--

2 510 IIIF8 11112~ 10 11111 8

11111 2

~ 11111k~ 2 H~ 1IIIIll [6 1_ rpo Ib ~ill1E~l I ~l~~ r I ~l 0~~~ II~ 1- 120 I t t-l 11 111 I~

1111118 -- 1111118

11111125 1111114 11111middot6 11111125 1111114 1111116

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RFSOLUTION 1EST CHART

Technical Bulletin No =31 November 1936

UNITED STATES DEPARTHXr Qllt AGRICULTUR~

WASILlXGTOX D C

BUD SELECTION IN EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS AND PROGENY

TESTS OF BUD VARIATIONS By A D I)UltUIEI principal lJilIlgtgisl C H POIJ(Ol (l~OCillllJ pOIIolo(Jist

and R E CAltYl formerly (lssisant pOll1olo(Jisl DiLision oJ Fruit and VcaeableCrops (ud Diseases Bllrmn oJ Pta1l1 Indlsiry

CONTENTS

ln~oIlltroductlon_ ______________ _ _ yllilltiOIlS of III(gt Li~holl Yllriel-Conld

___ bull ___ bull ____ _HUd middoturjations in ]urek lIud Li~holl _ Itrip(1t1 slmiIl __ -0netlos_____ bull_______ ______ Hi l rlwrulcss lo-llproduttiH $train

Jorequencyaml si~llifl(1111(lI of hud ulill illll middot1 ()tl1(rstrikingvlirinlj()n~~ _~ If IiVariations of tlio JltUIIkfi urht _ ~ I Pro~tny tl1stsoCletlHHl bud uritllions -~~~ IiEurekflstrnill _ _ ) Pto~(In~ ]lerformnn(~ n(orcls JlISmull-Opeu straiu bull __ _bull _ 1 f Pro~(luy dutu on Iufeku strtlil1~ _ ~()PearmiddotShapo SI rulnbullbull _ __ bull bullbull ~T

_ j I Prn-WIlY data on Lishun struins~ ~ Shnde-Trrc Sf ruin ~ ~ ~ 1(rJlllunliotl (f urhtiolls in quantity orUnprOdtWf ivo strnin ~ crop __ bullbull _ bullbullbullbull_ _ bull Corrugllllli 51 rai n (oll1llllnil1 qUlllil y of crops of dilferenlRibbed sl min I struins _ _ __ _ bull Vuric~atedstrlil _ bull _ Sellsou of maximum IJrodu(i ion in dilferenlStriped strain __ strnins____ ___ bull__ bullbull __ bullbullbullbullbull CrulIlpled-Lenf strhn_ HeilllhO [nl1lrcllt stnhilitr of dillertnl tro-s_ Varialions of the ]~ishlll mrillty LL~bon slrain boilltion ofillhen1I1 Ir slllhie SI raills bullbull gt __ _ Denso strain _ _ Immiuuliou ofinhcrenlly inferior strain trees Openstnlin Comftlllreial jmJ)ortnuco of IlJJlon hud i(Il(~ Fnproclmmiddotthmiddotcstrnill bullbullbull I ion bull _ __ bull___ _ ____bull___ bullbullbull___

r-- IUhllldstrnln bullbullbull ~I1IIlJJlnry bullbull ~ ~ ~___ _____ __________ ~ __ M_

~ Corrugaled 5lrl1lu _ bull litf1rat uro dted _ ___________________ _5 Collured struiu___ bullbull ______ ____ bullbull __ bull 1

INTROD UCTLON

~ The commerciul Nllture oj tbo IPllIOII (Gillu8 1imollla Osbeck) in Ble Fnited StaLes is largeJT (olllilWd to tllP soutlHlJ1 counties of

Californiu Tl10 introdu(tion of tho Lisholl vUliety into that Stnte hom Austruliu in 1874 and the origin or tho Eurekn vtlliety nt Los Angeles in 1877 murked the hegil1uing of the dCYelopll1ent of this importallt industry In 1F87 the first )t(Hl of available leeorcls of carlot shipments of lemons froIll Califolllill 12 cllrloads were IllllkeLed in the season of 1034-3D H lottll of H)u04 e[lrlotLcls were shipped

Tbe Eureka nncl JJitlbon Yluittits 111( II0W almost uuiYtrsnlly plan ted for tbe production of the CnliJorniu lelllon (lOp A few trees of the Yillufmnen variety are propngated occasionally and a few olel trees

i35~5deg-3iJ--l 1

2 1ECHNICAL BULLElIN 531 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

of the Genoa Bonnie Brae and other less well-known varieties lire still in hearing bllt their total production is of Jeh1tively small impoltUlHC Thc Eureka variety is largely grown in the interior lemon districts und the Lishon vnriety is more generally plnnted near tIle coast

The fruits from the Eureka and Li~bon trees are pneked and JI1nrketed without varietal segregation tIle crops fiS tt whole being known commercially simply as lemons The chuTaeteristies of the 11ees of these varieties nrc quite distinct particularly in the vigor of glOwth nndthorniness of the trees und the senson of mamiddotimum fnut production Mnrked vtLrintions nl80 hnve been fOllnd in tbe folil1ge IUlI1 fruit (harncters as shown by some entire trees in cillh vllriety al well us by striking n~rilltions in indhiduullimbs in some tr(es

The investiglttions reported herein were undertak(ln for the purpose of determining the nature and frequency of the oc(urrence of bud Ynriutions in the fruits nnd folilt~e of trees of tbe Eure1m and Lisbon varieties The first phase of the lTIvestigations was carried on through svstemn tie individual tree-performance reeords in stnblished ltitm OIlhllrds of full-bearing trees over n p()iod of years b(giuning in 1911 Stutmnents of the eurly phases of the l11ld-vnrintion studies Ne mudc in ]911 (5 6)1 and further reports of the progrNs lJ1lve been preshySIJI ted from time to time (1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15) The detnilcd results of the first studils with Eurekn and Lisbon lemons lip to Tune H1l7 were Tepoltcd in J920 (18 1m

The sP(olld pbase of the investigations 1ms beell the study oJ tbe perfOIlnllnee rceolcis of progeny trees tun t were propaguted from eHlefull) selected Itrent trees in the originul perJormanee-lelaquo(OId plots nnd Jrom bud vuriutions found in nnd near those plots

lhis bulletin contuins the results of some of the periOlllUllleeshyreeord studies of these progeny propagations lind deuls primarily with the degree of perpetuntion of the characteristics of the outstundshying YlLrintions The performance-rerord period during which the plOgeny trees have been studied began with their planting in 1918 and wus continued until Muy 1934 A number of trees were removed rtom the progeny test plots early in 1933 so the tnbuluted dutil presented herewith cover the period from tho first fruiting of the Lree in the Jall orwinter of 1920-21 to De(pmber 1982 indusivr

BUD VARIATIONS IN EUREKA AND LISBON VARIETIES

The striking variations of fruit and foliuge previously reported in trees of the Rurekn anel Lisbon vurieties may be grouped into two classes (1) those occurring flS limbs on otherwise 11011111112 trees ftIld (2) noS entire trees differing from the normal in one or more cleru-ly defined characteristics In nddition individual fruits Imve been found in some of the lemon trees under observation that differ markshyedly from the other fruits on tho same tree in one 01 more churncshyteristics These individual-fruit Yariations in som cases dosely resembled those borne by the limb nnd entire-tree vurintiolls that have been studied in these investigntions

1 Italic numbers in parentheses rerer to Lilemture CitOld p 41 lhe word normal Is u~ed here und elsewhere in this bull~tln in the sense of huving tlccbuTllcteristics

or tbe typical or normnl slmiu of tbe vurlety

2 1ECHNICAL BULLElIN 531 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

of the Genoa Bonnie Brae and other less well-known varieties lire still in hearing bllt their total production is of Jeh1tively small impoltUlHC Thc Eureka variety is largely grown in the interior lemon districts und the Lishon vnriety is more generally plnnted near tIle coast

The fruits from the Eureka and Li~bon trees are pneked and JI1nrketed without varietal segregation tIle crops fiS tt whole being known commercially simply as lemons The chuTaeteristies of the 11ees of these varieties nrc quite distinct particularly in the vigor of glOwth nndthorniness of the trees und the senson of mamiddotimum fnut production Mnrked vtLrintions nl80 hnve been fOllnd in tbe folil1ge IUlI1 fruit (harncters as shown by some entire trees in cillh vllriety al well us by striking n~rilltions in indhiduullimbs in some tr(es

The investiglttions reported herein were undertak(ln for the purpose of determining the nature and frequency of the oc(urrence of bud Ynriutions in the fruits nnd folilt~e of trees of tbe Eure1m and Lisbon varieties The first phase of the lTIvestigations was carried on through svstemn tie individual tree-performance reeords in stnblished ltitm OIlhllrds of full-bearing trees over n p()iod of years b(giuning in 1911 Stutmnents of the eurly phases of the l11ld-vnrintion studies Ne mudc in ]911 (5 6)1 and further reports of the progrNs lJ1lve been preshySIJI ted from time to time (1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15) The detnilcd results of the first studils with Eurekn and Lisbon lemons lip to Tune H1l7 were Tepoltcd in J920 (18 1m

The sP(olld pbase of the investigations 1ms beell the study oJ tbe perfOIlnllnee rceolcis of progeny trees tun t were propaguted from eHlefull) selected Itrent trees in the originul perJormanee-lelaquo(OId plots nnd Jrom bud vuriutions found in nnd near those plots

lhis bulletin contuins the results of some of the periOlllUllleeshyreeord studies of these progeny propagations lind deuls primarily with the degree of perpetuntion of the characteristics of the outstundshying YlLrintions The performance-rerord period during which the plOgeny trees have been studied began with their planting in 1918 and wus continued until Muy 1934 A number of trees were removed rtom the progeny test plots early in 1933 so the tnbuluted dutil presented herewith cover the period from tho first fruiting of the Lree in the Jall orwinter of 1920-21 to De(pmber 1982 indusivr

BUD VARIATIONS IN EUREKA AND LISBON VARIETIES

The striking variations of fruit and foliuge previously reported in trees of the Rurekn anel Lisbon vurieties may be grouped into two classes (1) those occurring flS limbs on otherwise 11011111112 trees ftIld (2) noS entire trees differing from the normal in one or more cleru-ly defined characteristics In nddition individual fruits Imve been found in some of the lemon trees under observation that differ markshyedly from the other fruits on tho same tree in one 01 more churncshyteristics These individual-fruit Yariations in som cases dosely resembled those borne by the limb nnd entire-tree vurintiolls that have been studied in these investigntions

1 Italic numbers in parentheses rerer to Lilemture CitOld p 41 lhe word normal Is u~ed here und elsewhere in this bull~tln in the sense of huving tlccbuTllcteristics

or tbe typical or normnl slmiu of tbe vurlety

3 EGHEKA AND LISBON LltJMONS

Fruit variations 11re sometimes dearly eOllolntod with foliage yuriashytions but on account of the obvious economic importunee of fruit variations nncl the pruetirability of obtaining definite data regarding them they hnvo been given piimary eonsidemtioll in the present studies here unmistakable and eeonomically importnnt correlashyHons of fruit nncl folifLge charncteristics have beon observed they have been loeorcied nncl deseribecl

Lemon vuriations muy be further elnssifiecl us uflecting (1) the (lommercinl quulity of the fruit (2) the qunntity of fruit Itnd (3) tho season of mnximum procluetion III most instanees tho (ommereial quality of the fruits borne by the progeny trees that wore propugated from the parent-limb or entire-tree vllriations is eorrclated with the qunntity of fruits produ(led by these same trees

Variations of fruits inelude those huying eharacteristie shupe size textUTe nnd eolor of rind nnd number of seeds Foliuge yuriations inelude those showing e1laraeteristic habits of growth of the trees density of foliage eolor shape size nnd thickness of leuyes number nnd size of thorns alld season llnd (haraeter of blossoms

Tree-estimnte leeords ill some of the oleicI lemon oreharcls in sou thshyrln Cnlifornia in nddition to those where the inclividuul troe-perforIllshylI1ee le(ord studies were made showed thut limb and entire-tree Yllrinshytions were prcsen t in nIl of them In some instunees this YHlia bili ty was JIlllCh more prollouJleed than in others but fypieal (usrs of St11kshying bud variations werc found wJleleVCr observations were mude

The early diseovcry thnt the fruit and foliage churncteristics of limb YHdutions were Ycry similur to t11Ose of some of the entire-tree VlIlinshytions in established or(hurds indieatecl that the ell tire-tree vilrintiom hud been unintentionally Plopuguted from similar limb sports The subsequent studies of progeny trees propagated from typielll limb YnriatlOIls and their eompurison with the entire-tree yuriations in tho older or(hurds l1aye proved beyond reusonnble doubt thu t the origin of the entire-tree vnriations wus limb yariations in the trees from whieh the buds were obtained to propngute the orc-hurd trees

The vflliatioI1s des(ribed in this bulletin must be dellr]y distinshyg-uished from those due to soil dimute Iootstoek (ultulIlImiddot or other em-ironmentul inJluenees FhlCltuuting nUilltions and (hung-es such as JIlodifieations in vigor of growth size of trees size of fruits 01

diffcrences in the (0]01 of the lellves or fruits resulting from ehnnges in soil elimate (ultural plllctiees unsuitnble lootstoeks 01 othe] cnuses that are not inherent and aTe not perpetuated through bud propagation hnye not been eonsiderec1 in this publicution oxeept us indicating the effe(t of el1yironmentul fnctors upon tNe und fruit development

Some of the limb lnd entire-tree vUliutions found in these stuc1i(s were uniformly abnormal in their fruit or Jolingc (hllrueteristies In other instllJ1CeS more than one type of yadation from the J10rmlll WUS found in a single tree either normal fruits and folingC whh thr abnormal ones or two or more distinctly differen t typrs of 1I bnoJJllll1 foliage or fruits

The uniform limb and entire-tree YnlintioJls hno been found through progeny propagation tests to perpetuate the eharacteristies of the pnent variations whereof thofe that are not uniform have trnnsmittec1 their churneteristies with nbOllt the sllme condition of variability as appeared in the pHrent limbs or entire trees

4 JECHNICAL BULLETIN 53] U S DEPT 01lt AGRICULlURE

The uniform limb and entire-tree variations have been termed inshyherently stable ones and those hcking in uniformity have been called inherently unstable onesas shown by their performance in progeny tests

FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BUD VARIATIONS

From thtJ economic viewpoint the variations in Eureka and Lisbon 101llon trees as observed in these investigations may be (gtlassed as desirable when they are more satisfactory for commercial culture than the normal and undesirable when less valuable than the normal for the production of profitable erops

In the Eureka lemon orchard where the striking variability of the trees of this variety was discovered 2200 trees out of a total of 16000 or about 14 percent were found to be undesirable entire-tree variashytions having exceptionally yigorous Yegetntive types of growth a eondition thnt was found to he correlated witb an inferior commercial quality of fruit and ligbt yields These large unproductive trees with cumwteristi(ally spreading habit of growth lnd dense and nhundunt foliage w(1e caUo( shade t1OeR find dense unprod uetive frees A subsequcnt study of the orcbard from which the buds had been obtained for tIle propngntion of tbe treeR uncleI investigation Hhowed that only about 5 pel((nt w(re of the Shade-Tree or lllproshyltltwtive stltlins1 The explllllution of this condition wus found to he t hat tho bud (~11 tkn in secl11inl propngating material found it easier to obtain blldwood from tl1e Ylgorous-groving vegetative trees than Jrom tho less vigorolfi produetive ones There w(1e many more vegetutive hrnnell(s (middotommonly culled sl1ekers in the vegetative type of trees than in tho normul pJoc1uetive ones (onscquently the nutural tendency was to s(cure 1110re huclwood from the rank-growing treps than from the more fruitful Oll(S

In uddition to t110 entire-tree Shade-Tree lind 1nproduetive yariashytions limbs hnving lenves nnd fruits typi(nl of these strains were J01mcl in otllerwise nppnrently normul Eureka trees in both the par0nt orchnnl lWei the younger one that WflS propagated from it Some or t1e infprior stlHin trees in the youngPI orehnrd doubtless lEsuHed from the eutting of blldwoocl from sll(h limb vHlintions in the paren t 1reps 11010 than 25 pereent of the treps in the younger olChnrd wpre fouud to he entire-tree vllin tions diflEring from the 11011llal in one 01 more eharneteristics particularly in the l1abit of growth of the trees density of foliage shupe of le[wes sen son of produetion of fruits shape texture and size of fruits number shape and size of seeds (Oll toincd in the fruits strudllle of flowers and quantity of production

The eonclitioll of ytlriability of tho trees of 1h( Lisbon variety regarding both entire-tree nnd limb ynriations in the o1chlld where perfOlmllnee-lcord studies were conducted wus fOl1nd to be siInilnr (0 thnt observed in the trees of the Emelm yuriety

I Tho term dellso llllprollucllyo used in cllrlier plIhli(1I1 inlls gtIS n strnin 1~signliln hilS heeD shortened ill this rpport 10 Ihe nno orr Il1prodll(ti~

4Tho tflrm -(rllin H OS llPrn 11sod dfdgllul fI~ n Jrollp or indh-itlunls or a horl i(ulturnl Ynriot~~ differing (rom 1111 fit hrr individlllll of I h~ lIriCt~ ill OI]() or mora (unstullt lind rccognizllhlc chllTllctcristics und cupable of gtvrpetulltlon through bud IIrolJUguth)1l

EUREKA AND USBON LEMOXS i

VARIATIONS OF 1Hlt~ EUREKA VARIETY

The Eureka lemon has been determined as having been fITSt propagated as a type in 1877 at Los Angeles Calif (18) This propagation was from a superior seedling which was one of a lot that had been grown from seed taken from Sicilian lemons secured in New York City in 1858

The original Eureka periormnnce-record investigations were carned on from July 1911 to June 1917 inclusive in an orchard planted at Corona Calif in the spring of 1904 by the National Orange Co and owned by that company at the time of those studies It is now owned by the Americnn Fruit Growers Inc

The important variations of the Eur0lm lemon variety are described in the following sections und(Imiddot the (lassifieation of typical strains and some of the less common but shiking varintions are also included All of the variations dis(ussecl are of importance from the standpoint of the scientific study of the phenomenon of bud variation in the lemon and in the seledion of suitnble propagnting mai0rinl for thp growing of commCYcinl nursery trees

FIGUHE I-Fruits of the Eureka strain of the Eurekn lemon from a progeny tree propngated from n typical tree of this 5traio io the original Eureka performancemiddotrecord plot Corona Calif April 1933

EUREKA STRAIN

Trpc medium size medium vigor spreading open trunk smooth bud union usually badly overgrown on sour orange (Citrus aurantimiddotuIn L) but usually smooth on sweet orange (C sinensis Osheek) rootstock branchcs medium siz aud numshyber practically tllor-nlcss leaves rather sparse medium ize broacU) elliptical bluntly roundltgtd crenate color deep bTeCn blossoms abundant during slJring and fall but develop throughout the entire year perfect fairly large fruits ver) uniform oblong mcdium size rind thin smooth color deep green rag tltgtndcr juice abundant and of rclatively high acidity seeds few rate of growth of fruits medium largcst picks during spring und fall 11igh quantity of production excellent commercial quality

An undesirable characteristic of the trees of tills strain is thnt there is a tendency t for the fruits to sunbmll in some locations owhlg to the open habit of growth

and sparse foliage A desirable characteristic of these trees is their tendency to bear throughout thc entirc year ith tt fair summer production 11Jicai fruits of this strnin are illustratcd ill figure 1 ancl n typicallcuf i 11011 in figure 2_1

SMALLmiddotOPEN STRAJN

Tree medium to small medium igor somewhat lipreading open tnmk sJightly fluted smooth bud union usually hadly ocrTOWlI Oll sour orange but

6 lECHNlCAL BULLElIN [i31 U S DEPI OF AGRICULlURE

smooth on sweet orange rootstock branches medium to small size tl1d number practically thornless leaves rather sparse medium size broadly elliptical bluntly rounded crenate (fig 2 B) color d~rk to deep green blossoms abundant during spring and fall but develop throughout the entire year perfect medium size fruits very uniform globose slightly shorter than those of the Eureka strain and ith a tendency for crescent-shaped creases at blossom ellds rinds thick to

FIGURE 2-Leues of imporRnL sLralns of Lhe Eureka lemon from progeny trells propag ted frolll typicnl trees of Lhe saIlle strains In the orlrinul Eurekn perforllllllwe-record plot A gurekn B SUIIIII-Open T C Crumpled-Leuf n PearmiddotSbape E Shade-lree F Unproductive Corollll Calif MIlY 1933

medium smooth color deep to dark green rag tender juice abundant and of relatively high acidity seeds few lllte of growth of fnlits medium largest picks during spring and fall slightly less quantity of production thtn com]larative Eureka strain trees good commercial quality

The most important differences between the Small-Open and Eureka strains are the shape and size of fruit the globose shape of typical Small-Open strain

7 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

fruits rendering them somewhat less suitable for packing than the oblong shape of the typical Eureka strain fruits The darker green color of the Small-Open fruits and their slower curing are also distinguishing charaderistics Typicalfruits of this strain are shown in figure 3

FIGlIlE 3-Fruits of Lhe SnlllUOpen ~LrIlin of the Eurekll lelllon from a pro~ellY tree eroPllgated from 6 t~pical tree of tllis strain in tbe orlginul Eureka perfornlLnce-recnrd plol CoronlL CaUf April IIIa

PEAR-SHAPE STRAIN

Tree large with tendency to produce many suckers crect dense trunk norshymally smooth bud llllioll somewhat overgrown on sour orange but smooth 011 sweet orange rootstock branches many small giving the tree a brushlike appearshyance practically thornless leaves abundant small in size ovate obtuse crenate (fig 2 D) in whorls at ends of branches light-green color blossoms abundant in midwinter and few at other seasons small weak perfect but with small amount of pollen of uficient vitality mainly on tips of branches fruits very uniform

FJOUllE middotI-Fruits of the leurmiddotShupe stmiu of tile EureklL lelllon frolll u progeny tree propuglltRd from a typlCllI tree of this strain In the original Eurekll performance-record plot Corona Oulif May 1933

pyriform frequently with elongated or bottle-necked stem ends small to medium size rind very thin and of smooth texture color light green rag tender juice abundant and of relatively low acidity seeds very few rate of growth of fruits medium largest picks during fall medium quantity of production inferior commcrcial quality

The Pear-Shape fruits shown ill figure 4 arc of inferior commercial value and established orchard trees of this strain should be top-worked or replanted

8 JECHNICAIJ nULLElIN 031 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

SHAUBIREg WIRAIN

Tree very large very Yigolous wide sprCading dense trunk smooth bud union smooth 011 boih sour and Rweet orange rootstocks branches dense with considerablc sllcker growth practically thomltsHi leaves abundant elliptical and large tapering with a tendency to acuminate tips undulate and cr(uate (fig 2 E) deep-grcen color blossoms abundallt during spring IlIlge weak many with pistils imperfect or absent falling shortly aftel blooming fruits vCry uniform oblong very large rind coarse and rough vCIy thick dark green mg coarse and very ahundallt iuice scant lacking acidity seeds very few mte of growth of fruits rather rapid most production during fall low quantity of productioninferior commercial quality

The outstanding ehall1Cteristics that distinguish the Shade-Trcc from tIl( Eureka strain include the development of many imperfect flowers that drop shortly after the blo01l1 appears largl acutely pointed leaves fruits of very large size and oblong shapC and parti~l1lally the vigor of the vegetative growth which results in very large ((JnspiclbIlS trees that can be easily seen from a considerable distance in tJw f)rchards Typical fruits of this shain are showlI in figure 5 It ul~o hul imp(rfpct flrnl(S similar to those iIltlRtmted for the Unprodll(thC Rtmin of HIP Lisbon IplIloJl (fig 18)

]GUHE 5-Fruits of Lho Shudlmiddotlrcc Irnin of the gurekn lellion from II Jlro~eny treemiddot propagated from n typical troo of tLtls strnio in tLto original Eunlm performancerecord plot Oorona Calif May 1033

P-PltODUCTIVE STRAIN

Tree large vigorous ercct vCry d(nsp trunk smooth bud unioll smooth 011 both sOllr and swCet ormlge rootsto(~ks brallclws dons few small thorns leaves abundant Rmalllr than those of the Shade-Tree stmill elliptical and tapering with strong tenclPllcY to acuminate tips cr(nate (fig Z P) dark-green color blossoms abundant during spring large wellk vel) many imperfc(i with pistils rudimelltary 01 lllckiJJg and with sellllt POUlll of low vitlllity fruits fairly unishyform oblollg lalgC rind coarse and rough thick durk green rug tough Illld aiJulldllut jllke SCHnt ]Joor fltLlor and of low aeidity sPCds I(IT few rate of growth of frllits fairly Jlpid most production during filII Y(Ir low quuntityof productiOlI inf(riol ((Jll1l1lcl(ial qllality

The low plOeluctioll of pOOl (omn(rcial quulity ILnel the delise (r((t growth of the 1rfC are thc Hlost importtIIt distinguishillg challlctCristics of this Hlmin Typical fruits of tltis sllllin arc shown in figurl~ G

