cf{- ti ‒{ikchmkvmtvzhm– zfh{ig{-‒{vkb h{ cgtfg{f mfufm{ ie cgtfzecz` kimmhjizhtcig1 h {tzigl {fg{f ie ki`ìgcgdv{tzchm ~vz~i{f1 {ikchm kig{fg{v{1 frtfg{cuf cg{tctvtcighm {v~~izt eiz mikhm jv{cgf{{1 hgd {tzvktvzf{ fgkivzhlcgl cggiuhtcig- {acmm eiz`htcig- hgd tbf kczkvmhtcig ie cdfh{– "H`cg hgd Tbzcet 8334? 8:#'

Jh{fd ig îztfz–{ kigkf~t ie cgdv{tzchm kmv{tfz "îztfz 833># h dceefzfgt- hgdìzf cg{tzv`fgthm- h~~zihkb f`fzlfd' Kmv{tfzcgl c{ {ffg ìzf iz mf{{ h{ hgcgdf~fgdfgt {~htchm ~zikf{{ |ctb ct{ i|g mh|{ ie dfufmi~`fgt1 ct c{ c`~mcfd tbhttbf ‒mh|{– ie {vkkf{{evm kmv{tfzcgl khg jf zfufz{f fglcgffzfd cg izdfz ti c`cthtf{vkkf{{ {tizcf{ "[tiz~fz :>>>j#' Hkkizdcgl ti îztfz "8332# ki`~hgcf{ lhcgki`~ftctcuf {tzfgltb cg zflcighm kmv{tfz{ jfkhv{f ie jfttfz hkkf{{ ti {~fkchmc{fdhgd fr~fzcfgkfd f`~misff{- {v~~mcfz{- {~fkchmc{fd cgeiz`htcig hgd ~vjmck liid{-hgd js tbf ìtcuhtcgl eizkf ie mikhm zcuhmzs hgd df`hgdcgl kv{ti`fz{' Bi|fufz-tbc{ h~~zihkb {ff{ tbf zflcig iz tbf ‒{~hkf– ~zcgkc~hmms h{ h ‒kigthcgfz– cg |bckbcgdv{tzchm ~zikf{{f{ vgeimd- zhtbfz tbhg h{ h {ivzkf ie dsgh`c{`' Tbf h~~zihkb

kigthcg{ mcttmf {s{tf`htck fr~mhghtcig ie |bht frhktms khv{f{ tbf {~htchm jcgdcglie fkigi`ck hktcuctcf{ |ctbcg kmv{tfz{ jf{cdf{ tbf c`~izthgkf ie {~htchm ~zirc`cts'

Ezi` Kmv{tfz{ ti Mfhzgcgl Zflcig{

[thztcgl |ctb zflcighm kmv{tfz{ h{ h fzf ‒fkigi`ck– kigkf~t cg iztfz–{ tzhdctcig-tbf kigkf~tvhmc{htcig{ cg Thjmf{ 8 hgd : httf`~t ti cgtflzhtf mf{{ig{ ezi` fkigi`ck lfilzh~bs tbht eikv{ v~ig tbf c`~izthgkf ie ~mhkf{~fkceck hgd ‒gigfkigi`ck– ehktiz{' Zflcighm kmv{tfzcgl c{ {ffg h{ h ecz{t ~zfzfxvc{ctf eiz tbff`fzlfgkf ie h zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`' Bi|fufz- ti kig{tctvtf hg cggiuhtcig{s{tf` ecz`{ cg tbf kmv{tfz bhuf ti eiz` zflcighm cggiuhtcuf gft|iza{ cguimucgl

ìzf izlhgc{fd hgd eiz`hm kii~fzhtcig jft|ffg ecz`{ cg cggiuhtcig ~ziofkt{'Eiz frh`~mf {v~~mcfz{ di git fzfms ~zidvkf ki`~igfgt{ iz idvmf{ ti kv{ti fz{– {~fkceckhtcig{- jvt kii~fzhtf cg dfufmi~cgl gf| ~zidvkt{ ' Tbc{ acgd ie kii~fzhtcig c{ ehkcmcthtfd js tbf |izacgl ie {ikchm cg{tctvtcig{1 ~fi~mf agi| hgdeimmi| tbf {h`f f{thjmc{bfd ~zhktckf{- zivtcgf{ hgd vg|zcttfg zvmf{ ie jv{cgf{{



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 8><

jfbhucivz hgd zfms v~ig tzv{t cg zfmhtcig{bc~{' Tbc{ `fhg{ tbht ec z`{- eiz frh

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tcig hktcucts jft|ffg ecz`{ hgd agi|mfdlf kzfhtcgl hgd dceev{cgl izlhgc{htcig{-{vkb h{ vgcufz{ctcf{- kimmflf{- tz hcgcgl izlhgc{htcig{- Z%D cg{tctvtf{- tfkbgimilstzhg{efz hlfgkcf{- jv{cgf{{ h{{ikchtcig{- ecghgkf cg{tctvtcig{ ftk' Tbf{f izlhgc{htcig{ biv{f c`~izthgt agi|bi|- tzhcg mhjivz- ~ziucdf ecghgkf ftk' |bckb{v~~izt zflcighm cggiuhtcig' Tbv{- zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ kig{c{t ie "c#ecz`{ ie zflcig–{ hcg cgdv{tzchm kmv{tfz{- cgkmvdcgl tbfcz {v~~izt cgdv{tzcf{- " cc#‒{v~~iztcgl– agi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{- hgd "ccc# cg tfzhktcig jft|ffg tbf{f hktiz{'Tbc{ kigkf~tvhmc{htcig ie zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ kizzf{~igd{ |ctb tbf igfeivgd cg Kiiaf ft' hm ":>>>#' Cg tbfcz |izd{ hgs evgktcigcgl zflcighm cggiuhtcig{s{tf` kig{c{t{ ie t|i {vj{s{tf`{? "c# tbf agi|mfdlf h~~mckhtcig hgd fr~micthtcig {vj{s{tf`- ~zcgkc~hm ms ikkv~cfd js ecz`{ |ctb ufztckhm {v~~mskbhcg gft

|iza{1 hgd "cc# tbf agi|mfdlf lfgfzhtcig hgd dceev{cig {vj{s{tf`- kig{c{tcgl`hcgms ie ~vjmck izlhgc{htcig{'

Dc{tcglvc{bcgl jft|ffg tbf t|i dc{tcgkt kigkf~t{ ie ‒zflcighm kmv{tfz– hgd‒zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`– c{ zfmfuhgt hgd ezvctevm cg ~hztckvmhz |bfg dc{kv{{cgl ~imcks c`~mckhtcig{' Zflcighm kmv{tfz{ hzf {ffg h{ hcgms h {~igthgfiv{ ~bfgi`fgig1 h lfilzh~bck kigkfgtzhtcig ie ecz`{ ietfg dfufmi~fd tbzivlb mikhm {~cgiee{ hgd fgtzf~zfgfvzchm hktcucts' Zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{- ig tbf itbfz bhgd- bhuf h ìzf ~mhggfd hgd {s{tf`ck kbhzhktfz' Tbv{- tbf kbhglf ezi` hkmv{tfz ti hg cggiuhtcig {s{tf` zfxvczf{ h {tzfgltbfgcgl ie h zflcig–{ cg{tctvtcighm cgezh{tzvktvzf- c'f' ìzf agi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{ "jitb zflcighm hgdghtcighm# hzf cguimufd cg cggiuhtcig kii~fzhtcig' Cg tbc{ |hs zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ `hs jf h tiim ti kzfhtf h {v~~iztcuf {s{tf` ie cggiuhtcig ig hzflcighm {khmf'

Tbf eivztb kigkf~t cg ivz bcfzhzkbs hdd{ hgitbfz dc`fg{cig ti cggiuhtcig{s{tf`{ h{ ct jzihdfg{ tbf ts~f ie hktiz{ cguimufd cg cgtfzhktcuf mfhzgcgl' H{bfc`"8332?4# v{f{ tbf kigkf~t ie mfhzgcgl zflcig ‒ti df{kzcjf h zflcig |ctb hg fkigi`s f`jfddfd cg ”‒cg{tctvtcighm tbckagf{{–- |bcmf Jifaf`h ft hm ":>>>?8:#{c`cmhzms {~fha ie mfhzgcgl zflcig{ |bfg ‒tbf hktiz{ cg h zflcig "‥# kimmhjizhtfkmi{fms |ctb fhkb itbfz ig hg cg{tctvtcighm mfufm cg izdfz ti dfufmi~ hgd c`~mf`fgt zflcighm cggiuhtcig {tzhtflcf{–' Mfhzgcgl zflcig{ `v{t jf kzfhtfd js hki`jcghtcig ie kimmfktcuf ~imctckhm dfkc{cig{ hgd jitti`v~ mikhm cgctchtcuf{' Tbfkzfhtcig ie zflcighm dfufmi~`fgt kihmctcig{ c{ ie {tzhtflck c`~izthgkf- c'f' migltfz`- `hgs{cdfd ~httfzg{ ie kii~fzhtcig cg {v~~izt ie cggiuhtcig cgkmvdcglhktiz{ {vkb h{ mikhm vgcig{- mikhm kbh`jfz{ ie ki``fzkf- mikhm ufgtvzf kh~cthm-mikhm fdvkhtcig jidcf{- mikhm zf{fhzkb kfgtzf{ hgd mikhm hvtbizctcf{' ‒Mfhzgcgl

zflcig– c`~mcf{ cgkzfh{fd ~vjmck~zcuhtf ~hztgfz{bc~ cg izdfz ti dfufmi~ iz zflfgfzhtf tbf mikhm fkigi`s'

