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8/14/2019 Building Competitiveness in Africa's Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications
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@ F T J N _ I\ _ T O @ A L T _ T @ I L O S O I K ] G O A \
Dujiljaf Nkgpotjtjvoaosja @crjn`s @frjnuituro
@ F_JLO \K S@I_O NB@JA NKANO]\^ @AL @]]IJN@\JKA
N. G`rtja Voddor `al ]`trjnh I`d`
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Dujiljaf Nkgpotjtjvoaoss ja@crjn`s @frjnuituro
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@ F T J N _ I\ _ T O @ A L T _ T @ I L O S O I K ] G O A \
^ovoaty-cjvo pornoat kc tbo wkrils pkkr ijvo ja rur`i `ro`s `al gkst `ro javkivol ja `frjnuituro. Ja tbo40st noatury, `frjnuituro rog`jas cual`goat`i tk onkakgjn frkwtb, pkvorty `iiovj`tjka, `al oavjrkagoa-t`i sust`ja`djijty. \bo Vkril D`ahs @frjnuituro `al Tur`i Lovoikpgoat pudijn`tjka sorjos prosoats ronoat`a`iysos kc jssuos tb`t `ccont tbo rkio kc `frjnuituro, janiuljaf ijvostknh, cjsborjos, `al ckrostry, `s ` skurnokc onkakgjn lovoikpgoat, rur`i ijvoijbkkls, `al oavjrkagoat`i sorvjnos. \bo sorjos js jatoalol ckr pr`ntj-n`i `ppijn`tjka, `al wo bkpo tb`t jt wjii sorvo tk jackrg pudijn ljsnussjka, pkijny ckrgui`tjka, `al lovoi-kpgoat pi`aajaf.
\jtios ja tbjs sorjos5
@frjdusjaoss `al Jaakv`tjka ^ystogs ja @crjn`
@frjnuitur`i I`al Toljstrjdutjka5 \kw`rl Fro`tor Nkasoasus
@frjnuituro Javostgoat ^kurnodkkh
Djkoaorfy Lovoikpgoat5 Jssuos `al Jgp`nts ckr ]kvorty `al A`tur`i Toskurno G`a`fogoat
Dujiljaf Nkgpotjtjvoaoss ja @crjn`s @frjnuituro5 @ Fujlo tk S`iuo Nb`ja Nkanopts `al @ppijn`tjkas
Nb`afjaf tbo C`no kc tbo V`tors5 \bo ]rkgjso `al Nb`iioafo kc ^ust`ja`dio @qu`nuituro
Oab`anjaf @frjnuitur`i Jaakv`tjka5 Bkw tk Fk Doykal tbo ^troaftboajaf kc Toso`rnb ^ystogs
Ckrosts ^kurnodkkh5 ]r`ntjn`i Fujl`ano ckr ^ust`jajaf Ckrosts ja Lovoikpgoat Nkkpor`tjka
Foalor `al Fkvora`ano ja Tur`i ^orvjnos5 Jasjfbts crkg Jalj`, Fb`a`, `al Otbjkpj`
Foalor ja @frjnuituro ^kurnodkkh
Krf`ajz`tjka `al ]orckrg`ano kc Nkttka ^ontkrs ja @crjn`5 Io`rajaf crkg Tockrg Oxporjoano
Tockrgjaf @frjnuitur`i \r`lo ckr Lovoikpjaf Nkuatrjos, Skiugo 05 Hoy Jssuos ckr ` ]rk-Lovoikpgoat Kutnkgo
kc tbo Lkb` Tkual
Tockrgjaf @frjnuitur`i \r`lo ckr Lovoikpjaf Nkuatrjos, Skiugo 45 Pu`atjcyjaf tbo Jgp`nt kc Guitji`tor`i \r`lo
Tockrg
^b`pjaf tbo Cuturo kc V`tor ckr @frjnuituro5 @ ^kurnodkkh ckr Javostgoat ja @frjnuitur`i V`tor G`a`fogoat
\bo ^uahoa Djiijkas5 \bo Onkakgjn Eustjcjn`tjka ckr Cjsborjos Tockrg
^ust`ja`dio I`al G`a`fogoat5 Nb`iioafos, Kppkrtuajtjos, al \r`lo-Kccs
^ust`ja`dio I`al G`a`fogoat ^kurnodkkh
^ust`jajaf Ckrosts5 @ Lovoikpgoat tr`tofy
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Dujiljaf Nkgpotjtjvoaoss ja@crjn`s @frjnuituro
@ F_JLO \K S@I_O NB@JA
NKANO]\^ @AL @]]IJN@\JKA^
N. G`rtja Voddor `al ]`trjnh I`d`sto
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4=0= \bo Jatora`tjka`i D`ah ckr Tonkastruntjka `al Lovoikpgoat / \bo Vkril D`ah0202 B ^troot AVV`sbjaftka LN 4=>\oiopbkao5 4=4--0===Jatoraot5 www.wkrild`ah.krfO-g`ji5 coold`nhMwkrild`ah.krf
@ii rjfbts rosorvol
0 4 > < 04 00 0= =:
\bjs vkiugo js ` prklunt kc tbo st`cc kc tbo Jatora`tjka`i D`ah ckr Tonkastruntjka `al Lovoikpgoat / \bo Vkril D`ah. \bocjaljafs, jatorprot`tjkas, `al nkaniusjkas oxprossol ja tbjs vkiugo lk akt aonoss`rjiy rociont tbo vjows kc tbo OxonutjvoLjrontkrs kc \bo Vkril D`ah kr tbo fkvoragoats tboy roprosoat.
\bo Vkril D`ah lkos akt fu`r`atoo tbo `nnur`ny kc tbo l`t` janiulol ja tbjs wkrh. \bo dkual`rjos, nkikrs, loakgja`tjkas,`al ktbor jackrg`tjka sbkwa ka `ay g`p ja tbjs wkrh lk akt jgpiy `ay eulfogoat ka tbo p`rt kc \bo Vkril D`ah nkanora-jaf tbo iof`i st`tus kc `ay torrjtkry kr tbo oalkrsogoat kr `nnopt`ano kc sunb dkual`rjos.
Tjfbts al ]orgjssjkas
\bo g`torj`i ja tbjs pudijn`tjka js nkpyrjfbtol. Nkpyjaf `al/kr tr`asgjttjaf pkrtjkas kr `ii kc tbjs wkrh wjtbkut porgjs-
sjka g`y do ` vjki`tjka kc `ppijn`dio i`w. \bo Jatora`tjka`i D`ah ckr Tonkastruntjka `al Lovoikpgoat / \bo Vkril D`ahoankur`fos ljssogja`tjka kc jts wkrh `al wjii akrg`iiy fr`at porgjssjka tk roprkluno pkrtjkas kc tbo wkrh prkgptiy.Ckr porgjssjka tk pbktknkpy kr roprjat `ay p`rt kc tbjs wkrh, pio`so soal ` roquost wjtb nkgpioto jackrg`tjka tk tbo
Nkpyrjfbt Nio`r`ano Noator Jan., 444 Tksowkkl Lrjvo, L`avors, G@ =0:4>, _^@8 toiopbkao5 :62-6?=-2-6:3-6:?4->
Ijdr`ry kc Nkafross N`t`ikfjaf-ja-]udijn`tjka L`t`
Voddor, N. G`rtja.Dujiljaf nkgpotjtjvoaoss ja @crjn`s `frjnuituro 5 ` fujlo tk v`iuo nb`ja nkanopts `al `ppijn`tjkas / N. G`rtja Voddor `al]`trjnh I`d`sto.
p. ng. (@frjnuituro `al rur`i lovoikpgoat)Janiulos djdijkfr`pbjn`i rocoroanos `al jalox.J^DA :62-=-240>-6:?4-> (pdh.) J^DA :62-=-240>-6:3>2.0=:3ln44 4==:=0::42
Nkvor pbktkfr`pbs5 \o`-pjnhor ja Tw`al` dy Fator Fuaj, j^tknhpbktk.nkg / fuoatorfuaj8 vofot`dio f`rloa ja rur`iHw`-Uuiu A`t`i, ^kutb @crjn`, dy \rovkr ^`gska / Vkril D`ah.Nkvor losjfa5 Nrjtjn`i ^t`fos, d`sol ka ` togpi`to dy ]`trjnj` Bkrl Fr`pbjh Losjfa.
Dujiljaf Nkgpotjtjvoaoss ja @crjn`'s @frjnuituro js `v`ji`dio `s `a jator`ntjvo toxtdkkh `t bttp5//www.wkrild`ah.krf/plt. \booiontrkajn vorsjka `iikws nkgguajtjos kc pr`ntjno `al nkiio`fuos wkrhjaf ja sontkrs `al rofjkas, `s woii `s stuloats `alto`nbors, tk sb`ro aktos `al roi`tol g`torj`is ckr `a oab`anol guitjgolj` io`rajaf `al hakwiolfo-oxnb`afo oxporjoano.
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v
@nhakwiolfgoats jx
@nrkaygs `al @ddrovj`tjkas xj^ontjka 05 Jatrkluntjka `al Kvorvjow 0
^ontjka 45 Nkanopts `al Locjajtjkas kc S`iuo Nb`jas `al ^uppiy Nb`jas :
^ontjka >5 Tovjow kc Oxjstjaf Ijtor`turo ka S iuo Nb`jas `al ^uppiy Nb`jas 0?
^ontjka >
N`so ^tuly 4 @ ^trunturol S`iuo Nb`jaD`sol @pprk`nb tk Losjfajaf ` ^tr tofy kc @frjnuitur i
Nkgpotjtjvoaoss `al Ljvorsjcjn`tjka ja G`ij >6
\kki 4 Losjfajaf Jackrgol tr tofjos nrkss tbo S`iuo Nb`ja _alorst`aljaf tbo S`iuo Nb`ja `al Jatofr tjaf Jackrg`tjka jatk ^tr tofyAjforj a
Lkgostjn N`tcjsb Nkaluntjaf Doanbg`rhjaf `al F`p @ssossgoats kc S`iuo Nb`jas ??
N`so tuly < _f`al`a CikrjnuituroDoanbg`rhjaf al F`p @a`iysjs 30
\kki < _pfr`ljaf al Loopoajaf tbo S`iuo Nb`ja 3:
N`so ^tuly ? Hoay`a Frooa Do as `al Ktbor Crosb Sofot`dio Oxpkrts 6>
\kki ? Jloatjcyjaf Dusjaoss Gklois ckr Topijn`tjka 66
N`so ^tuly 3 Jloatjcyjaf `al Jgpiogoatjaf Topijn dio Dusjaoss GkloisGkz`gdjn`a N`sbows 2=
\kki 3 N`pturjaf S`iuo \brkufb Ckrw`rl `al D`nhw`rl Jatofr tjka 2?
N`so ^tuly 6 N`pturjaf S`iuo tbrkufb Jatofr tjka\bo Fb a`j a ]jao`ppio Jalustry `al
Diuo ^hjos Bkiljafs Itl. :0
\kki 6 Bkrjzkat i Nkii dkr tjkaNro tjaf al \ hjaf @lv`at fo kc Onkakgjos kc n`io :?
N`so ^tuly 2 Nro tjaf `al \ hjaf @lv at fo kc Onkakgjos kc ^n io\bo Fb`a` `al
Nto lJvkjro Oxporjoanos ja Crosb ]jao`ppio Oxpkrts :6
N`so ^tuly : Nro tjaf `al \ hjaf @lv`at fo kc Onkakgjos kc n`io wjtbja tbo Gkz`gdjn`a
N`sbow S iuo Nb`ja 0==
\kki 2 ]ksjtjkajaf ]rklunts al S`iuo Nb`jas ckr Fro tor S`iuo al Nkgpotjtjvoaoss 0=?
N`so ^tuly 0= S`iuo Nb`ja ^tr`tofjos ckr G`rhot TopksjtjkajafTw`al`a Nkccoo 0=:
N K A \ O A \ ^
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vj NKA\OA\^
\kki : @ppiyjaf t al`rls al Nortjc jn t jkas tk @nbjovo Fro tor Pu ijty 00?
N`so ^tuly 00 _f`al`a Ajio ]ornb Pu ijty G`a`fogoat `al Nortjcjn`tjka 044
\kki 0= Jloatjcyjaf Aoolol uppkrt orvjnos ckr tbo S`iuo Nb`ja 04:
N`so ^tuly 04 Jloatjcyjaf Aoolol ^uppkrt orvjnos ckr tbo S`iuo Nb`jaU`gdj`a Nkttka 0>:
N`so ^tuly 0> Jgprkvjaf tbo Kpor`tjaf Oavjrkagoat tbrkufb ]udijn-]rjv`to Lj`ikfuoDktsw`a N`ttio
]rklunors @ssknj`tjka 0 Gkajtkrjaf @nbjovogoats ja S`iuo Nb ja ]orckrg`ano 030
Djdijkfr`pby 036
Jalox 06:
DKRO^
0
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NKA\OA\^ vj
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vjjj NKA\OA\^
Hoay`a @vkn`lk ]rkluntjka, 0::
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jx
\bjs Fujlo w`s prop`rol dy E. O. @ustja @ssknj`tos, Jan., ckrtbo @frjnuituro `al Tur`i Lovoikpgoat Frkup kc tbo ^us-
t`ja`dio Lovoikpgoat Aotwkrh kc tbo Vkril D`ah. \bo wkrhw`s ljrontol dy ]`trjnh I`d`sto, ^ust`ja`dio LovoikpgoatLop`rtgoat kc tbo @crjn` Tofjka kc tbo Vkril D`ah. \boprjanjp`i `utbkr `al to`g io`lor w`s G`rtja Voddor, Oxonu-tjvo Sjno ]rosjloat kc E. O. @ustja @ssknj`tos, Jan.
\bjs wkrh w`s cualol dy tbo Vkril D`ah, dy nkatrjdu-tjkas crkg tbo D`ah-Aotbori`als ]`rtaorsbjp ]rkfr`g(DA]]), `al crkg tbo @ii-@N] @frjnuitur`i Nkggkljtjos]rkfr`ggo (@@@N]) kc tbo Ourkpo`a _ajka.
Nkatrjdutkrs crkg E. O. @ustja @ssknj`tos, Jan., janiulolG`rnks @rknb`, A`yb` @rkr`, Sjrfjaj` Dr`alka, Ijs` N`rso,Fr`at N`v`a`ufb, Gjnb`oi Lunhor, L`vjl Cojfo, Gjnb`oi
Fkrg`a, N`ritka Ekaos, Gkiijo Ikfuo, Eoaajcor Iyanb, @ijnj`Gjiior, Hjrh A`tb`aska, G`ttbow ^b`pjrk, E`ao ^bo`ror,Eustja ^tkhos, `al Fja` \ugd`roiik. Hovja R. Gurpby,]rosjloat kc E. O. @ustja @ssknj`tos, Jan., losorvos sponj`i`ppronj`tjka. Vkril D`ah nkii`dkr`tkrs janiulol G`ijnh
@atkjao `al Eo`a-Iun Dksjk. Eo`a Gjnboi Skjs`rl `al G`rtjaLka`rshj `isk prkvjlol v`iu`dio fujl`ano `al nkggoats.
\bo `utbkrs nkavoaol ` rkualt`dio kc jalustry oxports,wbk prkvjlol suffostjkas `al oxporjoanos tb`t oab`anol tbjsFujlo. \bo rkualt`dio p`rtjnjp`ats janiulol5 Fr`b`go Ljxjo,Tjnb`rl Boary, ^tovo E`ccoo, Ekba I`gd, ^voti`a` Go`los,]`ui ^jofoi, Zki`al` ^tr`nb`a, `al _g` ^udr`g`aj`a kc tboVkril D`ah Frkup8 ^us`a Dkrastoja (\onbak^orvo)8 Eo`aaoLkwajaf (_^@JL)8 ]`ui Fuoaotto (@NLJ-SKN@)8 Ki`c Hui`(@NLJ-SKN@)8 Cr`ah Iusdy (@ntjka ckr Oatorprjso)8 `alIyaa `ijafor (@JTL).
Augorkus jaljvjlu`is nkatrjdutol tbojr oxportjso `aloxporjoano, p`rtjnui`riy tk tbo n`so stuljos. \boy sb`roltbojr kwa stkrjos, `al tbojr `a`iysos `al kdsorv`tjkas. \bojr
porska`i oxporjoanos al foaorkus wjiijafaoss tk sb`ro tbojrstkrjos `al nkaniusjkas g`ho tbjs Fujlo ` p`rtjnui`riy rjnbskurno kc jlo`s `al jackrg`tjka. Vo sjanoroiy `pkikfjzo ckr`ay kgjssjkas, wbjnb, kc nkurso, `ro ja`lvortoat, ja njtjafnkatrjdutkrs.