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Trec largl mcdium vigor lttllC1 HprPtl(ling somewhat dense trunk smooth bud union badly oVl~rg-r()IJ1 Otl IOUl orangc lootsto(k Illltllcllls rather large and mallY pmcticully thollllesH lIllLn) 1lavCs largl broadly elliptical bluntly roundCd crenato eolol deptgt gr(Plli bll)oiSOlllS abundallt during tlprinl~ many imperfect mcdiulIl size alollg bral1clws at lellfaxils fruits uniformly corrugated oblong large rind thick d(Cpll corrugatCd color yellow when mature rag coarse juice lacking in ljUIlUtity unci of loll acidity seed [Cw raje of growth

9 ElrnEKA AND LISBON LElIONH

of fruits medium largest picks durillg fnll ILllrl willl light qUllJitit (If proshyduction commercial quality poor

This straiu has becn eliminattd frOIU Illullwcit[ l)((lpU~atioll lIuel itees in bearing orchards shou1d be top-worlwd or rltplallird

ItIBIHD STRAIN

Tree mediulll sizt 111ltdiul11 vigo open and IltHI upright trUlIk smooth bud union slightly omiddotergown on sour olllllge rootstock branches mediulll to largr few practically thornless Itamiddotes mtlH1 sparse small anti and bluntly rounded tendenc to crlllllpll color green blossoms fairly abundant in spring many small imperfect fruits oblong olid riiJl)(d with tendency to deeply fluted characteristic rind thin ridged and somewhat rough deep green rag tender juice abundant and of medium acidity sCNls few rate of growth of fruits rapid largest picks during fall and willter low quantity of production poor commcrcial quality

An undesirable strain for cOlllmercial cultUre The Ilniformif I of tmiddotpc of fruits in the 1re(s of this strain is (1 lI1urk((1

FIItJUo fk Frui(s or the lfllprodttdlyr Imin of till iuff1Ka Il1 l1tOIi frolll prol(luy lrlll propalntcd from a typit1l1 tree or lIll ~traiu in 1I1l1llndntJ iurlka jllmiddotrrorlllllll(omiddotroloni plot ltorollll lpHI 7IIuy 1033

VAIU~(ATlm STItAI-

Trec slllall l~k yi(IH and Blow growing (red 0lllll tlullk SJlI[)ofit hurl lllioll llllLklS lal(c omiddotcrgrowth on Slllll~ Omllge ro()t~f(l(k foliagc partillllarly susceptible to RIlllllllrtl alHl h()lt injuriPl lgtruIll(s sl11ull f(middotw ill lulIlber and striped hell )OU1lI-( ply flw blllLLll thOll1S len(s spalsc HIlllLll llliptieal and ir(~ulal ill RitU]) Hlightl (IPlate (Olllmiddot YlumiddotipllLfpd -()llle ahllost (utildy Crltalll colored otllls lIlarly llttrplv gnPlI wtflt sharply lllmkNI IU(IIS of two or three shndes and lIIost of tll(11I partly gn(ll awl (rlam (olm JORSOllI ahllllda1lt during spring witlt IWILY) drop llJlWY small illljlerflt fruits mmiddotoid Imudl riml Yery thin slil-(lttly ridged color siripNImiddothpn ilJllllature aJl1 ydlow wltclllllatllTC rug mUwr coals jllice fairly IlhUlHIIllIt a1J(1 of TPIdinmiddotly higll ll(irlity seeds ]()~rlil1l1l llUlllbel ratc ()f growth of fruits mediul1l lurglHt pilks durillg spring und fall very low q llanli y of 111(d u(tiOll ]Joor (Onllll(J(lltl qUill iiy

The tre(s of this stmlll are uSNI to sOllle (tcnt for ornan)utal IHlrpos(s owing to the strikillg uppearull(c of the )cILYlS aud fruits Jruit tud foliage of this straitl arc HltOWI1 ill all ealitr publiCation r1S 1) 5) A not Itll yltrilgtLteltl strairl haH blell found (iiI-( 7) whirmiddot1t hus pinkish-lotIJd IllHIt (ill)

SIIUIlm SIHAIN

11(( pry large yigo((Jus IgtpJ(ultlillg trunk Hllloutil aud SOJlIl)uL furrowed bud union slightly OmiddotprgTOn 011 Hour OrtLl1I-(I~ 1(lOis(o(l IJn~lI(h~s lnr~( JlIany

73Mideg V

6 lECHNlCAL BULLElIN [i31 U S DEPI OF AGRICULlURE

smooth on sweet orange rootstock branches medium to small size tl1d number practically thornless leaves rather sparse medium size broadly elliptical bluntly rounded crenate (fig 2 B) color d~rk to deep green blossoms abundant during spring and fall but develop throughout the entire year perfect medium size fruits very uniform globose slightly shorter than those of the Eureka strain and ith a tendency for crescent-shaped creases at blossom ellds rinds thick to

FIGURE 2-Leues of imporRnL sLralns of Lhe Eureka lemon from progeny trells propag ted frolll typicnl trees of Lhe saIlle strains In the orlrinul Eurekn perforllllllwe-record plot A gurekn B SUIIIII-Open T C Crumpled-Leuf n PearmiddotSbape E Shade-lree F Unproductive Corollll Calif MIlY 1933

medium smooth color deep to dark green rag tender juice abundant and of relatively high acidity seeds few lllte of growth of fnlits medium largest picks during spring and fall slightly less quantity of production thtn com]larative Eureka strain trees good commercial quality

The most important differences between the Small-Open and Eureka strains are the shape and size of fruit the globose shape of typical Small-Open strain

7 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

fruits rendering them somewhat less suitable for packing than the oblong shape of the typical Eureka strain fruits The darker green color of the Small-Open fruits and their slower curing are also distinguishing charaderistics Typicalfruits of this strain are shown in figure 3

FIGlIlE 3-Fruits of Lhe SnlllUOpen ~LrIlin of the Eurekll lelllon from a pro~ellY tree eroPllgated from 6 t~pical tree of tllis strain in tbe orlginul Eureka perfornlLnce-recnrd plol CoronlL CaUf April IIIa

PEAR-SHAPE STRAIN

Tree large with tendency to produce many suckers crect dense trunk norshymally smooth bud llllioll somewhat overgrown on sour orange but smooth 011 sweet orange rootstock branches many small giving the tree a brushlike appearshyance practically thornless leaves abundant small in size ovate obtuse crenate (fig 2 D) in whorls at ends of branches light-green color blossoms abundant in midwinter and few at other seasons small weak perfect but with small amount of pollen of uficient vitality mainly on tips of branches fruits very uniform

FJOUllE middotI-Fruits of the leurmiddotShupe stmiu of tile EureklL lelllon frolll u progeny tree propuglltRd from a typlCllI tree of this strain In the original Eurekll performance-record plot Corona Oulif May 1933

pyriform frequently with elongated or bottle-necked stem ends small to medium size rind very thin and of smooth texture color light green rag tender juice abundant and of relatively low acidity seeds very few rate of growth of fruits medium largest picks during fall medium quantity of production inferior commcrcial quality

The Pear-Shape fruits shown ill figure 4 arc of inferior commercial value and established orchard trees of this strain should be top-worked or replanted

8 JECHNICAIJ nULLElIN 031 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

SHAUBIREg WIRAIN

Tree very large very Yigolous wide sprCading dense trunk smooth bud union smooth 011 boih sour and Rweet orange rootstocks branches dense with considerablc sllcker growth practically thomltsHi leaves abundant elliptical and large tapering with a tendency to acuminate tips undulate and cr(uate (fig 2 E) deep-grcen color blossoms abundallt during spring IlIlge weak many with pistils imperfect or absent falling shortly aftel blooming fruits vCry uniform oblong very large rind coarse and rough vCIy thick dark green mg coarse and very ahundallt iuice scant lacking acidity seeds very few mte of growth of fruits rather rapid most production during fall low quantity of productioninferior commercial quality

The outstanding ehall1Cteristics that distinguish the Shade-Trcc from tIl( Eureka strain include the development of many imperfect flowers that drop shortly after the blo01l1 appears largl acutely pointed leaves fruits of very large size and oblong shapC and parti~l1lally the vigor of the vegetative growth which results in very large ((JnspiclbIlS trees that can be easily seen from a considerable distance in tJw f)rchards Typical fruits of this shain are showlI in figure 5 It ul~o hul imp(rfpct flrnl(S similar to those iIltlRtmted for the Unprodll(thC Rtmin of HIP Lisbon IplIloJl (fig 18)

]GUHE 5-Fruits of Lho Shudlmiddotlrcc Irnin of the gurekn lellion from II Jlro~eny treemiddot propagated from n typical troo of tLtls strnio in tLto original Eunlm performancerecord plot Oorona Calif May 1033

P-PltODUCTIVE STRAIN

Tree large vigorous ercct vCry d(nsp trunk smooth bud unioll smooth 011 both sOllr and swCet ormlge rootsto(~ks brallclws dons few small thorns leaves abundant Rmalllr than those of the Shade-Tree stmill elliptical and tapering with strong tenclPllcY to acuminate tips cr(nate (fig Z P) dark-green color blossoms abundant during spring large wellk vel) many imperfc(i with pistils rudimelltary 01 lllckiJJg and with sellllt POUlll of low vitlllity fruits fairly unishyform oblollg lalgC rind coarse and rough thick durk green rug tough Illld aiJulldllut jllke SCHnt ]Joor fltLlor and of low aeidity sPCds I(IT few rate of growth of frllits fairly Jlpid most production during filII Y(Ir low quuntityof productiOlI inf(riol ((Jll1l1lcl(ial qllality

The low plOeluctioll of pOOl (omn(rcial quulity ILnel the delise (r((t growth of the 1rfC are thc Hlost importtIIt distinguishillg challlctCristics of this Hlmin Typical fruits of tltis sllllin arc shown in figurl~ G

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Trec largl mcdium vigor lttllC1 HprPtl(ling somewhat dense trunk smooth bud union badly oVl~rg-r()IJ1 Otl IOUl orangc lootsto(k Illltllcllls rather large and mallY pmcticully thollllesH lIllLn) 1lavCs largl broadly elliptical bluntly roundCd crenato eolol deptgt gr(Plli bll)oiSOlllS abundallt during tlprinl~ many imperfect mcdiulIl size alollg bral1clws at lellfaxils fruits uniformly corrugated oblong large rind thick d(Cpll corrugatCd color yellow when mature rag coarse juice lacking in ljUIlUtity unci of loll acidity seed [Cw raje of growth

9 ElrnEKA AND LISBON LElIONH

of fruits medium largest picks durillg fnll ILllrl willl light qUllJitit (If proshyduction commercial quality poor

This straiu has becn eliminattd frOIU Illullwcit[ l)((lpU~atioll lIuel itees in bearing orchards shou1d be top-worlwd or rltplallird

ItIBIHD STRAIN

Tree mediulll sizt 111ltdiul11 vigo open and IltHI upright trUlIk smooth bud union slightly omiddotergown on sour olllllge rootstock branches mediulll to largr few practically thornless Itamiddotes mtlH1 sparse small anti and bluntly rounded tendenc to crlllllpll color green blossoms fairly abundant in spring many small imperfect fruits oblong olid riiJl)(d with tendency to deeply fluted characteristic rind thin ridged and somewhat rough deep green rag tender juice abundant and of medium acidity sCNls few rate of growth of fruits rapid largest picks during fall and willter low quantity of production poor commcrcial quality

An undesirable strain for cOlllmercial cultUre The Ilniformif I of tmiddotpc of fruits in the 1re(s of this strain is (1 lI1urk((1

FIItJUo fk Frui(s or the lfllprodttdlyr Imin of till iuff1Ka Il1 l1tOIi frolll prol(luy lrlll propalntcd from a typit1l1 tree or lIll ~traiu in 1I1l1llndntJ iurlka jllmiddotrrorlllllll(omiddotroloni plot ltorollll lpHI 7IIuy 1033

VAIU~(ATlm STItAI-

Trec slllall l~k yi(IH and Blow growing (red 0lllll tlullk SJlI[)ofit hurl lllioll llllLklS lal(c omiddotcrgrowth on Slllll~ Omllge ro()t~f(l(k foliagc partillllarly susceptible to RIlllllllrtl alHl h()lt injuriPl lgtruIll(s sl11ull f(middotw ill lulIlber and striped hell )OU1lI-( ply flw blllLLll thOll1S len(s spalsc HIlllLll llliptieal and ir(~ulal ill RitU]) Hlightl (IPlate (Olllmiddot YlumiddotipllLfpd -()llle ahllost (utildy Crltalll colored otllls lIlarly llttrplv gnPlI wtflt sharply lllmkNI IU(IIS of two or three shndes and lIIost of tll(11I partly gn(ll awl (rlam (olm JORSOllI ahllllda1lt during spring witlt IWILY) drop llJlWY small illljlerflt fruits mmiddotoid Imudl riml Yery thin slil-(lttly ridged color siripNImiddothpn ilJllllature aJl1 ydlow wltclllllatllTC rug mUwr coals jllice fairly IlhUlHIIllIt a1J(1 of TPIdinmiddotly higll ll(irlity seeds ]()~rlil1l1l llUlllbel ratc ()f growth of fruits mediul1l lurglHt pilks durillg spring und fall very low q llanli y of 111(d u(tiOll ]Joor (Onllll(J(lltl qUill iiy

The tre(s of this stmlll are uSNI to sOllle (tcnt for ornan)utal IHlrpos(s owing to the strikillg uppearull(c of the )cILYlS aud fruits Jruit tud foliage of this straitl arc HltOWI1 ill all ealitr publiCation r1S 1) 5) A not Itll yltrilgtLteltl strairl haH blell found (iiI-( 7) whirmiddot1t hus pinkish-lotIJd IllHIt (ill)

SIIUIlm SIHAIN

11(( pry large yigo((Jus IgtpJ(ultlillg trunk Hllloutil aud SOJlIl)uL furrowed bud union slightly OmiddotprgTOn 011 Hour OrtLl1I-(I~ 1(lOis(o(l IJn~lI(h~s lnr~( JlIany

73Mideg V

7 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

fruits rendering them somewhat less suitable for packing than the oblong shape of the typical Eureka strain fruits The darker green color of the Small-Open fruits and their slower curing are also distinguishing charaderistics Typicalfruits of this strain are shown in figure 3

FIGlIlE 3-Fruits of Lhe SnlllUOpen ~LrIlin of the Eurekll lelllon from a pro~ellY tree eroPllgated from 6 t~pical tree of tllis strain in tbe orlginul Eureka perfornlLnce-recnrd plol CoronlL CaUf April IIIa

PEAR-SHAPE STRAIN

Tree large with tendency to produce many suckers crect dense trunk norshymally smooth bud llllioll somewhat overgrown on sour orange but smooth 011 sweet orange rootstock branches many small giving the tree a brushlike appearshyance practically thornless leaves abundant small in size ovate obtuse crenate (fig 2 D) in whorls at ends of branches light-green color blossoms abundant in midwinter and few at other seasons small weak perfect but with small amount of pollen of uficient vitality mainly on tips of branches fruits very uniform

FJOUllE middotI-Fruits of the leurmiddotShupe stmiu of tile EureklL lelllon frolll u progeny tree propuglltRd from a typlCllI tree of this strain In the original Eurekll performance-record plot Corona Oulif May 1933

pyriform frequently with elongated or bottle-necked stem ends small to medium size rind very thin and of smooth texture color light green rag tender juice abundant and of relatively low acidity seeds very few rate of growth of fruits medium largest picks during fall medium quantity of production inferior commcrcial quality

The Pear-Shape fruits shown ill figure 4 arc of inferior commercial value and established orchard trees of this strain should be top-worked or replanted

8 JECHNICAIJ nULLElIN 031 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

SHAUBIREg WIRAIN

Tree very large very Yigolous wide sprCading dense trunk smooth bud union smooth 011 boih sour and Rweet orange rootstocks branches dense with considerablc sllcker growth practically thomltsHi leaves abundant elliptical and large tapering with a tendency to acuminate tips undulate and cr(uate (fig 2 E) deep-grcen color blossoms abundallt during spring IlIlge weak many with pistils imperfect or absent falling shortly aftel blooming fruits vCry uniform oblong very large rind coarse and rough vCIy thick dark green mg coarse and very ahundallt iuice scant lacking acidity seeds very few mte of growth of fruits rather rapid most production during fall low quantity of productioninferior commercial quality

The outstanding ehall1Cteristics that distinguish the Shade-Trcc from tIl( Eureka strain include the development of many imperfect flowers that drop shortly after the blo01l1 appears largl acutely pointed leaves fruits of very large size and oblong shapC and parti~l1lally the vigor of the vegetative growth which results in very large ((JnspiclbIlS trees that can be easily seen from a considerable distance in tJw f)rchards Typical fruits of this shain are showlI in figure 5 It ul~o hul imp(rfpct flrnl(S similar to those iIltlRtmted for the Unprodll(thC Rtmin of HIP Lisbon IplIloJl (fig 18)

]GUHE 5-Fruits of Lho Shudlmiddotlrcc Irnin of the gurekn lellion from II Jlro~eny treemiddot propagated from n typical troo of tLtls strnio in tLto original Eunlm performancerecord plot Oorona Calif May 1033

P-PltODUCTIVE STRAIN

Tree large vigorous ercct vCry d(nsp trunk smooth bud unioll smooth 011 both sOllr and swCet ormlge rootsto(~ks brallclws dons few small thorns leaves abundant Rmalllr than those of the Shade-Tree stmill elliptical and tapering with strong tenclPllcY to acuminate tips cr(nate (fig Z P) dark-green color blossoms abundant during spring large wellk vel) many imperfc(i with pistils rudimelltary 01 lllckiJJg and with sellllt POUlll of low vitlllity fruits fairly unishyform oblollg lalgC rind coarse and rough thick durk green rug tough Illld aiJulldllut jllke SCHnt ]Joor fltLlor and of low aeidity sPCds I(IT few rate of growth of frllits fairly Jlpid most production during filII Y(Ir low quuntityof productiOlI inf(riol ((Jll1l1lcl(ial qllality

The low plOeluctioll of pOOl (omn(rcial quulity ILnel the delise (r((t growth of the 1rfC are thc Hlost importtIIt distinguishillg challlctCristics of this Hlmin Typical fruits of tltis sllllin arc shown in figurl~ G

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Trec largl mcdium vigor lttllC1 HprPtl(ling somewhat dense trunk smooth bud union badly oVl~rg-r()IJ1 Otl IOUl orangc lootsto(k Illltllcllls rather large and mallY pmcticully thollllesH lIllLn) 1lavCs largl broadly elliptical bluntly roundCd crenato eolol deptgt gr(Plli bll)oiSOlllS abundallt during tlprinl~ many imperfect mcdiulIl size alollg bral1clws at lellfaxils fruits uniformly corrugated oblong large rind thick d(Cpll corrugatCd color yellow when mature rag coarse juice lacking in ljUIlUtity unci of loll acidity seed [Cw raje of growth

9 ElrnEKA AND LISBON LElIONH

of fruits medium largest picks durillg fnll ILllrl willl light qUllJitit (If proshyduction commercial quality poor

This straiu has becn eliminattd frOIU Illullwcit[ l)((lpU~atioll lIuel itees in bearing orchards shou1d be top-worlwd or rltplallird

ItIBIHD STRAIN

Tree mediulll sizt 111ltdiul11 vigo open and IltHI upright trUlIk smooth bud union slightly omiddotergown on sour olllllge rootstock branches mediulll to largr few practically thornless Itamiddotes mtlH1 sparse small anti and bluntly rounded tendenc to crlllllpll color green blossoms fairly abundant in spring many small imperfect fruits oblong olid riiJl)(d with tendency to deeply fluted characteristic rind thin ridged and somewhat rough deep green rag tender juice abundant and of medium acidity sCNls few rate of growth of fruits rapid largest picks during fall and willter low quantity of production poor commcrcial quality

An undesirable strain for cOlllmercial cultUre The Ilniformif I of tmiddotpc of fruits in the 1re(s of this strain is (1 lI1urk((1

FIItJUo fk Frui(s or the lfllprodttdlyr Imin of till iuff1Ka Il1 l1tOIi frolll prol(luy lrlll propalntcd from a typit1l1 tree or lIll ~traiu in 1I1l1llndntJ iurlka jllmiddotrrorlllllll(omiddotroloni plot ltorollll lpHI 7IIuy 1033

VAIU~(ATlm STItAI-

Trec slllall l~k yi(IH and Blow growing (red 0lllll tlullk SJlI[)ofit hurl lllioll llllLklS lal(c omiddotcrgrowth on Slllll~ Omllge ro()t~f(l(k foliagc partillllarly susceptible to RIlllllllrtl alHl h()lt injuriPl lgtruIll(s sl11ull f(middotw ill lulIlber and striped hell )OU1lI-( ply flw blllLLll thOll1S len(s spalsc HIlllLll llliptieal and ir(~ulal ill RitU]) Hlightl (IPlate (Olllmiddot YlumiddotipllLfpd -()llle ahllost (utildy Crltalll colored otllls lIlarly llttrplv gnPlI wtflt sharply lllmkNI IU(IIS of two or three shndes and lIIost of tll(11I partly gn(ll awl (rlam (olm JORSOllI ahllllda1lt during spring witlt IWILY) drop llJlWY small illljlerflt fruits mmiddotoid Imudl riml Yery thin slil-(lttly ridged color siripNImiddothpn ilJllllature aJl1 ydlow wltclllllatllTC rug mUwr coals jllice fairly IlhUlHIIllIt a1J(1 of TPIdinmiddotly higll ll(irlity seeds ]()~rlil1l1l llUlllbel ratc ()f growth of fruits mediul1l lurglHt pilks durillg spring und fall very low q llanli y of 111(d u(tiOll ]Joor (Onllll(J(lltl qUill iiy

The tre(s of this stmlll are uSNI to sOllle (tcnt for ornan)utal IHlrpos(s owing to the strikillg uppearull(c of the )cILYlS aud fruits Jruit tud foliage of this straitl arc HltOWI1 ill all ealitr publiCation r1S 1) 5) A not Itll yltrilgtLteltl strairl haH blell found (iiI-( 7) whirmiddot1t hus pinkish-lotIJd IllHIt (ill)

SIIUIlm SIHAIN

11(( pry large yigo((Jus IgtpJ(ultlillg trunk Hllloutil aud SOJlIl)uL furrowed bud union slightly OmiddotprgTOn 011 Hour OrtLl1I-(I~ 1(lOis(o(l IJn~lI(h~s lnr~( JlIany

73Mideg V

8 JECHNICAIJ nULLElIN 031 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

SHAUBIREg WIRAIN

Tree very large very Yigolous wide sprCading dense trunk smooth bud union smooth 011 boih sour and Rweet orange rootstocks branches dense with considerablc sllcker growth practically thomltsHi leaves abundant elliptical and large tapering with a tendency to acuminate tips undulate and cr(uate (fig 2 E) deep-grcen color blossoms abundallt during spring IlIlge weak many with pistils imperfect or absent falling shortly aftel blooming fruits vCry uniform oblong very large rind coarse and rough vCIy thick dark green mg coarse and very ahundallt iuice scant lacking acidity seeds very few mte of growth of fruits rather rapid most production during fall low quantity of productioninferior commercial quality

The outstanding ehall1Cteristics that distinguish the Shade-Trcc from tIl( Eureka strain include the development of many imperfect flowers that drop shortly after the blo01l1 appears largl acutely pointed leaves fruits of very large size and oblong shapC and parti~l1lally the vigor of the vegetative growth which results in very large ((JnspiclbIlS trees that can be easily seen from a considerable distance in tJw f)rchards Typical fruits of this shain are showlI in figure 5 It ul~o hul imp(rfpct flrnl(S similar to those iIltlRtmted for the Unprodll(thC Rtmin of HIP Lisbon IplIloJl (fig 18)

]GUHE 5-Fruits of Lho Shudlmiddotlrcc Irnin of the gurekn lellion from II Jlro~eny treemiddot propagated from n typical troo of tLtls strnio in tLto original Eunlm performancerecord plot Oorona Calif May 1033

P-PltODUCTIVE STRAIN

Tree large vigorous ercct vCry d(nsp trunk smooth bud unioll smooth 011 both sOllr and swCet ormlge rootsto(~ks brallclws dons few small thorns leaves abundant Rmalllr than those of the Shade-Tree stmill elliptical and tapering with strong tenclPllcY to acuminate tips cr(nate (fig Z P) dark-green color blossoms abundant during spring large wellk vel) many imperfc(i with pistils rudimelltary 01 lllckiJJg and with sellllt POUlll of low vitlllity fruits fairly unishyform oblollg lalgC rind coarse and rough thick durk green rug tough Illld aiJulldllut jllke SCHnt ]Joor fltLlor and of low aeidity sPCds I(IT few rate of growth of frllits fairly Jlpid most production during filII Y(Ir low quuntityof productiOlI inf(riol ((Jll1l1lcl(ial qllality

The low plOeluctioll of pOOl (omn(rcial quulity ILnel the delise (r((t growth of the 1rfC are thc Hlost importtIIt distinguishillg challlctCristics of this Hlmin Typical fruits of tltis sllllin arc shown in figurl~ G

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Trec largl mcdium vigor lttllC1 HprPtl(ling somewhat dense trunk smooth bud union badly oVl~rg-r()IJ1 Otl IOUl orangc lootsto(k Illltllcllls rather large and mallY pmcticully thollllesH lIllLn) 1lavCs largl broadly elliptical bluntly roundCd crenato eolol deptgt gr(Plli bll)oiSOlllS abundallt during tlprinl~ many imperfect mcdiulIl size alollg bral1clws at lellfaxils fruits uniformly corrugated oblong large rind thick d(Cpll corrugatCd color yellow when mature rag coarse juice lacking in ljUIlUtity unci of loll acidity seed [Cw raje of growth