Tbf Gffd ti Thcmiz@haf Zflcighm Cggiuhtcig îmcks Cg{tzv`fgt{



8>2 C[HA[F G

\bht dif{ tbf ezh`f|iza cg Thjmf 8 c`~ms eiz tbf df{clg ie zflcighm dfufmi~

`fgt ~imcks9 Hg c`~izthgt ~icgt c{ tbht kigkf~t{ {vkb h{ ‒zflcighm cggiuhtcig{s{tf`– hgd ‒mfhzgcgl zflcig– hzf git zfmfuhgt cg{tzv`fgt{ eiz tbf hghms{c{ hgdeiz`vmhtcig ie cggiuhtcig {v~~izt {tzvktvzf{ hgd ~imckcf{ cg fufzs zflcig' Igf`hs ie kivz{f hghms{f cggiuhtcuf hktcucts- h{ |fmm h{ dfufmi~ cggiuhtcig ~imckscg{tzv fgt{- eiz `hgs acgd{ ie ecz`{ hgd zflcig{' Bi|fufz- h mfhzgcgl jh{fd{tzhtfls ie fgdilfgiv{ zflcighm dfufmi~`fgt khggit jf h~~mcfd hkzi{{ tbf jihzd-h{ tbf gfkf{{hzs zfxvczf`fgt{ kigkfzgcgl {ikcikvmtvzhm hgd {ikcifkigi`ck{tzvktvzf{ "h{ zflcighm kmv{tfz{# hzf ti jf eivgd `hcgms cg zfmhtcufms |fmmiee zflcig{- hgd {veeckcfgt tfkbgifkigi`ck hgd ~imctckhm cg{tctvtcighm {tzvktvzf{"{vkb h{ zf{fhzkb vgcufz{ctcf{ hgd agi|mfdlf tzhg{efz cg{tctvtf{# `hcgms cg zfmhtcufms dfufmi~fd kivgtzcf{ "H{bfc` 8332#'

îmcks`hafz{ {bivmd git eikv{ vgkzctckhmms- tbfzfeizf- ig kzfhtcgl zflcighm

{s{tf`{ ti {v~~izt ecz`{– cggiuhtcig hktcucts czzf{~fktcuf ie mikhm kigdctcig{'Tbfzf `hs jf h dhglfz ti lfgfzhmc{f tii jzihdms zflhzdcgl tbf frtfgt hgd ~itfgtchm ie zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ iz mfhzgcgl zflcig{ ig tbf jh{c{ ie igms h ef||fmmagi|g f`~czckhm kh{f{' Zflcighm cggiuhtcig ~imcks {ff`{ ti {i`f frtfgtti bhuf f`fzlfd ezi` fr~fzcfgkf{ hgd ~imcks cg{tzv`fgt{ cg ‒{vkkf{{ {tizcf{– mcafCthmchg cgdv{tzchm dc{tzckt{ |ctb tbfcz kfgtzf{ ie zfhm {fzuckf{- Jhdfg\ýzttf`jfzl|ctb ct{ [tfcgjfc{ [tcetvgl hgd [cmckig Uhmmfs |ctb ct{ [thgeizd Vgcufz{cts' Tbf{ffrh`~mf{ bhuf df~cktfd tbf {tc`vmhtcig ie mikhm gft|izacgl hgd tbf dfufmi~`fgtie zflcighm tfkbgimils {v~~izt cgezh{tzvktvzf |ctbcg tbf ezh`f|iza ie h lfgfzhmìdfm ie mikhm cgdv{tzchm ~imcks- |ctbivt h{{f{{cgl ce tbf h~~zi~zchtf zfxvczf`fgt{ "eiz cg{thgkf tbi{f ivtmcgfd cg Thjmf 8# zfhmms hzf ~zf{fgt iz zfhdcms kzfhtfd'

Tbf{f hzlv`fgt{ ~icgt ti tbf gffd ti hdh~t cggiuhtcig ~imcks cg{tzv`fgt{ ti

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J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 8>3

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{fktiz{ tbht bhuf ef| tfkbgimilckhm ki`~mf`fgthzctcf{ hgd ef| c`~izthgt v{fz ~zidvkfz zfmhtcig{' [vkb h zflcig ‒|cmm bhuf gi {~fkceckhmms zflcighm tfkbgimilckhm dsgh`ck ezi` |bckb fuimvtcighzs feefkt{ kivmd f`fzlf– "[tiz~fz 833<? 5<#'H mhka ie kimmfktcuf mfhzgcgl `hs jf h ~zijmf` ~hztckvmhzms cg ~fzc~bfzhm zflcig{|ctb {`hmm cgdv{tzchm `cmcfv{ hgd mikhtfd h migl dc{thgkf h|hs ezi` zfmfuhgt

agi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{' Bi|fufz- izlhgc{htcighm ‒tbcggf{{– hm{i ~icgt{ ti tbfehkt tbht zflcig{ dceefz cg tbfcz kh~hkcts ti jvcmd izlhgc{htcig{ ti {tc`vmhtf ecz`{–cggiuhtcig hktcucts1 tbc{ mhka ie zfmfuhgt izlhgc{htcig{ khg jf h kig{fxvfgkf ie h zflcig–{ dfkc{cig`hacgl ~i|fz{- ecghgkchm zf{ivzkf{ iz ~imcks izcfgthtcig"Tõdtmcgl hgd Ahve`hgg 8333#'

îmcks dczfktfd ti|hzd{ {tc`vmhtcgl zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ c{ ~zijhjms`c{lvcdfd cg ì{t izlhgc{htcighmms ‒tbcg– zflcig{' H ìzf hdfxvhtf h~~zihkb`hs jf ti mcga zflcighm ecz`{ ti zfmfuhgt ghtcighm hgd cgtfzghtcighm agi|mfdlfzf{ivzkf{ hgd ecz`{- hgd ti `haf feeizt{ ti httzhkt hgd zfthcg cggiuhtcuf ecz`{hgd bclbms {acmmfd |izafz{ ti tbf zflcig' Tbc{ ~icgt{ ti tbf gffd eiz jziafz izlhgc{htcig{ cg tbf zflcighm ~imcks ~izteimci "Ghv|fmhfz{ hgd \cgtof{ :>>>#'Tbf {ctvhtcig cg izlhgc{htcighmms ‒tbcg– zflcig{ hm{i f`~bh{c{f{ tbf ehkt tbht‒{s{tf`{– {bivmd jf vgdfz{tiid jitb ezi` h tfzzctizchm hgd h evgktcighm ~fz{~fk

tcuf' Ezi` h evgktcighm ~fz{~fktcuf ecz`{ dzh| ig cdfh{- agi|bi| hgd ki`~mf`fgthzs h{{ft{ ezi` kv{ti`fz{- {v~~mcfz{- kig{vmthgt{- vgcufz{ctcf{- evgdcgl hgdtzhcgcgl izlhgc{htcig{- cgdf~fgdfgt ie lfilzh~bckhm mikhtcig "Tõdtmcgl hgdAhve`hgg 8333#' Tbv{- ecz`{ `hs cggiuhtf {vkkf{{evmms |ctbivt jfmiglcgl tih zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf` h{ migl h{ tbfs ecgd zfmfuhgt ki`~ftfgkf `cmcfv{ cg



88> C[HA[F G

ghtcighm iz cgtfzghtcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{'

Cg itbfz hzfh{ tbf zfmfuhgt hktiz{ `hs jf ~zf{fgt |ctbivt eiz`cgl h |izacglzflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf` "c'f' ezhl`fgthtcig#' Tbf zflcig `hs bhuf hg cgdv{tzchm {~fkchmc{htcig ki`~zc{cgl `hgs ecz`{ h{ |fmm h{ zfmfuhgt agi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{' Bi|fufz- lfilzh~bckhm ~zirc`cts igms kzfhtf{ h ~itfgtchm ei z cgtfzhktcig- |ctbivt gfkf{{hzcms mfhdcgl ti dfg{f mikhm zfmhtcig{' Tbf cgtfzhktcuf ~zhktckf{ ie cggiuhtcig gfhzms hm|hs{ cguimuf {i`f eiz` ie xvhmcthtcuf ki``vgckhtcig- c'f' cgtfz~fz{ighm mcgahlf{' Tbf frc{tfgkf ie {ikchm cg{tctvtcig{ ehkcmcthtf{kimmhjizhtcig hgd tbf frkbhglf ie xvhmcthtcuf cgeiz`htcig jft|ffg hktiz{' Tbv{-‒cg gft|iza{ hgd itbfz acgd{ ie ”izlhgc{fd‐ `hzaft zfmhtcig{- ~fi~mf dfufmi~kidf{ ie ki``vgckhtcig- {tsmf{ ie jfbhucivz- tzv{t- `ftbid{ ie kii~fzhtcig- ftk'ti ehkcmcthtf hgd {v~~izt cgtfzhktcuf mfhzgcgl– "Lzflfz{fg hgd Oibg{ig 833<?42:#' Bi|fufz- cg {i`f zflcig{ cgtfzhktcig c{ bh`~fzfd- mfhdcgl ti h ezhl`fgtfd{s{tf`'