@ N H A K V I O L F G O A \ ^
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x
@@H @frjnuitur`i @ssknj`tjka kc Hoay`@L@T @frjdusjaoss Lovoikpgoat @ntjvjty ja Tw`al`
@FK@ @crjn`a Frkwtb al Kppkrtuajty @nt@J@ @frk Jalustrj` @ssknj`l`s@G@]/DL^ @nnoior`tol Gjnrkoatorprjso @lv`anogoat ]rkeont/Dusjaoss Lovoikpgoat orvjnos@]O] @frjnuitur`i ]rkluntjvjty Oab`anogoat ]rkfr`gDN]@ Dktsw`a` N`ttio ]rklunors @ssknj`tjkaDL^ Dusjaoss Lovoikpgoat orvjnosDGN Dktsw`a` Go`t NkggjssjkaDG_ Do`nb G`a`fogoat _ajtN@@L] Nkgproboasjvo @crjn` @frjnuitur`i Lovoikpgoat ]rkfr`ggoNC@ Nkggua`ut Cja`anjro l@crjquoN\DJ Nkccoo \ x`tjka al Doanbg`rhjaf Jajtj`tjvoLCJL Lop`rtgoat ckr Jatora`tjka`i Lovoikpgoat
L]I Ljppol ]rklunts Itl.LTN Lkgostjn Toskurno NkstO@F@ O`st @crjn`a Frkwors @ssknj`tjkaOCOF Oxktjn Crujt Oxpkrtors @ssknj`tjka kc Fb`a`O^^L @crjn` Oavjrkagoat iiy `al ^knj iiy ust`ja`dio Lovoikpgoat Lop`rtgoat, @crjn` Tofjka (Vkril D`ah)O_ Ourkpo`a _ajkaOuropF@] Ourk-Tot jior ]rkluno Vkrhjaf Frkup ka Fkkl @frjnuitur i ]r ntjnosC@K Ckkl `al @frjnuituro Krf`ajz`tjka kc tbo _ajtol A`tjkasC@K^\@\ C@K t`tjstjn`i L`t`d`soCNC@ NC@ Cr`anCLJ Ckrojfa Ljront JavostgoatCKD Croo ka dk`rl
C]O@H Crosb ]rkluno Oxpkrtors @ssknj`tjka kc Hoay`F@] Fkkl @frjnuitur`i ]r`ntjnosFL] Frkss Lkgostjn ]rkluntFG] Fkkl G`auc`nturjaf ]r`ntjnoF]^N@ F`djaoto lo ]rkgk`k lk ontkr Nkgornj`i @frrjkF\U Fosoiisnb`ct cr \onbajsnbo Uus`ggoa`rdojt
@ N T K A Z G ^ @ A L @ D D T O S J @\ J K A ^
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xjj @NTKAZG^ @AL @DDTOSJ@\JKA^
B@NN] B`z`rl @a`iysjs al Nrjtjn`i Nkatrki ]kjatB@F Bkrtjnuitur`i @ssknj`tjka Fb`a`BNL@ Bkrtjnuitur`i Nrkps Lovoikpgoat @utbkrjtyJL@ Jatora`tjka`i Lovoikpgoat @ssknj`tjka (Vkril D`ah)JCN Jatora`tjka`i Cja`ano Nkrpkr`tjkaJC]TJ Jatora`tjka`i Ckkl ]kijny Toso`rnb JastjtutoJAN@E_ A`tjka`i N`sbow Jastjtuto
H@TJ/ABTN Hoay` @frjnuitur`i Toso`rnb Jastjtuto/A`tjka`i Bkrtjnuitur i Toso`rnb NoatroHO]BJ^ Hoay` ]i`at Bo`itb Jaspontkr`to orvjnosHJIJN@CO @ssknj tjka kc Hjijg`ae rk ponj ity Nkccoo Frkwors (\ az`aj )IJA\NK Ijat Nkgp`ay kc U`gdj`G&O Gkajtkrjaf al ov`iu`tjkaGNJ Gkafkij`a Nkgpotjtjvoaoss Jajtj`tjvoGLF Gjiioaajug Lovoikpgoat Fk`isG\ Gotrjn tkaAO]@L Aow ]`rtaorsbjp ckr @crjn s LovoikpgoatAFK Akafkvoragoat`i krf`ajz`tjkaKN@D Kccjno Noatr`io los ]rkluntours-Oxpkrt`tours l@a`a`s ot lo D`a`aosKNJT-N@C Tw`al` Nkccoo Lovoikpgoat @utbkrjty
]@JL ]rknoss jaljn`tkrs, ntjka jaljn`tkrs, javostgoat jaljn`tkrs, loijvorol rosuits]N]D ]ost Nkatrki ]rklunts Dk`rl]O@TI ]`rtaorsbjp tk Oab`ano @frjnuituro ja Tw`al` tbrkufb Ijah`fos]J^L@N ]`hjst`a Jajtj`tjvo ckr t r tofjn Lovoikpgoat al Nkgpotjtjvoaoss]k] ]kjat kc purnb`so]^L ]rjv`to ontkr LovoikpgoatT&L Toso`rnb al LovoikpgoatTN@ Tovo`iol nkgp`r`tjvo lv`at`fo^@LN ^kutb @crjn`a Lovoikpgoat Nkgguajty ^@FNB ^kutbora @crjn` Fikd`i Nkgpotjtjvoaoss Bud^GO ^g`ii al goljug oatorprjso^GOR ^g`ii al goljug oatorprjso oxpkrtors
^]OOL ^uppkrt ckr ]rjv`to Oatorprjso Oxp`asjka al Lovoikpgoat^]OF ^o` Crojfbt ]jao`ppio Oxpkrtors kc Fb`a`^^@ ^ud-^`b`r`a @crjn`^VK\ ^troaftbs/wo`haossos/kppkrtuajtjos/tbro`ts\J] \r`lo al Javostgoat ]rkfr`g\^N ^rj I`ah`a pjno Nkuanji\U^ \ az`aj`a sbjiijaf_D@ _ajka D`a`ajro @crjn`jao_CO@ _f`al` Cikwor Oxpkrtors @ssknj`tjka_C]O@ _f`al` Cjsb ]rknosskrs al Oxpkrtors @ssknj`tjka_AD^ _f`al` A`tjka`i Duro`u kc t`al`rls_^@JL _.^. @foany ckr Jatora`tjka`i Lovoikpgoat_^L@ _ajtol t`tos Lop`rtgoat kc @frjnuituroVNK Vkril Nustkgs Krf`ajz`tjkaUOF@ U`gdj`a Oxpkrt Frkwors @ssknj`tjkaU]@ U`gdj` ]rjv`tjz`tjka @foany
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Ckr g`ay yo`rs `al uatji qujto ronoatiy, `frjnuituro coii
kut kc c`vkr wjtb lovoikpgoat pr`ntjtjkaors, ronojv-
jaf kaiy < pornoat kc kccjnj`i lovoikpgoat `ssjst`ano
`al < pornoat kc pudijn oxpoaljturo ja sud-^`b`r`a @crjn`
(^^@) (Vkril Lovoikpgoat Topkrt XVLTW 4==2). Bkwovor,
`s oxogpijcjol dy tbo 4==2 VLT loljn`tol tk @frjnuituro ckr
Lovoikpgoat, tbo lovoikpgoat nkgguajty b`s rocknusol
ka `frjnuituro `s `a occontjvo go`as kc cjfbtjaf pkvorty, `al
wo g`y oxpont tbo `dkvo p`ttora tk do rovorsol. \bo 4==2
VLT aktos, XcWkr tbo pkkrost pokpio, FL] frkwtb krjfj-
a`tjaf ja `frjnuituro js `dkut ckur tjgos gkro occontjvo ja
r`jsjaf jankgos kc oxtrogoiy pkkr pokpio tb`a FL] frkwtb
krjfja`tjaf kutsjlo tbo sontkr. \bjs roaow`i kc jatorost ja
`frjnuituro b`s dooa curtbor oab`anol dy tbo ronoat rjso kc
fikd`i ckkl prjnos. @s gkro `al dottor-cualol `frjnuitur`i
lovoikpgoat prkeonts ogorfo ja tbo aoxt cow yo`rs, pkijny
prkcossjka`is wjii roqujro aow cr`gowkrhs ckr losjfajaf al
ov`iu`tjaf javostgoats ja nkggornj`i `frjnuituro. \bjs
Fujlo tk v`iuo nb`ja `pprk`nbos prkvjlos tbo usor wjtb
`ntjka`dio gotbkls al tkkis tk losjfa prkfr`gs al javost-
goat prkeonts tb`t `jg tk janro`so tbo prkluntjvjty `al por-
ckrg`ano kc sud-^`b`r`a @crjn`a frjnuituro.
@FTJN_I\_T@I S@I_O NB@JA^ @AL @CTJN@^
LOSOIK]GOA\ @FOAL@
S`iuo nb`jas `ro ` hoy cr`gowkrh ckr ualorst`aljaf bkw
japuts `al sorvjnos `ro drkufbt tkfotbor `al tboa usol tk
frkw, tr`asckrg, kr g`auc`nturo ` prklunt8 bkw tbo prklunt
tboa gkvos pbysjn`iiy crkg tbo prklunor tk tbo nustkgor8
`al bkw v`iuo janro`sos `ikaf tbo w`y. \bo v`iuo nb`ja
porspontjvo prkvjlos `a jgpkrt`at go`as tk ualorst`al
dusjaoss-tk-dusjaoss roi`tjkasbjps tb`t nkaaont tbo nb`ja,
gonb`ajsgs ckr janro`sjaf occjnjoany, `al w`ys tk oa`dio
dusjaossos tk janro`so prkluntjvjty `al `ll v`iuo. Jt `isk
prkvjlos ` rocoroano pkjat ckr jgprkvogoats ja suppkrtjaf
sorvjnos `al tbo dusjaoss oavjrkagoat. Jt n`a nkatrjduto tk
prk-pkkr jajtj`tjvos `al dottor ijahjaf kc sg`ii dusjaossos
wjtb tbo g`rhot. Janro`sjafiy, tbo v`iuo nb`ja `pprk`nb js
dojaf usol tk fujlo `al lrjvo bjfb-jgp`nt `al sust`ja`dio
jajtj`tjvos cknusol ka jgprkvjaf prkluntjvjty, nkgpotjtjvo-
aoss, oatroproaoursbjp, `al tbo frkwtb kc sg`ii `al
goljug oatorprjsos (^GOs).
Lospjto tbo sunnossos kc g`ay @crjn`a oxpkrtors ja soii-
jaf tk aow g`rhots, wjtbkut curtbor jgprkvogoats tk tbojr
dusjaoss oavjrkagoats `al tk tbo nkgpotjtjvoaoss kc tbojr
oxpkrt nkggkljtjos, g`ay ^^@ nkuatrjos rjsh dojaf
tr`ppol jatk prklunjaf ikw-shjii, ikw-v`iuo prklunts `al
sorvjnos, struffijaf tk kdt`ja sjfajcjn`at v`iuo-`llol sb`ro
ja fikd`i tr`lo. Jt ckiikws tb`t r`jsjaf tbo prkluntjvjty `al
janro`sjaf tbo occjnjoany kc `frjnuitur`i v`iuo nb`jas `ro
d`sjn tk tbo sunnoss kc ^^@ rur`i onkakgjos `al tk tbofrkwtb kc jankgos kc tbojr rur`i pkpui`tjkas.
\bo Nkgproboasjvo @crjn` @frjnuitur`i Lovoikpgoat
]rkfr`ggo (N@@L]), ` prkfr`g kc tbo Aow ]`rtaorsbjp
ckr @crjn`s Lovoikpgoat (AO]@L), js ljrontiy jgol `t r`js-
jaf prkluntjvjty `al janro`sjaf tbo occjnjoany kc `frjnuituro.
\brkufb tbjs prkfr`g, tbo @crjn`a _ajka b`s `frool tk
0
Jatrkluntjka `al Kvorvjow
^ O N \ J K A 0
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janro`so pudijn javostgoat ja `frjnuituro dy ` gjajgug kc
0= pornoat kc tbojr a`tjka`i dulfots al tk r`jso `frjnuitur`i
prkluntjvjty dy `t io`st 3 pornoat. @nnkrljaf tk 4==2 l`t`
crkg JC]TJ, @crjn`a nkuatrjos `al tbojr p`rtaors aool tk
cknus ka dkkstjaf tbo suppiy rospkaso tk tbo rjso ja jatora`-
tjka`i ckkl prjnos ja krlor tk nkatjauo frkwjaf `t tbo s`go
r`to. \bo N@@L] wjii boip nkggjttol gogdor st`tos occon-
tjvoiy rospkal tk tbo ckkl prjno nrjsjs `al ktbor prossuros,oa`dijaf frjnuituro tk nkatrjduto sudst`atj`iiy tk nkatjauol
onkakgjn frkwtb.
\bo lovoikpgoat `al dusjaoss nkgguajtjos javkivol ja
tbo @crjn`a `frjnuituro `al `frjdusjaoss sontkrs b`vo ronoatiy
oxporjoanol ` strkaf rosurfoano kc jatorost ja prkgktjaf
v`iuo nb`jas `s `a `pprk`nb tb`t n`a boip losjfa jatorvoa-
tjkas fo`rol tk `ll v`iuo, ikwor tr`as`ntjka nksts, ljvorsjcy
rur`i onkakgjos, `al nkatrjduto tk janro`sjaf rur`i bkuso-
bkil jankgos ja ^^@ nkuatrjos. Oab`anjaf v`iuo nb`ja nkg-
potjtjvoaoss js janro`sjafiy ronkfajzol `s `a occontjvo
`pprk`nb tk foaor`tjaf frkwtb `al rolunjaf tbo rur`i
pkvorty prov`ioat ja tbo rofjka. \bjs js ` woinkgo lovoikp-goat ckr pr`ntjtjkaors wbk b`vo ikaf dooa nkavjanol kc tbo
aool tk ikkh ljccoroatiy `t `frjnuituroakt eust `s ` go`as
kc survjv`i, dut `s sg`iior kr i`rfor nkggornj`i dusjaossos
ijahol tk lkgostjn `al fikd`i g`rhots`al kc tbo aool tk
jloatjcy `al t`p jatk aow skurnos kc pktoatj`i frkwtb `al
v`iuo `lljtjka ja tbo sontkr. Bkpocuiiy, roaowol oaf`fogoat
wjii io`l tk ` sudst`atj`i janro`so ja tbo cikw kc cja`anj`i
roskurnos `al tonbajn`i `ssjst`ano lovktol tk suppkrtjaf
g`rhot-lrjvoa, nkgpotjtjvo `frkoatorprjsos `al `frjnuitur`i
v`iuo nb`jas tbrkufbkut tbo @crjn`a nkatjaoat.
Bkwovor, tboro js l`afor tb`t tbjs roaowol oaf`fogoat
g`y akt i`st, kr g`y ovoa d`nhcjro, jc tbo bjfb oxpont`tjkaspi`nol ka prkgktjaf v`iuo nb`jas `ro akt got. Don`uso tbo
lovoikpgoat ijtor`turo js akt nio`r `dkut tbo nkanopts `al
gotbkls roi`tjaf tk v`iuo nb`jas, tboro js rjsh tb`t skkaor kr
i`tor tbo doaocjts kc tbo v`iuo nb`ja `pprk`nb wjii do kvor-
sb`lkwol dy uagot oxpont`tjkas. \b`t ja tura nkuil n`uso
tbo `pprk`nb tk do ljsn`rlol n`tofkrjn`iiy. @itbkufb tboro js
ak sjafio w`y tk gjtjf`to sunb rjshs, tbjs Fujlo `jgs tk kccor
pr`ntjn`i `lvjno `al tkkis tk dusjaossgoa, pkijny g`hors,
roprosoat`tjvos kc c`rgor kr tr`lo krf`ajz`tjkas, `al ktbors
wbk `ro oaf`fol ja ^^@ `frkoatorprjso `al `frjdusjaoss
lovoikpgoat. \bjs Fujlo js p`rtjnui`riy losjfaol ckr tbkso
wbk w`at tk hakw gkro dkut v`iuo nb`jad`sol pprk`nbos,
`al bkw tk uso tbog ja w`ys tb`t n`a nkatrjduto tk skual
kpor`tjka`i lonjsjkas `al rosuits ckr oatorprjso `al jalustry
lovoikpgoat, `s woii `s ckr pkijny g`hjaf wjtb rospont tk
lkjaf dusjaoss, stjgui`tjaf javostgoat, `al oab`anjaf tr`lo
ja tbo nkatoxt kc @crjn`a `frjnuituro.