9 ElrnEKA AND LISBON LElIONH

of fruits medium largest picks durillg fnll ILllrl willl light qUllJitit (If proshyduction commercial quality poor

This straiu has becn eliminattd frOIU Illullwcit[ l)((lpU~atioll lIuel itees in bearing orchards shou1d be top-worlwd or rltplallird

ItIBIHD STRAIN

Tree mediulll sizt 111ltdiul11 vigo open and IltHI upright trUlIk smooth bud union slightly omiddotergown on sour olllllge rootstock branches mediulll to largr few practically thornless Itamiddotes mtlH1 sparse small anti and bluntly rounded tendenc to crlllllpll color green blossoms fairly abundant in spring many small imperfect fruits oblong olid riiJl)(d with tendency to deeply fluted characteristic rind thin ridged and somewhat rough deep green rag tender juice abundant and of medium acidity sCNls few rate of growth of fruits rapid largest picks during fall and willter low quantity of production poor commcrcial quality

An undesirable strain for cOlllmercial cultUre The Ilniformif I of tmiddotpc of fruits in the 1re(s of this strain is (1 lI1urk((1

FIItJUo fk Frui(s or the lfllprodttdlyr Imin of till iuff1Ka Il1 l1tOIi frolll prol(luy lrlll propalntcd from a typit1l1 tree or lIll ~traiu in 1I1l1llndntJ iurlka jllmiddotrrorlllllll(omiddotroloni plot ltorollll lpHI 7IIuy 1033

VAIU~(ATlm STItAI-

Trec slllall l~k yi(IH and Blow growing (red 0lllll tlullk SJlI[)ofit hurl lllioll llllLklS lal(c omiddotcrgrowth on Slllll~ Omllge ro()t~f(l(k foliagc partillllarly susceptible to RIlllllllrtl alHl h()lt injuriPl lgtruIll(s sl11ull f(middotw ill lulIlber and striped hell )OU1lI-( ply flw blllLLll thOll1S len(s spalsc HIlllLll llliptieal and ir(~ulal ill RitU]) Hlightl (IPlate (Olllmiddot YlumiddotipllLfpd -()llle ahllost (utildy Crltalll colored otllls lIlarly llttrplv gnPlI wtflt sharply lllmkNI IU(IIS of two or three shndes and lIIost of tll(11I partly gn(ll awl (rlam (olm JORSOllI ahllllda1lt during spring witlt IWILY) drop llJlWY small illljlerflt fruits mmiddotoid Imudl riml Yery thin slil-(lttly ridged color siripNImiddothpn ilJllllature aJl1 ydlow wltclllllatllTC rug mUwr coals jllice fairly IlhUlHIIllIt a1J(1 of TPIdinmiddotly higll ll(irlity seeds ]()~rlil1l1l llUlllbel ratc ()f growth of fruits mediul1l lurglHt pilks durillg spring und fall very low q llanli y of 111(d u(tiOll ]Joor (Onllll(J(lltl qUill iiy

The tre(s of this stmlll are uSNI to sOllle (tcnt for ornan)utal IHlrpos(s owing to the strikillg uppearull(c of the )cILYlS aud fruits Jruit tud foliage of this straitl arc HltOWI1 ill all ealitr publiCation r1S 1) 5) A not Itll yltrilgtLteltl strairl haH blell found (iiI-( 7) whirmiddot1t hus pinkish-lotIJd IllHIt (ill)

SIIUIlm SIHAIN

11(( pry large yigo((Jus IgtpJ(ultlillg trunk Hllloutil aud SOJlIl)uL furrowed bud union slightly OmiddotprgTOn 011 Hour OrtLl1I-(I~ 1(lOis(o(l IJn~lI(h~s lnr~( JlIany

73Mideg V

9 ElrnEKA AND LISBON LElIONH

of fruits medium largest picks durillg fnll ILllrl willl light qUllJitit (If proshyduction commercial quality poor

This straiu has becn eliminattd frOIU Illullwcit[ l)((lpU~atioll lIuel itees in bearing orchards shou1d be top-worlwd or rltplallird

ItIBIHD STRAIN

Tree mediulll sizt 111ltdiul11 vigo open and IltHI upright trUlIk smooth bud union slightly omiddotergown on sour olllllge rootstock branches mediulll to largr few practically thornless Itamiddotes mtlH1 sparse small anti and bluntly rounded tendenc to crlllllpll color green blossoms fairly abundant in spring many small imperfect fruits oblong olid riiJl)(d with tendency to deeply fluted characteristic rind thin ridged and somewhat rough deep green rag tender juice abundant and of medium acidity sCNls few rate of growth of fruits rapid largest picks during fall and willter low quantity of production poor commcrcial quality

An undesirable strain for cOlllmercial cultUre The Ilniformif I of tmiddotpc of fruits in the 1re(s of this strain is (1 lI1urk((1

FIItJUo fk Frui(s or the lfllprodttdlyr Imin of till iuff1Ka Il1 l1tOIi frolll prol(luy lrlll propalntcd from a typit1l1 tree or lIll ~traiu in 1I1l1llndntJ iurlka jllmiddotrrorlllllll(omiddotroloni plot ltorollll lpHI 7IIuy 1033

VAIU~(ATlm STItAI-

Trec slllall l~k yi(IH and Blow growing (red 0lllll tlullk SJlI[)ofit hurl lllioll llllLklS lal(c omiddotcrgrowth on Slllll~ Omllge ro()t~f(l(k foliagc partillllarly susceptible to RIlllllllrtl alHl h()lt injuriPl lgtruIll(s sl11ull f(middotw ill lulIlber and striped hell )OU1lI-( ply flw blllLLll thOll1S len(s spalsc HIlllLll llliptieal and ir(~ulal ill RitU]) Hlightl (IPlate (Olllmiddot YlumiddotipllLfpd -()llle ahllost (utildy Crltalll colored otllls lIlarly llttrplv gnPlI wtflt sharply lllmkNI IU(IIS of two or three shndes and lIIost of tll(11I partly gn(ll awl (rlam (olm JORSOllI ahllllda1lt during spring witlt IWILY) drop llJlWY small illljlerflt fruits mmiddotoid Imudl riml Yery thin slil-(lttly ridged color siripNImiddothpn ilJllllature aJl1 ydlow wltclllllatllTC rug mUwr coals jllice fairly IlhUlHIIllIt a1J(1 of TPIdinmiddotly higll ll(irlity seeds ]()~rlil1l1l llUlllbel ratc ()f growth of fruits mediul1l lurglHt pilks durillg spring und fall very low q llanli y of 111(d u(tiOll ]Joor (Onllll(J(lltl qUill iiy

The tre(s of this stmlll are uSNI to sOllle (tcnt for ornan)utal IHlrpos(s owing to the strikillg uppearull(c of the )cILYlS aud fruits Jruit tud foliage of this straitl arc HltOWI1 ill all ealitr publiCation r1S 1) 5) A not Itll yltrilgtLteltl strairl haH blell found (iiI-( 7) whirmiddot1t hus pinkish-lotIJd IllHIt (ill)

SIIUIlm SIHAIN

11(( pry large yigo((Jus IgtpJ(ultlillg trunk Hllloutil aud SOJlIl)uL furrowed bud union slightly OmiddotprgTOn 011 Hour OrtLl1I-(I~ 1(lOis(o(l IJn~lI(h~s lnr~( JlIany

73Mideg V

10 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 531 U S DEPT OF AGRICULIURE

practically thornlessj leaves many medium to small oval crenate color liftltt green blossoms very abundant durmg spring mostly perfect largej fruits oblong ovoid medium size medium rind smooth with slight ridges where striped color dark green striped longitudinally rag coarse juice abundant and of low acidity seeds few rate of growth of fruits medium largest picks during fall same tree often bears in addition to stripcd fruits those typical of the PparshyShape strain and round oneSj medium quantity of production poor comm(rcilllquality

An lnter(sting bud variation but of no commercial value

lltJLURI i-Variegated leaves and pinkmiddotleltit striped fruits from n limu llriunL In a Eureka lellwn trlC Iluri)llnk Cnlif April Jun

CRUMILEDLEA STItAIN

Tree small weak growillg opeJl trunk smouth iJadly o(~rgrU~Il bud ullioll III sour orange rootstock branches few mcdium to small practically tholl1k~~i leaves few mcdium size broadly elliptical rounded crcnate crumpled (fig 2 C)color green bln)ms few and mainly during spring many slllall imperfeetj fruits oblong unif(JrlJl ll1edium size rind thick rough color bright ~ellow whell maturc rag coarse 11ilc fnirly abundant and of medium acidity scedillllanYj rate of growth of fruits milf j largest picks during spring and fall low prociuctioll mediulll commerciul (I it

The char rJics that distinguish thc tre(s of this strain from those of uther strains are the crumpled leaycll ami the rclathcJy small Hize of ih( tn(~

VARIATIONS m THE LISBON VARIETY

It has been determined that the Lisbon variety was introduccd into California through two sepnmte importntions of nursery tretS from Australil1 in 1874 und 1875 (19) It is probable thut the trees in the orchard where the Lisbon performllTlce-record studies WeI) begull were descended from the North-Bulllhl1m introduction which wus made iu 3875 in the Riwsidc district

11 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

The originlll study of Lisbon lemon variations was carried on in the Oorona district In an orchard then owned by the Oorona Lemon Co and now owned by the Jameson Co This orchard was planted in 1893 and the performance-record studies were made from July 1913 to June 1917 inclusive A number of very striking entire-tree variations were observed in this orchard about a year after beginning the studies of the Eureka vltriety and several 11mb vuriutions were found which were apparently similar in foliage and fruit characterisshytics to some of the entire-tree variations After the 4-year period of individual-tree performunce-record studies in that orchard propagashytions were made of selected limb and entire-tree variations and the resulting progeny trees have fumished the material for the Lisbon lemon studies reported herein Descriptions of the most important UIid of several minor strains nrc presented herewith

LISBON STUAIN

Tree large vigorous erect and somewhat spreading scmidensc trunk somewhat ridged bud union slightly overgrown on sour orange but smooth on sweet orange rootstockj branches dense thorns few small leaves abundant medium size oval obtuse slIghtly crenate (fig 8 A) color deep to dark green blossoms abundant medium size strong perfect occurring throughout the tree and developing large proportion of inside fruit fruit very unifoMn with very small percentage of offshytypes oblong to oval medium size rind thin smooth deep- to light-~en color rag tender juice abundant with strong acidity seeds few fruits rapid growing production high with heaviest crops during spring commerCial quality excellent

The vigor of growth and density of the foliage large proportion of inside proshyte(ted fruit anel high yiclds of uniformly good fruit distinguish most clearly the Lisbon from the other strains of this variety Typical fruits of this straiil are shown in figure 9

DENSE STUAJN

Tree very large very vigorous spreading dense trunk ridged bud union overshygrown branches dense somewhat resistant to wind and other stresses thorns many large leaves abundant very large oval acutely pointcd crenate (fig 8 B) color light to deep green blossoms ahundant large strong perfect located throughout tree fruits oblong necked larpe rind very thick rag abundant and tough juice scant lacking in acidity and flaor seeds few rate of fruit growth cry rapid uniformily poor muny offtype fruits and freqnent lilllh variationSj qultntity of yield high with helwilst production during spring commercial qUlLlity poor

The yery large siw of 11(( thorniness deme growth extnIllP YUliaigti1itmiddot of fruitll and their large si~e and lIccked shape SPTe 10 distinguiHh the Dens) strain trees from those of other strains of the Lisbon variety Tvpieal fruits of this strain arc shown in figure 10 bull

OPEN STRAIN

Tree medium siz(- merlium vigor spreading opellj trunk usually smooth bul ~I(casionolly slightly ridged hud union slightly overgrown on SOliI orange bul slIIooth on sweet orange rootstock foliage and fruit susceptible to dum age from SlInburnj branches f(w giving the trees an open appearance thorns very few and very small leovl few mediulll si~e ovak obtuse slightly crenate (fil~ 8 e)light- to deep-gre(n color bloHsoms mediulIl to abundant rather smail fairly strong nsually perfect occnr nearer to tips of branches than in the Lisbon straili fruits U11i~orm ov1I1 to o~)long llledilln si~e rind thin smooth ~ight green ragtender JUice abllndaut WIth stroug aCidIty seeds few rate of frlllt growth slow mcdium quantity of production cOllllllercial quulity excellent most of the year but on account of slow fruit growth a larger proportion of the crop is held on th~ trces 1lntil SUllllller than in the Lisbon strain with a consequent production of a relatively high proportion of tree-ripe weak fruits during that season heaviest production in spring

11 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

The originlll study of Lisbon lemon variations was carried on in the Oorona district In an orchard then owned by the Oorona Lemon Co and now owned by the Jameson Co This orchard was planted in 1893 and the performance-record studies were made from July 1913 to June 1917 inclusive A number of very striking entire-tree variations were observed in this orchard about a year after beginning the studies of the Eureka vltriety and several 11mb vuriutions were found which were apparently similar in foliage and fruit characterisshytics to some of the entire-tree variations After the 4-year period of individual-tree performunce-record studies in that orchard propagashytions were made of selected limb and entire-tree variations and the resulting progeny trees have fumished the material for the Lisbon lemon studies reported herein Descriptions of the most important UIid of several minor strains nrc presented herewith

LISBON STUAIN

Tree large vigorous erect and somewhat spreading scmidensc trunk somewhat ridged bud union slightly overgrown on sour orange but smooth on sweet orange rootstockj branches dense thorns few small leaves abundant medium size oval obtuse slIghtly crenate (fig 8 A) color deep to dark green blossoms abundant medium size strong perfect occurring throughout the tree and developing large proportion of inside fruit fruit very unifoMn with very small percentage of offshytypes oblong to oval medium size rind thin smooth deep- to light-~en color rag tender juice abundant with strong acidity seeds few fruits rapid growing production high with heaviest crops during spring commerCial quality excellent

The vigor of growth and density of the foliage large proportion of inside proshyte(ted fruit anel high yiclds of uniformly good fruit distinguish most clearly the Lisbon from the other strains of this variety Typical fruits of this straiil are shown in figure 9

DENSE STUAJN

Tree very large very vigorous spreading dense trunk ridged bud union overshygrown branches dense somewhat resistant to wind and other stresses thorns many large leaves abundant very large oval acutely pointcd crenate (fig 8 B) color light to deep green blossoms ahundant large strong perfect located throughout tree fruits oblong necked larpe rind very thick rag abundant and tough juice scant lacking in acidity and flaor seeds few rate of fruit growth cry rapid uniformily poor muny offtype fruits and freqnent lilllh variationSj qultntity of yield high with helwilst production during spring commercial qUlLlity poor

The yery large siw of 11(( thorniness deme growth extnIllP YUliaigti1itmiddot of fruitll and their large si~e and lIccked shape SPTe 10 distinguiHh the Dens) strain trees from those of other strains of the Lisbon variety Tvpieal fruits of this strain arc shown in figure 10 bull

OPEN STRAIN

Tree medium siz(- merlium vigor spreading opellj trunk usually smooth bul ~I(casionolly slightly ridged hud union slightly overgrown on SOliI orange bul slIIooth on sweet orange rootstock foliage and fruit susceptible to dum age from SlInburnj branches f(w giving the trees an open appearance thorns very few and very small leovl few mediulll si~e ovak obtuse slightly crenate (fil~ 8 e)light- to deep-gre(n color bloHsoms mediulIl to abundant rather smail fairly strong nsually perfect occnr nearer to tips of branches than in the Lisbon straili fruits U11i~orm ov1I1 to o~)long llledilln si~e rind thin smooth ~ight green ragtender JUice abllndaut WIth stroug aCidIty seeds few rate of frlllt growth slow mcdium quantity of production cOllllllercial quulity excellent most of the year but on account of slow fruit growth a larger proportion of the crop is held on th~ trces 1lntil SUllllller than in the Lisbon strain with a consequent production of a relatively high proportion of tree-ripe weak fruits during that season heaviest production in spring

12 J)middotCJlXWAL llULI~)ilJN 531 1] li ])EPT OF AUlUUULTUm

The open habit of tree gromiddotth and tendency to bear fruits throughout till entire yeal distinguish this from other Lisbon strains Typical fruits of thiK strain are shown in figure ] 1

fliCIU S-LIVls of import1lnt ~trulns of lho JiSiJOll 1111011 from PIo~Jlr tn jJrnp~t((1 frolll typl1) Ines of tho 511110 strnins in tho origill) Lisbon plrfOrll1I1I1C( rccord plot A Lisholl B DlIsc 0 OPl1I J) Cormgntocl E Ullproducti-c Corolla Calif May 1931

UNPRODUCTIVE STRAIN

Tree very large very vigorolls but inherently of very weak growth spreading very dense with many Slickers and upright vegetative branches trunk ridged bud union somewhat overgrown on sour orange but even on sweet orange rootshyHtocks branches very dense very susceptible to damage from wind climatic hazards and other stresses thorns many long sharply pointed leaves very abundant large oval with acutely pointed iipR crenate somewhat crumpled (fig 8 R) deep-green color bloSROIllS few mostly at tips of branches some ~mall wenk with fcmale purts abllormal fruit unifurm very poor oblong

13 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

FmlI Ubullbull -Frults of thO LlsiJon slmlll of the Ishon lonlOlI frolll tlIJIugoll tree JlroJlu~uted frolHll typ(gtul tree of this strnln In t 110 orlglnul Llshon [lerf[)rlllulllImiddotrc~ord plol I oronll (nllf 1fny lIIaa

FWIIIE JO-rult~ of tho Deme stralll of the LishonleUlolI frolllll progcrw trlll proPII~nted from II trpllnltree of lhls strllin III the ori~lnnl Lisbon perfornmncemiddotrecord plot (oro nil (nllf A prll lila

lIOIln 11-llruIL~ of the Open slruln of the L1sbmllcUlun frOUlIL prugeny trco (Jro[ll~ntel frolllu typilul tree Qf this strutn In tho (lrlglulll Llshall perfuIIIIllllcemiddotrecoro plot COroIlU Cullf April lOabullbull

14 rECHNICAL BULLElIN 531 U B DEPl OP AGlUCULTURE

flattened at blossom end with very short to very long necks medium to large rind thick coarse rough ridged color dark green rag abundant tough juice scant with low acidHY seeds very few rate of fruit growth very slow quantity of production very low largest proportion produced during winter commercial quality of fruit very poor

F1GUllE 12-Frults oC the lJnproductie strain oC the Lishon lemon Crom n progeny tree propagnted Crom n typical tree oC this strain in the original Iisbon performuncemiddotrecord plot (orona (niH MIIY 1033

FlGUJl~ la-Flowers oC Ihe Unpniductive sLmin of Lhe Iisbon lelllon frolll L pro~my tree showing in the lower rtlw exumples oC the smuller trpe with ubnormll style und ollry (oronn Culif lfny lUla

The outstanding characteristics of 1he trees of the Unproductive strain Include vigorous but very weak vegetative 6rroth dense appearance extreme thorniness and very low production of fruit of very inferior cOlUmereial quality The weak character or the wood makes it difficult to top-work these trees and replanting has been found the Illost satisfactory method to replace them Typical fruits of this strain are shown ill figure 12 and illustrations of the variable flower forms are presented in figure 13

15 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

RIBBED STRAIN

Tree medium size medium vigor of growth spreading medium dense trunk smooth bud union only very slightly overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidense thorns many brge leavcs abundant medium size oval acutely pointed crcnate deep-green color blossoms few mcdiumsize weak perfect located throughout trees fruits obovoid collared small ri nd thick coarse more or less strongly ribbed light-green color rag abundant tough juice scant lacking in acidity very pOOL flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth slow slighttendency for production of normal apPlaring fruits quantity of yield low with heaviest production during winter commercial quality poor

The strongly ribbed fruits distinguish this strain most clearly from other Lilbon strains

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Tree mediulll to llllall weak growth drooping medium open trunk ridged bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches selllidense thorns lUany small leanls medium lllllllber and sizc oval with acute to obtule tips crcnate mostly crumpled (fig 8 D) light-green color blolsollls few largl strong mostly perfcct located throughout trces fruit oblong medium sizc rind thick deeply corrugated some fruits normal in appearance light-green color rag abundant and coarse juice scant lacking in acidity insipid seeds few rate of fruit growth slow quantity of yield very 10 heaviest production during fall and early winter commercial quality very poor worthless

The- most striking characteristic of this trnin is the deeply corrugated fruits as shown in figure 14

FIGURE H-Corrugated fruiLS from u proH~ny Iroo propugted from similar limb varintion in l tree of the Dense strnin of tbe Lisbon lemon in the originlll Li~hon performancemiddotrecord plot 0oronll (olif May 1931

COLIARtU STRAIN

Tree medium to small mediulll vigor of ~rowth drooping dellse trunk smooth bud union overgrown 011 sour orange rootstock branches dcnse thorns few small leaves abundant mediulll size oval acute crenate deep-green color blossoms medium number and size strong perfcct located throughout tree fruits long oblong and with large eollarlike projection at stem end some fruits normal in appearance mediulll size rind thick coarse color light green rag abundant and very tough juice scant lackillg ill acidity poor flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth very rapid ulliform quantity of yield low with heaviest production duringwinter comlllerciailluality very poor

T11e most striking characteristic that distinguishes the Collared from other straills of the Lisbon variety is the large proportion of long lollared fruits as shown in figure 15

STIUPEU STllAlN

Tree large vigorous spreading semidellse truuk ridgcd bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidfinse thorns few small leaves abundant nwciiulll size mostly lan(Polate acuminate crenate light-green color blossoms

13 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

FmlI Ubullbull -Frults of thO LlsiJon slmlll of the Ishon lonlOlI frolll tlIJIugoll tree JlroJlu~uted frolHll typ(gtul tree of this strnln In t 110 orlglnul Llshon [lerf[)rlllulllImiddotrc~ord plol I oronll (nllf 1fny lIIaa

FWIIIE JO-rult~ of tho Deme stralll of the LishonleUlolI frolllll progcrw trlll proPII~nted from II trpllnltree of lhls strllin III the ori~lnnl Lisbon perfornmncemiddotrecord plot (oro nil (nllf A prll lila

lIOIln 11-llruIL~ of the Open slruln of the L1sbmllcUlun frOUlIL prugeny trco (Jro[ll~ntel frolllu typilul tree Qf this strutn In tho (lrlglulll Llshall perfuIIIIllllcemiddotrecoro plot COroIlU Cullf April lOabullbull

14 rECHNICAL BULLElIN 531 U B DEPl OP AGlUCULTURE

flattened at blossom end with very short to very long necks medium to large rind thick coarse rough ridged color dark green rag abundant tough juice scant with low acidHY seeds very few rate of fruit growth very slow quantity of production very low largest proportion produced during winter commercial quality of fruit very poor

F1GUllE 12-Frults oC the lJnproductie strain oC the Lishon lemon Crom n progeny tree propagnted Crom n typical tree oC this strain in the original Iisbon performuncemiddotrecord plot (orona (niH MIIY 1033

FlGUJl~ la-Flowers oC Ihe Unpniductive sLmin of Lhe Iisbon lelllon frolll L pro~my tree showing in the lower rtlw exumples oC the smuller trpe with ubnormll style und ollry (oronn Culif lfny lUla

The outstanding characteristics of 1he trees of the Unproductive strain Include vigorous but very weak vegetative 6rroth dense appearance extreme thorniness and very low production of fruit of very inferior cOlUmereial quality The weak character or the wood makes it difficult to top-work these trees and replanting has been found the Illost satisfactory method to replace them Typical fruits of this strain are shown ill figure 12 and illustrations of the variable flower forms are presented in figure 13

15 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

RIBBED STRAIN

Tree medium size medium vigor of growth spreading medium dense trunk smooth bud union only very slightly overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidense thorns many brge leavcs abundant medium size oval acutely pointed crcnate deep-green color blossoms few mcdiumsize weak perfect located throughout trees fruits obovoid collared small ri nd thick coarse more or less strongly ribbed light-green color rag abundant tough juice scant lacking in acidity very pOOL flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth slow slighttendency for production of normal apPlaring fruits quantity of yield low with heaviest production during winter commercial quality poor

The strongly ribbed fruits distinguish this strain most clearly from other Lilbon strains

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Tree mediulll to llllall weak growth drooping medium open trunk ridged bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches selllidense thorns lUany small leanls medium lllllllber and sizc oval with acute to obtule tips crcnate mostly crumpled (fig 8 D) light-green color blolsollls few largl strong mostly perfcct located throughout trces fruit oblong medium sizc rind thick deeply corrugated some fruits normal in appearance light-green color rag abundant and coarse juice scant lacking in acidity insipid seeds few rate of fruit growth slow quantity of yield very 10 heaviest production during fall and early winter commercial quality very poor worthless

The- most striking characteristic of this trnin is the deeply corrugated fruits as shown in figure 14

FIGURE H-Corrugated fruiLS from u proH~ny Iroo propugted from similar limb varintion in l tree of the Dense strnin of tbe Lisbon lemon in the originlll Li~hon performancemiddotrecord plot 0oronll (olif May 1931