Tbf ecz{t {tf~ ti {tzfgltbfgcgl ecz`{– cggiuhtcig hktcucts cg ‒ezhl`fgtfd–zflcig{ `hs jf ti c`~ziuf zfmhtcighm h{{ft{ tbht khg mfhd ti kmi{fz kimmhjizhtcig jft|ffg zflcighm hktiz{' H{bfc` "8332# zfefz{ ti f`~czckhm {tvdcf{ dfìg{tzhtcgltbht tzv{t hgd kii~fzhtcig jft|ffg zflcighm ecz`{ khg jf cgtfgtcighmms kzfhtfd'Hg c`~izthgt {tzhtfls cg tbht zf{~fkt `hs jf tbf dfufmi~`fgt ie zflcighm ‒kmvjliid{–- |bckb hzf h{{ft{ tbht hzf hkkf{{cjmf hgd jfgfeckchm ti {~fkceck lziv~{ ie ecz`{ hgd izlhgc{htcig{ cg h mikhmcts- hgd |bckb {v{thcg tbf kimmfktcuf mfhzgcglkh~hjcmcts ie zflcighm kmv{tfz{ "Mhlfgdcoa :>>>#' Zfmfuhgt ~imcks tiim{ `hs jfti cguctf hgd fglhlf ecz`{ hgd agi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{ kimmfktcufms cg bfm~cglti eiz`vmhtf h zflcighm cggiuhtcig {tzhtfls- ti kzfhtf itbfz gidf{ eiz mikhm kii~fzhtcig hgd kimmfktcuf izlhgc{htcig- h{ |fmm h{ ti ~ziucdf jzcdlf{ jft|ffgecz`{ hgd tfkbgimilckhm hgd agi|mfdlf zf{ivzkf{'

Cg tbf tbczd acgd ie zflcig df{kzcjfd cg Thjmf :- zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{frc{t- jvt tbf {s{tf`{ hzf tii kmi{fd hgd tbf gft|iza{ tii zclcd zf{vmtcgl cg h‒mika cg– {ctvhtcig' Tbc{ c{ tbf itbfz {cdf ie kv`vmhtcuf mfhzgcgl hgd ~htbdf~fgdfgks tbht ietfg kbhzhktfzc{f{ {tzigl cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{? tbf cg{tctvtcighm- {ikchmhgd kvmtvzhm ‒mikacg– ie jv{cgf{{ jfbhucivz' Tbc{ `hs hzc{f ce h zflcig bh{bc{tizckhmms bhd h {tzigl zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf` jh{fd ig Z%D cg{tctvtf{ hgduikhtcighm tzhcgcgl izlhgc{ht cig{ |ctb {~fkchmc{fd hktcuctcf{ dfdckhtfd ti h dfkmcgcgl tfkbgimils' [vkb h zflcighm ~zidvktcig hgd cggiuhtcig {s{tf`- |bckb bh{ jfki`f tfkbgimilckhmms `htvzf- `v{t v~lzhdf ct{ agi|mfdlf jh{f hgd ~ziìtf ~zidvkt cggiuhtcig{ cg izdfz ti jzfha ~htb df~fgdfgks "Kiiaf 8332#' Tbfzf c{hm{i hg cgbfzfgt dhglfz ie ‒mikacg– cg zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ i|cgl ti hbiìlfgc{htcig ie ‒|izmd ucf|{– "Lzhjbfz 833;#- hgd tbf{f ucf|{ `hs jfki`fhg ij{thkmf ti hdov{t`fgt |bfg tfkbgimilckhm tzhofktizcf{ hgd lmijhm fkigi`ck

kigdctcig{ kbhglf' Tbc{ ietfg kzfhtf{ {ctvhtcig{ |bfzf ~imctckchg{ hgd mhjivz vgcig{ hzlvf eiz ~zitfktcgl hgd {vj{cdc{cgl ecz`{ cg dfkmcgcgl cgdv{tzcf{'

Cg tbc{ acgd ie zflcig ct `hs jf zfmfuhgt ti ‒i~fg v~– {tzigl zflcighm gft|iza{- ti zf{tzvktvzf mikhm izlhgc{htcig{ iz ‒kmvj liid{–- ti evfm mikhm ijcmc{htcig cg izdfz ti ~zc{f mikhm ki``vgctcf{ h|hs ezi` ij{imftf httctvdf{ hgd agi|m



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 888

:' Cg hddctcig Fzck{{ig Zhdhz H[ bh{ hzivgd 8>> f`~misff{ cg Bhmdfg fh{t ie I{mi'

fdlf- hgd ti ei{tfz hkkf{{ ti zf{ivzkf{ ivt{cdf tbf zflcig' îmcks tiim{ `hs hm{i

hc` ti zfizcfgt tbf zflcig–{ tfkbgimils {v~~izt cgezh{tzvktvzf ti|hzd{ gf|tfkbgimilcf{ hgd {fktiz{ hgd ti {tc`vmhtf gf| ecz` kzfhtcig h{ {~cgiee{ ezi`frc{tcgl izlhgc{htcig{'

Tbf Fzck{{ig Kig{imcdhtcig Httf`~t?

Hg Cmmv{tzhtcig ie Mikhm î|fzmf{{gf{{ hgd

I~~iztvgcts cg h Lmijhm Fkigi`s

Dfufmi~`fgt{ {vzzivgdcgl hg Fzck{{ig Z%D df~hzt`fgt- mikhtfd cg h {`hmm Giz|flchg ti|g- hzf v{fd bfzf ti cmmv{tzhtf hgd hghms{f c`~izthgt h{~fkt{ ie tbfcgtfz~mhs ie lmijhmc{htcig hgd zflcighm dsgh`ck{' T|i {~fkceck xvf{tcig{ hzfcguf{tclhtfd jfmi| ?

K bi| bh{ tbf ehkt tbht tbf df~hzt`fgt jfmigl{ ti h mhzlf lmijhm ki`~hgsheefktfd tbf zflcighm dsgh`ck{ hgd "mhka ie# zflcighm htthkb`fgt9

K |bht ~imcks {tzhtflcf{ hzf zfmfuhgt cg izdfz ti jcgd tbf Fzck{{ig df~hzt`fgtti tbf zflcighm fkigi`s hgd lhcg mhzlfz mikhm {~cgiee{9

Fzck{{ig c{ h mhzlf [|fdc{bi|gfd tfmfki``vgckhtcig{ ki`~hgs- |ctb izf tbhg8>>->>> f`~misff{ cg 84> kivgtzcf{ h{ ie :>>>' Fzck{{ig bh{ t|i dcuc{cig{ cg

Giz|hs1 igf cg H{afz- ov{t ivt{cdf tbf Giz|flchg kh~cthm ie I{mi- |ctb hjivt66> f`~misff{- hgd hgitbfz cg Hzfgdhm- ehztbfz {ivtb- |ctb 46> f`~misff{"Eclvzf 8#': Jitb dcuc{cig{ kigkfgtzhtf ig dfufmi~`fgt1 cg ~hzt tbf dfufmi~`fgtie gf| ~zidvkt{ hgd ki`~igfgt{ eiz tbf Fzck{{ig kiz~izhtcig- hgd cg ~hzt tbfhdov{t`fgt- cg{thmmhtcig- tf{tcgl hgd {fzuckcgl ie Fzck{{ig ~zidvkt{ eiz Giz|flchg kmcfgt{ "mhzlfms kig{c{tcgl ie Tfmfgiz - tbf ~vjmck tfmfki``vgckhtcig{ ki` ~hgs cg Giz|hs#' Jitb Giz|flchg dcuc{cig{ bhuf tbf Fzck{{ig kiz~izhtcig ct{fme h{ tbfcz mhzlf{t kv{ti`fz hkkivgtcgl eiz ìzf tbhg bhme ie tbfcz hktcucts hgdtbfs ki`~ftf eiz dfufmi~`fgt hktcuctcf{ |ctb ;> itbfz Fzck{{ig ~zidvkt dfufmi~`fgt df~hzt`fgt{ hmm iufz tbf |izmd'

Tbf Fzck{{ig kig{imcdhtcig httf`~t cg fhzms 833< zfefz{ ti Fzck{{ig–{ ~mhg{ti ìuf tbfcz Hzfgdhm dcuc{cig ti tbf tbfg ~zi~i{fd tfkbgimils ~hza ht Eizgfjv1tbf ~mhg |h{ ti zfmikhtf jitb Giz|flchg dcuc{cig{ vgdfz igf ziie' Eizgfjv c{ tbf



88: C[HA[F G

ECLVZF 8 Tbf Mikhtcig ie Eizgfjv- H{afz hgd Hzfgdhm

eiz`fz I{mi hcz~izt kmi{fd di|g cg 8332' Tbf Liufzg`fgt bh{ dfkcdfd ti

dfufmi~ Eizgfjv h{ h mhzlf tfkbgimils ~hza hgd cgkvjhtcig kfgtzf eikv{cgl igtbf CKT {fktiz hgd cgkmvdcgl fdvkhtcig- Z%D- hd`cgc{tzhtcig hgd ~zidvkfz {fzuckf{' Tbf Hzfgdhm hzfh eivgd ct{fme cg h {ctvhtcig ie bfhus df~fgdfgkf ig tbfFzck{{ig ~mhgt- git igms eiz tbf evtvzf dfufmi~`fgt ie tbf CKT cgdv{tzs- jvt ti{i`f frtfgt eiz ~i{ctcuf dfufmi~`fgt ie tbf hzfh cg lfgfzhm' H~hzt ezi` tbf mi{{ie eivz bvgdzfd bclbms xvhmcecfd oij{- tbf mikhm hzfh "jitb ~imctckchg{ hgd ecz`mfhdfz{# hm{i efhzfd jfcgl mhjfmmfd h ‒mii{fz zflcig–' Tbf ~vjmck c`hlf ie hzflcig git hjmf ti bi{t h ecz` mcaf Fzck{{ig jfkhv{f ie dceeckvmtcf{ cg zfkzvctcglbclbms fdvkhtfd ~fz{iggfm- h ~iizms dfufmi~fd ~bs{ckhm hgd agi|mfdlf cgezh{tzvktvzf ftk' kivmd jf ufzs bhzèvm eiz evtvzf cgdv{tzchm dfufmi~`fgt ie tbfzflcig'