_sjaf nkanroto ox`gpios, gkstiy crkg @crjn`a nkuatrjos,
tbjs Fujlo prosoats, rovjows, `al systog`tjn`iiy jiiustr`tos `
r`afo kc nkanopts, `a`iytjn`i tkkis, `al gotbklkikfjos
noatorol ka tbo v`iuo nb`ja tb`t n`a do usol tk losjfa,
prop`ro, jgpiogoat, ssoss, al ov`iu`to frjdusjaoss lovoi-
kpgoat jajtj`tjvos. Jt prosoats `al nkggoats ka v`rjkus
nkanoptu`i, gotbklkikfjn`i, `al pr`ntjn`i `pprk`nbos tk
jgprkvjaf tbo nkgpotjtjvoaoss kc `frjnuitur`i suppiy `alv`iuo nb`jas. \bo Fujlo strossos tbo jgpkrt`ano kc v`iuo
nb`jad`sol `pprk`nbos tk `frkoatorprjso `al `frkckkl
nb`ja lovoikpgoat ja ^^@. Jt ualorsnkros prjanjpios kc
g`rhot cknus, p`rtaorjaf, nkii`dkr`tjka `al jackrg`tjka
sb`rjaf, `al jaakv`tjka.
\bo tkkis `al n`so stuljos ljsnussol ja tbjs Fujlo b`vo
dooa soiontol ckr tbojr usocuiaoss ja ljrontjaf `al suppkrtjaf
g`rhot-lrjvoa, prjv`to sontkr jajtj`tjvo `al `ntjka. Vbjio tbo
Fujlo js losjfaol tk spo`h ljrontiy tk tbo aools kc tbo dusj-
aossos `al ljront `ntkrs ja tbo v`iuo nb`jas, jt `isk sorvos `s `
roskurno ckr tbkso pr`ntjtjkaors, pi`aaors, `al prkfr`g
jgpiogoators wbk wkrh niksoiy wjtb v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`atswbk w`at tk jgprkvo tbo prkluntjvjty kc @crjn`s `frjnuituro.
K]]KT\_AJ\JO^ @AL \BTO@\^ @^^KNJ@\OL
VJ\B \T@LO @AL G@THO\ FIKD@IJU@\JKA
CKT @CTJN@A ONKAKGJO^
Cual`goat`i nb`afos ja jatora`tjka`i nkggorno `al
cja`ano, janiuljaf rolunol tr`aspkrt nksts, `lv`anos ja
toionkgguajn`tjkas tonbakikfy, `al ikwor tr`lo d`rrjors,
b`vo cuoiol ` r`pjl janro`so ja fikd`i jatofr`tjka. Jatora`-
tjka`i cikws kc fkkls `al sorvjnos, n`pjt`i, tonbakikfy, jlo`s,
`al pokpio kccor fro`t kppkrtuajtjos ckr @crjn`a a`tjkas tkdkkst frkwtb `al roluno pkvorty dy stjgui`tjaf prkluntjvjty
`al occjnjoany, prkvjljaf `nnoss tk aow g`rhots, `al oxp`al-
jaf tbo r`afo kc nkasugor nbkjno. Zot `t tbo s`go tjgo, fikd-
`ijz`tjka nro`tos aow nb`iioafos, janiuljaf tbo aool tk
janro`so tbo qu`ijty `al skpbjstjn`tjka kc @crjn`a fkkls `al
sorvjnos, tk g`ho rofui`tkry rockrgs losjfaol tk t`ho cuii
`lv`at`fo kc fikd`i g`rhots, `al tk jatrkluno nkst-occontjvo
`pprk`nbos tk nkpo wjtb tbo rosuitjaf `leustgoat nksts `al
rofjka`i jgd`i`anos (Dkiajnh, N`gkoas, `al Ujsija 4==?).
\bo g`ekrjty kc sud-^`b`r`a @crjn`as `ro ikw-jankgo,
`al kctoa sudsjstoano, c`rgors. ^jxty-cjvo pornoat kc
@crjn`as ja ^^@ ijvo ja rur`i `ro`s (Vkril D`ah 4==6),
wbjio 6? pornoat kc tbo ^^@ i`dkr ckrno wkrhs ja `frjnui-
turo. ud-^`b`r`a @crjn`s sb`ro kc tbo wkrils frjnuitur`i
oxpkrts js `pprkxjg`toiy 4 pornoat, `al jgpkrts roprosoat
`pprkxjg`toiy 4 pornoat kc wkril tr`lo (soo cjfuro 0.08
C@K 4==3).
4 D_JILJAF NKG]O\J\JSOAO^^ JA @CTJN@^ @FTJN_I\_TO
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^jano 0:6=, tr`lo ja ^^@ b`s frkwa `t tbroo-qu`rtors kc
tbo wkrils r`to `al `t kaiy `dkut b`ic kc @sj`s r`to. @crjn`s
sb`ro ja wkril tr`lo `ntu`iiy coii crkg < pornoat ja tbo 0:6=s
tk 4 pornoat ja 4==? (soo cjfuro 0.4). Kao kc tbo gkst strjhjaf
pboakgoa` js tbo fr`lu`i g`rfja`ijz`tjka kc sud-^`b`r`a
@crjn` ja jatora`tjka`i `frjnuitur`i oxpkrt g`rhots. Ovoa
tbkufb ^^@ pkssossos 04 pornoat kc tbo wkrils `r`dio i`al,
tbo rofjkas sb`ro kc fikd`i `frjnuitur`i oxpkrts b`s lonijaolfr`lu`iiy crkg `igkst 0= pornoat ckur lon`los `fk tk
`rkual 4 pornoat tkl`y (C@K 4==3). Ka tbo jgpkrt sjlo,
tbo kppksjto p`ttora ogorfos5 sud-^`b`r`a @crjn` js tbo
kaiy lovoikpjaf rofjka tb`t b`s sooa jts sb`ro kc wkril `frj-
nuitur`i jgpkrts janro`so r`tbor tb`a lonro`so (C@K 4==?).
\boso p`ttoras `ro g`ajcost ja `ssossgoats kc @crjn`s
tr`lo kpoaaoss0 (go`surol dy tbo tr`lo tk frkss lkgostjn
prklunt XFL]W r`tjk), wbjnb b`s `isk ijdor`ijzol gkro
sikwiy tb`a tb`t kc `ay ktbor g`ekr lovoikpjaf rofjka, `al
^^@ b`s suppi`atol I`tja @gorjn` `s tbo rofjka io`st kpoa
tk tr`lo (Fupt` `al Z`af 4==3).
Bkwovor, tbo troals `ro akt `ii aof`tjvo. Ja c`nt, sovor`i^^@ nkuatrjos b`vo ronoatiy jgprkvol tbojr st`aljaf ja
torgs kc tr`lo kpoaaoss `al t`hoa `lv`at`fo kc aow oxpkrt
kppkrtuajtjos. @s ` rofjka, ^^@s `vor`fo tr`lo kpoaaoss ja
4==?, `s go`surol dy oxpkrts `s ` pornoat`fo kc FL], w`s
>: pornoat, `a janro`so kc 02 pornoat crkg 4==4 iovois (soo
t`dio 0.0). Zot wjtbja @crjn`, iovois kc tr`lo kpoaaoss ciuntu-
`to lopoaljaf ka fokfr`pbjn ikn`tjka, roskurno oalkw-
goat, jacr`strunturo qu`ijty, oa`dijaf oavjrkagoat, `al
ktbor c`ntkrs.\bkso diknhs kc nkuatrjos sbkwjaf akt`dio janro`sos ja
tr`lo kpoaaoss `ro5 aka-kji-prklunjaf nkuatrjos (>3 pornoat
nb`afo sjano 4==4)8 ^@ oxniuljaf kutb @crjn` al Ajforj`
(>> pornoat nb`afo sjano 4==4)8 `al tbo nkuatrjos kc tbo
Onkakgjn `al Gkaot`ry Nkgguajty kc Noatr`i @crjn`
(4: pornoat). @crjn`s kji-prklunjaf nkuatrjos b`vo go`-
surol ` 30 pornoat janro`so ja oxpkrts sjano 4==4, dut wboa
nkgp`rol tk 0::64==4 iovois, tbjs js a 2 pornoat lrkp, por-
b`ps jaljn`tjaf tb`t ronoat frkwtb js i`rfoiy luo tk vki`tjijty
ja wkril kji g`rhots (osponj`iiy tbo lrkp ja tr`lo lurjaf
4==4). Toi`tjvo tk ktbor p`rts kc @crjn`, ronoat troals kc
tr`lo kpoaaoss sbkw pkkr porckrg`ano dy nkuatrjos kc tboVost @crjn`a Onkakgjn Gkaot`ry _ajka (3 pornoat) `al
tbkso kc tbo Nkggka G`rhot kc O`stora `al ^kutbora
@crjn` (3 pornoat).
^tjii, @crjn`s oxpkrts rog`ja lkgja`tol dy prjg`ry nkg-
gkljtjos, wjtb cuois `nnkuatjaf ckr `dkut = pornoat, woiidoikw tb`t kc ktbor lovoikpjaf rofjkas. Ja `lljtjka, g`au-
c`nturol oxpkrts crkg @crjn`a nkuatrjos b`vo ` a`rrkw d`so
`al ikw v`iuo `llol8 kctoa, tboy `ro sogjprknossol, r`w
g`torj`is, kr prklunts tb`t b`vo procoroatj`i `nnoss tk jalus-
trj`i nkuatrjos.
\bo bjfb nkggkljty prjnos kc ronoat yo`rs, nkupiol wjtb
@sj`s r`pjl onkakgjn frkwtb, b`vo boipol @crjn` oxp`al jts
oxpkrts tk @sj`, wbjnb akw jgpkrts 4? pornoat kc `ii @crjn`a
oxpkrts. \bo frkwjaf onkakgjos kc Jalj` `al Nbja` `ikao
`nnkuat ckr 0= pornoat kc @crjn`s oxpkrts. @s tboso nkuatrjos
nkatjauo tk frkw `al log`al gkro a`tur`i roskurnos,
@crjn`a oxpkrtors g`y do pkjsol tk janro`so rovoauos `al
oxp`al tbojr prkluntjka ja nkanort wjtb tbo Jalj`a `al
Nbjaoso onkakgjn frkwtb.
Ovoa sk, wjtbkut curtbor jgprkvogoats tk tbojr dusjaoss
oavjrkagoats `al tbo nkgpotjtjvoaoss kc tbojr oxpkrt nkg-
gkljtjos, g`ay ^^@ nkuatrjos rjsh dojaf nkgpotjtjvoiy
^ON\JKA 05 JA\TKL_N\JKA @AL KSOTSJOV >
Cjfuro 0.0 ^^@s ^b`ro kc Vkril @frjnuitur`i Oxpkrts dy
S`iuo, 4==3
^kurno5 Toprjatol crkg5 Fupt` `al Z`af (4==?), _adiknhjaf \r`lo.
Cjfuro 0.4 @crjn`s ^b`ro kc Vkril \r`lo
^kurno5 C@K^\@\ 4==3.
4%
46%
03%
?=%
?%
@crjn`
@gorjn`
@sj`
Ourkpo
Kno`aj`
4?
]orn
oat
@sj`
I`tja @gorjn`
sud-^`b`r`a @crjn`
0?
?
=0:6= 0:6? 0:2= 0::= 4===0:2? 0::? 4==?
4=
0=
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tr`ppolsoiijaf ikw-shjii, ikw-v`iuo prklunts `al sor-
vjnos, wjtb ijttio nb`ano tk janro`so v`iuo-`llol sb`ro ja
fikd`i tr`lo. Vjtbkut g`rhot hakwiolfo, p`rtjnui`roxportjso, kr nkgpotjtjvo prklunts `al sorvjnos, oatjro
onkakgjos wjii ossoatj`iiy c`ji tk t`ho `lv`at`fo kc tbo pktoa-
tj`iiy bjfb doaocjts kc fikd`i g`rhots `al tbo janro`sos ja
fikd`i tr`lo cikws. ^^@ onkakgjos ua`dio tk ni`jg ` gkro
sjfajcjn`at sb`ro kc fikd`i tr`lo wjii cjal jt ljccjnuit tk
`nbjovo tbo sust`ja`dio `al `nnoior`tol frkwtb r`tos tb`t
`ro aonoss`ry tk ro`nb tbo Gjiioaajug Lovoikpgoat
Fk`is (GLFs) `al sjfajcjn`atiy roluno pkvorty ka tbo
nkatjaoat.
\boso tbro`ts `al kppkrtuajtjos bkil p`rtjnui`riy truo
ckr `frjnuituro, tbo g`ja oxpkrt rovoauo skurno ckr g`ay
^^@ nkuatrjos `al tbo i`rfost jankgo foaor`tkr ckr tbojrpkpui`tjkas. Janro`sjaf tbo prkluntjka kc, `al oxpkrt rov-
oauos crkg, frjnuitur`i fkkls oat`jis lovoikpjaf g`rhotjaf
nb`aaois `al kutiots. ^unb lovoikpgoat js ossoatj`i tk
a`tjka`i str`tofjos tk r`jso jankgos `al or`ljn`to pkvorty ja
^^@. Janro`sol prkluntjvjty ja torgs kc v`iuo `al prkc-
jt`djijty js nio`riy tbo w`y tk foaor`to bjfbor jankgos ja `
sust`ja`dio g`aaortb`t js, wjtbkut curtbor lopiotjaf
^^@s a`tur`i roskurno d`so.
NKG]@TJ^KA KC @FTJN_I\_T@I
]TKL_N\JSJ\Z
Kao w`y tk janro`so tbo nkgpotjtjvoaoss kc `a jalustry kr
prklunt ka tbo fikd`i g`rhot js tk prkluno gkro occjnjoatiy.
Janro`sos ja occjnjoany `ro n`pturol dy go`surjaf tbo `frjnui-
turo v`iuo `llol por wkrhor, wbjnb js `isk ` prkxy ckr
`frjnuitur`i prkluntjvjty.4 Ckr @crjn`a prklunors tk n`pturo
gkro v`iuo `al janro`so oxpkrts, tboy gust janro`so prk-
luntjvjty iovois. ^^@s `frjnuituro prkluntjvjty go`suro kc
_^$>>? v`iuo `llol por wkrhor (4==>?) js tbo wkrilsikwost. Ja nkgp`rjska, `t _^$:0 tjgos tbo ^^@ iovoi, `al I`tja @gorjn` js
ao`riy 0= tjgos gkro prkluntjvo `t _^$>,=?6 por wkrhor.
@crjn`a prkluntjvjty, ja torgs kc yjoils, js `isk vory ikw
(soo cjfuro 0.>).
^unb ikw iovois kc prkluntjvjty bjalor @crjn`s `ttogpts
`t rolunjaf pkvorty. ^^@s `frjnuitur`i v`iuo nb`jas aool tk
donkgo gkro prkluntjvo `al nkgpotjtjvo ja tbo fikd`i
g`rhot ckr `frjnuitur`i fkkls, `al jts v`iuo nb`jas aool tk
`nbjovo fro`tor v`iuo wjtbja @crjn`, `s woii. Janro`sos ja
nkgpotjtjvoaoss n`a `ssjst tbkso lopoaloat ka `frjnuituro
`al `frjdusjaoss ja janro`sjaf tbojr jankgos `al `ssot d`so.Vjtbja @crjn`, tboro `ro i`rfo ljsnrop`anjos dotwooa
nkuatrjos `vor`fo iovois kc prkluntjvjty. Nkuatrjos sunb `s
G`ij, ^kutb @crjn`, `al U`gdj` b`vo `nbjovol bjfb iovois kc
sust`jaol frkwtb kvor tbo p`st 06 yo`rs (soo t`dio 0.4, por-
t`jajaf tk noro`i yjoils). Ktbors, sunb `s Durualj, tbo Log-
knr`tjn Topudijn kc tbo Nkafk, Ijdorj`, `al Ujgd`dwo,>
b`vo succorol sjfajcjn`at lonro`sos ja `frjnuitur`i prklun-
tjvjty, wbjnb g`y do tbo rosuit kc jasonurjty, nkacijnt, nijg`to
nb`afo, `s woii `s kc uaskual onkakgjn pkijnjos.