COLIARtU STRAIN

Tree medium to small mediulll vigor of ~rowth drooping dellse trunk smooth bud union overgrown 011 sour orange rootstock branches dcnse thorns few small leaves abundant mediulll size oval acute crenate deep-green color blossoms medium number and size strong perfcct located throughout tree fruits long oblong and with large eollarlike projection at stem end some fruits normal in appearance mediulll size rind thick coarse color light green rag abundant and very tough juice scant lackillg ill acidity poor flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth very rapid ulliform quantity of yield low with heaviest production duringwinter comlllerciailluality very poor

T11e most striking characteristic that distinguishes the Collared from other straills of the Lisbon variety is the large proportion of long lollared fruits as shown in figure 15

STIUPEU STllAlN

Tree large vigorous spreading semidellse truuk ridgcd bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidfinse thorns few small leaves abundant nwciiulll size mostly lan(Polate acuminate crenate light-green color blossoms

14 rECHNICAL BULLElIN 531 U B DEPl OP AGlUCULTURE

flattened at blossom end with very short to very long necks medium to large rind thick coarse rough ridged color dark green rag abundant tough juice scant with low acidHY seeds very few rate of fruit growth very slow quantity of production very low largest proportion produced during winter commercial quality of fruit very poor

F1GUllE 12-Frults oC the lJnproductie strain oC the Lishon lemon Crom n progeny tree propagnted Crom n typical tree oC this strain in the original Iisbon performuncemiddotrecord plot (orona (niH MIIY 1033

FlGUJl~ la-Flowers oC Ihe Unpniductive sLmin of Lhe Iisbon lelllon frolll L pro~my tree showing in the lower rtlw exumples oC the smuller trpe with ubnormll style und ollry (oronn Culif lfny lUla

The outstanding characteristics of 1he trees of the Unproductive strain Include vigorous but very weak vegetative 6rroth dense appearance extreme thorniness and very low production of fruit of very inferior cOlUmereial quality The weak character or the wood makes it difficult to top-work these trees and replanting has been found the Illost satisfactory method to replace them Typical fruits of this strain are shown ill figure 12 and illustrations of the variable flower forms are presented in figure 13

15 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

RIBBED STRAIN

Tree medium size medium vigor of growth spreading medium dense trunk smooth bud union only very slightly overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidense thorns many brge leavcs abundant medium size oval acutely pointed crcnate deep-green color blossoms few mcdiumsize weak perfect located throughout trees fruits obovoid collared small ri nd thick coarse more or less strongly ribbed light-green color rag abundant tough juice scant lacking in acidity very pOOL flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth slow slighttendency for production of normal apPlaring fruits quantity of yield low with heaviest production during winter commercial quality poor

The strongly ribbed fruits distinguish this strain most clearly from other Lilbon strains

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Tree mediulll to llllall weak growth drooping medium open trunk ridged bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches selllidense thorns lUany small leanls medium lllllllber and sizc oval with acute to obtule tips crcnate mostly crumpled (fig 8 D) light-green color blolsollls few largl strong mostly perfcct located throughout trces fruit oblong medium sizc rind thick deeply corrugated some fruits normal in appearance light-green color rag abundant and coarse juice scant lacking in acidity insipid seeds few rate of fruit growth slow quantity of yield very 10 heaviest production during fall and early winter commercial quality very poor worthless

The- most striking characteristic of this trnin is the deeply corrugated fruits as shown in figure 14

FIGURE H-Corrugated fruiLS from u proH~ny Iroo propugted from similar limb varintion in l tree of the Dense strnin of tbe Lisbon lemon in the originlll Li~hon performancemiddotrecord plot 0oronll (olif May 1931

COLIARtU STRAIN

Tree medium to small mediulll vigor of ~rowth drooping dellse trunk smooth bud union overgrown 011 sour orange rootstock branches dcnse thorns few small leaves abundant mediulll size oval acute crenate deep-green color blossoms medium number and size strong perfcct located throughout tree fruits long oblong and with large eollarlike projection at stem end some fruits normal in appearance mediulll size rind thick coarse color light green rag abundant and very tough juice scant lackillg ill acidity poor flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth very rapid ulliform quantity of yield low with heaviest production duringwinter comlllerciailluality very poor

T11e most striking characteristic that distinguishes the Collared from other straills of the Lisbon variety is the large proportion of long lollared fruits as shown in figure 15

STIUPEU STllAlN

Tree large vigorous spreading semidellse truuk ridgcd bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidfinse thorns few small leaves abundant nwciiulll size mostly lan(Polate acuminate crenate light-green color blossoms

15 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

RIBBED STRAIN

Tree medium size medium vigor of growth spreading medium dense trunk smooth bud union only very slightly overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidense thorns many brge leavcs abundant medium size oval acutely pointed crcnate deep-green color blossoms few mcdiumsize weak perfect located throughout trees fruits obovoid collared small ri nd thick coarse more or less strongly ribbed light-green color rag abundant tough juice scant lacking in acidity very pOOL flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth slow slighttendency for production of normal apPlaring fruits quantity of yield low with heaviest production during winter commercial quality poor

The strongly ribbed fruits distinguish this strain most clearly from other Lilbon strains

CORRUGATED STRAIN

Tree mediulll to llllall weak growth drooping medium open trunk ridged bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches selllidense thorns lUany small leanls medium lllllllber and sizc oval with acute to obtule tips crcnate mostly crumpled (fig 8 D) light-green color blolsollls few largl strong mostly perfcct located throughout trces fruit oblong medium sizc rind thick deeply corrugated some fruits normal in appearance light-green color rag abundant and coarse juice scant lacking in acidity insipid seeds few rate of fruit growth slow quantity of yield very 10 heaviest production during fall and early winter commercial quality very poor worthless

The- most striking characteristic of this trnin is the deeply corrugated fruits as shown in figure 14

FIGURE H-Corrugated fruiLS from u proH~ny Iroo propugted from similar limb varintion in l tree of the Dense strnin of tbe Lisbon lemon in the originlll Li~hon performancemiddotrecord plot 0oronll (olif May 1931

COLIARtU STRAIN

Tree medium to small mediulll vigor of ~rowth drooping dellse trunk smooth bud union overgrown 011 sour orange rootstock branches dcnse thorns few small leaves abundant mediulll size oval acute crenate deep-green color blossoms medium number and size strong perfcct located throughout tree fruits long oblong and with large eollarlike projection at stem end some fruits normal in appearance mediulll size rind thick coarse color light green rag abundant and very tough juice scant lackillg ill acidity poor flavor seeds few rate of fruit growth very rapid ulliform quantity of yield low with heaviest production duringwinter comlllerciailluality very poor

T11e most striking characteristic that distinguishes the Collared from other straills of the Lisbon variety is the large proportion of long lollared fruits as shown in figure 15

STIUPEU STllAlN

Tree large vigorous spreading semidellse truuk ridgcd bud union overgrown on sour orange rootstock branches semidfinse thorns few small leaves abundant nwciiulll size mostly lan(Polate acuminate crenate light-green color blossoms

16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 531 U S DEPT OF AGRICTLnRJ1

FJ(t~Hl- ]- -Fruits (Jf the Collnrod strlin or tile LAslJolI h~lllol1 froll1 a progcny tree propngntod Crom n limb IUriution of this sLrain in the uri~ln1 1I~hon perforJJllJ(e-re(ord plot (orOnll (nliL April 1113

few largc weak pcrfect ]ocnLculIlosUy Ilear tips of blanchcs fruits oval mediulll sizc rind sometimes ribbed or cOITugnted striplci aItelllate yellow and green with some lopual in cl1aralt~~ rag abuudant coarse juice abunduut with high acidity mcdimiddot libel mtc of fruit growth lUedium quantity of yield low with I durillg willt(r (01l1111~rcial quality poor

The stripcd longit udillltl el1o und grNn tripes are the most striki of thigt strain liS shown in figme Hi

lwnu lOmiddotmiddotPmili of the ltrlped sLrain of til(gt Ij~hon lemon from 11 pro~eny tree projlaguwd from u limb trlatfon of this ~Lrtlill in Lhe orilinnl Lisbon plrformnnce-record plot (oronu ClIiL May lU33

TIiUHNLESS IJNPIWUUCTIVE STRAIN

flC( lllrg( igoroull IlJlftadillg uud drooping d(IISl Ills((ptihle to illjury fro Willd and otlwr sircsfas trunk ]id-p(] bud union overgrown on sour OlUngl Jooistuek 1lUnch($ d(llSp 110 tllOrllli ]eUVls abundunt In(diul11 sill oyltl Rcut( to ohtus de(J)-grlL1l lt0101 blussouis fpw Slllltll many illIJl(rf(ct lacking pollcn luellted Tllar tips of IJrUllCh(I fruits oblong with blunt blotitioll cnds lllediulll to small size smooth light-gn(n (~()Ior rug l1ll~diulll UIU()lInt juiee abundllut with strollgacidity s(~(ds lIone or vcry f(Wi rate of fruit gruwth sloi vpry lInifonn

17 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

fruits very few offtypc quantity of ploduction low with hcavieRt crops duringwinter commercial qnality of fruit poor

The outstanding characteristics of the trees of this strain are thlir thornless branches and weak and casily injured gtowth

The Thornless Ullproductive strain origillated as a bud variatioll in an Unproshyductive strain tree that had lllany large sharp thorns It is of particular interest because it is the only one of the Lisbon strains under investigation in which the trees do not have thorns and that indicates the manner in which thornless vegetative strains arise

OTHER SfRIKING VARIATIONS

Variegated-bran(h ytlrintions of Libon tr(IS han~ been observed that are quite similnr in appll1lnn(e to tbe vllripgatpd vurintions of thc Eureka vllliety but owing to limitlcI planting spn(c no attempt has been made to propngate thel11 TIl(lO is ewry Iuson to bdieve that this variation of the Lisbon trees (an b( PNPltUH iCd tluough budding as 1ms been the (usc with tl1C vndlgnted Eurdm vnriations

IndividuallCmons hadng wel1-dCYI]0IWd Dllvels have been found from time to time in treCs of both tbe Eur(]a and Lisbon variCties However no limb 01 entire tree beming a number of navellCmons has been disconred in these investigutions The navel lemons studied do not clifler mil terinlly from the llormul fruits from the same parent tree except in the prCsenee of the THlvels

Lemons with Jongituclinnl seetions strikingly different from the uormnl in color textulr und thiekness of the rind commonly caned sertionul chinleras hnye heen found rH tlllr Jrrquently but by reason of limitrd opportunities for stud~ing su(h plInoll1rna little attention has been giYrn t111m 80111r tr(Cs seem to produce more of su(h variations thlln others and usunUy these trees nre of the less desirable commer(ial strnins

One of the intrl(sting vegetatin vurintions in tlle Lisbon lemon is that of the numbCr and size of thorns produced by the trees The trees of some strains Ita ye muny large sharply pointed thorns whidl nre dl1ngCrous to the fruits through sCTflkbrs and puurtllres whi(h result in blemishes and oftpoundnti1l1eS l(nd to dc(ny und loss of fruits on the trers or during stornge llnd mark(middotting 811(h thorns are also a hazard to frllit pi(krrf The tr((s of o til(] stlnins have usunJIy but a few sma U thorns Jn llll jnstance J)IIltiously men tioned a Lisbon trro of tIle rnprocilletiyl strnin dpn]oprd n thornless limb Ynriution in which the thOlllS 11( (nlirelv nbsrJlt This O((IIITrnee of n thornless yariation indiclltcs the possibiHty or (Irltloping n dNirnble thornless strain in whi(t tiJ( irr(s huye yltIY Jew nlld V(IY 8mn] thorns

Mnny OUIltl fllIi t nnd Jolinge YIllin lions haye~beeu obsenTed ill the parent find proglll hlllon tlCCS in 1i1tse in middotCstigntioJls but on acrollnt of their minol (onulHJ(jll Limpoltn nce bu t little systlnlil tie study hns been givtl tiltlli It is plOhn 1gt10 iiln t SOlll( of tilrso vndll tinns ]IHl~T be of considClli blp ill 1llsL ill tile j 1I(sl ign lioll 0 r till ph(llolllCllon () f hud variation alld it is (Il( ill (middotplli ion to study ilWlll hom tbis point or vitw when tbe 0pp0ltunity is JavolublC

PROGENY TESTS 01lt UMON BUD VARIATIONS

In order to detCrmilW dHtiHl or not the dlllrn(tmistics of the limb and entire-tree vnrintions eJiscoY(1rc in tllr eoursr of these inyestigashytions aTe prrpetuated through buckling buds were obtained from

iln85deg-1i-3

17 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

fruits very few offtypc quantity of ploduction low with hcavieRt crops duringwinter commercial qnality of fruit poor

The outstanding characteristics of the trees of this strain are thlir thornless branches and weak and casily injured gtowth

The Thornless Ullproductive strain origillated as a bud variatioll in an Unproshyductive strain tree that had lllany large sharp thorns It is of particular interest because it is the only one of the Lisbon strains under investigation in which the trees do not have thorns and that indicates the manner in which thornless vegetative strains arise

OTHER SfRIKING VARIATIONS

Variegated-bran(h ytlrintions of Libon tr(IS han~ been observed that are quite similnr in appll1lnn(e to tbe vllripgatpd vurintions of thc Eureka vllliety but owing to limitlcI planting spn(c no attempt has been made to propngate thel11 TIl(lO is ewry Iuson to bdieve that this variation of the Lisbon trees (an b( PNPltUH iCd tluough budding as 1ms been the (usc with tl1C vndlgnted Eurdm vnriations

IndividuallCmons hadng wel1-dCYI]0IWd Dllvels have been found from time to time in treCs of both tbe Eur(]a and Lisbon variCties However no limb 01 entire tree beming a number of navellCmons has been disconred in these investigutions The navel lemons studied do not clifler mil terinlly from the llormul fruits from the same parent tree except in the prCsenee of the THlvels

Lemons with Jongituclinnl seetions strikingly different from the uormnl in color textulr und thiekness of the rind commonly caned sertionul chinleras hnye heen found rH tlllr Jrrquently but by reason of limitrd opportunities for stud~ing su(h plInoll1rna little attention has been giYrn t111m 80111r tr(Cs seem to produce more of su(h variations thlln others and usunUy these trees nre of the less desirable commer(ial strnins

One of the intrl(sting vegetatin vurintions in tlle Lisbon lemon is that of the numbCr and size of thorns produced by the trees The trees of some strains Ita ye muny large sharply pointed thorns whidl nre dl1ngCrous to the fruits through sCTflkbrs and puurtllres whi(h result in blemishes and oftpoundnti1l1eS l(nd to dc(ny und loss of fruits on the trers or during stornge llnd mark(middotting 811(h thorns are also a hazard to frllit pi(krrf The tr((s of o til(] stlnins have usunJIy but a few sma U thorns Jn llll jnstance J)IIltiously men tioned a Lisbon trro of tIle rnprocilletiyl strnin dpn]oprd n thornless limb Ynriution in which the thOlllS 11( (nlirelv nbsrJlt This O((IIITrnee of n thornless yariation indiclltcs the possibiHty or (Irltloping n dNirnble thornless strain in whi(t tiJ( irr(s huye yltIY Jew nlld V(IY 8mn] thorns

Mnny OUIltl fllIi t nnd Jolinge YIllin lions haye~beeu obsenTed ill the parent find proglll hlllon tlCCS in 1i1tse in middotCstigntioJls but on acrollnt of their minol (onulHJ(jll Limpoltn nce bu t little systlnlil tie study hns been givtl tiltlli It is plOhn 1gt10 iiln t SOlll( of tilrso vndll tinns ]IHl~T be of considClli blp ill 1llsL ill tile j 1I(sl ign lioll 0 r till ph(llolllCllon () f hud variation alld it is (Il( ill (middotplli ion to study ilWlll hom tbis point or vitw when tbe 0pp0ltunity is JavolublC

PROGENY TESTS 01lt UMON BUD VARIATIONS

In order to detCrmilW dHtiHl or not the dlllrn(tmistics of the limb and entire-tree vnrintions eJiscoY(1rc in tllr eoursr of these inyestigashytions aTe prrpetuated through buckling buds were obtained from

iln85deg-1i-3

18 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 531 U S DEPl OF AGRICULTURE

many of the yariations in May 1916 and propagated at RiYerside CaliL in cooperation with and on the grounds of the Citrus Experishyment Station of the UninTsity of California Sour orange rootstock was usedJor theseyropagations as it wus the one commonly used in commerclltl operatIOlls a l that tunc

The resulting progeny nursery trees were transplanted ill May 1918 one set of 471 being planted ill the Citrus Experiment Station orchard at Riyerside nlld 11Ilother set of 1146 on nil 11-acre trnct in the commercinl orchard of the Jameson Co in the Corona district Cbarts of these two plantings are presented in figures 17 und 18

The two sets of progeny trees ill dilTerent locashyN( + tions made possible the study of the performance

100Gl00000 of the pmg(uy trees lmder somewhat different 2 ElGlElElregOO eIlyironJllen tal concU tions The paren t-limband 3 ElOOOOOO en tire-tree yurin tions were located in orchards in4 OGlGlOlll00 5 ElGl9El00reg the CorOlla district so it has been practicable 6 OElOl1001l1l to study the pCIformnuce of the progeny trees 7 0000EBOOO in the sumeloculity as thutiJl which their parents8 01lregGl0000

3 9 EBIl09 e[Jo were grOWJl nnd under similar eulturul conditions i1IO OEl0[J000Ell In the Citrus Experiment Station orchard the zll 0000EBOO progeny trees w(re plnnted in rows spaced 20 feet 12 BI 0 Gl e 0 Gl Ell apllrt nnd the trpes in tIle rows were spnced 10~13 00009EB90 l- 14 DO 0B B 0 0 0 feet apart The e10se planting in the rows proshylIS0B00 000 yickd for the plnnting of double the number of 1516Gl0090000 progeny trpes otherwise possible and was donem1700090B0 0 ~ 18 Gl 0000000 vith the purpose of lPll1oying eyelY alternate z 19 reg0090B000 tree in the rows when the trees reached sufficient

20 Gl 0 0 90000 size to interfere with nolJ 11 nl growth and fruiting21 GlIllOOOBlOO 22 Gl 00 0 0 0 0 9 The taking out of the filler tr((s in this orchard 23 0000000 wus founcCnCCe5slIryin 1923 at which time (ycry 24 800 [J Il 0 Gl alterllfl te tree WitS rellJoyed The arrangement25 De 0000 reg 26 0000009 in plnnting wus sueh thnt the tree remoyals reshy27 ElOO[][]Oe dU(Nl by prneticnlly one-hnlf the number of trees

ij~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ in etch progeny hst but did notreduce thenumshyflOW NUMBER bel of plOgeny t(sts

FIG(-RE 17-Chnrt or the pro ] 11 the ) Illlleson orchard ut CorOlla the progeny ~eny lelllon ploL III H i(~rsidc CnIiL with rc4~S or vurious trees WNe plnntcd with the usuul spacing for strains indilIlllt~d 11) ymuols lelllon tlpes in this olehnrc1 the rows being spaceduS rollos 0 EUrltkn slrain i2 trees G) 4l11tlll~OIWn gllshy 22 f(et npurt with the trees 20 feet apart in the rokl1 10 trees 5 Penr-Bhunc urckn 10 trees i Shtllthmiddotmiddot TOWS In this larger planting a greater mmlber lrCl I~urekn lS trees reg of pJoptlga tions ofappnrently commercially yal-lnprodu(iC lurokn IItr(le Of Lishon strain 42 1Ia1)10 YHrintions were planted thnn could be inshytrees [0] OPItl Lisbon 2l tree Eli tuJlrodu(tit~ Lisshy eludNlin the Citrlls JiJ)l)erimen t Stn tioll plnnting hone lr trcc- rht~ tr(c~ tn I n both plots the progeny trees welC pilln tedthl unmarked spaces Wlre eXlluded from the general 011 lllllcl where only unirriglltecl winter gruillIlIlIulllllltI records for riuus (rops lllld been grown PI(yiOllSly The soilsrensuns

in h(th jocntions were typielll (If the distri(ts in which the pll111tings W(IC 1IlIldt Yery little fertiliztr hus been applied to the soil in eiOwr olhuJd nlthough it is believed thnt somewhat 1I1re1 applientions would huYl 1)((11 1wllefi(ial thmugh increusing the nn~unt of fruit proc1ueed The usuul irrigiltion prlletices in these disshytrids 11I1Y( been followed The tl(S wre protceted from frost at critical periods by orchurd heaLers but some loss of crop wusexperishy

19 EUREKA AND USDON LEMONS

enced through damage to the blossoms Hnd small immature fruits by low temperatures Fumiglttion was used in both orchards for the conshytrol of scale The development of the trees in both loclttions has been about equal to that of the commerciltl orchltrds in these districts

The lemon progeny trees in both locations were used for two purposes (1) a study of the heritltbility of the valilttions propltgltted from the parent-limb and entire-trce vtLriations and (2) the demonshystration of the importanee of the systematic selection of budwood in eOlllmerciltl llursery pmeti(e These pluntilJgs hnye been visited

2 DO DO

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3 00 186 00 01il800 00 o 0000111111lCl 4 DO lI6 00 0(lJ800 00 o 000081i11l10 5 00 1816 00008800 00 o 00001i18tl10 6 00 186 00008800 000 BID 00001l11 0 7 00 liD 00001J800 000 1IlI0 00008111l0 8 00 eo o 00Gl8DO 000 811il0 00008111i1D 9 00 til 000 Gll 0 000 88fl1000000118tl1

10 00 1iI0 000 (lJlil 00 llliillillO 000 I1ltlI t I 00 liD 000 (lJ1100 000 IIlItlIO 0 0 81111l1

~ 12 00 DO 000 GlI1 0 000 8111OlDreg000 88 a 13 00 0 o 0 (lJlil 0 000 118tll000000811 o ~ 14 OOID 000 (lJ1 D 00 118tl1000000 II wlS w a 16

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o IIIIl DO o I I DO 01i111100

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~ 20 01El 0 000 I DO 00 088000$0 0811 DO gt 21 z 22

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000081000$Q 088 000081 0 $00 mEl

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til 000018DO$00 o 0088 oeoo

0088 oeoo 000 88 00e 0

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8GlOO 21 8800 o I Iil 000 Gl8 P eoo DO 28 81 DO $00 IOl 000 88 0 moo II DO 29 8800 e 0 6 000 Ell 0 moo 8 I DO 30 lI 13 00 $ 0 18 00 8E1 De 0 31 DO 0 9 -~M~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g~~~~~

ROW NUtiBER FmURE lB-Churl of tho pr(l~ellY lemOn plm at (COlIll (aUf with trees of variolls strains indicnted hy

syutbols u~ ~ollows 0 gurekn strnin 22J trcps lt SmnllaOpeo Eureka ltlU trees e Pcur-Bhape Euroku 8 trees~ ~I Shlldc-Irco I~ureku_10 Irtes reg lllprodu(1 hOt Eureka 1middot1 trees D lAfholl strniu J(iU trteS ~ Dense Lisbon is tree rJ Open IJlltbon WS trtes +1 l~llJ)rodtJ(lti(gt Lisilou tmiddot1 tretmiddots Jlw trUf$ in tilU unmurked spuccs were excluued [roUl the generul tuuulutou re(~()nls rur various rell~un~

by 1l111ny citrus IPOW(IS PHch yenr sin(e thpY wpre vlnntpd und hnyc fUlllished un important delllonstrntiol1 of the yulue of hud s(ketion in the ]Jropugatioll of h~rnoll trees HII(1 OW ((ollolllie produdioll of the lemon (rop

PIWGENY PERFORMANCE RECORDS

The performfUHe-Jecord datn of VIogeny lrlllOIl trees reported ill tIllS bulletin include the (ontinuous pieking 1((0Ids of these tl(es for It period of years together with studips of the lomml(ial quality of therf fruit These data are the btlsis flom whi(h (ollC[llsions hUTe been drawn as to comparatiye stmin Illld indiyidultl tree behuvior 1n addition continuous ohselTution of the tr(es nndeloseeontnct with them during the perforrnullet-I(wolu period have Ipd to Ull intimate knowledge of the fruit ulld foliage (lulln(telisti(~s of the tle(~S whieh is important from the standpoint of these studies

20 rECHNICAL BULLErIN 531 u S DEP] OF AGRICUL1~URE

The progeny performance (leords wpro obtained by counting or weighing the fruits borne by ellcll trpo lIs thty Oe1O picked Where the nctual weights wee not obtninpd the fluits wero counted as they were picked and thpil weight was dett1mincd from the Ilverage weight of typic III samples of fruit of the sume sizps

The Dumber of trees in each progeny WIlS limited by lack of orchard space but in the opinion of the writers enough trees were available for study so thot reliable couclusions can be drawn from their records

In commerciol lemon hnndling the mORt desirable fruits are those that remain green in color until tllPY hlLye reoched a certain detershymined picking size Pickings nre normully made 10 to 12 times a year and the minimum size for green fruit at each picking is detershymined by seasonal and market conditions Fruits that ripen on the trees nre less desirable for cOlJul1erriul lllflrketing than the green fruits and they nre mmally picked when or shortly before they nre fully mature depending upon climatic and market conditions