Fzck{{ig–{ `hghlf`fgt ov{tcecfd zfmikhtcgl tbf Hzfgdhm dcuc{cig ig tbflzivgd{ tbht kig{imcdhtcgl hmm tbfcz Giz|flchg hktcuctcf{ cg igf ~mhkf |ivmdfghjmf tbf` ti cgkzfh{f ~zidvktcucts {veeckcfgtms eiz Fzck{{ig ti `hcgthcg kvzzfgtmfufm{ ie hktcucts cg Giz|hs' Cg hddctcig- tbfs hzlvfd tbht ct |h{ gfkf{{hzs ti jfmikhtfd kmi{f ti Tfmfgiz tbfcz ì{t c`~izthgt Giz|flchg kmcfgt tbht bhd



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 88;

;' Fzck{{ig cg Hzfgdhm c{ k mh{{cecfd h{ tbf { crtb mhzlf{t CTecz` cg Giz|hs cg 8335 |bfg

`fh{vzcgl ecz`{– gv`jfz ie f`~misff{ |ctb bclbfz fdvkhtcig cg cgeiz`htcig tfkbgimils"Jzhhdmhgd ft hm 8333#'

4 ' Hktvhmms - tbf Hzfgdhm zflcig kig{c{t{ ie t|i {`hmmfz ti|g{ "Hzfgdhm hgd Lzc`{thd# |ctbcg h

dc{thgkf ie :> acmi`ftzf{ hgd h ki``vtcgl hzfh frtfgdcgl 8>:> acmi`ftzf{ h|hs e zi` tbf

ti|g{' Tbf tithm ~i~vmhtcig c{ hjivt 5>->>>' Tbf hzfh c{ zfefzzfd ti h{ tbf Hzfgdhm zflcig

hmtbivlb tbf Fzck{{ig vgct ìufd ti Lzc`{thd cg 8333'

dfkcdfd ti zfmikhtf ct{ bfhd ieeckf hgd `vkb ie ct{ Z%D hktcuctcf{ f`~miscgl

5-6>> ~fz{ig{ ti tbf eiztbki`cgl CTkfgtzf' H mikhtcig cg tbf I{mi zflcig |h{hm{i zflhzdfd h{ h lzfht hduhgthlf h{ tbc{ zflcig biv{f{ Giz|hs–{ mhzlf{t CKTzf{fhzkb hgd dfufmi~`fgt `cmcfv';

\izafz{ hgd `hghlf`fgt ht Hzfgdhm- h{ |fmm h{ mikhm ~imctckchg{- hzlvfdtbht zfmikhtcig |h{ vggfkf{{hzs h{ cgeiz`htcig tfkbgimils `haf{ ct ~i{{cjmf eiz tbf H{afz hgd Hzfgdhm dcuc{cig{ ti kii~fzhtf |ctbivt ~bs{ckhm ~zirc`cts'I~~igfgt{ hm{i ~icgtfd ivt tbf jfgfect{ ie bhucgl t|i dcuc{cig{- gh`fms tbhtFzck{{ig bh{ t|i zfkzvct`fgt jh{f{ cg Giz|hs igf cg h mhzlf kcts hzfh "I{mi#hgd igf cg h ti|g4 |bckb `haf{ ct fh{cfz ti httzhkt xvhmcecfd |izafz{ |ctbdceefzfgt mcef{tsmf ~zfefzfgkf{' \hlf mfufm{ hzf hm{i mi|fz cg tbf Hzfgdhm hzfh-hgd httfgtcig |h{ evztbfz dzh|g ti tbf ehkt tbht tbf Hzfgdhm zflcig bh{ hg hktcufCKT `cmcfv hìgl{t ecz`{ hgd bclbfz fdvkhtcig cg{tctvtf{' Tb v{- tbf Fzck{{igdf~hzt`fgt c{ ehz ezi` h ‒khtbfdzhm cg tbf df{fzt–' Hzfgdhm bh{ {ffg tbf lzi|tb

ie h {clgceckhgt js Giz|flchg {thgdhzd{ CKT {fktiz- jitb cg tfz`{ ie gv` jfz ie f`~misff{ "<>> cg hddctcig ti ìzf tbhg 4>> ht Fzck{{ig cg 833<#- g v`jfz ie ecz`{ "8>86# hgd cg tfz`{ ie fdvkhtcighm kh~hkcts "|ctb- eiz cg{thgkf- htfkbgckhm kimmflf fdvkhtcgl CT fglcgffz{#' Hmtbivlb tbf hzfh bh{ h `vkb mi|fz gv`jfz ie ~fi~mf |ctb bclbfz fdvkhtcig cg CT tbhg I{mi hgd {i`f itbfz mhzlfz kctcf{- tbf zflcig jfgfectfd ezi` tbf eh{tf{t lzi|tb cg tbf gv`jfz ie f`~misff{|ctb eiz`hm CT ki`~ftfgkf hìgl Giz|flchg zflcig{ jft|ffg 8326 hgd 8335"Jzhhdmhgd ft hm 8333#'

Tbf zf{c{thgkf `ft js Fzck{{ig- ezi` f`~misff{ hgd ezi` tbf hzfh cglfgfzhm- mfd ti h Vtvzg ht h jihzd `fftcgl cg Efjzvhzs 833<' Fzck{{ig–{`hghlf`fgt cg Giz|hs kmhc`fd tbht h {vkkf{{evm ìuf df~fgdfd ig ht mfh{t2>& ie tbfcz f`~misff{ hlzffcgl ti zfmikhtf- h{ tbf dcuc{cig df~fgd{ ig tbfcz ecz`{~fkceck ki`~ftfgkf' Bi|fufz- ufzs ef| ie tbf` {ff`fd |cmmcgl ti ìufti Eizgfjv'

Fzck{{ig–{ dcuc{cig ht Hzfgdhm c{ h {`hmm vgct cg h |izmd|cdf kiz~izhtcig-hgd tbf Fzck{{ig kig{imcdhtcig httf`~t khg tbfzfeizf jf ~mhkfd cg h lmijhmc{htcig ~fz{~fktcuf' Fzck{{ig–{ zfmikhtcig ~mhg kmfhzms cmmv{tzhtf{ bi| uvmgfzhjmf mikhmhzfh{ khg jf ti tbf {tzhtflck dfkc{cig`hacgl ie TGK{' Bi|fufz- tbf kbhglf cgtbf zfmikhtcig dfkc{cig hm{i dfìg{tzhtf{ tbht mikhm hzfh{ `hs bimd {i`f ~i|fz uc{îuc{ TGK{- ht mfh{t |ctb zflhzd{ ti agi|mfdlfjh{fd ecz`{ {vkb tbf Hzfgdhmvgct' Tbc{ vgct c{ ti {i`f dflzff hgkbizfd ti ct{ mikhtcig- jfkhv{f `vkb ie ct{ki`~ftctcuf hduhgthlf c{ kigefzzfd tbzivlb tbf ki`~ftfgkf hgd fr~fzcfgkf ie



884 C[HA[F G

f`~misff{ zhtbfz tbhg- eiz frh`~mf- tbzivlb hkkf{{ ti zh| `htfzchm{- kbfh~

fmfktzckcts iz hjvgdhgkf ie vg{acmmfd mhjivz' Hg hzfh khg hm{i dzh| lzfhthduhgthlf ezi` f{thjmc{b`fgt{ tbht hzf h ~hzt ie TGK{' [vkb f{thjmc{b`fgt{ bhuflzfhtfz i~~iztvgcts eiz dfufmi~`fgt tbhg tbfs |ivmd bhuf h{ zfmhtcufms {`hmmghtcighm ki`~hgcf{' H{ ~hzt ie h TGK hg f{thjmc{b`fgt bh{ lzfhtfz hkkf{{ tikh~cthm- ki`~ftfgkf- tfkbgimils hgd ~hztgfz{ eiz kii~fzhtcig- h{ |fmm h{ hkkf{{ti h jzhgd gh`f hgd h {hmf{ hgd `hzaftcgl h~~hzhtv{'

Tbf Hzfgdhm CKTCgdv{tzs? Ti|hzd{ h Zflcighm Cggiuhtcig [s{tf`

Tbf ezh`f|iza cg Thjmf 8 c{ h v{fevm tiim eiz dc{kv{{cgl tbf {thtv{ ie tbf CKTcgdv{tzs cg Hzfgdhm hgd tbf |hs tbc{ cgdv{tzs kivmd jf dfufmi~fd cgti h ìzfcggiuhtcuf cgdv{tzchm `cmcfv' Cg 833<- tbf zflcig–{ CKT cgdv{tzs kivmd jfkmh{{cecfd h{ h zflcighm kmv{tfz? cg hg httf`~t ti cdfgtces "~itfgtchm# zflcighmkmv{tfz{ cg Giz|hs js tbf v{f ie frtfg{cuf {thtc{t ckhm `htfzchm- tbf fmfktzigck{cgdv{tzs cg Hzfgdhm h~~fhzfd h{ igf khgdcdhtf cg 833> "C{ha{fg hgd [~cmmcgl8335#' Bi|fufz- tbf cgdv{tzs dif{ git eiz` h zflcighm cggiuhtcig gft|iza- giz h zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf` dvf ti mcttmf eiz`hm kii~fzhtcig jft|ffg mikhmecz`{ hgd jft|ffg ecz`{ hgd agi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{' Tbc{ ehkt hm{idfìg{tzhtf{ tbf gffd ti dc{tcglvc{b jft|ffg tbf uhzciv{ ts~f{ ie zflcighm kmv{tfz |bfg tbf kigkf~t c{ v{fd h{ hg hghmstckhm tiim' Tbf Fzck{{ig df~hzt`fgt bhd eiz {fufzhm sfhz{ jffg zfefzzfd ti h{ hg fglcgf ie mikhm cgdv{tzchm dfufmi~`fgt'Bi|fufz- dvzcgl tbf Fzck{{ig fufgt- tbf mikhm `hghlfz{ ht Fzck{{ig {~iaf ie tbfdf~hzt`fgt h{ hg fglcgf |ctbivt |hlig{ ti f`~bh{c{f tbf mhka ie mikhm

kimmhjizhtiz{' Fzck{{ig c{ f`jfddfd cg tbf {fg{f tbht `hgs fglcgffz{ bhuf `hdfHzfgdhm tbfcz bi`f hgd hzf {tziglms ki``cttfd ti tbf ~mhkf- h{ zfufhmfd cg tbfFzck{{ig ‒jhttmf–' Cg 833< ct{ mcga ti tbf zflcig |h{ `hcgms tbzivlb tbf mhjivz `hzaft- git tbzivlb kii~fzhtcuf mikhm gft|iza{? Fzck{{ig bhd mcttmf c`~hkt igtbf fgdilfgiv{ dfufmi~`fgt ~zikf{{'

