Building and Energy

7/31/2019 Building and Energy

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Energy and its Sources:Energy and its Sources: Energy is the Ability To Do WorkEnergy is the Ability To Do Work It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant),It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant),

mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. sources of Energy:sources of Energy:

RRenewableenewable (an energy source that can be replenished in a short(an energy source that can be replenished in a shortperiod of time)period of time)

Renewable energy sources includeRenewable energy sources include solarsolarenergy, which comesenergy, which comesfrom the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat.from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat. WindWind,,geothermalgeothermal energy from inside the earth,energy from inside the earth,biomassbiomass from plants, andfrom plants, andhydropowerhydropowerandand ocean energyocean energyfrom water are also renewablefrom water are also renewableenergy sources.energy sources.

NNonrenewableonrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and(an energy source that we are using up andcannot recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuelscannot recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuelsincluding Oil, Coal an Natural gasincluding Oil, Coal an Natural gas
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/renewable.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/renewable.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/solar.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/solar.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/biomass.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/biomass.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/water.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/water.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/water.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nonrenewable.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nonrenewable.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nonrenewable.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/water.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/biomass.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/solar.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/renewable.html


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Renewable Form of EnergyRenewable Form of Energy SolarSolar There are two main ways of using solar energy to produceThere are two main ways of using solar energy to produce

electricity.electricity. Use of solar cells andUse of solar cells and Solar thermal technology.Solar thermal technology.

Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity.Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity.

They are used in small electrical items, like calculators,They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites.Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites. They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energyThey are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy

authorities.authorities. Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-

powered vehicles.powered vehicles. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight.Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating.The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating. Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heatSolar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat

energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity.energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity.


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BiomassBiomass

All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass ofAll plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of

biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:

Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cookingDirectly from plants, for example burning wood for cookingand heating.and heating.

Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquidIndirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid

(alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.(alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.

Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainlyIndirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainlymethane gas) from sewage and manure.methane gas) from sewage and manure.


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HydroelectricHydroelectric

Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement ofHydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement ofthe water spins turbines which generate electricity.the water spins turbines which generate electricity.

Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal forPlaces with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for

hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys.hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys.

Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams onMost hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on

rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built therivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the

flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of landflow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of land

are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land.are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land.

Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmentalRun-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental

damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-riverdamage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river

schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine.schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine.


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WindWind Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimatedWind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated

1 to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into1 to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted intowind energy.wind energy.

Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuseEventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuseheat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere.heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere.

The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on movingThe power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on movingwings that exert torque on a rotor.wings that exert torque on a rotor.

The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed),The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed),the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).

Large wind generators can be more than 110 meters tall with bladesLarge wind generators can be more than 110 meters tall with bladesspanning 130 meters.spanning 130 meters.

They can sometimes make a low-frequency sound that cannot be heardThey can sometimes make a low-frequency sound that cannot be heardby humans, but which can rattle windows. Wind farms can be a dangerby humans, but which can rattle windows. Wind farms can be a dangerto migrating birds flying at night and can cause TV and radioto migrating birds flying at night and can cause TV and radiointerference in nearby homes. Because of their size, some people thinkinterference in nearby homes. Because of their size, some people thinkwind generators are ugly and spoil the scenery, however in somewind generators are ugly and spoil the scenery, however in some

laces the are a tourist attraction


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Impacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy onImpacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy on

Environment:Environment:

CoalCoal Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years fromCoal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from

decomposing plants.decomposing plants.

Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricityCoal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity

and as a source of heat for industry.and as a source of heat for industry. Most of the electricity generated in the world comes fromMost of the electricity generated in the world comes from

burning coal.burning coal.

When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbonWhen coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon

dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanceddioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced

greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperaturegreenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature

due to the increased insulating effect of the earth'sdue to the increased insulating effect of the earth's

atmosphere).atmosphere).


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PetroleumPetroleum Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal.Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped betweenBut instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between

layers of rocks.layers of rocks. It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils andIt can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and

bitumen.bitumen. These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and inThese products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in

factories as a source of heat energy.factories as a source of heat energy.