]rkluntjvjty ja torgs kc aot v`iuo `llol js ` nrunj`i go`-
suro kc v`iuo nb`ja porckrg`ano. S`iuo nb`jas oan`psui`to
tbo soquoano kc stops, cikws, javostgoats, `ntkrs, `al jator-
roi`tjkasbjps tb`t nb`r`ntorjzo `al lrjvo tbo prknoss crkg
prkluntjka tk loijvory kc ` prklunt tk tbo g`rhot. T`jsjaf
tbo prkluntjvjty (`s woii `s occjnjoany) kc `frjnuitur`i v`iuo
nb`jas js hoy tk tbo sunnoss kc ^^@s rur`i onkakgjos `al tk
tbo jankgos kc ^^@s rur`i pkpui`tjkas.
< D_JILJAF NKG]O\J\JSOAO^^ JA @CTJN@^ @FTJN_I\_TO
\ dio 0.0 @crjn`a \r`lo FrkwtbOxpkrt kc Fkkls `al ^orvjnos (% kc FL])
Nkuatrjos `al Tofjkas
Bjstkrjn`i
@vor`fo
0::64==0 4==4 4==> 4==< 4==?
Nb`afo5
Bjstkrjn`i4==?
(%)
Nb`afo5
4==44==?
(%)
^ud-^`b`r`a @crjn` (^^@) >0.? >4.3 >>.2 >?.: >2.? 44 02
^^@ oxniuljaf . @crjn` al Ajforj` >4.3 >=.? >2.4 >
NC@ Cr`an Ukao >6.6 >3.0 >:.2 .4 4< 0?
Vost @crjn`a Onkakgjn Gkaot`ry _ajka 4:.? >>.> >=.? >=.3 >0.> 3 3Onkakgjn al Gkaot`ry Nkgguajty kc Noatr`i @crjn` ? 4:
Nkggka G`rhot kc O`stora al kutbora @crjn` >=.< >0.3 >0.< >0.2 >>.? 0= 3
Kji-prklunjaf nkuatrjos
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^ON\JKA 05 JA\TKL_N\JKA @AL KSOTSJOV ?
3,===
?,===
,===
4,===Zjoil,
hf/bont
`ro
G`jzo yjoils
@ffrof`to crujt yjoils
Zjoiljabontkfr`g/bont`ro`
0,===
04=,===
0==,===
2=,===
3=,===
G`jzo Zjoils `al @ffrof`to Crujt Zjoils
Oxniuljaf Goikas, @crjn` vorsus Vkril
^kurno5 C@K^\@\ l`t`.` C@K ostjg`to.
KDEON\JSO^ KC \BO F_JLO
Vkrilwjlo, tboro b`s dooa ` fro`t lo`i kc oxporjgoat`tjka
`al io`rajaf ja tbo so`rnb ckr roij`dio str`tofjos tk `nbjovo
sust`ja`dio onkakgjn frkwtb. Tonkfajzjaf tb`t tbjs frkwtb
gust do iol dy skual dusjaoss str`tofy `al kpor`tjka `al
lrjvoa dy g`rhot log`al, pr`ntjtjkaors b`vo fr`lu`iiy
`d`alkaol o`riy, st`to-cknusol gklois (tb`t js, fkvoragoat
kwaorsbjp kc roskurnos `al oatorprjsos) `al b`vo sjano
ronkfajzol tb`t dktb pudijn `al prjv`to sontkrs b`vo vjt`i
rkios tk pi`y ja tbo onkakgjn-frkwtb p`rtaorsbjp. Bkw
woii tbkso rospontjvo pudijn `al prjv`to rkios `ro locjaol,
`al bkw nkgpotoatiy o`nb sontkr porckrgs jts rkio, `ro
sjfajcjn`at lotorgja`ats kc onkakgjn frkwtb.
Ckr g`ay yo`rs, prjv`to sontkr lovoikpgoat jajtj`tjvos`al prkfr`gs b`vo ogpb`sjzol `ntjkas tk janro`so dusj-
aossos `nnoss tk tr`jajaf, shjiis lovoikpgoat, cja`anjaf,
oatroproaoursbjp, dusjaoss lovoikpgoat sorvjnos, `al ktbor
jgpkrt`at oiogoats. Gkro nkatogpkr`ry cknusos b`vo
janiulol boipjaf sg`ii `al goljug oatorprjsos ijah wjtb
fikd`i g`rhots `al jgprkvjaf dusjaoss oavjrkagoats.
Vbjio tboso v`rjol jajtj`tjvos b`vo `ii prkvoa usocui, o`nb dy
jtsoic js uaijhoiy tk foaor`to sjfajcjn`at nb`afos ja ` nkua-
trys onkakgjn porckrg`ano.
^t`rtjaf ja tbo gjl-0:2=s, `s p`rt kc tbo pusb tkw`rl
ljvorsjcjn`tjka jatk akatr`ljtjka`i `frjnuitur`i oxpkrt nrkps
tb`t knnurrol ja tbo I`tja @gorjn` `al N`rjddo`a rofjkawjtb tbo p`ss`fo kc tbo N`rjddo`a D`sja Jajtj`tjvo, ` fro`t
lo`i kc usocui wkrh w`s lkao ka tbo lo`i-g`hjaf `pprk`nb
tk bjfb-v`iuo prklunts, wbjnb javkivos boipjaf dusjaossos
jloatjcy `al poaotr`to aow g`rhots wjtb p`tb-dro`hjaf jaj-
tj`i sbjpgoats. Kctoa tbjs `pprk`nb w`s pusbol ja rospkaso
tk lkakr `foany jgp`tjoano tk logkastr`to vjsjdio rosuits ja
tbo sbkrt rua.
Bkwovor, wbjio duy-soii tr`as`ntjkas `ro tbo ossoano kc
dusjaoss, kvor tjgo jt b`s donkgo nio`r tb`t tbo tr`as`ntjka-
d`sol pprk`nb lkos akt loqu`toiy rospkal tk tbo losjro kc
i`rfo duyjaf krf`ajz`tjkas tk b`vo ` nkasjstoat suppiy kc
bjfb-qu`ijty, st`al`rls-nkgpij`at prklunt, akr lkos jtoasuro ikaf-torg vj`djijty. Dktb tbo n`tofkry g`a`fogoat
tb`t lrjvos tbo ckkl jalustry `al tbo quost ckr sust`ja`djijty
tb`t lrjvos lovoikpgoat roqujro sb`rol vjsjka tb`t oaf`fos
`ii p`rtaors, pi`aajaf tb`t sp`as `nrkss so`skas `al yo`rs, `s
woii `s strunturol prknurogoat/suppiy prkfr`gs tb`t pros-
oat wja-wja sjtu`tjkas `al sust`ja`dio rosuits ckr ` p`rtjnu-
i`r ckkl n`tofkry.< ^k ja ronoat yo`rs, io`ljaf pr`ntjtjkaors
b`vo rocknusol ka jgprkvjaf `nnoss tk `al p`rtjnjp`tjka ja
tbo gkro prkcjt`dio, bjfbor vkiugo v`iuo nb`jas, `al tbo
occjnjoat suppiy nb`jas ka wbjnb tboy gust roiy, dktb `s `
go`as tk `nbjovjaf dottor n`tofkry g`a`fogoat ja ckkl
oatorprjsos `s woii `s ckrfjaf ikafor-torg p`rtaorsbjps.
Ja tbo `dkvo nkatoxt, tbo Vkril D`ah b`s dooa fjvjaf
janro`sjaf ogpb`sjs ja ronoat yo`rs tk nb`iioafos `ssknj`tol
wjtb `frjnuitur`i tr`lo c`njijt`tjka, oxpkrt prkgktjka, `al
fikd`i kr rofjka`i nkgpotjtjvoaoss. \bo D`ah bkpos tk nka-
trjduto tk tbo tr`asckrg`tjka kc @crjn`a `frjnuituro jatk `
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3 D_JILJAF NKG]O\J\JSOAO^^ JA @CTJN@^ @FTJN_I\_TO
(\`dio nkatjauos ka tbo ckiikwjaf p`fo.)
\ dio 0.4 @ffrof`to Noro i Zjoil por Bont`ro (hf/B`), dy Nkuatry
Nkuatry 0::= 4==4 4==3
Nb`afo
0::=4==3 (%)
Nb`afo
4==44==3 (%)
@afki` >4=.?: 3:.6: 3.> 4=.0
F`gdj`, \bo 0,==>.:4 :3=.46 0,444.34 40.2 46.>
Fb`a` :2:.4= 0,> 0,>>=.6< 0,=36.43 0,34?.4? 3.4 ?4.>
Hoay` 0,?30.66 0,6.0 ?:.3
Ijdorj` 0,=42.?6 :0:.6: ??=.==
8/14/2019 Building Competitiveness in Africa's Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications
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prkcjt`dio onkakgjn oalo`vkr dy cknusjaf ka janro`sol prk-
luntjvjty, occjnjoany, `al strkafor ijah`fos ckr c`rgors wjtb
gkro iunr`tjvo g`rhots. Ja tbo cr`gowkrh kc tbo @crjn`a
@ntjka ]i`a, tbo Vkril D`ah/^ust`ja`dio Lovoikpgoat
Lop`rtgoat kc tbo @crjn` Tofjka (@CT-^LA) b`s curtbor
oaf`fol ja foaor`tjaf `al ljssogja`tjaf hakwiolfo nka-
norajaf tbo pktoatj`i lovoikpgoat kc bjfb-v`iuo `frjnui-
tur`i suppiy nb`jas `s ` go`as tk janro`so `al ljvorsjcy rov-
oauos ja rur`i `ro`s kc ^^@.\bjs Fujlo tk v`iuo nb`ja `pprk`nbos js p`rt kc tb`t
occkrt, losjfaol tk prkvjlo tbo usor wjtb ntjka`dio gotbkls
`al tkkis d`sol ka v`iuo nb`ja nkanopts tb`t n`a boip losjfa
jatorvoatjkas tk janro`so tbo prkluntjvjty `al porckrg`ano
kc ^^@ `frjnuituro. @ wjlo r`afo kc tkkis `al `pprk`nbos
tr`ljtjka`iiy nkasjlorol tk do roiov`at gkstiy tk skpbjstj-
n`tol prjv`to dusjaossos `s tboy lovoikp tbojr kwa str`tofjos
`al jgpiogoat tbojr kwa dusjaoss pi`as`ro, ja c`nt, prkv-
jaf tk do usocui tk lovoikpgoat pi`aaors `al pr`ntjtjkaors
wboa jt nkgos tk losjfajaf sudsontkr, nkggkljty, `al
v`iuo nb`ja str`tofjos.
\bjs Fujlo js jatoalol ckr uso dy ` augdor kc `uljoanos.Gkst ljrontiy, jt prkvjlos pi`aaors, lonjsjka g`hors, `al
jgpiogoators wjtb pr`ntjn`i tkkis ckr nro`tjaf occontjvo v`iuo
`al suppiy nb`ja lovoikpgoat prkfr`gs. Jt `isk prkvjlos
pudijn `al prjv`to st`hobkilors wjtb ` nkggka cr`gowkrh
ckr losjfajaf str`tofjos `al prjkrjtjzjaf lonjsjkas ka sontkr
`al sudsontkr nkgpotjtjvoaoss. ]kijny g`hors, dusjaoss io`l-
ors, gogdors kc tbo lovoikpgoat nkgguajty, roso`rnbors,
`al pr`ntjtjkaors n`a uso tboso gotbkls `al `pprk`nbos tk
prkgkto tbo lovoikpgoat kc tr`ljtjka`i `al akatr`lj-
tjka`i v`iuo nb`jas ja sud-^`b`r`a @crjn`.
\k jatrkluno tbo jaljvjlu`i tkkis, `pprk`nbos, `al n`so
stuljos, tbo Fujlo `isk ljsnussos sovor`i hoy tkpjns tb`t tbo
tkkis ogdkly kr t`ho jatk `nnkuat. Ja tbjs rof`rl, bkwovor,
tbo jgpkrt`at t`ho-`w`y crkg tbjs lknugoat js akt tbo
jloatjcjn`tjka kc nkggka tkpjns, dut r`tbor tbo jasjfbts `al
pr`ntjn`i `ppijn`tjkas tb`t v`iuo nb`jad`sol `pprk`nbos prk-
vjlo ckr `lljaf v`iuo, nro`tjaf kppkrtuajtjos, `al oa`dijaf
^^@s `frjnuitur`i c`rgors, oatroproaours, `al dusjaossos tk
ro`nb g`rhots.
\bo ijtor`turo `al pr`ntjno kc lovoikpgoat nkanorajaf
v`iuo nb`jas, dktb `n`logjn `al `ppijol, js vory sudst`atj`i
(soo sontjka >). ^ponj`i goatjka gust do g`lo kc tbo nka-
sjlor`dio dkly kc wkrh tb`t js dojaf lovoikpol dy `al wjtb
tbo spkaskrsbjp kc jatora`tjka`i `foanjos. \bo _.^. @foany
ckr Jatora`tjka`i Lovoikpgoat (_^@JL) b`s lovoikpol
g`ay usocui g`torj`is noatorol ka v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs, `aljts wkrh js woii rociontol ja jts gklui`r v`iuo nb`ja tr`jajaf
prkfr`g, tbo S`iuo Nb`ja Vjhj (bttp5//`pps.lovoiodrjlfo.
aot/`g`p/jalox.pbp/S`iuo[Nb`ja[Lovoikpgoat) `al dy
jts kafkjaf v`iuo nb`ja wkrh. Forg`ays Fosoiisnb`ct cr
\onbajsnbo Uus`ggoa`rdojt (F\U) b`s `isk pjkaoorol
oxnoiioat wkrh ka v`iuo nb`jas (ckr ox`gpio, S iuoIjahs), s
b`s tbo _ajtol Hjaflkgs Lop`rtgoat ckr Jatora`tjka`i
Lovoikpgoat (LCJL) (ckr ox`gpio, Tofkvorajaf G`rhots),
`al sovor`i ktbor foanjos. \bo Vkril D`ah al Jatora`tjka`i
Cja`ano Nkrpkr`tjka (JCN) b`vo `isk g`lo `v`ji`dio ktbor
tkkihjts `al fujlos wjtb nkgpiogoat`ry purpksos `al cknus
`ro`s. \bjs Fujlo prkvjlos ` sponjcjn jgpiogoat`tjka cknuska v`iuo nb`ja `ppijn`tjkas ja `frjnuituro `al `frjdusjaoss ja
tbo @crjn`a nkatoxt.
KTF@AJU@\JKA KC \BO F_JLO
\bo Fujlo js krf`ajzol `s ckiikws5
^ontjka 0 jatrklunos tbo Fujlo, jts kdeontjvos, al jts snkpo.
^ontjka 4 janiulos tbo locjajtjka kc v`iuo nb`jas, `
losnrjptjka kc tbojr strunturo, `al d`nhfrkual ka usjaf
`al `a`iyzjaf v`iuo nb`jas.
^ontjka >rovjows oxjstjaf ijtor`turo ka v`iuo `al suppiynb`jas, janiuljaf nurroat tbokrjos `al `ppijn`tjkas.
^ontjka < ljsnussos jaljvjlu`i tkkis usol ja v`iuo nb`ja
`a`iysjs.
\bjs Fujlo dofjas dy ox`gjajaf nkro nkanopts `al jssuos
roi`tol tk v`iuo nb`jas. @ drjoc ijtor`turo rovjow tboa cknusos
^ON\JKA 05 JA\TKL_N\JKA @AL KSOTSJOV 6
\ dio 0.4 @ffrof`to Noro`i Zjoil por Bont`ro (hf/B`), dy Nkuatry
Nkuatry 0::= 4==4 4==3
Nb`afo
0::=4==3 (%)
Nb`afo
4==44==3 (%)
\kfk 6=.:6 0,0>?.04 ?4.= =.2.6? 0,?44.:> 0.6 6.0
U`gdj` 0,>?4.=3 0,6.04 >?.: >=.=
Ujgd`dwo 0,34?.
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2 D_JILJAF NKG]O\J\JSOAO^^ JA @CTJN@^ @FTJN_I\_TO
ka cjvo tkpjns kc p`rtjnui`r roiov`ano tk @crjn`a `frjnuitur`i
v`iuo nb`jas, wbjnb n`a nkatrjduto tk occontjvo jgpiogoat`-
tjka tkkis `al `pprk`nbos. \boso `ro5
\rust al nkkpor`tjka
Fkvora`ano
G`rhot pkwor
Jaakv`tjka `al hakwiolfo
Cknus/jatorvoatjka pkjats
\boso tkpjns port`ja tk nkaljtjkas `al nb`iioafos c`nol
dy v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats `al pr`ntjtjkaors. \boy roska`to
tbrkufbkut tbo g`ay n`sos losnrjdol ja tbjs Fujlo.