\ctb tbf Fzck{{ig df~hzt fgt- tbf CKT cgdv{tzs ht Hzfgdhm "|ctb {i`fìdceckhtcig{# zf{f`jmf{ tbf tfzzctizchm ~zidvktcig {s{tf`{ ie ts~f H hgd J cgtbf ts~imils ie @hcmmht hgd Lzi{fofhg "8333#' Tbf{f hzf ~zidvktcig {s{tf`{ |ctbmcttmf iz gi tfzzctizchmc{htcig iz |ctb mctt mf iz gi cgtfzecz` z fmhtcig{' Ts~ckhm kh{f{hzf {vj{cdchzcf{ ie mhzlf Eizdc{t ecz`{- df~fgdfgt ig h bcfzhzkbs mikhtfd ivt{cdfie tbf zflcig- hgd mhzlf ecz`{ tbht cgtfzghmc{f hmì{t hmm evgktcig{ ie tbf uhmvfhddfd kbhcg |ctbivt kvmtcuhtcgl hgs {vj{thgtchm zfmhtcig{ |ctb itbfz hktiz{ cg tbfzflcig' Ts~ckhmms- tbf{f ts~f{ ie ~zidvktcig {s{tf` di ‒git ehuivz fgdilfgiv{

dfufmi~`fgt- jfkhv{f Qtbfs diP git fglfgdfz h kimmfktcuf mfhzgcgl ~zikf{{ cg tbfzflcig- giz Qdi tbfsP ehuivz tbf dfufmi~`fgt ie zf{ivzkf{ |bckb hzf {~fkceck titbf tfzzctizs– "i~' kct'? 6#' Tbf kh~hkcts ti lfgfzhtf fgdilfgiv{ dfufmi~`fgt cgh zflcighm ~zidvktcig {s{tf` iz kmv{tfz df~fgd{ ig tbf cgtfg{cts hgd ghtvzf ie {s``ftzckhm zfmhtcig{ jft|ffg hktiz{' Cg tfz`{ ie tbf ezh`f|iza cg Thjmf 8-




6' Fzck{{ig zfkzvct{ khgdcdhtf{ ezi` tbf kimmflf- zf{fhzkbfz{ h t tbf e cz` hzf {v~fzuc{iz{ eiz

{tvdfgt{– `h{tfz{ tbf{f{ hgd Fzck{{ig {thee tfhkb cg tbf `h{tfz{ kivz{f'

kmv{tfz{ bhuf ti dfufmi~ cgti cggiuhtcuf gft|iza{ iz cggiuhtcig {s{tf`{ ti zhc{f

tbfcz ~itfgtchm eiz fgdilfgiv{ dfufmi~`fgt' \bht hzf tbf jhzzcfz{ ti fgdilfgiv{dfufmi~`fgt cg tbf Hzfgdhm CKT cgdv{tzs |bfg {ffg ezi` tbf cggiuhtcig {s{tf`h~~zihkb9 Bhuf tbf{f jhzzcfz{ jffg mi|fzfd js mikhm cgctchtcuf{ cg tbf |haf ie tbf Fzck{{ig heehcz9

Cg 833< tbf CKT cgdv{tzs cg tbf Hzfgdhm zflcig {veefzfd- ti h kfzthcg dflzff-ezi` hmm tbzff jhzzcfz{ cg Thjmf :' Tbf CKT cgdv{tzs |h{ ecz{t ie hmm kbhzhktfzc{fd js h mhka ie cggiuhtcig cgtfzhktcig jft|ffg mikhm ecz`{ hgd jft|ffg ecz`{ hgdagi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{- c'f' ezhl`fgthtcig' Tbc{ zfemfkt{ h {af|fd ecz`{tzvktvzf kig{c{tcgl ie tbf dfufmi~`fgt df~hzt`fgt ie Fzck{{ig- t|i mhzlfkigtzhkt {v~~mcfz{ ie fmfktzigck{ ki`~igfgt{ hgd {fufzhm {`hmmfz ecz`{ |ctbcg{~fkceck gckbf{' Tbf mhka ie cggiuhtcig cgtfzhktcig hm{i zfemfkt{ tbf ehkt tbht tbfFzck{{ig vgct bh{ ti dfhm |ctb c{{vf{ mcaf {fkzfks hgd ~zi~zcfthzs agi|mfdlf' TbfHzfgdhm zflcig |h{ hm{i izlhgc{htcighmms ‒tbcg–- bhucgl gi zf{fhzkb cg{tctvtf iz

tfkbgimils tzhg{efz izlhgc{htcig' Tbf zflcig bhd h tfkbgckhm kimmflf- hmtbivlbtbfzf |h{ zfmhtcufms mcttmf kii~fzhtcig jft|ffg tbf kimmflf hgd Fzck{{ig iz tbfzf{t ie tbf mikhm CT cgdv{tzs' Tbf cgdv{tzs |h{ git kbhzhktfzc{fd ‒mikafdcg– tihgs ~hztckvmhz dflzff' Igms tbf Fzck{{ig fglcgffz{ kivmd jf kbhzhktfzc{fd h{‒mikafdcg–' Tbfzf |fzf ~zhktckhmms gi {~cgiee{ ezi` Fzck{{ig'

Tbf jhzzcfz{ ti h zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf` cg tbf CKT cgdv{tzs cg Hzfgdhmbhuf hktvhmms jffg mi|fzfd {cgkf tbf Fzck{{ig heehcz cg 833< js tbf dfufmi~`fgtie ‒kmvj liid{– tbht {fzuf |cdfz ~vz~i{f{ tbhg tbf mikhm CKT kmv{tfz' Tbc{dfufmi~`fgt c{ git {i `vkb tbf zf{vmt ie dfmcjfzhtf mikhm ~vjmck ~mhggcgl- jvtzhtbfz tbf zf{vmt ie {fufzhm cgdcucdvhm hktcig{ {~vzzfd js tbf ìjcmc{htcig ~zikf{{cg tbf |haf ie tbf Fzck{{ig heehcz hgd jhkafd js {i`f ghtcighm {v~~iztizlhgc{htcig{' Hg c`~izthgt cgctchtcuf |h{ tbf i~fgcgl ie h Tfkbgimils Eizv` js Fzck{{ig hgd gcgf itbfz mikhm ecz`{ cg {~zcgl 833<' Tbf Eizv` `hs jfdfgitfd h{ h ‒{v~~izt kmvj– eiz tbf mikhm cgdv{tzs- h mijjs izlhgc{htcig hgd h‒`fftcgl ~mhkf–' Tbf Eizv` {tc`vmhtfd kimmhjizhtcig hgd h mfhzgcgl kvmtvzf jft|ffg mikhm ecz`{ hgd tbf mikhm tfkbgckhm kimmflf "tbc{ ~icgt c{ `hdf cg Thjmf:#' Tbf Eizv` hm{i cgctchtfd h mikhm cgkvjhtiz izlhgc{htcig hgd h mikhm ufgtvzfkh~cthm evgd tbht cguf{t{ cg gf| tfkbgimils jh{fd ecz`{- `hacgl tbf hzfh mf{{izlhgc{htcighmms ‒tbcg–'

H gf| {~fkchmc{fd kivz{f ht tbf mikhm kimmflf hm{i fuimufd h{ h dczfkt zf{vmtie mijjscgl dvzcgl tbf Fzck{{ig heehcz' Tbv{- tbf {thtf i|gfd kimmflf ijthcgfdtbf ~fz`c{{cig hgd zf{ivzkf{ "ezi` tbf Liufzg`fgt# ti fdvkhtf `h{tfz{ {tvdfgt{{~fkchmc{fd cg CKT' Hgitbfz c`~izthgt dfkc{cig |h{ tbf zfmikhtcig ie tbf Fzck{{igdf~hzt`fgt ti h gf| ieeckf jvcmdcgl gfhz tbf mikhm kimmflf- {tzfgltbfgcglkimmhjizhtcig |ctb tbf kimmflf' 6 Tbf kimmflf- Fzck{{igtbf mikhm df~hzt`fgt ie

Tfmfgiz hgd t|i itbfz ecz`{ {thztfd hg CKT mhjizhtizs ht tbf kimmflf cg 8332 ti



885 C[HA[F G

{tc`vmhtf ki`ìg zf{fhzkb ~ziofkt{ hgd mfhzgcgl'