They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for transport.They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for transport. However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces largeHowever their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large

amounts of carbon dioxide emissions.amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm theIt also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the

environment and people's health. Another common use for petroleumenvironment and people's health. Another common use for petroleumis in producing petrochemicals such as plastics.is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics.


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GasGas

Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is alsoGas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also

trapped between layers of rock.trapped between layers of rock. Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homesNatural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes

to be used in stoves and hot water systems.to be used in stoves and hot water systems.

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil.LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil.It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrialIt is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial

heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for campingheating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping

and caravanning appliances.and caravanning appliances.

LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as anLPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as anengine and transport fuel. Using LPG reducesengine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces

greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 pergreenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per

cent.cent.


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Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms areNuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are

either split or joined together.either split or joined together.

A mineral called uranium is needed for this process.A mineral called uranium is needed for this process.

Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricityHeat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity

generator in a power station, or provide directgenerator in a power station, or provide directmechanical power in a ship or submarine.mechanical power in a ship or submarine.

At each stage of the process various types of radioactiveAt each stage of the process various types of radioactive

waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and canwaste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can

cause harm to people and the environment coming intocause harm to people and the environment coming into

contact with it.contact with it.


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Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy :Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy :

Green House Effect:Green House Effect: Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables andGreenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables and

flowers to growflowers to grow Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect.Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect. Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbonUsing coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon

dioxide into the atmosphere.dioxide into the atmosphere.

Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into theDriving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into theair. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also beair. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also be

harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into theharmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into theatmosphere.atmosphere.

All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trappedAll these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped

around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse effect.around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse effect. These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back outThese greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out

into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans tointo space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans to

live on earth.live on earth.


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GLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has beenSome scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been

created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This increase may have been caused by human activities, especiallyThis increase may have been caused by human activities, especially

the burning of fossil fuels.the burning of fossil fuels. Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released intoEvery year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into

the air.the air.

These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). BesidesThese include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besidesgases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutantsgases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutantscreated by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogencreated by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogendioxide (NOx) and particulates.dioxide (NOx) and particulates.

However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be beingHowever the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being

disturbed by global warming because:disturbed by global warming because: It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It has increased the extent of cloud formation.It has increased the extent of cloud formation. It has produced higher rainfall in many areas.It has produced higher rainfall in many areas.


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Climate Change:Climate Change: Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warmingChanging climatic patterns that are caused by global warming

include:include:

Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting inSome areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting ingreater flooding.greater flooding.

Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting inOther areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting indrought.drought.

Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world,Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world,with changing habitats.with changing habitats. Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world.Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world. More severe storms.More severe storms. More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surfaceMore violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface

temperatures.temperatures. The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans.The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans.

This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas.This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas. The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps.The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps.


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Wise energy use.Wise energy use. We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections inWe must understand ecological processes and the interconnections in

nature.nature. We must think globally but act locally as responsible energy users.We must think globally but act locally as responsible energy users. We need to take the long-term view and think about the consequencesWe need to take the long-term view and think about the consequences

of what we do.of what we do. We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: sustainableWe must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: sustainable

ways.ways. We must not forget the connections between the environmental,We must not forget the connections between the environmental,

social and economic factors involved in development.social and economic factors involved in development. Making a difference through...Making a difference through... Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stationsCutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do useBeing more energy-efficient with electricity you do use Using more energy-efficient appliancesUsing more energy-efficient appliances Using or increasing your use of renewable sources of energyUsing or increasing your use of renewable sources of energy


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Energy Distribution in different countriesEnergy Distribution in different countries


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Pakistan: Energy Sources.Pakistan: Energy Sources.