\bo nkro kc tbo Fujlo prosoats gotbklkikfjn`i tkkis `al
`pprk`nbos tb`t dioal jgpkrt`at v`iuo nb`ja nkanopts wjtb
tbo tkpjns ljsnussol `al wjtb skual dusjaoss prjanjpios.
\bo `nnkgp`ayjaf n`sos jiiustr`to tbo `ppijn`tjka kc tbo
tkkis. \bo tkkis `al n`so stuljos ljsnussol ja tbjs Fujlo
b`vo dooa soiontol ckr tbojr usocuiaoss ja ljrontjaf `al sup-
pkrtjaf g`rhot-lrjvoa prjv`to sontkr jajtj`tjvo al ntjka tk
jgpiogoat jgprkvogoats ja `frjnuitur`i v`iuo nb`jas.\bjs Fujlo kccors 0> v`iuo nb`ja jgpiogoat`tjka tkkis,
prosoatol wjtbja tbo jgpiogoat`tjka nynio kc ` v`iuo
nb`ja prkfr`g. \bo nynio typjn`iiy nkasjsts kc sjx st`fos,
nkrrospkaljaf tk ljccoroat oatry pkjats ckr usjaf tbo v`iuo
nb`ja `pprk`nb, lopoaljaf ka tbo sponjcjnjtjos kc tbo sjtu`-
tjka `al prkdiogs tk skivo5
0) Losjfajaf str`tofjos `al dusjaoss pi`as (`al kdt`jajaf
`al usjaf jackrg`tjka)
4) Lovoikpjaf rkdust aow dusjaossos
>) ^uppiyjaf tbo g`rhot (`ijfajaf suppiy tk g`tnb g`rhot
kppkrtuajty). Dotwooa 4==0 `al 4==4, Ujgd`dwos yjoil coii dy twk-
tbjrls. \bjs ikw yjoil ckr 4==4 `nnkuats ckr tbo frkwtbdotwooa 4==4 al 4==3 lospjto foaor`i troal tkw`rl ikwor
yjoils kvor tbo i`st cjvo yo`rs.
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LOCJAJ\JKA KC NKANO]\^
Nb`jas nkgpksol kc nkgp`ajos (kr jaljvjlu`is) tb`t
jator`nt tk suppiy fkkls `al sorvjnos `ro v`rjkusiy
rocorrol tk `s prkluntjvo nb`jas, v`iuo nb`jas, cji-
jros, g`rhotjaf nb`jas, suppiy nb`jas, kr ljstrjdutjka nb`jas.
\boso nkanopts v`ry g`jaiy ja tbojr cknus ka sponjcjn prklunts
kr t`rfot g`rhots, ja tbo `ntjvjty tb`t js ogpb`sjzol, `al ja
tbo w`y ja wbjnb tboy b`vo dooa `ppijol. Vb`t tboy b`vo ja
nkggka, bkwovor, js tb`t tboy `ii sooh tk n`pturo `al losnrjdo
tbo nkgpiox jator`ntjkas kc cjrgs `al prknossos tb`t `ro
aoolol tk nro`to `al loijvor prklunts tk oal usors. Gkrokvor,tboy `ii strjvo tk jloatjcy kppkrtuajtjos ckr `al nkastr`jats
`f`jast janro`sjaf prkluntjvjty.
@itbkufb jt js jgpkssjdio tk lr`w nio`r ljstjantjkas
`gkaf tboso kctoa kvori`ppjaf nkanopts, jt js stjii wkrtb-
wbjio tk prkvjlo skgo d`sjn locjajtjkas `al bjfbijfbt skgo
kc tbo ljccoroanos. \ypjn`iiy, v`iuo nb`ja losnrjdos tbo cuii
r`afo kc v`iuo-`lljaf `ntjvjtjos roqujrol tk drjaf ` prklunt
kr sorvjno tbrkufb tbo ljccoroat pb`sos kc prkluntjka, janiul-
jaf prknurogoat kc r`w g`torj`is `al ktbor japuts, `ssog-
diy, pbysjn`i tr`asckrg`tjka, `nqujsjtjka kc roqujrol sor-
vjnos sunb `s tr`aspkrt kr nkkijaf, `al uitjg`toiy rospkaso
tk nkasugor log`al (H`pijashy al Gkrrjs 4==4). @s sunb,v`iuo nb`jas janiulo `ii kc tbo vortjn`iiy ijahol, jatorlo-
poaloat prknossos tb`t foaor`to v`iuo ckr tbo nkasugor, `s
woii s bkrjzkat`i ijah`fos tk ktbor v`iuo nb`jas tb`t prkvjlo
jatorgolj`to fkkls `al sorvjnos. S`iuo nb`jas cknus ka v`iuo
nro`tjkatypjn`iiy vj` jaakv`tjka ja prklunts kr prknossos,
`s woii `s g`rhotjaf`al `isk ka tbo `iikn`tjka kc tbo
janrogoat`i v`iuo.
Dy nkatr`st, tbo torg suppiy nb`ja js usol jatora`tjka-
`iiy tk oankgp`ss ovory ikfjstjn`i `al prknolur`i `ntjvjty
javkivol ja prklunjaf `al loijvorjaf ` cja`i prklunt kr sor-
vjno, crkg tbo suppijors suppijor tk tbo nustkgors nus-
tkgor (Coiior, ^buah, `al N`ii`rg`a 4==3). ^jano tbo prj-
g`ry cknus kc suppiy nb`jas js occjnjoany, tbo g`ja
kdeontjvos `ro usu`iiy tk roluno crjntjka (ckr ox`gpio,
loi`ys, diknh`fos, kr jgd`i`anos), roluno kut`fos kr kvor-
stknhs, ikwor tr`as`ntjka nksts, `al jgprkvo cuicjiigoat `al
nustkgor s`tjsc`ntjka.
\bo jssuo js akt sk gunb dkut wbjnb nkanopt js suporjkr
kr procor`dio, sjano tboy `ro nkgpiogoat`ry `al tbojr occon-
tjvo jgpiogoat`tjka n`a loijvor jgprkvol dusjaoss rosuits.0
Jt gust do aktol, tbkufb, tb`t pr`ntjtjkaors kc tbo suppiy
nb`ja `pprk`nb kctoa c`ji tk nkasjlor tk wb`t oxtoat nkst
roluntjka `al jaoccjnjoanjos ja suppiy nb`ja ikfjstjns `ntu-
`iiy `ll v`iuo, `al jc sk, wbk doaocjts. Ka tbo ktbor b`al,
v`iuo nb`ja prkpkaoats skgotjgos ckrfot tb`t occontjvo v`iuo
nb`jas gust rost ja occjnjoat suppiy nb`jas.
Niustors roprosoat nkiiontjkas kc cjrgs `al jastjtutjkas
tb`t porckrg g`ay kc tbo cuantjkas sofgoatol `allosnrjdol ja dktb tbo v`iuo nb`ja al suppiy nb`ja ijtor`turo.
Niustors tbogsoivos ljspi`y bkrjzkat`i `al vortjn`i ijahs
`gkaf oatorprjsos tb`t prkluno ` sjafio kr niksoiy roi`tol
prklunt kr sorvjno, wbjnb ja tura g`y nkgdjao tk s`tjscy tbo
log`al kc ` p`rtjnui`r v`iuo/suppiy nb`ja. \bo ijtor`turo ka
niustors strossos tbo doaocjts kc oatorprjso ffikgor`tjka al
:
Nkanopts `al Locjajtjkas kc S`iuo Nb`jas
`al ^uppiy Nb`jas
^ O N \ J K A 4
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fokfr`pbjn prkxjgjty, wbjnb n`a foaor`to onkakgjos kc
sn`io `al pksjtjvo oxtora`ijtjos sunb `s ikwor nksts kc jator-
golj`to japuts kr sorvjnos, dottor nnoss tk shjiiol porskaaoi,
kr fro`tor `ttr`ntjvoaoss tk oxtora`i prknurogoat `foats.
Jgprkvjaf niustors typjn`iiy roqujros gkro ogpb`sjs ka tbo
ikn`i oavjrkagoat (dktb pkijnjos `al jastjtutjkas, pudijn
`al prjv`to) `al nkatoxt ja wbjnb jt kpor`tos.
Foaor`iiy tbo nb`ja nkanopt, wbotbor v`iuo kr suppiy,pi`nos ioss ogpb`sjs ka tbo oa`dijaf oavjrkagoat, wbjio
niustor `a`iysjs kctoa aofionts tbo aonoss`ry ijah`fos tk
sponjcjn t`rfot g`rhots tb`t oxjst kutsjlo tbo niustor.
@aktbor roi`tol nkanopt js tbo Cr`ankpbkao cjijro (ijtor-
`iiy tbro`l ja Oafijsb). Cjijro js usol tk losnrjdo tbo
cikw kc pbysjn`i japuts `al sorvjnos ja tbo prkluntjka kc `
cja`i prklunt, `al js ossoatj`iiy sjgji`r tk tbo gklora v`iuo
nb`ja nkanopt ja jts ogpb`sjs ka vortjn`i `al bkrjzkat`i
nkkrlja`tjka (H`pijashy `al Gkrrjs 4==4). Cjijro stuljos
lk akt b`vo ` sjafio uajcyjaf tbokrotjn`i cr`gowkrh, `al jts
pr`ntjtjkaors b`vo dkrrkwol crkg ljccoroat tbokrjos `al
gotbklkikfjos ckr tbojr `a`iysos. \bo nkanopt js kctoa usol`s syakaygkus tk nkggkljty nb`ja kr sudsontkr. \bo cjijro
w`s jajtj`iiy usol tk stuly nkatr`nt c`rgjaf `al vortjn`i
jatofr`tjka ja Croanb `frjnuituro ja tbo 0:3=s. Jt w`s, skka
tboro`ctor, `ppijol tk `frjnuituro ja lovoikpjaf nkuatrjos,
sunb `s tbo gkloi jgpiogoatol tk lovoikp tbo nkttka son-
tkrs ja Vost `al Noatr`i @crjn`. Kvor tjgo, cjijro `a`iysjs
cknusol gkro ka bkw pudijn jastjtutjkas `ccont ikn`i prk-
luntjka systogs, `al bkw jatorprkcossjka`i `ssknj`tjkas
n`a boip fiuo tkfotbor ljront `al jaljront onkakgjn `ntkrs,
tb`t js, tbkso wbk b`alio tbo prklunt kc jatorost vorsus
tbkso wbk nkatrjduto `anjii`ry fkkls kr sorvjnos.
@ii kc tbo nkggkljty systog nkanopts ljsnussolwbotbornb`ja, niustor, kr cjijroualorsnkro tbo jgpkrt`ano kc ijah-
`fos tk f`ja v`iuo `al `lv`at`fos tk nkgpoto ja fikd`i g`r-
hots. \bo torg v`iuo nb`ja js prjg`rjiy usol ja tbjs Fujlo, `s
jt js janiusjvo `al jankrpkr`tos suppiy ikfjstjns, v`iuo `llj-
tjka, tr`as`ntjkas, `al g`rhot ijah`fos. Vo uso ktbor torgs
knn`sjka`iiy (p`rtjnui`riy suppiy nb`ja) wboro wo doijovo tb`t
tbo Fujlos nkanoptu`i cknus kr ` sponjcjn n`so w`rr`ats.
BKV S@I_O NB@JA @A@IZ J^ B@^ DOOA _^OL
Jatorost ja v`iuo nb`jas js akt aow. Dusjaossos b`vo dooa
usjaf v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs `al jgpiogoat`tjka prjanjpios
ckr yo`rs tk ckrgui`to `al jgpiogoat nkgpotjtjvo str`tofjos.
Nkrpkr`tjkas uso v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs tk `aswor quostjkas
sunb `s, Vboro ja tbo v`iuo nb`ja sbkuil gy dusjaoss do
pksjtjkaol tk jgprkvo jts porckrg`ano; \bo v`iuo nb`jas
pkpui`rjty b`s dooa rojackrnol dy g`ay jgpkrt`at dusjaoss
str`tofy tbogos, janiuljaf nkro nkgpotoanjos, nkgp`r`tjvo
`al nkgpotjtjvo `lv`at`fo, kutskurnjaf, vortjn`i `al bkrj-
zkat`i jatofr`tjka, `al dost pr`ntjnos.
Dusjaossos (jaljvjlu`iiy `al ja frkups, sunb `s niustors)
b`vo cknusol ka v`iuo nb`jas wbjio so`rnbjaf ckr `itora`tjvo
w`ys tk rog`ja nkgpotjtjvo. S`iuo nb`ja `pprk`nbos b`vo
dooa usol tk fujlo prklunt `al prknoss jaakv`tjkas, sunb`s sponj`ity kr krf`ajn nkccoo, tb`t cja`i nustkgors kr
ronojvors v`iuo. Curtbor, tboro js janro`sol `w`roaoss tb`t
prknoluros wjtbja ` cjrg gjfbt akt `ccont jts kwa nkgpot-
jtjvoaoss uaioss ktbor cjrgs `lkpt sjgji`r kr ijahol pr`n-
tjnos. Tonkfajzjaf tb`t p`rtaorsbjps `al ekjat prkfr`gs
`jgol `t dottor n`tofkry g`a`fogoat `al sust`ja`djijty
aool akt do ` zork sug f`go b`s p`vol tbo w`y ckr dusj-
aossos tk uso nkii`dkr`tjvo v`iuo nb`ja nkanopts tk jloatjcy
occjnjoanjos `al nkgpotjtjvoaoss dktb wjtbja `al `gkaf
cjrgs, `ntjaf ka kppkrtuajtjos tk dujil wja-wja roi`tjka-
sbjps. Tonoat tonbakikfjn`i lovoikpgoats tb`t porgjt bjfb
iovois kc jackrg`tjka sb`rjaf b`vo rojackrnol dusjaossosn`p`njty tk upfr`lo v`iuo nb`ja prkluntjvjty `al suppiy
nb`ja occjnjoanjos.
Gkro ronoatiy, fkvoragoats `al lkakrs, ro`ijzjaf tb`t
upfr`ljaf tbo porckrg`ano kc jaljvjlu`i cjrgs n`a dost do
`nbjovol ja tbo nkatoxt kc g`rhot-d`sol row`rls ckr
jgprkvol porckrg`ano, b`vo sbkwa sjfajcjn`at jatorost ja
v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs `al jgpiogoat`tjka. Ja tbojr occkrt tk
lovjso jatorvoatjkas tb`t n`a boip ropksjtjka oatjro jalus-
trjos, dujil dusjaoss nkgpotjtjvoaoss, `al spur onkakgjn
frkwtb, fkvoragoats al lkakrs n`a uso v`iuo nb`jad`sol
`pprk`nbos `s rkdust tkkis tk prktont tbro`toaol ijahs, c`nji-
jt`to upfr`ljaf kc ktbors tk foaor`to fro`tor roturas, `al tkprkgkto ckrojfa ljront javostgoat (CLJ) prkfr`gs. @llj-
tjka`iiy, v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs b`s dooa usol tk ox`gjao nka-
str`jats ja tbo oa`dijaf oavjrkagoat ja wbjnb tbo nb`jas
kpor`to. S`iuo nb`jas b`vo `isk dooa usol `s ` tkki ckr ^GO
lovoikpgoat, wjtb aow gotbkls kc ijahjaf ^GO suppijors
`al sorvjno prkvjlors tk tbo v`iuo nb`jas kc io`l prknosskrs
kr g`rhotors.
Gkro jgpkrt`atiy, v`iuo nb`ja a`iysjs sbols ijfbt ka tbo
sjzo kc tbo cjrgs p`rtjnjp`tjaf ja o`nb ijah, bkw tboy ro p`r-
tjnjp`tjaf kr nkuil do p`rtjnjp`tjaf ja tbo nb`ja, al kppkr-
tuajtjos tk c`njijt`to kr jgprkvo tbkso ijah`fos. \bjs js p`r-
tjnui`riy nrunj`i ja `frjnuituro, wboro fkvoragoats `al `jl
`foanjos `ro nkacrkatol wjtb tbo nb`iioafo kc janiuljaf
sg`ii c`rgors ja gklora v`iuo nb`jas sk tb`t tboy n`a doa-
ocjt crkg tbo fikd`ijz`tjka kc g`rhots. \bo v`iuo nb`ja nka-
nopt js tborockro akt kaiy roiov`at tk lo`i wjtb frkwtb, dut
0= D_JILJAF NKG]O\J\JSOAO^^ JA @CTJN@^ @FTJN_I\_TO
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`isk wjtb tbo oqujty ljgoasjka kc tbo gklorajz`tjka kc tbo
`frjckkl systogs.