Fzck{{ig hgd tbf kimmflf gi| eiz` tbf kfgtzf ie h gf| tfkbgimils ~hza'Tbc{ mikhm cgctchtcuf c{ hm{i h{{c{tfd js tbf ghtcighm {v~~izt izlhgc{htcig [CUH-{~fkchmc{fd cg dfufmi~cgl zflcighm cggiuhtcig `cmcfv{' Tbf ~hza cgkmvdf{ ìzftbhg 4> ecz`{ hgd izlhgc{htcig{- hìgl tbf` tbf cgkvjhtiz izlhgc{htcig- tbfufgtvzf evgd hgd hzivgd 86 {`hmm hgd ‒gf| jizg– CKT ecz`{' Tbf cgkvjhtiz izlhgc{htcig hm{i i~fzhtf{ h ghtcighm {v~~izt ~zilzh``f ti {tc`vmhtfki``fzkchmc{htcig ie zf{fhzkb kimmflf hgd zf{fhzkb cg{tctvtf{ zf{vmt{' Tbftfkbgimils ~hza xvckams `ft tbf ghtcighm kzctfzch xvhmcescgl ct h{ igf ie Giz|hs–{ 8> {kcfgkf ~hza{'

Gf| mikhm cg{tctvtcig{ iz kimmfktcuf h{{ft{ bhuf h~~fhzfd cg tbf |haf ie tbfFzck{{ig fufgt- hgd gf| CKT ecz`{ bhuf jffg f{thjmc{bfd' Fzck{{ig ct{fme ivt{ivzkfd h 6> ~fz{ig fglcgffzcgl hgd cg{thmmhtcig{ df~hzt`fgt ti hgitbfz TGK"tbf V[ jh{fd Emfrtzigck{# cg :>>>- mikhtcgl ct{ gf| vgct ht tbf tfkbgimilskfgtzf' Fzck{{ig ovdlfd tbht tbf df`hgd eiz tbf df~hzt`fgt–{ {fzuckf{ |ivmd ehmmh{ tbf ~zidvkt{ hzf jfki`cgl {c`~mfz ti cg{thmm' Bi|fufz- tbf ivt{ivzkfddf~hzt`fgt bh{ hkxvczfd gf| kv{ti`fz{ hgd fr~hgdfd ct{ gv`jfz ie f`~misff{'

Kigkmv{cig?

TGK{ h{ Cgtfzehkf{ Jft|ffg tbf Lmijhm hgd tbf Mikhm9

Bi| hs tbf Fzck{{ig kh{f hduhgkf ivz vgdfz{thgdcgl ie z flcighm dsgh`ck{ hgdlmijhmc{htcig9 Cg hg{|fzcgl tbc{ xvf{tcig |f ecz{t bhuf ti aff~ cg `cgd tbhtfkigi`ck lmijhmc{htcig hs heefkt zflcighm dsgh`ck{ cg h uhzcfts ie |hs{' Ct hs jzcgl hjivt cgkzfh{fd |izmd|cdf {ivzkcgl jh{fd ig tbf ~zcgkc~mf ie ki`~hzhtcuf

hduhgthlf hgd ie mi|f{t ~i{{cjmf ~zidvktcig ki{t{1 tbc{ `hs bhuf gflhtcuf|fmehzf c`~mckhtcig{ hgd mi| `vmtc~mcfz feefkt{ cg tbf hzfh{ kigthcgcgl ki{tki`~ftcgl jzhgkb ~mhgt{ hgd {vjkigtzhktiz{' \izmd|cdf {ivzkcgl bh{ jffgfghjmfd js dfufmi~`fgt{ cg tzhg{~izthtcig hgd ki``vgckhtcig tfkbgimilcf{- hgdevztbfz {tc`vmhtfd js mcjfzhmc{htcig hgd dfzflvmhtcig ie cgtfzghtcighm tzhdf hgdecghgkchm `hzaft{'

Ig tbf itbfz bhgd- lmijhmc{htcig ieefz{ gf| i~~iztvgctcf{ eiz ecz`{ cgdsgh`ck zflcighm kmv{tfz{ ti jf cgkmvdfd cg lmijhm gft|iza{- eiz frh`~mf ti eiz`{~fkchmc{fd gidf{ ie cgtfz`fdchtf ~zidvkt{ cg miglfz lmijhm ~zidvktcig kbhcg{"[tiz~fz :>>>h#' Fgdilfgiv{ dfufmi~`fgt ~zikf{{f{ hzf {ffg h{ tbf ~zcgkc~hm|hs eiz zflcighm kmv{tfz{ ti fgtfz lmijhm gft|iza{' Ecz`{ jfki`f ki`~ftctcuftbzivlb tbf ìjcmc{htcig ie mikhtcig{~fkceck zf{ivzkf{- hgd ct c{ gi| kv{ti`hzsti kig{cdfz tbht ‒tbf zflcighm kigtfrt "‥# ti h mhzlf frtfgt- dftfz`cgf{ bi|{vkkf{{evm tbht ecz` c{ cg tbf lmijhm ki`~ftctcig– "Zvttfg ft hm :>>>?:42#'Fkigi`ck {~fkchmc{htcig iz tbf kzfhtcig ie zflcighm kmv{tfz{ c{ {ffg h{ tbf igms|hs eiz zflcig{ ti iufzki`f tbf ‒lmijhmc{htcig tzh~–- c'f' tbf zc{a ie jfcglivtki`~ftfd hkzi{{ tbf jihzd "Mhlfgdcoa :>>>#'



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 88<

Tbf Hzfgdhm vgct{– hjcmcts ti kigtcgvf ti {fzuf tbf Fzck{{ig ki`~hgs- |ctb

ct{ {~fkceck {acmm cg tbf dfufmi~`fgt ie hduhgkfd CKT {s{tf`{- zfemfkt{ tbc{{fkigd ~i{{cjcmcts' Bi|fufz- tbf kigtcgvfd ki`~ftctcufgf{{ ie tbf{f hktcuctcf{h~~fhz{ ti zfxvczf tbf {v~~izt ie h |izacgl zflcighm cggiuhtcig {s{tf`' Tbc{fghjmf{ tbf Fzck{{ig vgct- eiz frh`~mf- ti zfkzvct bclbms xvhmcecfd fglcgffz{ hgddzh| ig agi|mfdlf hgd cdfh{ ezi` itbfz {~fkchmc{fd mikhm ecz`{'

Ht mfh{t t|i `hoiz ~imcks cgctchtcuf{ `hs jf c`~izthgt cg izdfz ti fghjmf‒ezhl`fgtfd– zflcighm kmv{tfz{ mcaf tbf Hzfgdhm CKT cgdv{tzs ti ‒kmc`j v~ tbfbcfzhzkbs– cg Thjmf 8' H ecz{t ~zihktcuf th{a c{ ti cgkzfh{f kii~fzhtcig jft|ffgmikhm ecz`{ cg izdfz ti eiz` zflcighm cggiuhtcig gft|iza{ hgd cgkzfh{f kimmfktcufmfhzgcgl hgd tbf ki`~ftctcufgf{{ ie mikhm ecz`{' \bfg igf iz h ef| mhzlf ecz`{di`cghtf tbf mikhm cgdv{tzs- tbc{ th{a `hs thaf tbf eiz` ie v~lzhdcgl mikhm{v~~mcfz{ ezi` jfcgl ‒oijjfz{–- tbht ~zidvkf hkkizdcgl ti dfthcmfd cg{tzvktcig{-ti jfcgl ‒ki`hafz{–- tbht thaf ~hzt cg tbf cggiuhtcig hgd fglcgffzcgl ~zikf{{ ie

tbfcz kv{ti`fz' H{ zfufhmfd js dhth ezi` tbf Fvzi{tht Ki``vgcts Cggiuhtcig[vzufs- tbf ì{t c`~izthgt frtfzghm {ivzkf{ cg ecz`{– cggiuhtcig ~fzeiz`hgkfhzf ~hztgfz{ hmigl tbf uhmvf kbhcg- hgd cg ~hztckvmhz kmcfgt{ hgd kv{ti`fz{' Tbv{-cgtfzecz` zfmhtcig{bc~{ `hs jf tbf jf{t |hs ti c`~ziuf tbf cggiuhtcufkh~hjcmctcf{ ie mikhm ecz`{' Tbc{ `hs- bi|fufz- jf h dceeckvmt th{a cg hzfh{di`cghtfd js TGK{' Cgdffd- kiz~izhtf {vjkigtzhktiz{ hzf ietfg h{{v`fd ‒tidfufmi~ gi mikhm kimmhjizhtcig tbht `clbt cg{~czf ”mfhzgcgl‐ hgd cg{tfhdzf`hcgfd tcfd ti tbfcz ~hztgfz{ cg itbfz mikhtcig{' Tbc{ hghms{c{ {clgceckhgtmsvgdfz`cgf{ tbf cdfh ie v{cgl kiz~izhtf jzhgkbf{ ti acka {thzt mfhzgcgl ~zikf{{f{cg jhka|hzd hgd dfkmcgcgl zflcig{– "Uhtgf hgd Thsmiz :>>>? 8486#' TbfFzck{{ig kh{f zfufhm{ h gffd ti xvhmces {vkb h {thtf`fgt h{ h lfgfzhm kigkmv{cigh{ tbc{ kiz~izhtf Z%D df~hzt`fgt kfzthcgms c{ cguimufd cg mikhm mfhzgcgl ~zikf{{f{'