No.No. SourceSource TOETOE

11 OilOil 19,320,61119,320,611

22 GasGas 18,410,00718,410,007

33 LPGLPG 143,514143,514

44 CoalCoal 2,009,5522,009,552

55 HydroelectricityHydroelectricity 4,104,1234,104,123

66 Nuclear ElectricityNuclear Electricity 476,714476,714

TotalTotal 44,464,52244,464,522


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ElectricityElectricity (Generation, Transmission and Distribution):(Generation, Transmission and Distribution):

Installed Total Number

Year

CapacityCumulative

(MW)

ElectricityGeneration

GWH

%share ofHydel

Power

of VillagesElectrified

(Nos)

LengthofTransmission

Lines (KM)

1948 60 142 16

1960 656 1587 32 609 5,000**

1965 1593 3176 43 1882

1970 1862 6380 46

1983 4800 19697 58 15239 18,534

1988 6811 33091 50 27691 21,730

1993 10586 48751 43 45644 23,794

1996 14476* 48859 47 62127


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Energy Conservation in buildingsEnergy Conservation in buildings Energy Conservation

After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy input

during its operation.

The environmental impacts of energy consumption by buildings

occur primarily away from the building site, through mining or

harvesting energy sources and generating power.

The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating,

cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered.

The type, location, and magnitude of environmental impacts

of energy consumptions in buildings differ depending on thetype of energy delivered.


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Energy Conservation in built Environment.Energy Conservation in built Environment. Energy-Conscious Urban Planning

Cities and neighborhoods that are energy-conscious arenot planned around the automobile, but around publictransportation and pedestrian walkways. These cities havezoning laws favorable to mixed-use developments,

allowing people to live near their workplaces. Urban sprawl is avoided by encouraging redevelopment

of existing sites and the adaptive reuse of old buildings. Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering. For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate

might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposedsurface area; a hot, humid climate would require widelyspaced structures to maximize natural ventilation.


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Energy-Conscious Site Planning

Such planning allows the designer to maximize the use

of natural resources on the site. In temperate climates, open southern exposure will

encourage passive solar heating; deciduous trees

provide shade in summer and solar heat gain in winter. Evergreens planted on the north of a building will

protect it from winter winds, improving its energy

efficiency.

Buildings can be located relative to water onsite to

provide natural cooling in summer.


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Passive Heating and Cooling

Solar radiation incident on building surfaces is the most

significant energy input to buildings. It provides heat, light,and ultraviolet radiation necessary for photosynthesis.

Historically, architects have devised building forms thatprovide shading in summer and retain heat in winter.

This basic requirement is often overlooked in modernbuilding design.

Passive solar architecture offers design schemes to controlthe flow of solar radiation using building structure, so that it

may be utilized at a more desirable time of day.


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Insulation

High-performance windows and wall insulation

prevent both heat gain and loss. Reducing such heat

transfer reduces the buildings heating and cooling

loads and thus its energy consumption. Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller

HVAC equipment, and the initial investment need

for the equipment will be smaller.


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Alternate Sources of Energy

Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems

are all commercially available to reduce or eliminate

the need for external energy sources.

Electrical and heating requirements can be met bythese systems, or combination of systems, in all

climates.


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Day lightingDay lighting

Building and window design that utilizes natural lightwill lead to conserving electrical lighting energy,shaving peak electric loads, and reducing coolingenergy consumptions.

At the same time, day lighting increases the luminousquality of indoor environments, enhancing the

psychological wellbeing and productivity of indooroccupants.

These qualitative benefits of daylighting can be far moresignificant than its energy-savings potential.


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Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances

After construction costs, a buildings greatest

expense is the cost of operation.

Operation costs can even exceed construction costs

over a buildings lifetime.

Careful selection of high efficiency heating, cooling,and ventilation systems becomes critical.

The initial price of this equipment may be higher

than that of less efficient equipment, but this will beoffset by future savings.


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Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy

Building materials vary with respect to how much energy isneeded to produce them.

The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure theenergy that goes into the entire life cycle of building material. Forinstance, aluminum has a very high embodied energy because ofthe large amount of electricity that must be used to manufacture itfrom mined bauxite ore; recycled aluminum requires far lessenergy to refabricate.

By choosing materials with low embodied energy, the overallenvironmental impact of a building is reduced.

Using local materials over imported materials of the same typewill save transportation energy.


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Energy Crisis in PakistanEnergy Crisis in Pakistan An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply ofAn energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of

energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage ofenergy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage ofoil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.