In the progeny plot in the Jameson orcbnrd a uniform monthly picking size of 2~ inehes WI1S used prco]ous to October 1926 Since that date the same size Ilfls been used el1rlr tinle as was being used for the commereinl pieking on that ranch In the progeny plot in the Citrus Experiment Station orchard the pieking size wos mainshytHineci at 2~ inebeR throug-hout the perfOlll1aIlCe-record period except for 2 months when celtnin conditions mnde it desirable to change this standard slightly

In tbe progeny plots it was plauned to mnke pickings at monthly intervals ns hud 1)((11 ntteI11ptc-d in seeUling tbe datu in the parent plots anel this prndiee WIlS earried out exeept when mins or irrigashytions cllused dc-lays 01 omissions In tbe plot in the Jnmeson orchard only fhe monthly picks were missed uft(tmiddot the trces cnme into regulnr bearing unel only one WIlS omitted in the Citrus Experiment Station plot This practiee of freq ucnt pieking rcsulted in the arCumuJation of a great amount of data from the studics of the progeny trees

The performance records of nll of the sets of progenies of the most important variations obscrved in the course of these il1estigations nre summarized herein and the entire data nre antilable for study Furthermorc the progeny plantings the methods of obtainillg pershyformanee records nnd tbe iing parcnt trccs us well are open to observation and study hy those intprested in this subjlet

PROGENY DATA ON ~UREKA STRAINS

The average HnBunl production and aycrnge tout production per tree of the progeny trees of the fie strains thnt were formerly most commonly presen t in connnereini Eureka orchards are shown in table 1 These data (Oer the period from the first production of the young trees in the full or winter of 1920-21 to December 1932 illcltisive It will be noted that the production mnk of the various strains is the snme in both progeny plots as it WIlS in the parent plot for the earlier U-year period July 1911 to Tune ]917

EUREKA AND LtS130N LEMONS 21

TOBLE l-Production of 1Jroglny trees of important strains of the Eureka lClIlOn propagated in llIlY 191(1 frolll selected 7Jarcnt trees and planted in JJILY 1918

[The llllill show tho Iwerage rop plr tree for ench year nrtr twy he~1I1l hlllrinl( Ilnd for the total perIod lt JU21 to lUa jnrlusinl

Iraill 1101 Trllls J021 JU22 i-----1--1---- middot---i ----~

Vum

beT I POInels POIlids fHlvcrsidc _ i2 ~t OplusmnO ~O 71 =1 (18

Eureka 4

I(oronn____ 21l IO1plusmn 12 112 1plusmn1 I(l is Oplusmn3 HI

RhCrslde Ito 21 2l1 73SllBllmiddotOptlI -1 orona 40 g7plusmn n fin 5plusmnt S9 -12IplusmnIl1PenrmiddotShllgtl J1Ur~ile 10 l (ti=77 1 ICuronn b h Iplusmn 01 43 5l(J 11

~llUlImiddotTree Hh-ersidebullbullbull I J~ ~plusmn ~O liiIil is ICorollu HI 114plusmn U l11plusmnL 71

HherRillc HI I ~Oplusmn Iii (140plusmn401 lnprodurlip i(Urtllll H 2 Il Ji middot171plusmn408

-trullI

111 I

IJm

--~----j _---- --__

POl1llill I POIlid I POllldi POUlld JIl h-cr~ltlc bull 201 nplusmn a IS H~ Uplusmn2 7U 21[ middotIplusmn 4 I 22tJ5plusmn43fl

Eurekn Corontl linoplusmn lllO hti Uplusmn I 3 Hit 2plusmn- 15 1052211 ptirside H~ plusmn Ii r1 110 1plusmn1i fl HI 111 la ill 175 9i8 60

~llJtlll-()plU llCurotlf jfjl iplusmn 3 I~ I ~~I Uplusmn 01 IliL 2+ 4 i1 12(J9plusmn3 51 I Hlvell Il oplusmn r711 I Kl -IplusmnII 7 I )I[I plusmn 11 19 S71plusmn445

p(lurmiddothnIll ICOTOIHl 1~4plusmnJIlII middot15U-Hnl 1l1lrplusmnJ7I~ liS 9plusmnOI~1 I Hitrsitl~ 71 J Ii hll I hr (Iplusmn (II) I iJbullbull Iplusmn 1 71 ~9 7lG il

~huuemiddotTree _ middot1 Coronn 115 lplusmn f) fiji fai fiplusmnt IJ hUn-plusmn - if I 77 4plusmn5 04 J Hirsitlc fj(t splusmn ~ j 70 lplusmn(i u nt) ax n ItIJ St 4plusmn41i9 leurona un Jplusmn 3 45 ~ aii flplusmn3 middotIl k~l aplusmn - 2 ~21iplusmn5 25

-~----------======================---l=1=n=r~=n=t=t=rC=l=~ (orona (ulifProdultion of ll1U1UUS hy Jlro~(llY ITP(lf iu )fllnt shown July lOll (1

luUl HII7 I ~lruiIl

i nlIk i IHlIllk Plut JuJl TOlnl 1(121 12 in lutJ III

h1lt1 III r ) jpld ------ ---- ----I I shy1ollllds 101l1lds P(HllH~ 1 f lUIrshl( bullbull _ 2gt1 Uplusmn 5 II 101 01323 1 ft1lt~ t1plusmn20 ~5 ~ I

ElIrtkll_ I if)cornnn _~_ HllilplusmnLlJ J0171141 1 21 S112 III I ntilrsi(l ]1 Iplusmn i 711 Ito 010 47 12 1plusmnmiddot17II 2 10 2~IIUlIHJJlCIi )j fl~I- 1) 0 kplusmn 5 ~s 107 iplusmn2 iH I - ~ ~ - -Il~i)~~~~ilc tnn 2= 12 -11 fiS Oplusmn4 fi7 IilY41t1l II

Plllrmiddot~hupe ait (orunu Hi7 Id 1 i7 9plusmnU ~I bull llI)UHHi21 Hier~id~ bull (~ ~plusmn gfI 38 3plusmn2 I I j~ 5t 32l~

-~lltld(~Tre(l 17 4 (uroull lon 1plusmn -I 5~ li (iplusmnJ-4middot1 7middotla 5plusmn~~ (iii 1fHinrihlt~~ ro Iplusmn 42 middot10 OlJ 2H GHI 1plusmn2i ~jS

11lJlrodtl(liv( 111HOTllUn II lOr 11 1 middot17 411 2plusmn20 71ii3plusmn2704 I

AJthotlglt lemons HIe growll at Hiyerside to only n limited extent it ill be seen from tllis table that Inrger yjelds are l(c(Hded from the trees of the EUleka iLlld Small-Open skains in the plot nt Hiyerside than from those in the COlOnt1 plot This is owing partly to the 1nct that in the Riyerside plot the fruit that dropped from the trees hetween picking periods was lecOldedas a PrLlt of the tree yields during the entire Tetold period iS had been done in the pnrent record plot whereas in the Corona plot it Wl1S fOllnd implacticable to record the dJ(lpped fruit aftrl the trees (Hme into full ploduction beenuse of the alllount of additiollnl work Jequilrd in obtLiuing thl1t dnt1 from the IfLrge llumbrl of trees In genoml the (ype of fruit ])lodueed by the ptlent trees ]ms boen pell)(tultted Yltry do-ely in the progeny

19 EUREKA AND USDON LEMONS

enced through damage to the blossoms Hnd small immature fruits by low temperatures Fumiglttion was used in both orchards for the conshytrol of scale The development of the trees in both loclttions has been about equal to that of the commerciltl orchltrds in these districts

The lemon progeny trees in both locations were used for two purposes (1) a study of the heritltbility of the valilttions propltgltted from the parent-limb and entire-trce vtLriations and (2) the demonshystration of the importanee of the systematic selection of budwood in eOlllmerciltl llursery pmeti(e These pluntilJgs hnye been visited

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8GlOO 21 8800 o I Iil 000 Gl8 P eoo DO 28 81 DO $00 IOl 000 88 0 moo II DO 29 8800 e 0 6 000 Ell 0 moo 8 I DO 30 lI 13 00 $ 0 18 00 8E1 De 0 31 DO 0 9 -~M~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g~~~~~

ROW NUtiBER FmURE lB-Churl of tho pr(l~ellY lemOn plm at (COlIll (aUf with trees of variolls strains indicnted hy

syutbols u~ ~ollows 0 gurekn strnin 22J trcps lt SmnllaOpeo Eureka ltlU trees e Pcur-Bhape Euroku 8 trees~ ~I Shlldc-Irco I~ureku_10 Irtes reg lllprodu(1 hOt Eureka 1middot1 trees D lAfholl strniu J(iU trteS ~ Dense Lisbon is tree rJ Open IJlltbon WS trtes +1 l~llJ)rodtJ(lti(gt Lisilou tmiddot1 tretmiddots Jlw trUf$ in tilU unmurked spuccs were excluued [roUl the generul tuuulutou re(~()nls rur various rell~un~

by 1l111ny citrus IPOW(IS PHch yenr sin(e thpY wpre vlnntpd und hnyc fUlllished un important delllonstrntiol1 of the yulue of hud s(ketion in the ]Jropugatioll of h~rnoll trees HII(1 OW ((ollolllie produdioll of the lemon (rop

PIWGENY PERFORMANCE RECORDS

The performfUHe-Jecord datn of VIogeny lrlllOIl trees reported ill tIllS bulletin include the (ontinuous pieking 1((0Ids of these tl(es for It period of years together with studips of the lomml(ial quality of therf fruit These data are the btlsis flom whi(h (ollC[llsions hUTe been drawn as to comparatiye stmin Illld indiyidultl tree behuvior 1n addition continuous ohselTution of the tr(es nndeloseeontnct with them during the perforrnullet-I(wolu period have Ipd to Ull intimate knowledge of the fruit ulld foliage (lulln(telisti(~s of the tle(~S whieh is important from the standpoint of these studies

20 rECHNICAL BULLErIN 531 u S DEP] OF AGRICUL1~URE

The progeny performance (leords wpro obtained by counting or weighing the fruits borne by ellcll trpo lIs thty Oe1O picked Where the nctual weights wee not obtninpd the fluits wero counted as they were picked and thpil weight was dett1mincd from the Ilverage weight of typic III samples of fruit of the sume sizps

The Dumber of trees in each progeny WIlS limited by lack of orchard space but in the opinion of the writers enough trees were available for study so thot reliable couclusions can be drawn from their records

In commerciol lemon hnndling the mORt desirable fruits are those that remain green in color until tllPY hlLye reoched a certain detershymined picking size Pickings nre normully made 10 to 12 times a year and the minimum size for green fruit at each picking is detershymined by seasonal and market conditions Fruits that ripen on the trees nre less desirable for cOlJul1erriul lllflrketing than the green fruits and they nre mmally picked when or shortly before they nre fully mature depending upon climatic and market conditions

In the progeny plot in the Jameson orcbnrd a uniform monthly picking size of 2~ inehes WI1S used prco]ous to October 1926 Since that date the same size Ilfls been used el1rlr tinle as was being used for the commereinl pieking on that ranch In the progeny plot in the Citrus Experiment Station orchard the pieking size wos mainshytHineci at 2~ inebeR throug-hout the perfOlll1aIlCe-record period except for 2 months when celtnin conditions mnde it desirable to change this standard slightly

In tbe progeny plots it was plauned to mnke pickings at monthly intervals ns hud 1)((11 ntteI11ptc-d in seeUling tbe datu in the parent plots anel this prndiee WIlS earried out exeept when mins or irrigashytions cllused dc-lays 01 omissions In tbe plot in the Jnmeson orchard only fhe monthly picks were missed uft(tmiddot the trces cnme into regulnr bearing unel only one WIlS omitted in the Citrus Experiment Station plot This practiee of freq ucnt pieking rcsulted in the arCumuJation of a great amount of data from the studics of the progeny trees

The performance records of nll of the sets of progenies of the most important variations obscrved in the course of these il1estigations nre summarized herein and the entire data nre antilable for study Furthermorc the progeny plantings the methods of obtainillg pershyformanee records nnd tbe iing parcnt trccs us well are open to observation and study hy those intprested in this subjlet

PROGENY DATA ON ~UREKA STRAINS

The average HnBunl production and aycrnge tout production per tree of the progeny trees of the fie strains thnt were formerly most commonly presen t in connnereini Eureka orchards are shown in table 1 These data (Oer the period from the first production of the young trees in the full or winter of 1920-21 to December 1932 illcltisive It will be noted that the production mnk of the various strains is the snme in both progeny plots as it WIlS in the parent plot for the earlier U-year period July 1911 to Tune ]917

EUREKA AND LtS130N LEMONS 21

TOBLE l-Production of 1Jroglny trees of important strains of the Eureka lClIlOn propagated in llIlY 191(1 frolll selected 7Jarcnt trees and planted in JJILY 1918

[The llllill show tho Iwerage rop plr tree for ench year nrtr twy he~1I1l hlllrinl( Ilnd for the total perIod lt JU21 to lUa jnrlusinl

Iraill 1101 Trllls J021 JU22 i-----1--1---- middot---i ----~

Vum

beT I POInels POIlids fHlvcrsidc _ i2 ~t OplusmnO ~O 71 =1 (18

Eureka 4

I(oronn____ 21l IO1plusmn 12 112 1plusmn1 I(l is Oplusmn3 HI

RhCrslde Ito 21 2l1 73SllBllmiddotOptlI -1 orona 40 g7plusmn n fin 5plusmnt S9 -12IplusmnIl1PenrmiddotShllgtl J1Ur~ile 10 l (ti=77 1 ICuronn b h Iplusmn 01 43 5l(J 11

~llUlImiddotTree Hh-ersidebullbullbull I J~ ~plusmn ~O liiIil is ICorollu HI 114plusmn U l11plusmnL 71

HherRillc HI I ~Oplusmn Iii (140plusmn401 lnprodurlip i(Urtllll H 2 Il Ji middot171plusmn408

-trullI

111 I

IJm

--~----j _---- --__

POl1llill I POIlid I POllldi POUlld JIl h-cr~ltlc bull 201 nplusmn a IS H~ Uplusmn2 7U 21[ middotIplusmn 4 I 22tJ5plusmn43fl

Eurekn Corontl linoplusmn lllO hti Uplusmn I 3 Hit 2plusmn- 15 1052211 ptirside H~ plusmn Ii r1 110 1plusmn1i fl HI 111 la ill 175 9i8 60

~llJtlll-()plU llCurotlf jfjl iplusmn 3 I~ I ~~I Uplusmn 01 IliL 2+ 4 i1 12(J9plusmn3 51 I Hlvell Il oplusmn r711 I Kl -IplusmnII 7 I )I[I plusmn 11 19 S71plusmn445

p(lurmiddothnIll ICOTOIHl 1~4plusmnJIlII middot15U-Hnl 1l1lrplusmnJ7I~ liS 9plusmnOI~1 I Hitrsitl~ 71 J Ii hll I hr (Iplusmn (II) I iJbullbull Iplusmn 1 71 ~9 7lG il

~huuemiddotTree _ middot1 Coronn 115 lplusmn f) fiji fai fiplusmnt IJ hUn-plusmn - if I 77 4plusmn5 04 J Hirsitlc fj(t splusmn ~ j 70 lplusmn(i u nt) ax n ItIJ St 4plusmn41i9 leurona un Jplusmn 3 45 ~ aii flplusmn3 middotIl k~l aplusmn - 2 ~21iplusmn5 25

-~----------======================---l=1=n=r~=n=t=t=rC=l=~ (orona (ulifProdultion of ll1U1UUS hy Jlro~(llY ITP(lf iu )fllnt shown July lOll (1

luUl HII7 I ~lruiIl

i nlIk i IHlIllk Plut JuJl TOlnl 1(121 12 in lutJ III

h1lt1 III r ) jpld ------ ---- ----I I shy1ollllds 101l1lds P(HllH~ 1 f lUIrshl( bullbull _ 2gt1 Uplusmn 5 II 101 01323 1 ft1lt~ t1plusmn20 ~5 ~ I

ElIrtkll_ I if)cornnn _~_ HllilplusmnLlJ J0171141 1 21 S112 III I ntilrsi(l ]1 Iplusmn i 711 Ito 010 47 12 1plusmnmiddot17II 2 10 2~IIUlIHJJlCIi )j fl~I- 1) 0 kplusmn 5 ~s 107 iplusmn2 iH I - ~ ~ - -Il~i)~~~~ilc tnn 2= 12 -11 fiS Oplusmn4 fi7 IilY41t1l II

Plllrmiddot~hupe ait (orunu Hi7 Id 1 i7 9plusmnU ~I bull llI)UHHi21 Hier~id~ bull (~ ~plusmn gfI 38 3plusmn2 I I j~ 5t 32l~

-~lltld(~Tre(l 17 4 (uroull lon 1plusmn -I 5~ li (iplusmnJ-4middot1 7middotla 5plusmn~~ (iii 1fHinrihlt~~ ro Iplusmn 42 middot10 OlJ 2H GHI 1plusmn2i ~jS

11lJlrodtl(liv( 111HOTllUn II lOr 11 1 middot17 411 2plusmn20 71ii3plusmn2704 I

AJthotlglt lemons HIe growll at Hiyerside to only n limited extent it ill be seen from tllis table that Inrger yjelds are l(c(Hded from the trees of the EUleka iLlld Small-Open skains in the plot nt Hiyerside than from those in the COlOnt1 plot This is owing partly to the 1nct that in the Riyerside plot the fruit that dropped from the trees hetween picking periods was lecOldedas a PrLlt of the tree yields during the entire Tetold period iS had been done in the pnrent record plot whereas in the Corona plot it Wl1S fOllnd implacticable to record the dJ(lpped fruit aftrl the trees (Hme into full ploduction beenuse of the alllount of additiollnl work Jequilrd in obtLiuing thl1t dnt1 from the IfLrge llumbrl of trees In genoml the (ype of fruit ])lodueed by the ptlent trees ]ms boen pell)(tultted Yltry do-ely in the progeny

20 rECHNICAL BULLErIN 531 u S DEP] OF AGRICUL1~URE

The progeny performance (leords wpro obtained by counting or weighing the fruits borne by ellcll trpo lIs thty Oe1O picked Where the nctual weights wee not obtninpd the fluits wero counted as they were picked and thpil weight was dett1mincd from the Ilverage weight of typic III samples of fruit of the sume sizps

The Dumber of trees in each progeny WIlS limited by lack of orchard space but in the opinion of the writers enough trees were available for study so thot reliable couclusions can be drawn from their records

In commerciol lemon hnndling the mORt desirable fruits are those that remain green in color until tllPY hlLye reoched a certain detershymined picking size Pickings nre normully made 10 to 12 times a year and the minimum size for green fruit at each picking is detershymined by seasonal and market conditions Fruits that ripen on the trees nre less desirable for cOlJul1erriul lllflrketing than the green fruits and they nre mmally picked when or shortly before they nre fully mature depending upon climatic and market conditions

In the progeny plot in the Jameson orcbnrd a uniform monthly picking size of 2~ inehes WI1S used prco]ous to October 1926 Since that date the same size Ilfls been used el1rlr tinle as was being used for the commereinl pieking on that ranch In the progeny plot in the Citrus Experiment Station orchard the pieking size wos mainshytHineci at 2~ inebeR throug-hout the perfOlll1aIlCe-record period except for 2 months when celtnin conditions mnde it desirable to change this standard slightly

In tbe progeny plots it was plauned to mnke pickings at monthly intervals ns hud 1)((11 ntteI11ptc-d in seeUling tbe datu in the parent plots anel this prndiee WIlS earried out exeept when mins or irrigashytions cllused dc-lays 01 omissions In tbe plot in the Jnmeson orchard only fhe monthly picks were missed uft(tmiddot the trces cnme into regulnr bearing unel only one WIlS omitted in the Citrus Experiment Station plot This practiee of freq ucnt pieking rcsulted in the arCumuJation of a great amount of data from the studics of the progeny trees

The performance records of nll of the sets of progenies of the most important variations obscrved in the course of these il1estigations nre summarized herein and the entire data nre antilable for study Furthermorc the progeny plantings the methods of obtainillg pershyformanee records nnd tbe iing parcnt trccs us well are open to observation and study hy those intprested in this subjlet

PROGENY DATA ON ~UREKA STRAINS

The average HnBunl production and aycrnge tout production per tree of the progeny trees of the fie strains thnt were formerly most commonly presen t in connnereini Eureka orchards are shown in table 1 These data (Oer the period from the first production of the young trees in the full or winter of 1920-21 to December 1932 illcltisive It will be noted that the production mnk of the various strains is the snme in both progeny plots as it WIlS in the parent plot for the earlier U-year period July 1911 to Tune ]917

EUREKA AND LtS130N LEMONS 21

TOBLE l-Production of 1Jroglny trees of important strains of the Eureka lClIlOn propagated in llIlY 191(1 frolll selected 7Jarcnt trees and planted in JJILY 1918

[The llllill show tho Iwerage rop plr tree for ench year nrtr twy he~1I1l hlllrinl( Ilnd for the total perIod lt JU21 to lUa jnrlusinl

Iraill 1101 Trllls J021 JU22 i-----1--1---- middot---i ----~

Vum

beT I POInels POIlids fHlvcrsidc _ i2 ~t OplusmnO ~O 71 =1 (18

Eureka 4

I(oronn____ 21l IO1plusmn 12 112 1plusmn1 I(l is Oplusmn3 HI

RhCrslde Ito 21 2l1 73SllBllmiddotOptlI -1 orona 40 g7plusmn n fin 5plusmnt S9 -12IplusmnIl1PenrmiddotShllgtl J1Ur~ile 10 l (ti=77 1 ICuronn b h Iplusmn 01 43 5l(J 11

~llUlImiddotTree Hh-ersidebullbullbull I J~ ~plusmn ~O liiIil is ICorollu HI 114plusmn U l11plusmnL 71

HherRillc HI I ~Oplusmn Iii (140plusmn401 lnprodurlip i(Urtllll H 2 Il Ji middot171plusmn408

-trullI

111 I

IJm

--~----j _---- --__

POl1llill I POIlid I POllldi POUlld JIl h-cr~ltlc bull 201 nplusmn a IS H~ Uplusmn2 7U 21[ middotIplusmn 4 I 22tJ5plusmn43fl

Eurekn Corontl linoplusmn lllO hti Uplusmn I 3 Hit 2plusmn- 15 1052211 ptirside H~ plusmn Ii r1 110 1plusmn1i fl HI 111 la ill 175 9i8 60

~llJtlll-()plU llCurotlf jfjl iplusmn 3 I~ I ~~I Uplusmn 01 IliL 2+ 4 i1 12(J9plusmn3 51 I Hlvell Il oplusmn r711 I Kl -IplusmnII 7 I )I[I plusmn 11 19 S71plusmn445

p(lurmiddothnIll ICOTOIHl 1~4plusmnJIlII middot15U-Hnl 1l1lrplusmnJ7I~ liS 9plusmnOI~1 I Hitrsitl~ 71 J Ii hll I hr (Iplusmn (II) I iJbullbull Iplusmn 1 71 ~9 7lG il

~huuemiddotTree _ middot1 Coronn 115 lplusmn f) fiji fai fiplusmnt IJ hUn-plusmn - if I 77 4plusmn5 04 J Hirsitlc fj(t splusmn ~ j 70 lplusmn(i u nt) ax n ItIJ St 4plusmn41i9 leurona un Jplusmn 3 45 ~ aii flplusmn3 middotIl k~l aplusmn - 2 ~21iplusmn5 25

-~----------======================---l=1=n=r~=n=t=t=rC=l=~ (orona (ulifProdultion of ll1U1UUS hy Jlro~(llY ITP(lf iu )fllnt shown July lOll (1

luUl HII7 I ~lruiIl

i nlIk i IHlIllk Plut JuJl TOlnl 1(121 12 in lutJ III

h1lt1 III r ) jpld ------ ---- ----I I shy1ollllds 101l1lds P(HllH~ 1 f lUIrshl( bullbull _ 2gt1 Uplusmn 5 II 101 01323 1 ft1lt~ t1plusmn20 ~5 ~ I

ElIrtkll_ I if)cornnn _~_ HllilplusmnLlJ J0171141 1 21 S112 III I ntilrsi(l ]1 Iplusmn i 711 Ito 010 47 12 1plusmnmiddot17II 2 10 2~IIUlIHJJlCIi )j fl~I- 1) 0 kplusmn 5 ~s 107 iplusmn2 iH I - ~ ~ - -Il~i)~~~~ilc tnn 2= 12 -11 fiS Oplusmn4 fi7 IilY41t1l II

Plllrmiddot~hupe ait (orunu Hi7 Id 1 i7 9plusmnU ~I bull llI)UHHi21 Hier~id~ bull (~ ~plusmn gfI 38 3plusmn2 I I j~ 5t 32l~

-~lltld(~Tre(l 17 4 (uroull lon 1plusmn -I 5~ li (iplusmnJ-4middot1 7middotla 5plusmn~~ (iii 1fHinrihlt~~ ro Iplusmn 42 middot10 OlJ 2H GHI 1plusmn2i ~jS