Tbf gfrt hgd ìzf zfhktcuf th{a c{ ti jcgd tbf vgct{ ie TGK{ ìzf {tziglmsti h mikhm cgdv{tzchm `cmcfv' Tbf v~lzhdcgl ie mikhm {v~~mcfz{ `hs hm{i jfc`~izthgt cg tbc{ zf{~fkt' Dfmcjfzhtf cgctchtcuf{ ti kzfhtf hgd v~lzhdf mikhmagi|mfdlf izlhgc{htcig{ hgd dfufmi~ zflcighm ‒kmvj liid{– `hs evztbfz f`jfdvgct{ ie TGK' TGK{ hs tbfg ecgd ct ~ziecthjmf ti `hcgthcg {i`f hktcuctcf{- hgd{i`f cggiuhtcuf hktcuctcf{ tii- cg |bht `hs jfki`f h dsgh`ck zflcighmcggiuhtcig {s{tf`' Tbf mikhm vgct ie h TGK `hs hm{i bhuf h {tziglfz mcafmcbiidie |cggcgl tbf cgtzhecz` {tzvllmf eiz hddctcighm hktcuctcf{ hgd cguf{t`fgt |bfgmikhtfd cg h agi|mfdlfcgtfg{cuf kmv{tfz' Ct |cmm tbfg bhuf hkkf{{ ti h ki`~ftfgt|iza eizkf hgd {~fkchmc{fd mikhm fr~fztc{f- ~zirc`cts ti agi|mfdlf hgd tzhcgcglizlhgc{htcig{- hgd gf| cdfh{ hgd fkigi`ckhmms v{fevm agi|mfdlf khg ki`f hjivttbzivlb kigthkt hgd kii~fzhtcig jft|ffg f'l' {acmmfd |izafz{- fglcgffz{ hgd

zf{fhzkbfz{' Kiz~izhtcig{ hs th~ tbf agi|mfdlf jh{f ie {vkb h zflcig- c'f' tbfagi|mfdlf cgtfg{cuf zflcig jfki`f{ h ‒mc{tfgcgl ~i{t– eiz zfmhscgl jhka ~zidvktdfufmi~`fgt hgd `hzaftcgl cgeiz`htcig ti tbf TGK' [vkb h zimf `hs jff{~fkchmms c`~izthgt cg gf| cgdv{tzcf{ hgd cg vg{thjmf frtfzghm fguczig`fgt{{cgkf ‒|bfg tbf kigtfgt ie agi|mfdlf c{ kbhglcgl zh~cdms igms tbi{f |bi thaf



882 C[HA[F G

~hzt cg ct{ kzfhtcig khg lft hkkf{{ ti ct– "Mvgdhmm hgd Jizzè{ 833<? ;4#'

Tbc{ cgtfz~zfthtcig ie tbf Fzck{{ig heehcz hgd tbf {vj{fxvfgt lfgfzhmdc{kv{{cig ie zfmfuhgt dfufmi~`fgt {tzhtflcf{ tivkbf{ v~ig h zfkvzzfgt- jzihdfz cgtfmmfktvhm feeizt cg fkigi`ck lfilzh~bs' Cg hghms{cgl zflcighm cgdv{tzchmdfufmi~`fgt |f gffd ti vgdfz{thgd jitb tbf lfgfzhm ~zikf{{f{ cg tbf cgdv{tzshgd {ikcfts h{ h |bimf "h{ fkigi`ck lmijhmc{htcig tfgdfgkcf{#- bi| tbf{f `hsheefkt mikhmctcf{ cg dceefzfgt |hs{- h{ |fmm h{ bi| bc{tizckhm {ikchm hgd kvmtvzhmkbhzhktfzc{tck{ {tc`vmhtf mikhmc{fd mfhzgcgl hgd tbf kzfhtcig ie zflcig{~fkceckki`~ftfgkcf{' Tbc{ tbf`f bh{ ti {i`f frtfgt jffg iufzmiiafd dvzcgl tbf mh{tt|i dfkhdf{- mfhdcgl ti tbf dhglfz ie iufzf`~bh{c{cgl tbf c`~izthgkf ie mikhmmcgahlf{ hgd zf{ivzkf{' Tbf ~i{ctcig ie tbf zflcig cg tbf lmijhm fkigi`s c{ {ffgti zf{t v~ig tbf xvhmcts ie {ikchm cgtfzhktcig hgd mikhmc{fd mfhzgcgl' Bi|fufz-gigmikhm mcgahlf{ hzf hm{i f{{fgtchm cg {v{thcgcgl ki`~ftctcufgf{{ js hmmi|cgleiz tbf cgkiz~izhtcig ie gf| cdfh{ hgd agi|mfdlf cgti ~mhkf{~fkceck mfhzgcglhgd cggiuhtcig ~zikf{{f{' Cg tbc{ {fg{f- TGK{ `hs hkt h{ cgtfzehkf{ jft|ffglmijhm ~zidvktcig gft|iza{ hgd zflcighm fkigi`cf{' Js jfcgl df`hgdcglkv{ti`fz{- vgct{ ie TGK{ `hs eiz frh`~mf jf c`~izthgt kbhggfm{ eiz tzhg{`cttcgl jf{t ~zhktckf `hghlf`fgt hgd ~zidvktcig tfkbgcxvf ti mikhm ecz`{uch v{fz~zidvkfz cgtfzhktcig "Kv`jfz{ :>>>#'

Ezi` tbc{ ucf|~icgt- tbf lmijhm fkigi`s c{ `hdf v~ ie cgtzckhtfmscgtfzkiggfktfd zflcighm kmv{tfz{ |bckb hzf f`jfddfd cg uhzciv{ |hs{ cg dceefzfgteiz`{ ie kiz~izhtf gft|iza{ "Dckafg :>>>#' Tbf ~zfkc{f zimf ~mhsfd js TGKf{thjmc{b`fgt{ cg lmijhm gft|iza{- h{ df~fgdfgt {vjkigtzhktiz{ iz h{ Z%Ddf~hzt`fgt{- |cmm bhuf ufzs {clgceckhgt c`~mckhtcig{ eiz tbf dfufmi~`fgt ~itfgtchm ie tbf zflcighm kmv{tfz hgd |cdfz ki``vgctcf{ cg |bckb tbff{thjmc{b`fgt{ hzf jh{fd'

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Ecz`{? H Kzctckhm H~~zhc{hm‐- cg B' Fzg{tf- B' hgd U' @fcfz "fd{' #' Zf

lcighm Dfufmi~`fgt hgd Kigtf`~izhzs Cgdv{tzchm Zf{~ig{f? Frtfgdcgl

Emfrcjmf [~fkchmc{htcig' Migdig? Jfmbhufg' YYYYYYY' 8332' ”Mfhzgcgl Zflcig{ h{ Dfufmi~`fgt Kihmctcig{? ^hztgfz{bc~ h{

Liufzghgkf cg Fvzi~fhg \izaehzf [thtf{9‐' ^h~fz ~zf{fgtfd ht tbf [fkigd

Fvzi~fhg Vzjhg hgd Zflcighm [tvdcf{ Kigefzfgkf ig Kvmtvzf- ^mhkf hgd [~hkf cg Kigtf`~izhzs Fvzi~f- Vgcufz{cts ie Dvzbh`- VA- 8<:> [f~tf jfz'

H{bfc - J'T' hgd H' C{ha{fg' :>>>' ”Mikhmc{fd Agi|mfdlf- Cgtfzhktcuf Mfhzg




cgl hgd Cggiuhtcig? Jft|ffg Zflcighm Gft|iza{ hgd Lmijhm Kiz~izhtcig {‐-

cCg F' Uhtgf hgd @' Thsmiz "fd{'#' Tbf Gft|izafd Ecz` cg h Lmijhm \izmd'[`hmm Ecz`{ cg Gf| Fguczig`fgt{' Hmdfz{bit?H{blhtf'

Jfkhttcgc- L' 833>' ”Tbf @hz{bhmm chg Cgdv{tzchm Dc{tzckt{ h{ h [ikciFkigi`ck Gitcig‐- cg E' ^saf- L' Jfkhttcgc hgd \' [fglfgjfzlfz "fd{'#' Cgdv{tzchm

Dc{tzckt{ hgd CgtfzEcz` Kii~fzhtcig cg Cthms' Lfgfuh? Cgtfzghtcighm Cg{tctvtf eiz Mhjivz [tvdcf{'

Jzhhdmhgd- T'F'- H' Fafmhgd hgd H' \vmee' 8333' ”Giz{af CTai`~fthg{f`cmoòfz‐' \izacgl ~h~fz H>58333' I{mi? [TF^lziv~'

Jifaf`h- E' - A' @izlhg- [' Jhaafz{ hgd Z' Zvttfg' :>>>' ” Cgtzidvktcig tiMfhzgcgl Zflcig{? H Gf| C{{vf eiz Hghms{c{9‐- c g Jifaf`h- E' - A' @izlhg- [' Jhaafz{ hgd Z' Zvttfg "Fd{'#- Agi|mfdlf- Cggiuhtcig hgd Fki

gi`ck Lzi|tb' Tbf Tbfizs hgd ^zhktckf ie Mfhzgcgl Zflcig{' Kbfmtfgbh`?Fd|hzd Fmlhz'

Kiiaf- ^' 8332' ”Cgtzidvktcig' Izclcg{ ie tbf Kigkf~t‐- cg BO ' Jzhksa- ^'Kiiaf hgd @' Bfcdfgzfckb "fd{'#' Zflcighm Cggiuhtcig [s{tf`{' Migdig?VKM ^zf{{'

Kiiaf- ^' - ^' Jifabimt hgd E' Tidtmcgl' :>>>' Tbf Liufzghgkf ie Cggiuhtcig

cg Fvzi~f' Zflcighm ^fz{~fktcuf{ ig Lmijhm Ki`~ftctcufgf{{ ' Migdig?^cgtfz'