With economy growing at present pace, the energy requirements areWith economy growing at present pace, the energy requirements arelikely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistans energylikely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistans energyconsumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent).consumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent).

By 2030, the nations requirement will be 7 times the currentBy 2030, the nations requirement will be 7 times the currentrequirement reaching 361MTOErequirement reaching 361MTOE

Pakistans energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% ofPakistans energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% ofenergy resources through imports.energy resources through imports.

According to an official report, the gap between firm supply and peakAccording to an official report, the gap between firm supply and peakhours demand has already been shrunk to three digit (440 MW)hours demand has already been shrunk to three digit (440 MW)during this fiscal and will slip into negative columns next year (-441during this fiscal and will slip into negative columns next year (-441MW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the financial yearMW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the financial year2006-07.2006-07.


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National Energy Conservation Policy 2005

The National Energy Conservation Policy has four

strategic goals. (a) Sustainable Development

Energy conservation will help in meeting the requirements of rising

levels of energy consumption without putting corresponding

additional burden on the environmental resources. (b) Improve Economic Productivity and Poverty Alleviation

Cost effective energy efficiency measures will improve Pakistans

economic performance and the value the economy derives from the

use of energy resources. Energy efficiency and conservation measures

can result in profitable business opportunities and will become a

means for poverty alleviation.


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GHG Mitigation and Climate Control Energy efficiency and

conservation measures will reduce CO2 emissions and helpPakistan meet its international climate change

responsibilities. Efficient use of energy in various sectors of

economy will reduce adverse local environmental effects

which are otherwise attributed to energy inefficiency andwasteful energy use practices.

(d) Gender Mainstreaming

A unit of energy conserved is a unit of energy produced,

which in turn creates a room for energy supplies for ruralareas. Provision of energy to rural areas serves the goals of

gender equality and mainstreaming.


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Renewable Sources of Energy

(a) Promote development and deployment of BiogasUnits; Bring Livestock Farms and Diary Industry in theloop.

(b) Promote development and deployment of SolarThermal technologies like solar water heater and solargeysers.

(c) Promote development and deployment of wind Mills

Pump for other pumping and power generation. (d) Promote development of Micro and Mini-Hydel

Plants.


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Energy Conservation and Sustainable Development

To achieve the sustainable development objectives,

ENERCON shall highlight that:- (a) Implementation of energy conservation measures can

increase resource productivity given the present state of

technology.

(b) Conservation can meet the challenge of rising

level of consumption without putting additional

burden on the conventional sources of energy, andcontribute to sustainable development.


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Energy Conservation and Environment

To demonstrate the Energy Conservation linkages with

environment, ENERCON shall highlight that; (a) Conservation of convention energy resources lead to local and

global emission abatement.

(b) Energy Efficient practices provide principal inputs to cleanproduction.

(c) Energy Conservation projects provides a major avenue to

attract climate control and CDM finding.

(d) Energy efficiency pursuits contribute to meeting MDGs and

goals as envisaged in various multilateral agreements and

protocols.

P li I t ti


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Policy Interventions

The following key initiatives will be taken for achieving

National Environment Conservation Policy objectives.

(a) Legislation and Regulatory Framework.

(b) Public Awareness, Training and Education.

(c) Integrating Energy Conservation into National Energy

Policies.

(d) Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building.

(e) Financial and Fiscal Incentives. (f) Public-Private-Civil Society Partnership

(g) Energy Services Companies

B ildi d H h ld S t


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Buildings and Households Sectors

(a) Encourage and facilitate introduction of energy audits in

commercial and community buildings.

(b) Encourage adoption of energy efficient considerations in the

household.

(c) Evaluate Building and Insulation materials for the energy efficient

characteristics with report to different climatic zones and promote

their adoption nation wide. (d) Encourage use of energy efficient equipment, fixtures and

appliances in buildings.

(e) Develop/update a Building Energy Code for the country and

institute measures for its compliance.

(f) Promote use of energy efficient HVAC and lighting practices in

buildings.

(g) Promote through relevant authorities, energy efficient building

design.


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Documents

Building and Energy