@A@IZUJAF @AL OS@I_@\JAF S@I_O NB@JA^
S`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs rosts ka ` sofgoat`tjka kc tbo ljccoroat
`ntjvjtjos `al g`ppjaf kc jator`ntjkas tb`t g`y foaor`to
nksts kr v`iuo ja tbo prkluntjka `al s`io kc ` prklunt kr
sorvjno. @itbkufb jt js `isk nkanoraol wjtb strunturo, nka-
lunt, `al porckrg`ano, jt ljccors crkg tr`ljtjka`i nkggkl-
jty systog kr jalustry `a`iysos ja skgo jgpkrt`at w`ys54
Jt cknusos ka aot v`iuo `llol jasto`l kc eust kvor`ii rov-
oauo `al frkss pbysjn`i kutput.
Jt js nkanoraol wjtb nkst dujil-up `al v`iuo `nnrotjka, `s
woii `s tbo ljstrjdutjka kc durloa kr doaocjt ja dktb.
Jt ronkfajzos tb`t ijah`fos dotwooa prkluntjvo `ntjvjtjos
`al `ntkrs v`ry `nnkrljaf tk tbo sponjcjn prklunt typo
`al t`rfot g`rhot, ovoa jc tbo g`ja `ntkrs `ro tbo s`go.
Jt ronkfajzos tb`t onkakgjn `ntjvjty js vory lya`gjn,
aonossjt`tjaf `leustgoats ja str`tofy `al t`ntjns nka-
st`atiy `s njrnugst`anos nb`afo.
Jt ronkfajzos tb`t tboro ro ljccoroat hjals kc v`iuo nb`jas
(duyor-lkgja`tol, suppijor-lkgja`tol, d`i`anol, kr
ljrontol) lopoaljaf ka wbjnb `ntkrs kr `ntjvjtjos b`vo
tbo gkst iovor`fo, jackrg`tjka, `al pkwor.
Jt ikkhs akt eust `t pbysjn`i cikws, dut `isk jackrg`tjka`i
cikws.
Jt soohs tk dottor ualorst`al tbo nkastr`jats `al kppkr-
tuajtjos wjtbja o`nb sofgoat, `s woii `s tbo nkatoxt ja
wbjnb tbo nb`ja kpor`tos.
\boro ro g`ay w`ys tk a`iyzo kr ov`iu`to v`iuo nb`ja.
@a`iysjs n`a stog crkg roso`rnb kc sonkal`ry jackrg`tjka,
sunb `s fkvoragoat kr jalustry l`t`, tk jatorvjows wjtb
jalustry p`rtjnjp`ats. Jt n`a `isk do lorjvol crkg p`rtjnjp`-
tkry g`rhot `ssossgoats `al g`rhot kdsorv`tjkas. Kano tbo
jackrg`tjka js f`tborol, augorkus tkkis `al prknossos boip
jatorprot `al jackrg tbo rosuitjaf `a`iysjs.
Ja foaor`i, `a ja-loptb v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs nkasjlors tbo
ckiikwjaf quostjkas (^AS 4==
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v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats. \bo ckiikwjaf sontjkas nkat`ja
ox`gpios kc skgo roi`tol `a`iytjn`i wo`haossos `al nb`i-
ioafos.
S`iuo nb`jas `ro akt cjxol kr st`tjn
Jt js jgpkrt`at tk ronkfajzo tb`t v`iuo nb`jas ro akt cjxol ja
torgs kc nkgpksjtjka, roi`tjkasbjps, kr g`rhot pksjtjkajaf,`al tb`t tboro js nkgpotjtjvo aool tk itor al jgprkvo tbo
v`iuo nb`ja ja ijfbt kc str`tofjn nbkjnos tb`t dusjaossos n`a
g`ho rof`rljaf tbo g`rhots ja wbjnb tboy nkgpoto. Vbjio
v`iuo nb`jas purpkso js tk ijah prkluntjka tk tbo t`rfot
g`rhot `lv`at`fokusiy, jt js tbo prjv`to sontkr tb`t lonjlos
wbjnb g`rhots `al wboro tk nkgpoto`al `itors tbo v`iuo
nb`ja `nnkrljafiy. S`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs tkk kctoa cknusos sjg-
piy ka jgprkvogoats wjtbja tbo fjvoa v`iuo nb`ja, r`tbor
tb`a ka bkw v`iuo nb`jas n`a do sbjctol tk t`rfot ljccoroat,
gkro `ttr`ntjvo g`rhots `al dusjaoss str`tofjos.
G`rhot lya`gjns g`ttor
S`iuo nb`jas n`a do boipcui jastrugoats ckr sorvjaf tbo
aools kc ` p`rtjnui`r g`rhot sontkr, dut cknusjaf ka ` st`tjn
v`iuo nb`ja n`a `isk g`sh tbo aool tk sofgoat `al nus-
tkgjzo prklunts ckr ljccoroat g`rhots. \bo hoy oiogoats kc
dujiljaf sust`ja`dio nkgpotjtjvoaoss `ro ` skijl ualor-
st`aljaf kc g`rhot lya`gjns `al ` tbkrkufb `a`iysjs kc tbo
`ttr`ntjvoaoss kc pktoatj`i g`rhot sofgoats `al tbo nkgpo-
tjtjka. Dusjaossos gust nbkkso wbjnb prklunts `al wbjnb
g`rhots n`a do sorvol nkgpotjtjvoiy `al d`so tbojr fk`is
`al str`tofy ka fkkl g`rhot `a`iysjs.
Pu`ijty `al sorvjno `ro `isk jgpkrt`at
^jgji`riy, oxnossjvo cknus ka loijvorjaf prklunt (osponj`iiy
` nkggkljty) g`y bjlo kppkrtuajtjos tk loijvor ` p`nh`fo
kc prklunts `al sorvjnos tb`t tbo g`rhot kr nustkgor wjii
cjal losjr`dio. \kk kctoa, ` v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysjs js akt
losjfaol tk boip dusjaossos `al pi`aaors wojfb nbkjnos
`dkut loijvorjaf prklunt qu`ijty, jackrg`tjka, `al sorvjno.
Nkasjlorjaf tbo oavjrkagoat ja wbjnb ` v`iuo
nb`ja kpor`tos
Kctoa, v`iuo nb`ja `a`iysts lk akt prkporiy nkasjlor tbo
dusjaoss oavjrkagoat ja wbjnb tbo v`iuo nb`ja kpor`tos. Ja
lkjaf sk, tbo `a`iysjs n`a c`ji tk jloatjcy pktoatj`i jatorvoa-
tjkas ckr jgprkvol dusjaoss `al v`iuo nb`ja porckrg`ano.
Fkvoragoat rofui`tjkas, jatora`tjka`i st`al`rls, tr`lo
rofui`tjkas, `al g`rhot ckrnos typjn`iiy sb`po tbo dusjaoss
oavjrkagoat. Gjnb`oi ]krtors lj`gkal ckr lopjntjaf tbo
g`ekr nkgpotjtjvoaoss c`ntkrs, sbkwa ja cjfuro 4.0 doikw, js
` usocui cr`gowkrh ckr `ssossjaf ` v`iuo nb`jas dusjaoss
oavjrkagoat (tbo lj`gkal js ljsnussol curtbor ja sontjka
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`ro aonoss`ry tk janro`so tbo aot v`iuo foaor`tol ckr tbo
oatjro nb`ja kr skgo kc jts p`rtjnjp`ats. Jt js jgpkrt`at tk
ualorst`al g`rhot lya`gjns, nkgpotjtjvo ckrnos, `al tbo
kpor`tjka`i oavjrkagoat tb`t n`a `ccont tbo v`iuo nb`jas
porckrg`ano al frkwtb.
Zot `t tbo s`go tjgo, tboro js ` aool tk cknus ka cual`-
goat`is. Ovory t`rfot g`rhot `al v`iuo nb`ja rkio b`s hoyoiogoats `al lrjvors tb`t `ro jgpkrt`at ckr nkgpotjaf sun-
nosscuiiy. Jatorvoatjkas tk dujil nkgpotjtjvoaoss sbkuil akt
`ttogpt tk g`ho qujnh, nkgproboasjvo jgprkvogoats
tbrkufbkut a oatjro v`iuo nb`ja. T`tbor, nkgpotjtjvoaoss-
dujiljaf str`tofy sbkuil t`rfot prjkrjty oiogoats ckr
jgprkvogoat. Ja ktbor wkrls, jgprkvogoats sbkuil akt do
g`lo jrrospontjvo kc ` str`tofy tb`t b`s sot fk`is `al kdeon-
tjvos `al js d`sol ka jloatjcjol kppkrtuajtjos, fjvoa tbo
v`iuo nb`jas roi`tjvo pksjtjka. Jt js nrunj`i tk jloatjcy sunnoss
c`ntkrs `al lrjvjaf ckrnos ja tbo t`rfot g`rhots ja quostjka
`al sudsoquoatiy doanbg`rh tboso oiogoats `f`jast tkp
porckrgors `al nkgpotjtkrs.
Vbjio roluntjkas ja prkluntjka kr tr`as`ntjka nksts `ro
`iw`ys losjr`dio, nkgpotjtkrs n`a `al wjii o`sjiy jgjt`to
tbog. S`iuo nb`ja jatorvoatjkas sbkuil tborockro nkanoa-
tr`to `t io`st `s gunb, jc akt gkro, ka `nbjovjaf5 (0) prklunts
kc bjfbor uajt v`iuo8 (4) gkro vkiugo kc prklunts kc tbo
s`go v`iuo8 (>) ljccoroat gjx kc prklunts8 al/kr (
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\bjs sontjka, tbrkufb ` rovjow kc v`iuo nb`ja ijtor`-
turo, prkvjlos ` sugg`ry kc `al nkggoat`ry ka
tbo st`to kc hakwiolfo al v`ji`dio jackrg`tjka ka
sovor`i g`ja tkpjns nurroatiy dojaf ljsnussol dy roso`rnbors
`al pr`ntjtjkaors rof`rljaf bkw v`iuo nb`jad`sol jgpio-
goat`tjka js cr`gol, cknusol, `al ro`ijzol. \bo ijtor`turo
rovjow ogpb`sjzos hoy tkpjns crkg v`iuo nb`ja lovoikpgoat
`al jloatjcjos tbo d`sos ckr `pprkprj`to tkkis usol tk fujlo
lonjsjka g`hjaf `al `ntjka ja tbo `frjnuitur`i sontkr. Vbjio
akt sponjcjn tk @crjn`, tbo tkpjns doikw ro bjfbiy ppijn`dio tk
@crjn`a `frjnuitur`i v`iuo nb`jas `al `ro wkvoa tbrkufbkut
tbo tkkis `al n`sos prosoatol ja sontjka .0 Vo p`rtjnui`riy akto5
@ B`aldkkh ckr S`iuo Nb`ja Toso`rnb, H`pijahsy `al
Gkrrjs, Jatora`tjka`i Lovoikpgoat Toso`rnb Noator.
0?
^ O N \ J K A >
Tovjow kc Oxjstjaf Ijtor`turo ka S`iuo
Nb`jas `al ^uppiy Nb`jas
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Fikd`i Nkggkljty Nb`ja @a`iysjs `al tbo Croanb Cjijro
@pprk`nb5 Nkgp`rjska `al Nrjtjquo, T`jhos, Eoasoa, ]kato
Tky`i Lutnb Sotorja`rj`a `al @frjnuitur`i _ajvorsjty.
Fikd`ijz`tjka `al tbo ^g`ii Cjrg5 @ S`iuo Nb`ja
@pprk`nb tk Onkakgjn Frkwtb `al ]kvorty Toluntjka,
Lkwajaf, Cjoil, Hui`, _ajtol ^t`tos @foany ckr Jatora`-
tjka`i Lovoikpgoat.
Fkvora`ano ja Fikd`i S`iuo Nb`jas, Bugpbroy `al^nbgjtz, Jastjtuto kc Lovoikpgoat tuljos t tbo _ajvorsjty
kc ussox.
Jgpiogoatjaf ^ust`ja`dio ]rjv`to ^ontkr Lovoikpgoat5
^trjvjaf ckr \`afjdio Tosuits ckr tbo ]kkr5 \bo 4==3 To`lor,
Gjobidr`lt, GnS`y, \`adura, Jatora`tjka`i I`dkr
Krf`ajz`tjka kc tbo _ajtol A`tjkas.
Jack-N`loa`5 Jastrugoats tk Ckstor S`iuo Nb`jas, ^prjafor-
Bojazo, Forg`a @foany ckr \onbajn`i Nkkpor`tjka (F\U).
Jatofr`tjaf ^GOs ja Fikd`i S`iuo Nb`jas5 \kw`rl ]`rtaor-
sbjp ckr Lovoikpgoat, H`pjashy, To`lg`a, _ajtol
A`tjka`i Jalustrj`i Lovoikpgoat Krf`ajz`tjka.
@G@] DL^ Hakwiolfo `al ]r`ntjno \`sh Krlor5 IoxjnkaFoaor`i, Luaa, _ajtol ^t`tos @foany ckr Jatora`tjka`i
Lovoikpgoat.
Nkggkljty Nb`jas `al Fikd`i N`pjt`ijsg, Foroccj,
Hkrzoajowjnz, 0::.
]`rtaorsbjps ckr @frjdusjaoss Lovoikpgoat, @frjnuitur`i
\r`lo, `al G`rhot @nnoss5 @ Nkanopt Akto ckr AO]@L,
dy \onbak^orvo, Akvogdor 4==
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02
\ dio >.0 Hoy Lknugoats _tjijzol ja tbo Ijtor`turo Tovjow
Toiov`at v`iuo nb`ja tkpjn nkvorol
S`iuo nb`ja kr `frjdusjaoss
roskurno lknugoat
Fokfr`pbjn
cknus
\onbajn`i
cknus \rust Fkvora`ano
G`rhot
pkwor
Jaakv`tjka
`al
hakwiolfo Jatorvoa
Fujlo tk Nkggkljty-d`sol Oxpkrt
Ljvorsjcjn`tjka al Nkgpotjtjvoaoss^tr`tofjos ckr @crjn`a Nkuatrjos
@crjn` @frjdusjaoss
@ B`aldkkh ckr S`iuo Nb`ja Toso`rnb Foaor`i SN
Bjfb S`iuo @frjnuitur`i ]rklunts ckr
^g`iibkilor G`rhots ja ud-^`b`r`a
@crjn`5 \roals, Kppkrtuajtjos `al
Toso`rnb ]rjkrjtjos
@crjn` @frjdusjaoss
Jgpiogoatjaf ust`ja`dio ]rjv`to ontkr
Lovoikpgoat5 ^trjvjaf ckr \`afjdio
Tosuits ckr tbo ]kkr5 \bo 4==3 To`lor
Foaor`i ]^L
Jatofr`tjaf GOs ja Fikd`i S iuo Nb`jas5
\kw`rls ]`rtaorsbjp ckr Lovoikpgoat
Foaor`i SN
]`rtjnjp`tkry G`rhot Nb`ja @pprk`nb Foaor`i SN
]rkgktjka kc Nkggornj`iiy Sj`dio
^kiutjkas tk ^udsontkr `al Dusjaoss
Nkastr`jats
Foaor`i @frjdusjaoss
^tr`tofjos ckr Ljvorsjcjn`tjka al @lljaf
S`iuo tk Ckkl Oxpkrts5 @ S`iuo Nb`ja
]orspontjvo
Foaor`i SN
^unnossos `al Nb`iioafos ja ]rkgktjaf
@crjn`s Bkrtjnuitur`i Oxpkrts
@crjn` @frjdusjaoss
\r`lo, Gjnrk `al ^g ii Oatorprjsos, `al
Fikd i S iuo Nb jas5 gjnrkTO]KT\ #4?
Foaor`i SN
_pfr`ljaf Fikd`i S`iuo Nb`jas Foaor`i SN
S`iuo Nb`ja @a`iysjs ckr ]kijny-G`hors
`al ]r`ntjtjkaors
Foaor`i SN
S`iuo Nb`jas `al \bojr ^jfajcjn`ano ckr
@llrossjaf tbo Tur`i Cja`ano Nb`iioafo
Foaor`i SN
Akto5 SN 7 S`iuo Nb`ja. 7 akt `v`ji`dio.