11lJlrodtl(liv( 111HOTllUn II lOr 11 1 middot17 411 2plusmn20 71ii3plusmn2704 I

AJthotlglt lemons HIe growll at Hiyerside to only n limited extent it ill be seen from tllis table that Inrger yjelds are l(c(Hded from the trees of the EUleka iLlld Small-Open skains in the plot nt Hiyerside than from those in the COlOnt1 plot This is owing partly to the 1nct that in the Riyerside plot the fruit that dropped from the trees hetween picking periods was lecOldedas a PrLlt of the tree yields during the entire Tetold period iS had been done in the pnrent record plot whereas in the Corona plot it Wl1S fOllnd implacticable to record the dJ(lpped fruit aftrl the trees (Hme into full ploduction beenuse of the alllount of additiollnl work Jequilrd in obtLiuing thl1t dnt1 from the IfLrge llumbrl of trees In genoml the (ype of fruit ])lodueed by the ptlent trees ]ms boen pell)(tultted Yltry do-ely in the progeny

EUREKA AND LtS130N LEMONS 21

TOBLE l-Production of 1Jroglny trees of important strains of the Eureka lClIlOn propagated in llIlY 191(1 frolll selected 7Jarcnt trees and planted in JJILY 1918

[The llllill show tho Iwerage rop plr tree for ench year nrtr twy he~1I1l hlllrinl( Ilnd for the total perIod lt JU21 to lUa jnrlusinl

Iraill 1101 Trllls J021 JU22 i-----1--1---- middot---i ----~

Vum

beT I POInels POIlids fHlvcrsidc _ i2 ~t OplusmnO ~O 71 =1 (18

Eureka 4

I(oronn____ 21l IO1plusmn 12 112 1plusmn1 I(l is Oplusmn3 HI

RhCrslde Ito 21 2l1 73SllBllmiddotOptlI -1 orona 40 g7plusmn n fin 5plusmnt S9 -12IplusmnIl1PenrmiddotShllgtl J1Ur~ile 10 l (ti=77 1 ICuronn b h Iplusmn 01 43 5l(J 11

~llUlImiddotTree Hh-ersidebullbullbull I J~ ~plusmn ~O liiIil is ICorollu HI 114plusmn U l11plusmnL 71

HherRillc HI I ~Oplusmn Iii (140plusmn401 lnprodurlip i(Urtllll H 2 Il Ji middot171plusmn408

-trullI

111 I

IJm

--~----j _---- --__

POl1llill I POIlid I POllldi POUlld JIl h-cr~ltlc bull 201 nplusmn a IS H~ Uplusmn2 7U 21[ middotIplusmn 4 I 22tJ5plusmn43fl

Eurekn Corontl linoplusmn lllO hti Uplusmn I 3 Hit 2plusmn- 15 1052211 ptirside H~ plusmn Ii r1 110 1plusmn1i fl HI 111 la ill 175 9i8 60

~llJtlll-()plU llCurotlf jfjl iplusmn 3 I~ I ~~I Uplusmn 01 IliL 2+ 4 i1 12(J9plusmn3 51 I Hlvell Il oplusmn r711 I Kl -IplusmnII 7 I )I[I plusmn 11 19 S71plusmn445

p(lurmiddothnIll ICOTOIHl 1~4plusmnJIlII middot15U-Hnl 1l1lrplusmnJ7I~ liS 9plusmnOI~1 I Hitrsitl~ 71 J Ii hll I hr (Iplusmn (II) I iJbullbull Iplusmn 1 71 ~9 7lG il

~huuemiddotTree _ middot1 Coronn 115 lplusmn f) fiji fai fiplusmnt IJ hUn-plusmn - if I 77 4plusmn5 04 J Hirsitlc fj(t splusmn ~ j 70 lplusmn(i u nt) ax n ItIJ St 4plusmn41i9 leurona un Jplusmn 3 45 ~ aii flplusmn3 middotIl k~l aplusmn - 2 ~21iplusmn5 25

-~----------======================---l=1=n=r~=n=t=t=rC=l=~ (orona (ulifProdultion of ll1U1UUS hy Jlro~(llY ITP(lf iu )fllnt shown July lOll (1

luUl HII7 I ~lruiIl

i nlIk i IHlIllk Plut JuJl TOlnl 1(121 12 in lutJ III

h1lt1 III r ) jpld ------ ---- ----I I shy1ollllds 101l1lds P(HllH~ 1 f lUIrshl( bullbull _ 2gt1 Uplusmn 5 II 101 01323 1 ft1lt~ t1plusmn20 ~5 ~ I

ElIrtkll_ I if)cornnn _~_ HllilplusmnLlJ J0171141 1 21 S112 III I ntilrsi(l ]1 Iplusmn i 711 Ito 010 47 12 1plusmnmiddot17II 2 10 2~IIUlIHJJlCIi )j fl~I- 1) 0 kplusmn 5 ~s 107 iplusmn2 iH I - ~ ~ - -Il~i)~~~~ilc tnn 2= 12 -11 fiS Oplusmn4 fi7 IilY41t1l II

Plllrmiddot~hupe ait (orunu Hi7 Id 1 i7 9plusmnU ~I bull llI)UHHi21 Hier~id~ bull (~ ~plusmn gfI 38 3plusmn2 I I j~ 5t 32l~

-~lltld(~Tre(l 17 4 (uroull lon 1plusmn -I 5~ li (iplusmnJ-4middot1 7middotla 5plusmn~~ (iii 1fHinrihlt~~ ro Iplusmn 42 middot10 OlJ 2H GHI 1plusmn2i ~jS

11lJlrodtl(liv( 111HOTllUn II lOr 11 1 middot17 411 2plusmn20 71ii3plusmn2704 I

AJthotlglt lemons HIe growll at Hiyerside to only n limited extent it ill be seen from tllis table that Inrger yjelds are l(c(Hded from the trees of the EUleka iLlld Small-Open skains in the plot nt Hiyerside than from those in the COlOnt1 plot This is owing partly to the 1nct that in the Riyerside plot the fruit that dropped from the trees hetween picking periods was lecOldedas a PrLlt of the tree yields during the entire Tetold period iS had been done in the pnrent record plot whereas in the Corona plot it Wl1S fOllnd implacticable to record the dJ(lpped fruit aftrl the trees (Hme into full ploduction beenuse of the alllount of additiollnl work Jequilrd in obtLiuing thl1t dnt1 from the IfLrge llumbrl of trees In genoml the (ype of fruit ])lodueed by the ptlent trees ]ms boen pell)(tultted Yltry do-ely in the progeny

22 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 531 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

trees Figure 19 shows fruits from a parent tree of the Pear-Shape strain and similar fruits from a progeny tree propagated from this same parent tree

Table 2 shows data from the progeny plots for the percenti1ges of

lilOlT I(fo l9-Frults of the JJelr~HhaJlc straitl of the Eureka iernotJ CroIll n typiCl11 tne of this strnin in the ()ri~illnl Eureka pClfOrmllll(C-rccorrJ plot (A) nlld silllilnr fruits JWlIl II progellY troo (B) propn~Bted ill IIJW from the treo that prOdULtJd tho fruits at A showing perpetulltioll of the peBr shupe Corolla Calif bull April 1927

green fruits (the most desirahle part of the crop) the percentages of valinble fruit und the average number of seeds per fruit for the most important EUJckn stnlins with similar data for the parent trees durshying the el1r1i(J periods in whieh they were studied In all these char_ acteristics Ute progeny trees fmd parent trees show very clos(J agree

23 EUREKA AND USBON IJEllONS

ment except for the percentage of green fruit in tlH lliclside plot Ail the strains showed n smnllel proportion of green fruit at RiTelside than fit Corona doubtless owing to climntie (onditions which mashytured the fruit more rupidly resulting in tL Ifsstlled pereentage of green fruit

TABLE 2-11crage 1Jerceniagl8 of IreIll frllit alld Ioriabll jrlli(s and II 1l1llJer of 8eed~ per fruit in the tl01)8 of the 1)10(11110 (lurl parent trces oj illllJOrta1l1 slratl~ of Ihe JiJurew elllon

(JrC~JJ ~rtllC~r~~t_J _~ Varlll~~~_iIS_~__ l1elt1s per fruit_

1 Ptrent I Parenl Irog(I1lro~ony trees 12 Ircl 0 lrO~lny Irls f I tnl 3 treos i I ParentStrain years JUll-i2 yeIs I years JU~ta2 r(ar~ yenr ~~lJl~ qreSt 5 bull

JUlr II I Jill) 11Imiddot1 Iemper 11112 ~I~n) ~~ _ ~ 10 June bull__ __ to Tllno IIgt August J 1110 till 7 1 IOli 11111

Hiversidp Corolla I (orona Bh(lfsidl1 Curona Cur(lnn (0101111 j (orona

-------I--p-e-rc-f--I~t- JI~ -- ~--- ____-Pacru jJrccut Pacenl 1tmlJer SlIwlJrr

Ellrekn~ __________ 05 J I j~t ~ 71- 02 Ill O~ il l1UJtll-Open_______ (~l 0 1 5 tJ I 7middot12 H I n I la I 57 (IUmiddot1 IrnrmiddotShllpe_ _____ 55 J 03 S 02middot1 1tl1l1l j JOO~ ]oon I 1[ 23 ShlldemiddotTree~~ _ 822 HIt) hit 1 I ~a I~ 18 t-nprodllctlw__ bull _ 7i11 1111 1I 11 1 ~ 2 I J) 23

The sClLsonnl yields oj total (JOps 11( sh(1wnill t~hl( 3 in whiell the monthly vtleeutlLpC of fruit ploduced hy t1)( tl(PS of (I](h of the moreimportullt Eurek~ st1llillSis tnlgtulutfd in 24i1T gcnelltl the plOgfIl)shy 22l_-l- PROGENY RIVERSIOE ___ l__ l

-+---~

trees in the COJOllfl plot --- PROGENY CORONA 1i i1 _1__ follow Jailly dos(ly the 20 - -- PARENTS CORONA

bull I Idnta frolll the ]JHI(lJ t LJtrees during t1H1 llLriiPI Q 18 H

period Vnriations in fE climatie eonditiollS in ~ 16middot

the dif)plfnt yeals g14would have a (OilSidtl- r

5 12able d((t in ehnnging -

s(usonal Ilo(iudioll so ~ ~ 10

that no (IT cxnet simi- f5 IUlityisto I((xpcekdill ~ 8

these IllontJtly I((olds 5 0(1 dif)PICllt pliods Q 6 ln Ule plog(gtny plot at 4

HiYerside t1l( nlriashyHons from the pllnll tshyplot rt(oltis urc morc L mnl]wd this condition t-O 5J w

fl~~~~~~~~el~~~~n~~i~~Y~l(~ ~ g ~ ~ sect ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ bull rintions betwccn the llfilJU W- -lerllllll1~e~()r Ihenl1l1l1l1lw)I prodU(ctlllrh Illonth br

A I trtlh of flu- Eurtkn Fitrnin of the Hurnkn leJllon in tIll progeny Rud tO dlstllets tl gJnp 1- ptnnl r(l(ord JI()L~ Iho( datil lIre 1bullbullken from 1I1bla 4 Illlli ct)ric 10) C llt-Lti(lIl f t1 till 12 years fIIlI to 1132 inclusl() [or I he JlroJcny troes llUd the a-I r S~middot (J ll yeurs fronl Jul~ 11111 10 JUlie lUli intlll~iu [or tho 1Ilront tree monthly pprcpntuge of production for t]IC Jlturekn strnin ns shown jn tahle 3 is presented in figure 20 This (mphtsi~fs t1w h() ])lopoltioIlS of fruit produced on the RiTerside plot in the fl111ItIld winter months which nrc llsllully

24 TECHNICAL nULLEJ~IN 531 U S DEPT OF AaRICULTUnE

the seaSvllS of lenst consume demand nnd lowest mnrket prices This winter-bearing hahit is 1111 im pOlmiddottl1llt refLson why the Riverside district in general is not pnrticl1lnlly fl1vomhle for lemon growing

TABLE 3-PcrcclItagcy of ialal annual production by mouths fro1l trees oj important straills Ii the Rureka lemon in progcny (wd parent rccord l Jiols

JThe data for tho progeny treos orc for fho yenrs J92J to 11l32 illdush~ those for Uw plrellt troos COver the 3 YOllrs from July IIJJ4 to Iune Wli ill(usle]-__------------------------__-_

~ f ]gtlruentn~~ of tUlIIunJ t)rOdlltlioll in--

ErmIn Plot liIr~ --I---~---I------- Ifr

I --1J j=l~ ~ QS I~ = ~It P ~l~

---~ ~---- lt11111 2-f~~i~22i2 -~( ~I-=-I~ IIIT Iprlld bullCImiddotrPd 1 cl lCIPCIIPCIIPCI Pcl PcIPclPCI prog~n~ Hhwltldc 72 ~4middotli I lii imiddotI 20 IS IH 11i a4 10 HiH1201I4

ureka ~ ~_ Progeny CoroIlH 221 5UIOJIlOlfl3U4 JJ24 al llllO7120j n7 i251 Pur~nt ClIrOlJll 711 U 112122 174 ~Oi 52 2M 22 1-1 41 501211141 Irogllll) HlversldtJ 10 n2 11lmiddot2172n522112J 20r 4l 119105107147

1Srnull~Oplm~M~ ProJwnr CorolUL 411 fi2 I 0 120 JIl 71 41 l2 1-1100111 122 70282 Pnrent (oronu fO 15 II112IU5iJO7i ro71 111 25110142 IiO llil51

J Pro~en Hlwrside IOIIO122IIVOI 5U 20 xi 0 U 221101IItJ lU 115PeurSlmpe ~ Iprown~ luronu_ f

J

S l1I 1 7deg175114 iI il JnI2 J l2jJ2211UIIO520~llurcJ)I (orons ~_ -2 3~ O bullbull ~ middotjd~ lJ 5)1 10 ~ O( 2 Uj 4 L S 1 i8 11 127 21 32bull5 Pnl~lIIY 1Icrside IS ii12b 15 14 35 411 Ull [gt1 i5112middot1174 110272

ShlldemiddotIree Progeny (middotorono HI fj)I i1 K4 12 j liS itu 40 55J2j11 liR 7~O3i4lPurent (orollu _ J71 U imiddot11 px SUi J~ 1 ~~I 11 S~ll~ 1~8112U~nProgeny Hhcrsfll~ Hi (bull ICInl 04 middot14 1 I_I J bull1 s bull 1bullbull _188(_1_

lnproducuvc_ Proglmy CUrolln Ul f) a h Ii 77 U 54 i2 7i 7f 121 124 11~ 72UtBParent (-orollu 10 3~ i7 fl () I 2 Jl 2 5 i 40 7 L Ul I4 11211 1407

j I I 1 1___ The tVcrnge cir(umf([cncs of the trunk of the ])IogcIIY tl(es of

important EUekn strllin in t1l( (OIOlln plogen~Y plot at two periods 2 years npurt nre showl in inhlt 4 These dn tn sho the PNlr-Shnpe trees to be considerably InrgPImiddot thnn thoc o nny nf]wr strain und indicate it lu(k of correlation of sire of trep iltlllk and crop producshytion for this strain IIo(VPI othlr stlldie 1110 shown tllj within the sepnrllte stmins there 1( mlher Jigh (oItlntiolls for thcse ehltruetcr

TA fiLE 4-Averagc circlIlIlj(rcllrc luout I incite above blll unio1l oj Irull~ of pr()g~nll rec~ oj important ~tl(il1~oj the 1ltlIr(1-1I lemon n Ihe crpcrimcnlal 7Jotn lite Jameson orchard lit (orolla (ali

A ~~~~~~llnlllllJrlnJI((l I Rlmlll tlrce~

r Jar 11131 Illll~ 1111

----___------- I I ~iitilb7r i (111

ureku _ ~ I)) I 40 f

Smull-OJ)en ~ ~ - -tv ~Ht21 PearmiddotShapebull bull s 1 rn 2 ShademiddotTree lit ~4 IJ U=npr~oductI~middote----------~__-__--I1___J f 0

Records of the I1nllulll plo(luctiofl of p[(j~(lly trpes P[Opuglltcd from s(wpral limilar limb Yllrilltions foundin jltjurelm [ees nrc given in table 5 All of these lire forIlls thUG ure of rut1J(tinfreqllent O((IIllenCe ~ and of minor commereinl importnl1(e though they I1re of greut scientific intercst Some of them I1re shown to hwe been ullstfLble in their inheritance in varying degrees while the Vnriegntcd strain as hero studied WllS very stnhle In the ClumpJ(middotd-Lcllf stmin tllC

fruits are nonnal in appCltlllIHe but the nbllonl1ullcuf dllLrHetel Wl1S very evident ill the progeny trces

--

~

TABLE 5-Records of allllual ]lrO(llcUon of progeny trees propagated in l1ay 1916 fro III scternllimb variatiolls of minor strains in trees of the Eureka strain of the Eurekn lcmon

~our(e or buds Fruits produced by llrQgen~~ trees

_I__~__~_~_~_ i-~-~C--~I~ c~ ~ ~ 111 I 1 -= -=--=- ToLim

vumliYlI1ULYUIIlJ YUm-Yllm- 111- jUIll- YUillmiddot U11I- YU11l- JYUTn- JV1JT1l-num- Jumshy~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 21-5L_____ _ 23S LlmlHarinlionin tree orEurekn strnin_______ 1 Yarlegated __ _ 0 0 0 0 17 5 ltII bull _ _ bullbull ____ bull____ bull _____bull _____ bullbull ______

21-52_______ _ bullbull _bulldo__ bull_____ bullbullbull_______________ bull __________ ____ dO_ bullbull ______ bullbull 0 2 2 16 57 20 554 40~ 456 170 192 462 143 28882182HI______ __ 231 Tree prciouslr topmiddotorkNI fromnhoc limb 1110 J 2 3 15 8 (1) ___ bull ________ bullbullbullbull ________bull __ ____ _21-54_______ _ 239 _____do______________________________________ do bullbull ____ _ 4 26 8 13 Sf 51 495 508 255 310 122 533 75 2 50S ~ triPedbullbull_______ 10 ~ I In til 43 181 90 145 124 267 115 56 1243 tj

22-1______bull $trijllltllimh mrinliou___ ___________ i SortIlaL ________ ~ _-=- __9_ ~ ~~ ~~~_~~~ 1067 I 034 ~ 6978240 ~ TolnL________ 12_ all 10 41 214 1~9 1101 886 916 1 160 1334 1149 55 8221 gtshy

14 22-2____ _bullbull_ do I Sorma ______ l Ji 0 411 5U 17 ---- ______ ------ ------ ------ ______ ------ ------ amp

2middot10 SlriPed _________ I I 6 0 I 61 I 1 51 (ll -----------------------------------shy ~ - -~-----~ --- ------------ -- ---------- --------------TotaL________ 1 ZJ 0 103 93 22 bullbullbull ___ bull _____ ____ __ bullbullbull____ ~

=-=1=1=1=1=1=1=1=1=1=1=I=i=l= ~ HihheL ______ 1 1I au I 171251 I ~)31 310 I 55G 1 034 1 547 1 fjH 1 6JO 1 ow I 350 14 77$ o22-5__ bull ____ _ 242 I Hihhlllimh vurlation ____________________ l

Sormal ___________o~ __a __5_ ~~ -=-~~~~~~~ 48

Z TotnL________ 1 al 22 21i3 218 122 W2 t158 585 728 707 72J 407 5265

=1=1=1=1=1=1=1=1=-=1=1=1=1=1= fj 22~______ _ --1) I do l Surma______ 0 a 0 15 17 8 _ _______ bull __ ___________________________ _ l

_____________________________ - ~~ -- - ---------- - --- ----- -1 lUhhed _________ 1 0 I 11 I 11621191 I (I) ------------------------------------- o IolaL________ 0 20 1 177 136 85 bull_____________ _ _____________________________ _ Z Ul

1-18_______ __ 11 ___1 - I 0 0 I 3 16 175 14 l8 53 136 l~- 749Corrugated limb variatiou ________________ bull Sorma bullbull________0___0_ ~_O___0___0_ -=- -2 __7___5___6_ ~~ __5_ ~

1 Iota________ deg 0 U 0 0 5 23 182 19 224 68 151 139 su Zi7

corrugated_____ 0 0 deg 0 0 0 1 80 10 103 50 123 193 5601-19________ _

ZJ7 _____do______________________________________1 s~~~~~~~~~~ -+ ~ ~ ~ 8 1 1~ 5 l~ ~ 6 See footnotes at end olmble

t-I ~

middotfABLE 5-Records of alllllal production of progeny trees propagated in JJay 1916 Jrom several limb variatiolls oj minor strains in trees oj the Eureka strain oj the Eureka lemon-Continlled tv

~

Source of buds gt-3l)rogeny -- --~------ I _ _j_F_rt1_it~_Jl_r_O(_h~C_C_d_l_))_Jl_ro_~_n_Y_l_r_5__-_-_-__---_--__ tJtn(1 no Q

J l~~~el~ll Jimu or lne Churnlter 1l~O II 1I~1 HI~21 1923 1021 IIJ25 W26 W27 1U2S 1929 1930 1931 1932 Total ~ Z--- 1 I~ _____________ Q

j II yUUl- Yum-Lu1Il-LYu1Il- jlLm))-fl11l- ~YIl1- -um- ~rllm_ ~U11l- zmiddottUnl- Llun-lunl- lr1ll_ gtshy I j 1u I II-r ILI r Ier lIer ber ber ber brr lIer ber ber ber

fcorrn~nleltL 1 65 1 121 34 ltI) bullbull _bullbullbull ___ bullbullbull ____ _ bull ________bull _______ bull ____205 __ t bI21-41 217 (orrll~nld Iimh middotnrilllion ___________ ___ bull -ormnl --______Ol- _~ _~ __9_ __i_ ====== ======= ==== c

I TotaL __ bullbull_ _~I-~I__I__~~- ~ ~ tJ

21-iObullbullbullbullbullbull 1-1 bull 10bull __ bullbull___ _____________________bull rllllll ------- 2 middot1 3 U 18 22 38 26 J9 gt0 10 15 11 IJCOrrtlII((L____ - 4middot--O~middotI3rimiddot130513iOmiddot1-2lI 824 S5l OSl 7iiI-rn 977 260 5710

Z I TOlaL ________~i I~poundr 33 J 116) 328 23a 8( 885 --00 i39 435 9U2 21 5009

22-3 2-11 0 t2-t 2H (~uN~I)~ed-Ltnflilnl~_~rini~I~middotmiddotmiddot~Imiddotmiddot~ori~lll gI J81 bi ~71 ~~ 12~ I ~I~S ~~ middot-~-I--~~~- --~~ --~~- --~~- ~~~2--i_ -~~--l 2middot13 22-S~ _~~_ ~ dn - bullbullbull - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull J do ___ ___ 2 1 5 179 12middot 5Ua 339 2M 146 169 42 221 12827amp1213 c

do -- -- bull --- --_ 010middot _bull __ bull _1

12 12 I 2j 1middot10 88 22 ltI) -----1-----------(----- ___________ __ Ul

J free rtllon~tllu ~rtly 1925 htelll~e or too (middotJost~ l)IlIlting~ l Ihe lilht crop on this tn1c WllS (10(10 (OI1lIHtitiOIl of ncj~hhorjn sln(i trec~ tf 3 -he fruits of this ytlriulioll nrc similar tl) those of the normal Eureka struin tJ

~

~ o j

gtshyo ~ Q cj t ci ~ tJ

EUItEKA AND LIlmON LEMONS 27 PROGENY DAfA ON LISBON STRAINS

The averuge total production per tree for the progeny trees of the most important Lisbon struins is presented in table 6 The rank of these strains by yield is the same us in the parent record plot except for the two highest the Lisbon and the Delise strains and the differshyence between these is smull for a 12-yellr period In the parent plot the difference between these wus only 9 pounds per yeur ill flLvor of the Lisbon strain or nbout 1~ pltrcent gronter und the data included the dropped fruits The Lisbon sLrnin trees hlLve more drops than do the trees of the Dense strnin find if these drops hnd been recorded dllling the entire period of the progeny records it is probable thnt the totals for the Lisbon lind Dense trees would he more nenrly equnl than is shown by the dlLtlL

lABLl) 6-Produclion 0 7JrOlanll trec~ of importaut ~train~ of tiLe Lisbon lemon propagated in 11ay 1016 fro1n selaeeel ]iarent trees and pla1lted in 11all 1018

[The dlltll show the IIverngo crop per treo (or Cllth YllIr IIftr thoy hegun bUllring lind (or tho tolnl fcri()d 1(1~l-j2 illciusho No trees o( tho DClIso strnln Wlro plllntld in tho progcny plot lit Hicrsidc

lU2 1O~3 J02middot1 ltJ25Rtruin liot lrc1 lU21 SI111l--- j

btr 1ol1(s 10111 Pounds POIntis Pounds

1i middot H ircrsid bull 42 middot1l10la irplusmnOmiddot1II liO iplusmn205 13151112 S7 012 01 4 S )l)n ~ -~ ~ _ (orono WO 1llOJ Hi 01 2701 bull iii 951 riot J2middot1 012 38

Dcnse-1 Coronl as tll0 middot11 0 2~IilLl8 110 ilr1 1370lmiddotIII Hiwi(i~ 21 fi2plusmn 03 10 rplusmn1 J1 -11340 1200l0middotIj middot1OIla~lOpcn bull _ [oronn Ir~ ltilOJ LOplusmn 05 2ifJplusmn bull flU 103011 ii sO 411 iO

