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Why study Carbon?All of life is built on carbon Cells
~72% H2O ~25% carbon compounds
carbohydrateslipidsproteins nucleic acids
~3% salts Na, Cl, K…
Chemistry of LifeOrganic chemistry is the study of carbon
compoundsC atoms are versatile building blocks
bonding properties4 stable covalent bonds
Bonds with CHNOPS – the elements that make up livingthings
HHC
H
H
HydrocarbonsCombinations of C & H
non-polar Sharing electrons equallynot soluble in H2Ohydrophobic
stablevery little attraction between moleculesa gas at room temperature
methane(simplest HC)
IsomersMolecules with same molecular formula but
different structures (shapes) different chemical propertiesdifferent biological functions
6 carbons
6 carbons
6 carbons
Diversity of moleculesSubstitute other atoms or groups around
the carbonethane vs. ethanol
H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)
nonpolar vs. polarShare e- equally vs. do not share e- equally
gas vs. liquidbiological effects!
ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)
Functional groupsParts of organic molecules that are involved
in chemical reactionsgive organic molecules distinctive properties
hydroxyl amino carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl phosphate
Affect reactivitymakes hydrocarbons polar and hydrophilic increase solubility in water
Viva la difference!Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identicalidentical carbon skeleton attachment of different functional groupsinteract with different targets in the body
different effects
CarbonylC=O
O double bonded to Cif C=O at end molecule = aldehydeif C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
Carboxyl –COOH
C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH groupcompounds with COOH = acids
fatty acidsamino acids
Amino-NH2
N attached to 2 Hcompounds with NH2 = amines
amino acids
NH2 acts as base
ammonia picks up H+ from solution
Phosphate –PO4
P bound to 4 O connects to C through an Olots of O = lots of negative charge
highly reactive
transfers energy between organic molecules ATP, ADP, etc.
MacromoleculesSmaller organic molecules join together to
form larger moleculesmacromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules:carbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
PolymersLong molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain monomers
building blocksrepeated small units
covalent bonds
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymerSynthesis
joins monomers by “taking” H2O outone monomer donates OH–
other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O
requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
Condensation reactionCondensation reaction