(nkatjauol)
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jgpkrt`at tk nkasjlor wboa ox`gjajaf bkw `fjio ` v`iuo
nb`ja n`a do rof`rljaf g`rhot lovoikpgoats, kr bkw dio jt js
tk ijah tk g`rhots. ]ksjtjvo kutnkgos ualkudtoliy rosuit wboa
tboro js ` strkaf g`rhot lrjvo ckr ijah`fos, strkaf javostgoat
crkg g`ay dusjaossos ja tbo nb`ja, `al ` g`rhot systog ja
pi`no tk ropijn`to jgprkvol gklois `al pr`ntjnos (JIK 4==3).
Gkro sponjcjn iiy, jatorcjrg nkkpor`tjka rocors tk tbo ekjat
`ntjka dotwooa twk kr gkro cjrgs ja ` v`iuo nb`ja. Jt janiulosbkrjzkat`i `al vortjn`i ijah`fos dotwooa cjrgs `al n`a do
ckrg`i kr jackrg`i. Ox`gpios janiulo jackrg`tjka sb`rjaf,
duih purnb`sjaf kc japuts, nkatr`nt c`rgjaf, `al jalustry
dr`aljaf n`gp`jfas. _ackrtua`toiy, v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats
croquoatiy lk akt wkrh nkkpor`tjvoiy, `al g`rhot nkaljtjkas
skgotjgos prkpoi cjrgs tk `l`pt nuttbrk`t go`suros wbjio
nkgpotjaf ckr bjfbiy sofgoatol g`rhot roats.
\kk kctoa, g`ay p`rtjnjp`ats ja ` v`iuo nb`ja nbkkso akt
tk nkii`dkr`to `gkaf tbogsoivos luo tk i`nh kc io`lorsbjp,
gjstrust kc nkgpotjtkrs, wo`h jackrg`tjka, kr i`nh kc sn`io.
Vjtbkut ` str`tofjn ljrontjka ckr tbo v`iuo nb`ja `al occontjvo
g`a`fogoat kc jts onkakgjos, nuttbrk`t al zork-sug goa-t`ijty n`a t`ho bkil `gkaf v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats, wbk tboa
jfakro kr n`aakt soo tbo doaocjts kc nkkpor`tjka, janiuljaf tbo
gonb`ajsgs tb`t ckstor jt. Nkgpotjtjka js, kc nkurso, usocui,
dut tb`t usocuiaoss js ijgjtol jc jt dijals tbo p`rtjnjp`ats tk
prkluntjvo nkii`dkr`tjka al janoatjvos. Ckr ox`gpio, jc io`l
oxpkrtjaf cjrg kr gkakpkiy js `dio tk nkanoatr`to jts duyjaf
pkwor, jt n`a roiy ka guitjpio suppijors ckr japuts `al jfakro
prjno janoatjvos ckr sorvjno al qu`ijty. Fjvoa jts sjtu`tjka, tbo
io`l cjrg gjfbt rostrjntjvoiy lotorgjao tbo prjno, oront d`rrjors
tk oatry, `al provoat tbo ljssogja`tjka kc jackrg`tjka kr
kppkrtuajtjos tk jaakv`to.
@ sjtu`tjka tb`t provoats nkii`dkr`tjka (doykal sjgpiytr`as`ntjka`i roi`tjkasbjps) n`a io`vo prklunors/suppijors
nkgpotjaf `gkaf tbogsoivos ckr ioss iunr`tjvo roats `al wjtb
ijttio kppkrtuajty tk n`pturo gkro v`iuo. Ja sunb ikw-trust
v`iuo nb`jas, tbo io`l cjrg(s) g`y porpotu`to jts sbkrt-torg
`lv`at`fo dy swjtnbjaf (kr tbro`toajaf tk swjtnb) suppijors ja
nkast`at pursujt kc nkst `lv`at`fos.
Ja tbjs rospont, tbo iovoi kc lovoikpgoat kc tbo v`iuo nb`ja
js jgpkrt`at. Ja g`ay jast`anos ja ^^@, v`iuo nb`jas i`nh tbo
roqujrol jafroljoats ckr trust dujiljaf goroiy don`uso kc
tbojr i`nh kc occontjvo porckrg`ano, wbjnb ja tura io`ls `ntkrs
tk kpt ckr kppkrtuajstjn `al rjsh gjtjf`tjka dob`vjkrs.
Nb`r`ntorjstjns kc v`iuo nb`ja roi`tjkasbjps tb`t b`vo tbo
i`rfost occont ka tbo iovoi kc trust dotwooa p`rtjnjp`ats
janiulo (H`pijashy `al Gkrrjs 4==4)5
Ioaftb kc tr`ljaf roi`tjkasbjp
Krlorjaf prknoluros
Nkatr`ntu`i roi`tjkasbjp
Jaspontjka
Lofroo kc lopoaloano
\onbajn`i `ssjst`ano
Nkgguajn`tjka
]rjno lotorgja`tjka
Nroljt oxtoalol
Kutskurnjaf p`ygoat torgs
\bo ijtor`turo croquoatiy ogpb`sjzos tbo jlo` tb`t
dujiljaf trust dy row`rljaf nkiiontjvo ntjka gkaf st`ho-
bkilor p`rtjnjp`ats js nrunj`i ckr upfr`ljaf ` v`iuo nb`ja.
Jalool, wkrhjaf wjtbja v`iuo nb`jas roqujros ost`dijsbjaf
roi`tjkasbjps ja krlor ckr p`rtjnjp`ats tk f`ja tbo wja-
wja porspontjvo. Vboa trust, io`rajaf, `al doaocjts `ro
sb`rol `gkaf cjrgs (vortjn`iiy `al/kr bkrjzkat`iiy), tboro
js ` fro`tor ijhoijbkkl kc foaor`tjaf nkiiontjvo occjnjoany
`al sn`io. Janro`sol trust b`s isk prkvoa tk io`l tk fro`tor
sponj`ijz`tjka dy tbo v`iuo nb`ja, `s woii `s ovoatu`i kut-
skurnjaf tb`t prkvjlos nkst `lv`at`fos (`l`ptol crkgGkr`a X4==0W). Ckr jast`ano, ioss tjgo `al gkaoy aool tk
do javostol tk gkajtkr porckrg`ano wboa suppijors n`a
do trustol tk goot qu`ijty, qu`atjty, `al tjgo roqujro-
goats. Bjfb-trust sjtu`tjkas oa`dio io`l cjrgs wjtbja tbo
v`iuo nb`ja tk `ssjst o`nb ktbor ja `nbjovjaf nkggka
kdeontjvos.
S`iuo nb`ja lovoikpgoat jajtj`tjvos b`vo krnbostr`tol
st`hobkilor gootjafs dy prkvjljaf aoutr`i kutsjlors tk boip
dujil trust `gkaf tbo p`rtjnjp`ats. Kctoatjgos, rogkvjaf
tbo zork-sug goat`ijty `gkaf v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats
roqujros gkro kdeontjvo `ssjst`ano `al sunnosscui o`riy jaj-
tj`tjvos tk trjffor nb`afo. @a kutsjlo `al aoutr`i c`njijt`tkrn`a lrjvo bkgo tbo nkanopt kc p`rtjnjp`tjaf ja ` gutu`iiy
doaocjnj`i nkggornj`i roi`tjkasbjp, dut jt rog`jas aonoss`ry
tb`t tbo v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats lrjvo tbo oatjro prknoss.
Gkro ronoatiy, kdsorvors b`vo quostjkaol tbo sust`ja-
`djijty `al utjijty kc aka-prkcjt-gktjv`tol krf`ajz`tjkas
`al fkvoragoat `foanjos `ntjaf `s g`rhot `lvjskrs tk
v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats. \bojr `rfugoat st`tos tb`t, ckr
sust`ja`djijty purpksos, g`rhot nkaljtjkas, r`tbor tb`a
fkvoragoat `foats kr akaprkcjt prkcossjka`is, sbkuil
lotorgjao tbo rkio tb`t p`rtjnjp`ats t`ho `al tbo roi`tjka-
sbjps tb`t `ro ckrgol. \boro js sudst`ano tk tbjs nrjtjnjsg, dut
lopoaljaf ka tbo cknus kc tbo lovoikpgoat jatorvoatjka, `
c`njijt`tjvo rkio kc ` aoutr`i drkhor g`y do vory kctoa nrjtj-
n`i ja krlor tk stjgui`to kr nro`to g`rhots ja ualorsorvjnol
`ro`s, kr wboro g`rhot log`al b`s akt yot dooa ronkfajzol
(JIK 4==3). Bkwovor, tbo foaor`i nkasoasus `gkaf pr`n-
tjtjkaors js tb`t ` fkkl oxjt str`tofy gust `nnkgp`ay sunb
^ON\JKA >5 TOSJOV KC ORJ^\JAF IJ\OT@\_TO KA S@I_O NB@JA^ @AL ^_]]IZ NB@JA^ 0:
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`pprk`nbos crkg tbo vory dofjaajaf, kr oiso ljstkrtjkas kr
lopoaloanjos wjii rosuit.
FKSOTA@ANO5 VB@\ \Z]O KC ]KVOT
TOI@\JKA^BJ] ORJ^\^, @AL J^ JACKTG@\JKA
^B@TOL;
Fkvora`ano js ` losnrjptjka kc tbo lya`gjn ljstrjdutjka kcpkwor, io`rajaf, `al io`lorsbjp ja st`al`rls `al str`tofy-
sottjaf gkaf v`iuo nb`jas cjrgs. Vbjio tbo torg n`a b`vo
g`ay go`ajafs, ja tbjs jast`ano wo uso jt tk losnrjdo tbo
sb`rjaf kc jackrg`tjka `al systog`tjn st`al`rls prkgktol
dy tbo fkvorajaf oatjty ja ` v`iuo nb`ja.
Fkvora`ano n`a do nb`r`ntorjzol `ikaf ` nkatjauug kc
ckur typos kc roi`tjkasbjps tb`t noator ka jackrg`tjka `al
tbo uso kc g`rhot pkwor (Luaa 4==?)5
G`rhot roi`tjkasbjp5 @rgs-ioaftb tr`as`ntjkas ja wbjnb
tboro `ro g`ay duyors `al g`ay suppijors. Topo`t tr`as-
`ntjkas `ro pkssjdio, dut ijttio jackrg`tjka js oxnb`afoldotwooa cjrgs, jator`ntjkas `ro ijgjtol, `al ak tonbajn`i
`ssjst`ano js prkvjlol.
D`i`anol roi`tjkasbjp5 Dktb duyors `al suppijors b`vo
`itora`tjvos, tb`t js, ` suppijor b`s v`rjkus duyors. \boro
`ro oxtoasjvo jackrg`tjka cikws ja dktb ljrontjkas, wjtb
tbo duyor kctoa locjajaf tbo prklunt (tb`t js, losjfa `al
tonbajn`i sponjcjn`tjkas). Dktb sjlos b`vo n`p`djijtjos tb`t
`ro b`rl tk sudstjtuto, al dktb ro nkggjttol tk skivjaf
prkdiogs tbrkufb aofktj`tjka r`tbor tb`a tbro`t kr oxjt.
Ljront roi`tjkasbjp5 G`ja duyor t`hos ` i`rfo pornoat`fo
kc suppijors kutput, locjaos tbo prklunt (tb`t js, losjfa
`al tonbajn`i sponjcjn`tjkas), al gkajtkrs tbo suppijors
porckrg`ano. \bo duyor prkvjlos tonbajn`i `ssjst`ano
`al hakws gkro `dkut tbo nksts `al n`p`djijtjos kc tbo
suppijor tb`a tbo suppijor lkos `dkut tbo duyor. \bo
suppijors oxjt kptjkas `ro gkro rostrjntol tb`a tbkso kc
tbo duyor.
Bjor`rnbjn`i roi`tjkasbjp5 Sortjn`i jatofr`tjka kc v`iuo-
`llol cuantjkas wjtbja ` sjafio cjrg. \bo suppijor js
kwaol dy tbo duyor kr vjno vors`, wjtb tbo euajkr cjrg b`v-
jaf ijgjtol `utkakgy tk g`ho lonjsjkas `t tbo ikn`i iovoi.
Fkvora`ano oasuros tb`t jator`ntjkas dotwooa cjrgs
`ikaf v`iuo nb`ja oxbjdjt skgo iovoi kc krf`ajz`tjka r`tbor
tb`a sjgpiy dojaf r`alkg. S`iuo nb`jas `ro fkvoraol wboa
tbo p`r`gotors roqujrjaf prklunt, prknoss, `al ikfjstjn qu`i-
jcjn`tjka tb`t `ro sot b`vo nkasoquoanos up kr lkwa tbo v`iuo
nb`ja, oankgp`ssjaf dualios kc `ntjvjtjos, `ntkrs, rkios, `al
cuantjkas (H`pijashy `al Gkrrjs 4==4). Kc nkurso, kao
kdeontjvo kc v`iuo nb`ja lovoikpgoat js tk oafoalor
jackrgol, janoatjvo-prklunjaf fkvora`ano t`rfotol `t
`nbjovjaf bjfb-v`iuo rosuits.
Ja g`ay sud-^`b`r`a @crjn` n`sos, nort`ja hoy ntkrstbo
io`l cjrgs kr fkvorakrs kc v`iuo nb`jasb`vo tbo n`p`dji-
jty `al pkwor tk locjao `al sot tbo p`r`gotors kc nkatr`nts
`al sudnkatr`nts ja tbojr suppiy nb`jas. Ckr ox`gpio, tboy
n`a locjao nb`jawjlo prklunt `al prknoss st`al`rls, qu`a-tjtjos, `al nkaljtjkas kc loijvory. \bjs pkwor g`y do d`sol
ka kwaorsbjp kc woii-ost`dijsbol dr`al a`gos, prkprjot`ry
tonbakikfy, kr oxniusjvo jackrg`tjka `dkut ljccoroat prklunt
g`rhots, wbjnb oa`dio tbo cjrg tk `nt `s ` systog jatofr`tkr
(@itoadurf 4==3).
\bo fkvorajaf oatjty js kctoa io`l cjrg tb`t js niksor tk
tbo g`rhot kr dusjaoss oavjrkagoat tb`t tbo v`iuo nb`ja
jab`djts. Io`lorsbjp kr dojaf ` io`l cjrg jgpijos sunnoss,
occjnjoany, ` nkgpotjtjvo nkgpksuro, kr ljront jackrg`-
tjka. @s sunb, wkrhjaf wjtb io`l cjrgs js kctoa tbo gkst
occjnjoat `al occontjvo w`y ckr ` lovoikpgoat prkfr`g kr
g`rhot p`rtaor tk ro`nb ` i`rfo augdor kc nb`ja p`rtjnj-p`ats. \bo `lv`at`fos `ro `a o`sy oatry pkjat, ` pkssjdiy
fu`r`atool g`rhot kr roij`dio suppijor, iovor`fol tonbajn`i
oxportjso, `al g`rhotjaf nkaaontjkas. \bo ljs`lv`at`fos
`ro tb`t tbo io`l cjrgs tkk kctoa sooh oxniusjvo prklunors,
rosjst ropijn`tjka, `al ijgjt nkgpotjtjka, wbjio sg`ii v`iuo
nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats rjsh donkgjaf tkk lopoaloat ka kao
io`l cjrg (JIK 4==3).
Ja onkakgjns, ` nkgpotjtjvo io`l cjrg js s`jl tk `rjso ja `
nkatost`dio g`rhot. Nkatost`dio g`rhots `ro kaos ja wbjnb
gkakpkiy/gkakpskay-typo g`rhot ljstkrtjkas lk akt rjso
lospjto lkgja`ano kc tbo v`iuo nb`ja dy cow (kr ovoa kao)
cjrg(s). \boso cjrgs lk akt oxornjso tbojr `djijty tk g`ajpu-i`to prjnos don`uso ikw d`rrjors tk oatry fu`r`atoo tb`t aow
cjrgs wjii qujnhiy oator `al rotura tbo g`rhot tk oqujijd-
rjug prjnos. Boano, tbo tbro`t kc nkgpotjtjka js succjnjoat tk
jaluno nkgpotjtjvo prjnjaf. Ja tbo nkatoxt kc @crjn`a v`iuo
nb`jas, nkatost`dio g`rhots `ro p`rtjnui`riy jgpkrt`at ja
tbo Vost @crjn`a nkttka sontkr, wboro tbo prjnjaf pkwor kc
gkakpkijstjn, kctoa p`r`st`t`i cjrgs, js kstoasjdiy nbonhol
dy tbo tbro`t kc nkgpotjtjka.