( JII)Olt1IIII( IHiWrsiflo ]Jj 0 0 1ltI 10d 50 l51 61 bull ~-

I (oronn 1 1middot1 0 Il 21 05 1111 )2 middot111 40

Slralu llot HJ2ft _~1_1~_7_1_~lIJ_2ii__ jl__I_M_II__I __I_lO__

I

Palwts 1 PII1IIS POIl1Ir Pound Lisou Hhmiddotcrsid(_ 2il41jfjli 2i5Iil7m 414 llJ1f1 to i lti H -I (nrOIllI 224 012 80 2~11 III 54 Iltll um middot3111117 ])cnspound_ _ H~~ (1orQlIll 2liO il5 iP a21 117 II 3ili31 1124 middot11 ilI 2C O

(JUYlrsidLl 240318J 2a5 017 HI 1-17 1112JI 118 41i [II pcn bull -Horono 1404-127 2011 ill 02 201 81 2 i2 la Olt 10

P n llr1lt1U(livLl HIWrlid 11711121 JiOplusmn-I0i 110 Od O Rl ll 012 Oli Coronll In 2i2 fi5 9 6plusmn 1 iO 47 middot1+ middot122 I 23312 middot17

=======-==============-~======~=-====--==~~======= I ]nrcnl IreesI Honk

Struin Piol IIJlJ 1032 Totni lU21middotmiddot1I1J2 in Hllnk yield NUIIl- in

her yield---11____1__ [---- ---------- ------101lIlU Pounrs

1lInrslll~ ~Ul1 pound[00 ~ Jig 01-10 59 1JAsholl - Corolla 222KI OlmiddotI 1 I RO 111 1807 DcnSll Cornll lli Oii 1-1 ~ 027 OplusmnfIi fj7

~ j II 2

ltlwriln InIIiiriii 1nJlJmiddotIlmiddotH I0IHm __ (orollll iiII O iIplusmn~ I~ I 1 iI 8i fI 2~ ~ jHhr~II 1liH-m t2HplusmnH i l I middot1 lIlJlro11t1fIll (ornlill ~ OXKII1i 2221-1-11111 1

~---

The ~ilJljJarity of type of fruits in the pnl(nt find progeny tr(es is shown in figWcs 21 22 and 23 illustrating fruits from parent find progeny trees of the Lishon De11se and Open strains

The percentnges ofglcen fruit mid of variable fruits with the Itvcrnge number of seeds per fruit from the progeny trees of the imshy

middotfABLE 5-Records of alllllal production of progeny trees propagated in JJay 1916 Jrom several limb variatiolls oj minor strains in trees oj the Eureka strain oj the Eureka lemon-Continlled tv

~

Source of buds gt-3l)rogeny -- --~------ I _ _j_F_rt1_it~_Jl_r_O(_h~C_C_d_l_))_Jl_ro_~_n_Y_l_r_5__-_-_-__---_--__ tJtn(1 no Q

J l~~~el~ll Jimu or lne Churnlter 1l~O II 1I~1 HI~21 1923 1021 IIJ25 W26 W27 1U2S 1929 1930 1931 1932 Total ~ Z--- 1 I~ _____________ Q

j II yUUl- Yum-Lu1Il-LYu1Il- jlLm))-fl11l- ~YIl1- -um- ~rllm_ ~U11l- zmiddottUnl- Llun-lunl- lr1ll_ gtshy I j 1u I II-r ILI r Ier lIer ber ber ber brr lIer ber ber ber

fcorrn~nleltL 1 65 1 121 34 ltI) bullbull _bullbullbull ___ bullbullbull ____ _ bull ________bull _______ bull ____205 __ t bI21-41 217 (orrll~nld Iimh middotnrilllion ___________ ___ bull -ormnl --______Ol- _~ _~ __9_ __i_ ====== ======= ==== c

I TotaL __ bullbull_ _~I-~I__I__~~- ~ ~ tJ

21-iObullbullbullbullbullbull 1-1 bull 10bull __ bullbull___ _____________________bull rllllll ------- 2 middot1 3 U 18 22 38 26 J9 gt0 10 15 11 IJCOrrtlII((L____ - 4middot--O~middotI3rimiddot130513iOmiddot1-2lI 824 S5l OSl 7iiI-rn 977 260 5710

Z I TOlaL ________~i I~poundr 33 J 116) 328 23a 8( 885 --00 i39 435 9U2 21 5009

22-3 2-11 0 t2-t 2H (~uN~I)~ed-Ltnflilnl~_~rini~I~middotmiddotmiddot~Imiddotmiddot~ori~lll gI J81 bi ~71 ~~ 12~ I ~I~S ~~ middot-~-I--~~~- --~~ --~~- --~~- ~~~2--i_ -~~--l 2middot13 22-S~ _~~_ ~ dn - bullbullbull - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull J do ___ ___ 2 1 5 179 12middot 5Ua 339 2M 146 169 42 221 12827amp1213 c

do -- -- bull --- --_ 010middot _bull __ bull _1

12 12 I 2j 1middot10 88 22 ltI) -----1-----------(----- ___________ __ Ul

J free rtllon~tllu ~rtly 1925 htelll~e or too (middotJost~ l)IlIlting~ l Ihe lilht crop on this tn1c WllS (10(10 (OI1lIHtitiOIl of ncj~hhorjn sln(i trec~ tf 3 -he fruits of this ytlriulioll nrc similar tl) those of the normal Eureka struin tJ

~

~ o j

gtshyo ~ Q cj t ci ~ tJ

EUItEKA AND LIlmON LEMONS 27 PROGENY DAfA ON LISBON STRAINS

The averuge total production per tree for the progeny trees of the most important Lisbon struins is presented in table 6 The rank of these strains by yield is the same us in the parent record plot except for the two highest the Lisbon and the Delise strains and the differshyence between these is smull for a 12-yellr period In the parent plot the difference between these wus only 9 pounds per yeur ill flLvor of the Lisbon strain or nbout 1~ pltrcent gronter und the data included the dropped fruits The Lisbon sLrnin trees hlLve more drops than do the trees of the Dense strnin find if these drops hnd been recorded dllling the entire period of the progeny records it is probable thnt the totals for the Lisbon lind Dense trees would he more nenrly equnl than is shown by the dlLtlL

lABLl) 6-Produclion 0 7JrOlanll trec~ of importaut ~train~ of tiLe Lisbon lemon propagated in 11ay 1016 fro1n selaeeel ]iarent trees and pla1lted in 11all 1018

[The dlltll show the IIverngo crop per treo (or Cllth YllIr IIftr thoy hegun bUllring lind (or tho tolnl fcri()d 1(1~l-j2 illciusho No trees o( tho DClIso strnln Wlro plllntld in tho progcny plot lit Hicrsidc

lU2 1O~3 J02middot1 ltJ25Rtruin liot lrc1 lU21 SI111l--- j

btr 1ol1(s 10111 Pounds POIntis Pounds

1i middot H ircrsid bull 42 middot1l10la irplusmnOmiddot1II liO iplusmn205 13151112 S7 012 01 4 S )l)n ~ -~ ~ _ (orono WO 1llOJ Hi 01 2701 bull iii 951 riot J2middot1 012 38

Dcnse-1 Coronl as tll0 middot11 0 2~IilLl8 110 ilr1 1370lmiddotIII Hiwi(i~ 21 fi2plusmn 03 10 rplusmn1 J1 -11340 1200l0middotIj middot1OIla~lOpcn bull _ [oronn Ir~ ltilOJ LOplusmn 05 2ifJplusmn bull flU 103011 ii sO 411 iO

( JII)Olt1IIII( IHiWrsiflo ]Jj 0 0 1ltI 10d 50 l51 61 bull ~-

I (oronn 1 1middot1 0 Il 21 05 1111 )2 middot111 40

Slralu llot HJ2ft _~1_1~_7_1_~lIJ_2ii__ jl__I_M_II__I __I_lO__

I

Palwts 1 PII1IIS POIl1Ir Pound Lisou Hhmiddotcrsid(_ 2il41jfjli 2i5Iil7m 414 llJ1f1 to i lti H -I (nrOIllI 224 012 80 2~11 III 54 Iltll um middot3111117 ])cnspound_ _ H~~ (1orQlIll 2liO il5 iP a21 117 II 3ili31 1124 middot11 ilI 2C O

(JUYlrsidLl 240318J 2a5 017 HI 1-17 1112JI 118 41i [II pcn bull -Horono 1404-127 2011 ill 02 201 81 2 i2 la Olt 10

P n llr1lt1U(livLl HIWrlid 11711121 JiOplusmn-I0i 110 Od O Rl ll 012 Oli Coronll In 2i2 fi5 9 6plusmn 1 iO 47 middot1+ middot122 I 23312 middot17

=======-==============-~======~=-====--==~~======= I ]nrcnl IreesI Honk

Struin Piol IIJlJ 1032 Totni lU21middotmiddot1I1J2 in Hllnk yield NUIIl- in

her yield---11____1__ [---- ---------- ------101lIlU Pounrs

1lInrslll~ ~Ul1 pound[00 ~ Jig 01-10 59 1JAsholl - Corolla 222KI OlmiddotI 1 I RO 111 1807 DcnSll Cornll lli Oii 1-1 ~ 027 OplusmnfIi fj7

~ j II 2

ltlwriln InIIiiriii 1nJlJmiddotIlmiddotH I0IHm __ (orollll iiII O iIplusmn~ I~ I 1 iI 8i fI 2~ ~ jHhr~II 1liH-m t2HplusmnH i l I middot1 lIlJlro11t1fIll (ornlill ~ OXKII1i 2221-1-11111 1

~---

The ~ilJljJarity of type of fruits in the pnl(nt find progeny tr(es is shown in figWcs 21 22 and 23 illustrating fruits from parent find progeny trees of the Lishon De11se and Open strains

The percentnges ofglcen fruit mid of variable fruits with the Itvcrnge number of seeds per fruit from the progeny trees of the imshy

EUItEKA AND LIlmON LEMONS 27 PROGENY DAfA ON LISBON STRAINS

The averuge total production per tree for the progeny trees of the most important Lisbon struins is presented in table 6 The rank of these strains by yield is the same us in the parent record plot except for the two highest the Lisbon and the Delise strains and the differshyence between these is smull for a 12-yellr period In the parent plot the difference between these wus only 9 pounds per yeur ill flLvor of the Lisbon strain or nbout 1~ pltrcent gronter und the data included the dropped fruits The Lisbon sLrnin trees hlLve more drops than do the trees of the Dense strnin find if these drops hnd been recorded dllling the entire period of the progeny records it is probable thnt the totals for the Lisbon lind Dense trees would he more nenrly equnl than is shown by the dlLtlL

lABLl) 6-Produclion 0 7JrOlanll trec~ of importaut ~train~ of tiLe Lisbon lemon propagated in 11ay 1016 fro1n selaeeel ]iarent trees and pla1lted in 11all 1018

[The dlltll show the IIverngo crop per treo (or Cllth YllIr IIftr thoy hegun bUllring lind (or tho tolnl fcri()d 1(1~l-j2 illciusho No trees o( tho DClIso strnln Wlro plllntld in tho progcny plot lit Hicrsidc

lU2 1O~3 J02middot1 ltJ25Rtruin liot lrc1 lU21 SI111l--- j

btr 1ol1(s 10111 Pounds POIntis Pounds

1i middot H ircrsid bull 42 middot1l10la irplusmnOmiddot1II liO iplusmn205 13151112 S7 012 01 4 S )l)n ~ -~ ~ _ (orono WO 1llOJ Hi 01 2701 bull iii 951 riot J2middot1 012 38

Dcnse-1 Coronl as tll0 middot11 0 2~IilLl8 110 ilr1 1370lmiddotIII Hiwi(i~ 21 fi2plusmn 03 10 rplusmn1 J1 -11340 1200l0middotIj middot1OIla~lOpcn bull _ [oronn Ir~ ltilOJ LOplusmn 05 2ifJplusmn bull flU 103011 ii sO 411 iO

( JII)Olt1IIII( IHiWrsiflo ]Jj 0 0 1ltI 10d 50 l51 61 bull ~-

I (oronn 1 1middot1 0 Il 21 05 1111 )2 middot111 40

Slralu llot HJ2ft _~1_1~_7_1_~lIJ_2ii__ jl__I_M_II__I __I_lO__

I

Palwts 1 PII1IIS POIl1Ir Pound Lisou Hhmiddotcrsid(_ 2il41jfjli 2i5Iil7m 414 llJ1f1 to i lti H -I (nrOIllI 224 012 80 2~11 III 54 Iltll um middot3111117 ])cnspound_ _ H~~ (1orQlIll 2liO il5 iP a21 117 II 3ili31 1124 middot11 ilI 2C O

(JUYlrsidLl 240318J 2a5 017 HI 1-17 1112JI 118 41i [II pcn bull -Horono 1404-127 2011 ill 02 201 81 2 i2 la Olt 10

P n llr1lt1U(livLl HIWrlid 11711121 JiOplusmn-I0i 110 Od O Rl ll 012 Oli Coronll In 2i2 fi5 9 6plusmn 1 iO 47 middot1+ middot122 I 23312 middot17

=======-==============-~======~=-====--==~~======= I ]nrcnl IreesI Honk

Struin Piol IIJlJ 1032 Totni lU21middotmiddot1I1J2 in Hllnk yield NUIIl- in

her yield---11____1__ [---- ---------- ------101lIlU Pounrs

1lInrslll~ ~Ul1 pound[00 ~ Jig 01-10 59 1JAsholl - Corolla 222KI OlmiddotI 1 I RO 111 1807 DcnSll Cornll lli Oii 1-1 ~ 027 OplusmnfIi fj7

~ j II 2

ltlwriln InIIiiriii 1nJlJmiddotIlmiddotH I0IHm __ (orollll iiII O iIplusmn~ I~ I 1 iI 8i fI 2~ ~ jHhr~II 1liH-m t2HplusmnH i l I middot1 lIlJlro11t1fIll (ornlill ~ OXKII1i 2221-1-11111 1

~---

The ~ilJljJarity of type of fruits in the pnl(nt find progeny tr(es is shown in figWcs 21 22 and 23 illustrating fruits from parent find progeny trees of the Lishon De11se and Open strains

The percentnges ofglcen fruit mid of variable fruits with the Itvcrnge number of seeds per fruit from the progeny trees of the imshy

28 TEOHNICAL llULLJjTlN 531 U ~ DJjPT 01 AGlUCULTURE

FIGURE l-Fruits of tim Li~h()11 slruin of f I JisIIOtll(IllOIl frolll It t~pi1 LrC ofthi~ strain in t1l(ori~illnl Lisbon performance-record plot (Al IlIId silllilur fruits (II) fnUll It progeny tree propllgated in 1016 from the tree that produced the fruits Ill (til sbowiug similarity to Cruits of pllrent tree Coronll CallCbullbull April1927

29 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

FIGlltr 22-Iruit$ of tho I)ct1so~tmiu of tho Lishon lemoll from u typimll tree of this slruin in the oriinlll lishon performllncemiddotreeoll plot (A) lind slmllur fruils (B) from u pro~ony tree propugated in lOW from the lreo thllt produced the fruits ut A showing perpetulltion of COHrse texture und undesirable shupe Coronu (um Apri11U27

30 lBltHNleAL lJl1LLlIlX I L S ]JBIltI OF AGlUlttLTURlD

FIGURE 23~Fruits of the Open stnlin of the LiRhun lelllon frulII II trpleul tree of IhiR strain in thll ori~i11111 Lisbon perfOrlllUnltlmiddotrcconl plot (til IInu ~illlihlr fruils (8) frolll 11 proAcllr Iree proPll~ultd in JlIIO from the (ree thut produlCu the fruits lit I showing perpellIlllion of 01 shupe lind Illooth text ure CorolluCull April 192i

EUREKA AXD l UmON Ljo~l[OXH 3]

pOItant Lisbon strains are shown in table 7 These data show a fairly close agreement b(twe(n the progeny and parent trees except for the low percentages of greell fruit nt Riverside and that condition is sinlilnr to the l(eollls for the Eureka strains as shown in tnble 2

TABI]oJ i-Ateragc wrcenlagcs of greel fruils awl of variable frllil~ and number oj ~eed~ 1)r frllU middotin Ihe rroJl~ of Ihe Progeny (nd 1l1lrelli Irees of 1110rl(lI ~lr(in~ of Ih( L1~bolt lelllon

rNo trees o( the Dense struin wore plunted in the(lro~ellY plot ilL Hiersidel

Green ~rndo fruit Vurinhle fruits Soods per (ruit

]lrogcny trles l~ PurenL Progeny treelt 12 Strain -years HrI-t2 trees 4 years HI~I-t

1-------1 yeurs July _ HIl 10hul(

Hivermiddot (Or(ml till tlwrmiddot (Side (orolla sidtmiddot orona

bull-~---------~ i ---- --bull ~shy

Prrc~l Perc(tll jLisbon_ 707 ampi I Dense _ _ 810 Open 006 700 [ollroducthmiddote 517 b23

Ill( mOll thly yiltgtlds of totnl e1ops n1( 8hoWIl in tnble 8 in wbi(h the pere(I1tnge of fruit p1odu(ed by months is shown for the important Lishon strains The prog(Ily lre(s in the Coronn plot follow fairly dosel the ploduetion of the purell t trees (gtpn though the datn for the two pJots eonr (ntilely dUiclent periods nnd monlhly produ(tioll is iuflushy(lwpd to H eonsid(rahl( degnc by clilllatic (middotonditiolls ]n thc prolrplly plot I t Jin1shysid(~t1l(hCHyi(1 produ(shytion in FellJuary and lfnreh was similnr to the prod udion trelldill lhe Eur(im strains ns shown in tnhle3 nndfigshyure 20 alld is dou btkss (middotU USN bvdimnlie YlJishy

tltiolls IHtNll i he two dilJiets A gruphie J(p1(s(ntnLion of the mOll thly [)CJ(PI] tuge of

Percefit Ptrcrnl Prrct1(12 01 US 112 l4 i9 1 3 95 1001O I(MIO

j nrent Jro~en~ Parent trtCS 4 trees I year trees 1

YlJur Julr HllHlll1hcr years July 1II1lloJun 11112 to Aumiddot HII toJ 1 1117 ~L WII IIIHl

Corona ()orUlln Corona

middot--------1---shyPrrrnll N1IIIbn tVumlltf

J j 58 4 ~ 15 50 42 0 53 01

tOO 0 2 i 1 i

30r--r-------r-------r--r-~----~ _PROCENY i

28~-4---+--~--+-~~-4---+ RIVER5IDE __ - ---PROCENY

26 1--I---1--+-+--+i-- -t- CORONA_ --PARENTS

24~-4__-+__~__+-~_1-~1~__~~~C~O~RTO~N~A~__~

0 1 J~ u IJ

Q r gt J i IIi a 0 Z ~ J

U 0 W W lt Q lt gt gt gtltIf) 0 Z 0 I lt I - lt

Flfitltl- 24-Pcn(llingv~ or the nnllunl llrot)~ produ(gtcd Olwh month hy lrce~ of tho J ishnn strain of tho l ishou I~JIloll in tilt Jlro~ellY uutl pUrt~ut rC(ortl plots Ihe~c dUll urt Ulkcu (rom InlJlll ~ Illltl (o~r thol2 years 11121 10 Jil3 inllwdve for the proJollY tree- aud Llle YlJur~ (ront July JUH to JUlltlIYI7 inclusive for tllllpurcnt tree~

produdion for the Lisboll stlllin is shown

29 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

FIGlltr 22-Iruit$ of tho I)ct1so~tmiu of tho Lishon lemoll from u typimll tree of this slruin in the oriinlll lishon performllncemiddotreeoll plot (A) lind slmllur fruils (B) from u pro~ony tree propugated in lOW from the lreo thllt produced the fruits ut A showing perpetulltion of COHrse texture und undesirable shupe Coronu (um Apri11U27

30 lBltHNleAL lJl1LLlIlX I L S ]JBIltI OF AGlUlttLTURlD

FIGURE 23~Fruits of the Open stnlin of the LiRhun lelllon frulII II trpleul tree of IhiR strain in thll ori~i11111 Lisbon perfOrlllUnltlmiddotrcconl plot (til IInu ~illlihlr fruils (8) frolll 11 proAcllr Iree proPll~ultd in JlIIO from the (ree thut produlCu the fruits lit I showing perpellIlllion of 01 shupe lind Illooth text ure CorolluCull April 192i

EUREKA AXD l UmON Ljo~l[OXH 3]

pOItant Lisbon strains are shown in table 7 These data show a fairly close agreement b(twe(n the progeny and parent trees except for the low percentages of greell fruit nt Riverside and that condition is sinlilnr to the l(eollls for the Eureka strains as shown in tnble 2

TABI]oJ i-Ateragc wrcenlagcs of greel fruils awl of variable frllil~ and number oj ~eed~ 1)r frllU middotin Ihe rroJl~ of Ihe Progeny (nd 1l1lrelli Irees of 1110rl(lI ~lr(in~ of Ih( L1~bolt lelllon

rNo trees o( the Dense struin wore plunted in the(lro~ellY plot ilL Hiersidel

Green ~rndo fruit Vurinhle fruits Soods per (ruit

]lrogcny trles l~ PurenL Progeny treelt 12 Strain -years HrI-t2 trees 4 years HI~I-t

1-------1 yeurs July _ HIl 10hul(

Hivermiddot (Or(ml till tlwrmiddot (Side (orolla sidtmiddot orona

bull-~---------~ i ---- --bull ~shy

Prrc~l Perc(tll jLisbon_ 707 ampi I Dense _ _ 810 Open 006 700 [ollroducthmiddote 517 b23

Ill( mOll thly yiltgtlds of totnl e1ops n1( 8hoWIl in tnble 8 in wbi(h the pere(I1tnge of fruit p1odu(ed by months is shown for the important Lishon strains The prog(Ily lre(s in the Coronn plot follow fairly dosel the ploduetion of the purell t trees (gtpn though the datn for the two pJots eonr (ntilely dUiclent periods nnd monlhly produ(tioll is iuflushy(lwpd to H eonsid(rahl( degnc by clilllatic (middotonditiolls ]n thc prolrplly plot I t Jin1shysid(~t1l(hCHyi(1 produ(shytion in FellJuary and lfnreh was similnr to the prod udion trelldill lhe Eur(im strains ns shown in tnhle3 nndfigshyure 20 alld is dou btkss (middotU USN bvdimnlie YlJishy

tltiolls IHtNll i he two dilJiets A gruphie J(p1(s(ntnLion of the mOll thly [)CJ(PI] tuge of

Percefit Ptrcrnl Prrct1(12 01 US 112 l4 i9 1 3 95 1001O I(MIO

j nrent Jro~en~ Parent trtCS 4 trees I year trees 1

YlJur Julr HllHlll1hcr years July 1II1lloJun 11112 to Aumiddot HII toJ 1 1117 ~L WII IIIHl

Corona ()orUlln Corona

middot--------1---shyPrrrnll N1IIIbn tVumlltf

J j 58 4 ~ 15 50 42 0 53 01

tOO 0 2 i 1 i

30r--r-------r-------r--r-~----~ _PROCENY i

28~-4---+--~--+-~~-4---+ RIVER5IDE __ - ---PROCENY

26 1--I---1--+-+--+i-- -t- CORONA_ --PARENTS

24~-4__-+__~__+-~_1-~1~__~~~C~O~RTO~N~A~__~

0 1 J~ u IJ

Q r gt J i IIi a 0 Z ~ J

U 0 W W lt Q lt gt gt gtltIf) 0 Z 0 I lt I - lt

Flfitltl- 24-Pcn(llingv~ or the nnllunl llrot)~ produ(gtcd Olwh month hy lrce~ of tho J ishnn strain of tho l ishou I~JIloll in tilt Jlro~ellY uutl pUrt~ut rC(ortl plots Ihe~c dUll urt Ulkcu (rom InlJlll ~ Illltl (o~r thol2 years 11121 10 Jil3 inllwdve for the proJollY tree- aud Llle YlJur~ (ront July JUH to JUlltlIYI7 inclusive for tllllpurcnt tree~

produdion for the Lisboll stlllin is shown

30 lBltHNleAL lJl1LLlIlX I L S ]JBIltI OF AGlUlttLTURlD

FIGURE 23~Fruits of the Open stnlin of the LiRhun lelllon frulII II trpleul tree of IhiR strain in thll ori~i11111 Lisbon perfOrlllUnltlmiddotrcconl plot (til IInu ~illlihlr fruils (8) frolll 11 proAcllr Iree proPll~ultd in JlIIO from the (ree thut produlCu the fruits lit I showing perpellIlllion of 01 shupe lind Illooth text ure CorolluCull April 192i

EUREKA AXD l UmON Ljo~l[OXH 3]

pOItant Lisbon strains are shown in table 7 These data show a fairly close agreement b(twe(n the progeny and parent trees except for the low percentages of greell fruit nt Riverside and that condition is sinlilnr to the l(eollls for the Eureka strains as shown in tnble 2

TABI]oJ i-Ateragc wrcenlagcs of greel fruils awl of variable frllil~ and number oj ~eed~ 1)r frllU middotin Ihe rroJl~ of Ihe Progeny (nd 1l1lrelli Irees of 1110rl(lI ~lr(in~ of Ih( L1~bolt lelllon

rNo trees o( the Dense struin wore plunted in the(lro~ellY plot ilL Hiersidel

Green ~rndo fruit Vurinhle fruits Soods per (ruit

]lrogcny trles l~ PurenL Progeny treelt 12 Strain -years HrI-t2 trees 4 years HI~I-t