Kv`jfz{- H' :>>>' ”Lmijhmchtcig- Mikhm Fkigi`ck Dfufmi~`fgt hgd tbfJzhgkb ^mhgt Zflcig? Tbf Kh{f ie tbf Hjfzdffg Icm Ki`~mfr‐' Zflcighm

[tvdcf{- ;4? ;<8;2:'Dckafg- ^' :>>>' ”^mhkf{ hgd Em i|{? [ctvhtcgl Cgtfzghtcighm Cguf{t`fgt‐' Cg

L'M'Kmhza- @' ^ ' E fmd`hg hgd @' [' Lfztmfz "fd{' # Tbf Ireizd Bhgdjiia

ie Fkigi`ck Lfilzh~bs' Ireizd? Ireizd Vgcufz{cts ^zf{{'Dckafg- ^'- O' ^fka hgd H' Tckafmm' 833<' ”Vg~hkacgl tbf Lmijhm‐- c g Z' Mff-

hgd O' \cmm{ "fd{'#' Lfilzh~bcf{ ie Fkigi`cf{' Migdig? Hzgimd'Lzhjbfz- L' 833;' ”Zfdc{kiufzcgl tbf [ikchm cg tbf Fkigi`ck{ ie Cgtfzecz`

Zfmhtcig{‐- cg L' Lzhjbfz "fd' #' Tbf F`jfddfd Ecz`? Ig tbf [ikcifkigi

`ck{ ie Cgdv{tzchm Gft|iza{' Migdig? Zivtmfdlf'Lzflfz{fg- J' hgd J' Oibg{ig 833<' ”Mfhzgcgl Fkigi`cf{- Cggiuhtcig [s{tf {

hgd Fvzi~fhg Cgtflzhtcig‐' Zflcighm [tvdcf{- ;8? 4<343>'C{ha{fg- H' hgd I' Z' [~cmmcgl' 8335' Zflcighm vtucamcgl il {`æ jfdzcetfz '

Azc{tchg{hgd? Giz|flchg Hkhdf`ck ^zf{{'Affjmf- D' hgd E ' \cmacg{ig 8333' ” Kimmfktcuf Mfhzgcgl hgd Agi|mfdlf Dfufm

i~`fgt cg tbf Fuimvtcig ie Zflcighm Kmv{tfz{ ie Bclb Tfkbgimils [@F{ cgFvzi~f‐ ' Zflcighm [tvdcf{- ;;? :36;>;'

Mhlfgdcoa- H' 833<' ”Ezi` Gf| Cgdv{tzchm [~hkf{ ti Zflcighm Cggiuhtcig

[s{tf`{ hgd Jfsigd' Bi| hgd ezi` |bi` {bivmd cgdv{tzchm lfilzh~bsmfhzg9‐' \izacgl ^h~fz' Kfgtzf eiz Vzjhg hgd Zflcighm Dfufmi~`fgt[tvdcf{- Vgcufz{cts ie Gf|kh{tmf v~ig Tsgf'

YYYYYYY' :>>>' ” Mfhzgcgl cg GigKizf Zflcig{? Ti|hzd{ ‒Cgtfmmflfgt Kmv{tfz{–? Hdzf{{cgl Jv{cgf{{ hgd Zflcighm G ffd{‐- cg E' Jifaf`h- A' @izlhg-



8:> C[HA[F G

[' Jhaafz{ hgd Z' Zvttfg "Fd{'#' Agi|mfdlf- Cggiuhtcig hgd Fkigi`ck

Lzi|tb' Tbf Tbfizs hgd ^zhktckf ie Mfhzgcgl Zflcig{' Kbfmtfgbh`? Fd|hzd Fmlhz'

Mvgduhmm- JÆ hgd J' Oibg{ig 8334' ”Tbf Mfhzgcgl Fkigi`s‐ ' Oivzghm ie

Cgdv{tzs [tvdcf{- 8? :;4:'Mvgduhmm- JÆ' hgd [' Jizzè{ 833<' Tbf Lmijhmc{cgl Mfhzgcgl Fkigi`s? C`

~mckhtcig{ eiz Cggiuhtcig îmcks' Mvrf`jivzl? Ki``c{{cig ie tbf Fvzi ~fhg Vgcig'

@hm`jfzl- H' 833<' ” Cgdv{tzchm Lfilzh~bs? Mikhtcig hgd Mfhzgcgl‐' ^zil

zf{{ cg Bv`hg Lfilzh~bs- :8? 6<;62:'@hcmmht- D' hgd G' Lzi{ofhg' 8333' ”Lmijhmc{htcig hgd Tfzzctiz chm ^zidvktcig

[s{tf`{‐' \i zacgl ~h~fz{ Gi 33>5j' Gfvkbhtfm? Vgcufz{ctã df Gfvkbhtfm'

Ghv|fmhfz{- K' hgd Z' \cgtof{' :>>>' ” Ti|hzd{ h Gf| ^hzhdcl` eiz Cggiuhtcig îmcks9‐- cg H' C{ha{fg "fd'#' [@F îmcks hgd tbf Zflcighm Dc

`fg{cig ie Cggiuhtcig' Mvrf`jivzl? Fvzi~fhg Ki``c{{cig'IFKD' :>>8' C{{vf{ ~h~fz ' \izmd Kiglzf{{ ig Mikhm Kmv{tfz{? Mikhm Gft

|iza{ ie Fgtfz~zc{f{ cg tbf \izmd Fkigi`s' ^hzc{- :;:4 Ohgvhzs'îztfz- @' 833>' Tbf Ki`~ftctcuf Hduhgthlf ie Ghtcig{' Migdig?

@hk`cmmhg' YYYYYYY' 8332' ”Kmv{tfz{ hgd tbf Gf| Fkigi`ck{ ie Ki`~ftctcig‐' Bhzuhzd

Jv{cgf{{ Zfucf|- Giuf`jfzDfkf`jfz? <<3>'

Zvttfg- Z' - [' Jhaafz{ hgd E' Jifaf`h' :>>>' ”Tbf Hghms{c{ ie MfhzgcglZflcig{? Kigkmv{cig{ hgd Zf{fhzkb Hlfgdh‐ - cg E' Jifaf h- A'@izlhg- [' Jhaafz{ hgd Z' Zvttfg "fd{'#' Agi|mfdlf- Cggiuhtcig hgd

Fkigi`ck Lzi|tb' Tbf Tbfizs hgd ^zhktckf ie Mfhzgcgl Zflcig{'

Kbfmtfgbh`? Fd|hzd Fmlhz'Zi{fgefmd- ['H' 833<' ” Jzcglcgl Jv{cgf{{ Kmv{tfz{ cgti tbf @hcg{tzfh` ie Fkigi`ck Dfufmi~`fgt'‐ Fvzi~fhg ^mhggcgl [tvdcf{- 6? ;:;'

[kitt- H'O' 8322' Gf| Cgdv{tzchm [~hkf{' Migdig? ^cig'[tiz~fz- @' 833<' Tbf Zflcighm \izmd? Tfzzctizchm Dfufmi~`fgt cg h Lmijhm

Fkigi`s' Gf| Siza? Lvcmeizd ^zf{{' YYYYYYY' :>>>h' ”Lmijhmchtcig- Mikhmchtcig- hgd Tzhdf‐- cg L'M' Kmhza-

@' ^' E fmd`hg hgd @' [' Lfztmfz "fd{' #' Tbf Ireizd Bhgdjiia ie

Fkigi`ck Lfilzh~bs' Ireizd? Ireizd Vgcufz{cts ^zf{{' YYYYYYY' :>>>j' ”Zflcighm Tfkbgimils îmckcf{ cg Fvzi~f? H Zfemfktcig ig

T[FZ Zf{fhzkb ^ziofkt{- 8332:>>>- hgd \bfzf ti li Ezi` Tbfzf‐'^h~fz ~zf~hzfd eiz tbf \iza{bi~ ig tbf Zflcighm Mfufm ie

C`~mf`fgthtcig ie Cggiuhtcig hgd Fdvkhtcig hgd Tzhcgcgl îmckcf{'

Fvzi~fhg Ki``c{{cig- Zf{fhzkb DczfktizhtfLfgfzhm RCC' Jzv{{fm{- Giuf`jfz :;84'

Tõdtmcgl- E' 8334' ”Tbf Vgfufg Mhgd{kh~f ie Cggiuhtcig îmf{? MikhmF`jfddfdgf{{ hgd Lmijhm Gft|iza{‐- cg H' H`cg- hgd G' Tbzcet "fd{'#'Lmijhmchtcig- Cg{tctvtcig{ hgd Zflcighm Dfufmi~`fgt cg Fvzi~f' Ireizd?



J V CM D C GL Z F LC I GH M CG G I U H TC I G [ S [T F @ [ 8:8

Ireizd Vgcufz{cts ^zf{{'

Tõdtmcgl- E' hgd H' Ahve`hgg' 8333' ”Cggiuhtcig [s{tf { cg Zflcig{ cgFvzi~f H Ki`~hzhtcuf ^fz{~fktcuf‐' Fvzi~fhg ^mhggcgl [tvdcf{- <?533<8<'

Uhtgf- F' hgd @' Thsmiz' :>>>' ”[`hmm Ecz`{- Gft|izafd E cz`{ hgdCggiuhtcig [s{tf`{? Hg Cgtzidvktcig‐- cg F' Uhtgf- hgd @' Thsmiz "fd{'#' Tbf Gft|izafd Ecz` cg h Lmijhm \izmd' [`hmm Ecz`{ cg Gf|

Fguczig`fgt{' Hmdfz{bit? H{blhtf'

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