G@THO\ KT D@TF@JAJAF ]KVOT (D_ZOT
SOT^_^ ]TKL_NOT)
@ii `pprk`nbos tk v`iuo kr suppiy nb`jas jloatjcy tbo nrunj`i
jgp`nt kc pkwor roi`tjkas `gkaf ljccoroat `ntkrs. ]kwor
roi`tjkas lotorgjao bkw onkakgjn f`jas `al rjshs `ro ljs-
trjdutol `gkaf v`iuo nb`ja `ntkrs (soo cjfuro >.0) `al tk
wb`t oxtoat lkgja`at cjrgs g`y sot `al oackrno st`al`rls
4= D_JILJAF NKG]O\J\JSOAO^^ JA @CTJN@^ @FTJN_I\_TO
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wjtb tbo `jg kc r`jsjaf oatry d`rrjors ckr nkgpotjtkrs `al`nbjovjaf g`rhot ckroniksuro. \bo nkanopt kc fkvora`ano
kc v`iuo nb`jas jgpijos tb`t tboro `ro hoy `ntkrs ja tbo
nb`ja wbk t`ho rospkasjdjijty ckr tbo jator-cjrg ljvjsjka kc
i`dkr, `al ckr tbo n`p`njtjos kc p`rtjnui`r p`rtjnjp`ats tk
upfr`lo tbojr `ntjvjtjos (H`pijashy 4===).
G`rhot pkwor rocors tk tbo jlo` tb`t kao cjrg ja tbo
g`rhot g`y do `dio tk oxort sjfajcjn`at jaciuoano kvor tbo
fkkls al sorvjnos tr`lol kr tbo prjno t wbjnb tboy ro skil.
Fkvora`ano pi`ys ` i`rfo p`rt ja lotorgjajaf `al oxpi`jajaf
v`rjkus cjrgs g`rhot pkwor. Bkwovor, nkggornj`i nkgpo-
toano, g`rhot ckrnos, `al tonbajn`i n`p`djijtjos `isk lotor-
gjao tbo g`rhot pkwor kc v`iuo nb`ja p`rtjnjp`ats.@ nkggornj`i tr`as`ntjkas prjno js lotorgjaol dy tbo
d`rf`jajaf pkwor kc tbo tr`as`ntjaf oatjtjos. Ja onkakgjns,
d`rf`jajaf pkwor rocors tk tbo `djijty tk sot prjnos kr w`fos,
usu`iiy `rjsjaf crkg skgo skrt kc gkakpkiy, gkakpkiy-ijho
pksjtjka, kr aka-oqujijdrjug sjtu`tjka ja ` g`rhot. \bo onk-
akgjn `ntkr wjtb fro`tor d`rf`jajaf pkwor b`s tbo fro`tor
lonjsjka-g`hjaf croolkg. \ypjn`iiy, v`iuo nb`jas co`turo twk
typos kc d`rf`jajaf pkwor roi`tjkasbjps5 duyor-lrjvoa `al
prklunor-lrjvoa.
Duyor-lrjvoa v`iuo nb`jas rocor tk ` g`rhot nkatoxt wboro
prklunors b`vo cow kptjkas ckr soiijaf tbojr fkkls kr sorvjnos.
\boso nb`jas typjn`iiy b`vo ikw d`rrjors tk oatry `t tbo prk-
lunor iovoi, kr tboy g`y b`vo ikn`tjka`i/ikfjstjns ijgjt`tjkas
tk wbkg tbo prklunor n`a soii (ckr ox`gpio, n`ptjvo to`
prklunors ckr ` to` ost`to kr nkttka prklunors ckr ` fjaaor).
\bjs typo kc g`rhot nkaljtjka js rocorrol tk `s ` duyors g`r-
hot (jc akt ` gkakpkijstjn kao).
Jatora`tjka`i dr`al a`go `al rot`jijaf nkgp`ajos
(duyors), tborockro, locjao tbo ruios kc tbo f`go ja p`rtjn-
ui`r jalustrjos `al `pprkprj`to tbo i`rfost sb`ro kc tbo f`jas
crkg tbkso jalustrjos prkluntjka. Ja tbo lovoikpjaf wkril,
duyor-lrjvoa v`iuo nb`jas `ro kctoa nb`r`ntorjstjn kc i`dkr-
jatoasjvo jalustrjos ijho `frjnuituro, niktbjaf, `al curajturo.
\bo typjn`iiy ikw d`rrjors tk oatry ka tbo prkluntjka sjlo kc
duyor-lrjvoa v`iuo nb`jas go`a tb`t ` guitjtulo kc suppij-ors nkgpoto ckr vory ikw roats. Ossoatj`iiy, tbo duyor b`s `a
`lv`at`fo don`uso tboso augorkus prklunors nkgpoto tk
kccor fkkls al sorvjnos t tbo ikwost nkst. Pu`ijty al ktbor
st`al`rls toal tk do jgpksol dy tbo duyor kr `ppo`r `s
oatry roqujrogoats tk tbo duyors fokfr`pbjn g`rhotpi`no
(ckr ox`gpio, Fikd`iF@], ckrgoriy OuropF@]).
]rklunor-lrjvoa v`iuo nb`jas `ro kctoa nb`r`ntorjzol dy
hakwiolfo jatoasjty, roi`tjvoiy bjfbor iovois kc tonbakikfy kr
shjiis, sn`rnjty, bjfb iovois kc g`rhotjaf, kr n`pjt`i-jatoasjvo
prkluntjka pr`ntjnos. \boso bjfb-iovoi c`ntkrs, sn`rnjtjos,
`al ljccoroatj`tjkas prkluno d`rrjors tk oatry ckr nkgpotj-
tjka. \boso d`rrjors tk oatry janiulo tbo i`rfo `gkuats kcn`pjt`i aoolol ckr javostgoat `al, tborockro, oatry, ijgjtjaf
tbo augdor kc prklunors. ^jgji`riy, oavjrkagoat`i c`ntkrs,
sunb s ikn`tjka, n`a prosoat pbysjn`i d`rrjors. \bo prklunts
kc prklunor-lrjvoa v`iuo nb`jas kctoa roqujro bjfb roso`rnb
`al lovoikpgoat (T&L) oxpoaljturos kr b`vo dooa
dr`alol wjtb nkstiy g`rhotjaf occkrts ja krlor tk janro`so
d`rrjors tk oatry `al prktont g`rhot sb`ros.
Ox`gpios kc prklunor-lrjvoa v`iuo nb`jas `ro porb`ps
gkst ro`ljiy sooa ja nkgpiox tonbakikfy jalustrjos, sunb `s
tbo nkggornj`i `jrijao, `utkgkdjio, kr nkgputor jalustrjos.
Dut tboy `ro `isk kctoa prosoat ja `frjnuitur`i sontkrs wboa
crosbaoss st`al`rls `al prktontol v`rjotjos `ro jgpkrt`at,wboa tboro js bjfb prklunt ljccoroatj`tjka, wboa p`nh`fjaf
`al ikfjstjns `ro nkgpijn`tol, kr wboa T&L `al ktbor
hakwiolfo oiogoats ja prkluntjka kr prknossjaf `ro nrjtjn`i.
Ja sunb sjtu`tjkas, tbo prklunor n`a n`pturo ` bjfbor prkcjt
don`uso s`ios `ro bjfb g`rfja `al d`sol ka c`ntkrs sunb `s
qu`ijty g`a`fogoat kr ljccoroatj`tjka, r`tbor tb`a ka
strjntiy nkst-d`sol nkgpotjtjka. Ox`gpios crkg tbo `frjnui-
tur`i sontkr janiulo5 d`a`a`s prklunol dy tbo io`ljaf guitj-
a`tjka`is, krf`ajn prklunts ijho nkttka, dr`alol prklunts
ijho prknossol `al p`nh`fol `frjnuitur`i prklunts, qu`ijty-
ljccoroatj`tol prklunts ijho sponj`ity nkccoos, kr bjfb-v`iuo
prknossol prklunts ijho ossoatj`i kjis.
]kwor `al fkvora`ano ja v`iuo nb`jas `ro nkggka tkp-
jns ja tbo ijtor`turo, dut tbojr roi`tjka tk tbo prksponts kc
upfr`ljaf v`iuo nb`jas ja lovoikpjaf nkuatrjos js jankaniu-
sjvo. \bo ijtor`turo soogs tk ronkfajzo tb`t, ja ro`ijty, v`iuo
nb`jas `ro akt puroiy duyor lrjvoa kr prklunor lrjvoa, `al
^ON\JKA >5 TOSJOV KC ORJ^\JAF IJ\OT@\_TO KA S@I_O NB@JA^ @AL ^_]]IZ NB@JA^ 4
D`rf`jajaf
pkwor kc
nustkgors
Nkgpotjtjvorjv`iry
wjtbja `a
jalustry
\bro`t kc
aow
oatr`ats
\bro`t kc
sudstjtuto
prklunts
D`rf`jajaf
pkwor kc
suppijors
Cjfuro >.0 ]kwor Toi`tjkas ja S`iuo Nb`jas
^kurno5 Gjnb`oi ]krtor, 4==6.
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tb`t tboy n`a `al lk nb`afo. Jalool, tbo nro`tjka kc nkg-
potjtjvo `lv`at`fo dy oiogoats kc tbo v`iuo nb`ja js ` go`as
tk `itor tbo pkwor d`i`ano `gkaf `ntkrs wjtbja tbo nb`ja, kr
ja roi`tjka tk nkgpotjaf nb`jas.
JAAKS@\JKA, JACKTG@\JKA, JACKTG@\JKA
^B@TJAF, @AL HAKVIOLFO
Ja nkgpotjtjvo g`rhots, jaakv`tjka boips g`jat`ja kr frkw
g`rhot sb`ro kr prkcjts `al n`a do ` rkuto tk nkgpotjtjvoaoss
`al tbo lovoikpgoat kc nkgpotjtjvo `lv`at`fo. Jaakv`tjvo
prkluntjka `al prknossjaf n`a nro`to nkst occjnjoanjos `al
jgprkvol sorvjnos tb`t tr`asi`to jatk bjfbor g`rfjas kr gkro
nkgpotjtjvo prjnjaf. Jaakv`tjkas ja ikfjstjns n`a `isk prkvjlo
nkst occjnjoanjos, `s woii `s jgprkvol sorvjno. Ja torgs kc
v`iuo nb`ja lovoikpgoat, jaakv`tjka gust do vjowol `s aon-
oss`ry ckr kvor`ii nb`ja nkgpotjtjvoaoss dy n`pturjaf gkro
v`iuo kr upfr`ljaf tbo v`iuo nb`ja. \bo prkluntjka c`ntkr kc
hakw-bkw js kao nkro c`ntkr rof`rljaf tbo upfr`ljaf kc
v`iuo nb`jas (]krtor 0::2`). @ v`iuo nb`jas `nnoss tk jackr-g`tjka (ckr ox`gpio, rof`rljaf g`rhot troals) n`a jtsoic do
` nkgpotjtjvo `lv`at`fo.
\bo w`y tb`t hakwiolfo js tr`ascorrol js lotorgjaol dy
tbo jackrg`tjka cikws kr ijah`fos dotwooa cjrgs wjtbja `
v`iuo nb`ja. \`rfotol tr`ascor kc hakwiolfo dy tbo io`l
cjrgs, usjaf d`nhw`rl ijah`fos, js usu`iiy sooa ja tbo lovoi-
kpgoat kc prklunt sponjcjn`tjkas (ckr ox`gpio, qu`ijty,
procoroanos, kr nortjcjn`tjkas) `al ktbor oxpont`tjkas (ckr
ox`gpio, prjno, qu`atjty, kr tjgo) tb`t ro nkgguajn`tol dy
tbo io`l cjrg tk jts suppijors. \bjs roi`tjkasbjp js kctoa p`rt
kc `a ogdollol sorvjnos roi`tjkasbjp dotwooa duyor `al
prklunor. Ja sunb roi`tjkasbjps, cjrgs kr prklunors p`y ckrtbo sorvjnos kc tonbajn`i ssjst`ano kr jaakv`tjka ja tbo prjno
tboy fot ckr tbojr prklunts.
Ja foaor`i, io`rajaf prknossos `gkaf cjrgs `ro gkst
occontjvo wboro tboy `ro ikn`tol nikso tk kao `aktbor `al `ro
tborockro `dio tk doaocjt crkg ` bjfb iovoi kc nkgguajn`-
tjka, aotwkrhjaf, al ktbor oxnb`afos kc jackrg`tjka. Jc tbo
r`to kc jaakv`tjka js ikwor tb`a tb`t kc nkgpotjtkrs
(wbotbor cjrgs kr nkgpotjaf v`iuo nb`jas), tbjs g`y rosuit
ja lonijajaf g`rhot sb`ro `al v`iuo `llol8 ja oxtrogo n`sos
jt g`y isk javkivo aof`tjvo frkwtb. \bus, jaakv`tjka b`s tk
do pi`nol ja ` roi`tjvo nkatoxtp`no nkgp`rol tk nkgpotj-
tkrstb`t n`a do rocorrol tk `s upfr`ljaf.
_pfr`ljaf rocors tk tbo jaakv`tjka tb`t janro`sos cjrg
`al/kr v`iuo nb`ja nkgpotjtjvoaoss. @nnkrljaf tk tbo @nnoi-
or`tol Gjnrkoatorprjso @lv`anogoat ]rkeont (@G@])/
Dusjaoss Lovoikpgoat ^orvjnos (DL^) ioxjnka lovoikpol dy
_^@JL, tboro `ro cjvo n`tofkrjos kc upfr`ljaf (Luaa 4==?).
0. ]rknoss upfr`ljaf5 Janro`sjaf occjnjoany (tb`t js, gkro
kutput ckr s`go iovoi kc japuts kr s`go kutput ckr ikwor
iovoi kc japuts), `nbjovjaf st`al`rls `al nortjcjn`tjkas
(ckr ox`gpio, krf`ajn, B@NN], `al J^K).
4. ]rklunt upfr`ljaf5 Jgprkvjaf prklunt qu`ijty, aow
prklunt lovoikpgoat, aow v`rjotjos, kr ijao oxtoasjka.
>. Cuantjka`i upfr`ljaf5 Kpor`tjaf `t ` aow iovoi ja tbo
v`iuo nb`ja.
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t`rfotjaf, ijah`fo, al kpor`tjka al tb`t ro tbo nurroat cknus
kc gunb jaakv`tjvo tbjahjaf `al pr`ntjno. \boso tkpjns `ro
p`rtjnui`riy ppijn`dio tk @crjn`s frjnuitur`i v`iuo nb`jas.
\boso tkpjns roska`to tbrkufbkut tbo g`ay n`sos
losnrjdol ja tbo ckiikwjaf sontjka kc tbo Fujlo. \bo Fujlos
tkkis `al `pprk`nbos g`ho uso kc tbo tbog`tjn prjanjpios
tb`t tbjs sontjka b`s bjfbijfbtol, `s woii `s sovor`i ktbor
jatorvoatjka jlo`s.Jgprkvjaf v`iuo nb`ja nkgpotjtjvoaoss ja @crjn` prosoats
nb`iioafos, dut js, kc nkurso, sudeont tk tbo s`go wkrilwjlo
troals, nkgpotjtjvo ckrnos, `al dusjaoss prjanjpios tb`t `ro
nkggka tk v`iuo nb`jas ja tbo fikd`i onkakgy. \bo
sponjcjns kc `ay v`iuo nb`ja jajtj`tjvo `ro akaotboioss bjfbiy
nkatoxtu`i.
\bo sonkal pkrtjka kc tbjs Fujlo ljsnussos gotbklkikfj-
n`i tkkis `al `pprk`nbos tb`t jankrpkr`to jgpkrt`at v`iuo
nb`ja nkanopts wjtb tbo tkpjns ljsnussol `al wjtb skual
dusjaoss prjanjpios. \bo `nnkgp`ayjaf n`sos, gkstiy crkg@crjn` dut isk crkg tbo @gorjn`s, @sj`, al Ourkpo, jiiustr`to
tbo `ppijn`tjka kc tbo tkkis.
^ON\JKA >5 TOSJOV KC ORJ^\JAF IJ\OT@\_TO KA S@I_O NB@JA^ @AL ^_]]IZ NB@JA^ 4>
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JA\TKL_N\JKA @AL KSOTSJOV
\bjs sontjka prosoats 0> v`iuo nb`ja jgpiogoat`tjka
tkkis. \boy `ro prosoatol ja sjx tbogos wjtbja ` prk-
fr`g jgpiogoat`tjka nynio. Cjfuro 5 Nkaluntjaf Doanbg`rhjaf `al F`p @ssossgoats kc
S`iuo Nb`jas
Losnrjdos bkw tk go`suro `al nkgp`ro ` v`iuo nb`jas
porckrg`ano (wbotbor ja roi`