1-------1 yeurs July _ HIl 10hul(

Hivermiddot (Or(ml till tlwrmiddot (Side (orolla sidtmiddot orona

bull-~---------~ i ---- --bull ~shy

Prrc~l Perc(tll jLisbon_ 707 ampi I Dense _ _ 810 Open 006 700 [ollroducthmiddote 517 b23

Ill( mOll thly yiltgtlds of totnl e1ops n1( 8hoWIl in tnble 8 in wbi(h the pere(I1tnge of fruit p1odu(ed by months is shown for the important Lishon strains The prog(Ily lre(s in the Coronn plot follow fairly dosel the ploduetion of the purell t trees (gtpn though the datn for the two pJots eonr (ntilely dUiclent periods nnd monlhly produ(tioll is iuflushy(lwpd to H eonsid(rahl( degnc by clilllatic (middotonditiolls ]n thc prolrplly plot I t Jin1shysid(~t1l(hCHyi(1 produ(shytion in FellJuary and lfnreh was similnr to the prod udion trelldill lhe Eur(im strains ns shown in tnhle3 nndfigshyure 20 alld is dou btkss (middotU USN bvdimnlie YlJishy

tltiolls IHtNll i he two dilJiets A gruphie J(p1(s(ntnLion of the mOll thly [)CJ(PI] tuge of

Percefit Ptrcrnl Prrct1(12 01 US 112 l4 i9 1 3 95 1001O I(MIO

j nrent Jro~en~ Parent trtCS 4 trees I year trees 1

YlJur Julr HllHlll1hcr years July 1II1lloJun 11112 to Aumiddot HII toJ 1 1117 ~L WII IIIHl

Corona ()orUlln Corona

middot--------1---shyPrrrnll N1IIIbn tVumlltf

J j 58 4 ~ 15 50 42 0 53 01

tOO 0 2 i 1 i

30r--r-------r-------r--r-~----~ _PROCENY i

28~-4---+--~--+-~~-4---+ RIVER5IDE __ - ---PROCENY

26 1--I---1--+-+--+i-- -t- CORONA_ --PARENTS

24~-4__-+__~__+-~_1-~1~__~~~C~O~RTO~N~A~__~

0 1 J~ u IJ

Q r gt J i IIi a 0 Z ~ J

U 0 W W lt Q lt gt gt gtltIf) 0 Z 0 I lt I - lt

Flfitltl- 24-Pcn(llingv~ or the nnllunl llrot)~ produ(gtcd Olwh month hy lrce~ of tho J ishnn strain of tho l ishou I~JIloll in tilt Jlro~ellY uutl pUrt~ut rC(ortl plots Ihe~c dUll urt Ulkcu (rom InlJlll ~ Illltl (o~r thol2 years 11121 10 Jil3 inllwdve for the proJollY tree- aud Llle YlJur~ (ront July JUH to JUlltlIYI7 inclusive for tllllpurcnt tree~

produdion for the Lisboll stlllin is shown

EUREKA AXD l UmON Ljo~l[OXH 3]

pOItant Lisbon strains are shown in table 7 These data show a fairly close agreement b(twe(n the progeny and parent trees except for the low percentages of greell fruit nt Riverside and that condition is sinlilnr to the l(eollls for the Eureka strains as shown in tnble 2

TABI]oJ i-Ateragc wrcenlagcs of greel fruils awl of variable frllil~ and number oj ~eed~ 1)r frllU middotin Ihe rroJl~ of Ihe Progeny (nd 1l1lrelli Irees of 1110rl(lI ~lr(in~ of Ih( L1~bolt lelllon

rNo trees o( the Dense struin wore plunted in the(lro~ellY plot ilL Hiersidel

Green ~rndo fruit Vurinhle fruits Soods per (ruit

]lrogcny trles l~ PurenL Progeny treelt 12 Strain -years HrI-t2 trees 4 years HI~I-t

1-------1 yeurs July _ HIl 10hul(

Hivermiddot (Or(ml till tlwrmiddot (Side (orolla sidtmiddot orona

bull-~---------~ i ---- --bull ~shy

Prrc~l Perc(tll jLisbon_ 707 ampi I Dense _ _ 810 Open 006 700 [ollroducthmiddote 517 b23

Ill( mOll thly yiltgtlds of totnl e1ops n1( 8hoWIl in tnble 8 in wbi(h the pere(I1tnge of fruit p1odu(ed by months is shown for the important Lishon strains The prog(Ily lre(s in the Coronn plot follow fairly dosel the ploduetion of the purell t trees (gtpn though the datn for the two pJots eonr (ntilely dUiclent periods nnd monlhly produ(tioll is iuflushy(lwpd to H eonsid(rahl( degnc by clilllatic (middotonditiolls ]n thc prolrplly plot I t Jin1shysid(~t1l(hCHyi(1 produ(shytion in FellJuary and lfnreh was similnr to the prod udion trelldill lhe Eur(im strains ns shown in tnhle3 nndfigshyure 20 alld is dou btkss (middotU USN bvdimnlie YlJishy

tltiolls IHtNll i he two dilJiets A gruphie J(p1(s(ntnLion of the mOll thly [)CJ(PI] tuge of

Percefit Ptrcrnl Prrct1(12 01 US 112 l4 i9 1 3 95 1001O I(MIO

j nrent Jro~en~ Parent trtCS 4 trees I year trees 1

YlJur Julr HllHlll1hcr years July 1II1lloJun 11112 to Aumiddot HII toJ 1 1117 ~L WII IIIHl

Corona ()orUlln Corona

middot--------1---shyPrrrnll N1IIIbn tVumlltf

J j 58 4 ~ 15 50 42 0 53 01

tOO 0 2 i 1 i

30r--r-------r-------r--r-~----~ _PROCENY i

28~-4---+--~--+-~~-4---+ RIVER5IDE __ - ---PROCENY

26 1--I---1--+-+--+i-- -t- CORONA_ --PARENTS

24~-4__-+__~__+-~_1-~1~__~~~C~O~RTO~N~A~__~

0 1 J~ u IJ

Q r gt J i IIi a 0 Z ~ J

U 0 W W lt Q lt gt gt gtltIf) 0 Z 0 I lt I - lt

Flfitltl- 24-Pcn(llingv~ or the nnllunl llrot)~ produ(gtcd Olwh month hy lrce~ of tho J ishnn strain of tho l ishou I~JIloll in tilt Jlro~ellY uutl pUrt~ut rC(ortl plots Ihe~c dUll urt Ulkcu (rom InlJlll ~ Illltl (o~r thol2 years 11121 10 Jil3 inllwdve for the proJollY tree- aud Llle YlJur~ (ront July JUH to JUlltlIYI7 inclusive for tllllpurcnt tree~

produdion for the Lisboll stlllin is shown

32 lECHN1CAL BULLETIN 531 U S DEPT OF AGRICULlCR]~

in figure 24 This emphasizes the variation between the Riverside and the Corona progeny plots and the dose agreement between the Corona progeny plot and the parent plot which was also at Corona

TABLE S-Percentages of total annual production by tonths fro1 trees of hnporl(mt ~Iraills of Ihf JAilJon lemon 11 progeny llnri1wrt1I1 r(cord 1Jlol~

[The datu for tbe progeny trees Ire for tbe yenrs 11121 to W12 induse tho for I hmiddot pllr~l1t trees eOIr the 1 yetUS frot July WI4 10 June 1917 indus]

I Percentng-e of auuuul produelinu in

Strain Plot 1rees 1 I I iii i ~ I i - - i == I I middot1 ~ Imiddot1 j -i 11 I ~____1______bull I ~ I t I ~ ~I ~ I2 ~ Ji ~ J 3 I I 1 I j I I I

I XII III I I I I I I I i I ff Pel Pd PCIjJgtc1PCIPCIlcIH i1ltIPltI PrJ PelPltI

pro~enY]HerSidC f 421 UliiSl1 2[IU UU 4~ 27 lO l~1 UUI2a 7UI O2HlSrAsbon bullbullbullbullbullbullbull111rOEellY (orUlltl lOti 113115 117420 3 10 S 4 0 ~ tt IJ ~3 27 1 7 70i21 I Purtnt (orollU 22 lao 2 HI 2 17 Ipa U 12 I 57 00 I j II aJ 34 7 S 25 I

J)eDS(I JI 0middot bull (oronn -slJ 11a I vmiddot~l-middot I -1 I I1-_~I -1 4 ) shyr g-l1~ III 4 1 0 1 I () 6 1- middotIllurnt Coranil 1117O130 132IU4 44 41 13 11 12r 112 l6152119

lrogcn)HiIerSide 1 52 16 211 Itil 17 4) IIU 55B4211132172501 7bull9 OpNJ Progeny Coronu I (5 136 10 420 ~12 h152 2 1 111 47 5 I 0 (J 4720 II

Purent (urOllu 77 7 r 119 15 7 17 414 419 5 bol 40 251

25 1 I a 93l 2 ProgcnyHhmiddotcrsJde~ 15 57125tlAil16Ir2 751 26 29 U i 15 2S n7i311

1uproduoliw Pro~eny (orolln 141IiIJh15IlhOI ~61O5 1111 7121 a1l 4) 7tiZISPurelli (orollU SItlOHfi n7I01 7522 2U 1 121OJIHlUI581J0I j bull I 1 j I

The iwerage eirtumfelt lllP8 of the Ullllks of tiw progeny tnP8 of important Lisboll strains in the Coronl pl)t nt two periods 2 ytllrs npfllt ille presented in table 9

TAm)] IJ-Atmiddot(middotrage circumference auoul j inch(middotN OU()jIC bud mdon of Irlllllw of wogelll trt(~ oj important slril~ of the Li~boll lelllOIl 11 Ihl experimelltal plotil Ihe Jamlmiddotson orcuud at Corona Cali

Nllmber I (ilL (Till (IllLlshon J5gt fi -11 Will 51[ jOens~

Ian 511 mSl I 3SOpen 15S 50 U 5a7 a l7lllproltiuNin 11 -Ill j if 4 a~1_~______ I

Reeorts of the UllUUtll production of progeny trpcs J)[opnga ted from seyeral similar limb yuriations whi(h were 1ound in Lisbon trees ure giyen ill table 10 These Me nIl variations of minor (oIl1Iller(iul importLlll(e though they nre n~ly striking in ehurneter find of grNlt scientific interest nnd fllue Most of these forms show nn ullstnble inheritance i e the pro(luy trees produ(le both norlllnl fruits tLl1ci those like the limb Yilliutioll (fig 25) Hnd with grentlY iLlying proshyportions of the abnormal fruits

33 EUHEKA AND LISBON LEMONS

FJG111E 25-Frlit~ of the Li~bon stmitl of lila Ll~hon lemon fro III 11 tre~ of thut slrain in the orlJ(innl Lisbon Jlcrormnllccr~(orltl plot (1) nd fruits of I h Hidged lind (Jollnrcd strain froll1 n Ihnb nrilltioll ill the same parent tn (el with imilr rtlit~ of bnth tho 11ltho (m lind Hidglad Collared (D) strains from B Single prolteny Iflle propllglltlt1 In lUItl frOIll lhe 1Ior1l1111 Jlurt of tho lr~O thnt produced the fruits III 1 and e (oronu Call April lV27

TABLE lO-Records of Cl7l1l1nl production of 7)rogllIIree~ propngaed ill Jr(lY 1116 frollilllb ari(liolls of ~Ollle of the minor Lisbon strains ~ ~

-IIUrtt i IIf hUtl Frllits prodll1 hr lrogtnr tre~s tlt5Pro~Iny (1tree no middot IlIrn Jshy

tree z1i III I

I

I I- ~ I ~ I ~ I m 2ro 1Tmno (1I 1 ------ - - -- ~- - ~-- --- --- ---1-----------

Yo So So So XOj So Yo Xo No So No Yo Yo t triptt ___ I) 0 0 139 S2 ~~Il 7S5 Illmiddot 997 41 145 358 3407

I 2 I ~triJl11 Iriatinll i11 tnt nC tulrIhn IlIUStl l-upr()1lotlmiddotthmiddot t ____0_ __1_ l5- _I~ --=-_3_ ~~~-~9 616 td ~$tmin tTollll __ c 0 I 17-1 IfH I 11 797 217 11n 62 516 457 40$3 t tlI trlpet _ _ 0 - 0 -138 ~= 41- 8W- 21 10$3 3 637 311 3821

~ ~2 I 110_ ueus lmiddotu[lrtl1hllmiddottlve ~ __0___1_ ~~~ __8__5 ~~~~~ ~I_ ~ bull 101111 2 0 I 201 13 4fH 817 101 1288 86 812 448 14 573

2 c============= CoI trlpell _ _ 0 3 11 middotl1I lSI 323 864 328 1810 150 605 857 5620 gtshy

21-2~ 2middot1 I d() ~~ Ilellse lllprodurlhe___0___1__~~~ __41___81__~~~~ -~_ ~ 101111 bull 0 375 12 914 6521 5231104 1 36- 1 91i I oo21lf I 6USI 1 2118

~

-----~=====~======= iJl2-10 21S 1middotnrshIlIHmiddot1 lritlnrL~ Icur-Shupe___ 21 7 111 -119 lUI 1070 middot18 4U7 l412 60 1204 12Ol 6931--li _ 218 10bullbullbull do_ 10 II I middot10 52H i7 72 gOO middot(13 I 459 21 851 860 5 894 t

tlotol __ _ bull 21~_5~1~~7 ~ 17115 ~5~1~2951 ~ 20572070 12827 3II Plnr~Rhnpl~~~ --1---7-10 --1- --0- ----I-- --- --0- --1 --0-~

2-t o 9arhtiHIl h~ariHg I)(~trmiddotsha)ld ridgld fruit Xortl1IL ~ __ _ o 0 2S 3a6 205 87 US 7f~) 113 H7 12117 047 020 ------- ---------~- ----~- ~~- -------- ~--11 Totul bullbull____ I I 35 3-111 216 ~l1 110 707 1442 H7 1~~18 1147 7161 ~

II cors hili und =0 =1--31-6 140 -U dsul 438 sou 58 5fll 3(1- 822 Hitl~(1 sect

H~ 220 do + o 21 3[ 11 326 151 81middot 21 imll 28 I 32xortUBI ___ _ __0 __________ 607bull _ __ ] lotul __ _ u I I I 53 417 2-57 Im 915 5SU I (181 82 I 1~11 651 709

~ lind =--i=I-I--i~- -55-- 20tl 427 7S 2H =8(8- 156- 1051 () 4352

IClr-RhtlIC -lt1ilgCil

21-~O __ 2~tJ I dl) eXllrlllul I (

o i __1 _IS _1 _2r _41~ _ 25_ 4 _ 5 23 _ -l~ t

I i 2 I s~1 li~1 1~1_4 $2~ 2[J_8~ WI I 04 ~~J iylotl

TABLE lO-Records of Cl7l1l1nl production of 7)rogllIIree~ propngaed ill Jr(lY 1116 frollilllb ari(liolls of ~Ollle of the minor Lisbon strains ~ ~

-IIUrtt i IIf hUtl Frllits prodll1 hr lrogtnr tre~s tlt5Pro~Iny (1tree no middot IlIrn Jshy

tree z1i III I

I

I I- ~ I ~ I ~ I m 2ro 1Tmno (1I 1 ------ - - -- ~- - ~-- --- --- ---1-----------

Yo So So So XOj So Yo Xo No So No Yo Yo t triptt ___ I) 0 0 139 S2 ~~Il 7S5 Illmiddot 997 41 145 358 3407

I 2 I ~triJl11 Iriatinll i11 tnt nC tulrIhn IlIUStl l-upr()1lotlmiddotthmiddot t ____0_ __1_ l5- _I~ --=-_3_ ~~~-~9 616 td ~$tmin tTollll __ c 0 I 17-1 IfH I 11 797 217 11n 62 516 457 40$3 t tlI trlpet _ _ 0 - 0 -138 ~= 41- 8W- 21 10$3 3 637 311 3821

~ ~2 I 110_ ueus lmiddotu[lrtl1hllmiddottlve ~ __0___1_ ~~~ __8__5 ~~~~~ ~I_ ~ bull 101111 2 0 I 201 13 4fH 817 101 1288 86 812 448 14 573

2 c============= CoI trlpell _ _ 0 3 11 middotl1I lSI 323 864 328 1810 150 605 857 5620 gtshy

21-2~ 2middot1 I d() ~~ Ilellse lllprodurlhe___0___1__~~~ __41___81__~~~~ -~_ ~ 101111 bull 0 375 12 914 6521 5231104 1 36- 1 91i I oo21lf I 6USI 1 2118

~

-----~=====~======= iJl2-10 21S 1middotnrshIlIHmiddot1 lritlnrL~ Icur-Shupe___ 21 7 111 -119 lUI 1070 middot18 4U7 l412 60 1204 12Ol 6931--li _ 218 10bullbullbull do_ 10 II I middot10 52H i7 72 gOO middot(13 I 459 21 851 860 5 894 t

tlotol __ _ bull 21~_5~1~~7 ~ 17115 ~5~1~2951 ~ 20572070 12827 3II Plnr~Rhnpl~~~ --1---7-10 --1- --0- ----I-- --- --0- --1 --0-~

2-t o 9arhtiHIl h~ariHg I)(~trmiddotsha)ld ridgld fruit Xortl1IL ~ __ _ o 0 2S 3a6 205 87 US 7f~) 113 H7 12117 047 020 ------- ---------~- ----~- ~~- -------- ~--11 Totul bullbull____ I I 35 3-111 216 ~l1 110 707 1442 H7 1~~18 1147 7161 ~

II cors hili und =0 =1--31-6 140 -U dsul 438 sou 58 5fll 3(1- 822 Hitl~(1 sect

H~ 220 do + o 21 3[ 11 326 151 81middot 21 imll 28 I 32xortUBI ___ _ __0 __________ 607bull _ __ ] lotul __ _ u I I I 53 417 2-57 Im 915 5SU I (181 82 I 1~11 651 709

~ lind =--i=I-I--i~- -55-- 20tl 427 7S 2H =8(8- 156- 1051 () 4352

IClr-RhtlIC -lt1ilgCil

21-~O __ 2~tJ I dl) eXllrlllul I (

o i __1 _IS _1 _2r _41~ _ 25_ 4 _ 5 23 _ -l~ t

I i 2 I s~1 li~1 1~1_4 $2~ 2[J_8~ WI I 04 ~~J iylotl

L()II~middotmiddotollnr~1 U II 1 I Ill 1m 31M I I-til 511 I 2U 7W I Vlh orIlIal II I S 11 l ~ m 5i lt ~ 52 )7 l8 j -lili~-20 ~lli j middotarinHon htlfHlj 1001~-ul1arld frUtH ~ ___ __ ~~_ _~_~ -gt_ shy-----LO-- bullbull ~ bullbullbullbull __

I Tnl11 _ n Ii middot10 1_17J-~l1 t1IIt~~IISt_I-1-27i 1115393

Inll~-cnnan1 _ n 11 - 12i-i1i I 5~~) I 52U -middotiI i~2i5 -70 l~~lI-7il 5019 I ~orIl1nl~ c~ 0 01 i II 1 2 11 21 93 (i 1)-1 lUI 50y2-L Hi L__ lltL__ til

l0111 (I uj il Irtl I III 101 l~o~t1 middot112 1~~~~=7~ ~~ =~I~ 5H1i

Hid~Ifl __ 1 f I I n I 1 7 22 liii lit) 40 1i31 Im orlllal _ (I II i H t 1 f ltJ lLi 1 734 5middot1 166 5t) It 7tHII I 2-L 1 I HItl_l Iti tiurtbullbull I

0111 bull_ I 21 )1 __ll_n LlH =~I _1lUjl(~I i~ tl1i I_I~~I _~()71_(I ~--- -1--- bull- - _-- - --- -- -- -~---~ ---- l --- ---~

Hilltll lili i2 121l r lit middot1 ~ IUU ~tJ9 160 171U tjt~l1- -1 II [~lIrlllal 211 21i middotIi hO 12 2(O 10 fi 10 1)3J ~

H I II()~ I ~ I Towl 72 2 I~I ZiO 7hi middot-III 2alU 27U 173-1 ISSt) 8ii21 t

I~il~lI(IIlr~tI II s) 21i 21~ IIWI IIJO IS 1973 Ill Ill 8Z1 i if1 -

Ii (I 11 11 11-1 IS Il 10 26 12 (ji 50 5[62 _ 222 middottritlltlu hmiddotlru rIt~l UlII (Ill rtlt fill f I urllm) shyI Tnlal III 1__cO _~I 3tM) 22 IOSI 1124 7S-1 I DUll 1JJ fiSS $82 7070 Ill~hlt ollarlt II II IT ~~)I ~12 1IH2 (~)j tili 1511 151 1249 736 05-15

~ t lin j orilla bull__ I I

11 0 I

l middot15 93 14 52 12 22 21 83 61 401i shyl~t I jiIt TotnL __ --o-~o -( 2U--oUfI1l20 (rrOT621I7Sii2-lj2 TIl I0051 ~

~I l~iflgedmiddot(ol1red - ~~i ~T zr -U~IT ~1 rf~fl~~~ I 3~r 3 I~- 1f12jf II~ 13~it ~ ~t)rnhll _ _ ~ 211 2~ ~ __ do _4 bull

Total __________ bull -i7i~ 251) IlS0 1 m 1ltgt53 1 H f3101IzlO 155- ~a13 1136114 UlO t tl ========-====-=t--I 22l I~orllliil limh in ~anm tnltl I~ nlul~ Sorlllnt _________ 7 no 2$0 11 S32112O 51H 171middot Iii 135 1411 IiSnn 12lU 222 __ ~ _do ~ do ________ __ 2 136 [25 50 I III 1212 108 1851 1t15 101)5 1346 8 7t~) z -

12- 222 In do_ __ bull______ () I H 251 middotIgt6ilJi 120S 205159 8118341136871 Cfl 21-2 222 ____ 1(1 tlO _____________ bullbull L_~_i~~~ 2U~ 1[3 1415 1212 IIJO 747 a810 201) 135-11

I -- ----- ------------------ ----- ___1__ I~ihhe(1 --------- 0 I 0 I 711 152 61 I 445 d262 227 (l) bull ---- -- - -1-----shy(1rlllal _ _______ bull 0 0 1 I 5 40 22 28 28 _ ___________ _ ______ _

2-fi 221 1 Hihhell mriltioll_

TotaL bullbull __ ___ --I-I-I-)1--~2- fl7 1-IilI4~~-I 290 -255= = = =r== I =======-=======

1~lhhl1 _____ bull II 0 ill i IS~ I 112 i 3111 12211 lao 1206 18 461 554 457112-7 ___ _ __ orlllni _bullbullbullbullbull ) 0 0 I I 2 5 i 43 4l f 36 IS I 48 60 ZiB223 L bullbull (10 1 TotnL___________ --11- OT-2 i--2lt~il 1- ---tlll-I 21i2 42iI mrli) 509Tfii41 4857

~~~~==~======== Sec footnol es nt ellil of Iahle

~ Cl

TARLt IO-Hecord~ of (Ulllltill productioll of 1mIIlllftgt proJlglet ill HaJ illW fro I UlIlb [(rialiollll of sOll1e of Ihe millor Lisbon slraillsshy CtJ ~COlltillllPd

__ bull_------------ shy~-nun1 ~I 1111tl frllij~ prn(hH~tcl hy prOltIlY trll~

frogJl~ tfec no lnrtht Ztn I HlIh (~haralllr 110 Ci ~ I~I ~~ ~middotlJ ~ ~~~ I

Ci

IT gt t

so 0 Su 0 So So ISo So I So i xoI gtYo z-o Yo IC 11~ihhrd I a I~ I 2lfl tli middot111 21~ lna f 211 I 96 middotlio 4 ZH c

~(lrmll ______ II n ~l i [gt~ 11 22 1 I II S j 0 I 9 2282126bullbullbullbullbullbull 223 I Hihlwd lriir~HIl t t1 [lIL JI ~ 611 ~~II ~ 1-=5~l~2_I_l-2~ti~II~iL~~IIt L~~ 4102 ~

HihlII 1 511 all~1 I ---IIII~i1-17(ll ltll-i15ZlltiilciJaolli z 3

urmllL _ __ ~_ ~ - tl j 32 27 f 17 2j 10 1 20 I 8 _ 10I21-10__ bullbullbullbullbull 214 -- bullbullbulluo_ - - bull 1--- bull -1- - --- shy c

Tml 1 I 111 I a middotjS1 I Co I lOS I 71 I 31 I l1 I 20 i 51 1 21l Ct

lllhII 1l-middot-middot(j--2=-II=~Imiddot~i~imiddot~~middottmiddot~-I-middot1 (- aj(I 59

I

2-26 __ _ 213 I Hibhlmiddotd tlrituioll in tree or D~n) Ir lIH orilltll n 1 ~ HIS I ~5 no (~17_ ll7t~[~_02_1~81 I~ _~~ ~

Tolal i 1 Sa jr1 cllL__I~L~~1 II~JIOlI 1122- f1112 Itbhrti I~ 11 U 2 I~ I W i 3 121 IS I 13i

2-27 _____ bull 213 I __ uo____ rlllll 1 II 5middot1 middot1119 I (II- I n I 80 IO-tu 5005 ~ 1Tlal ~121 20 I 11 I il l2j 41i i 90-1middot-IT8~1007f5m ~

Is 70 ~ 1)J- ~ ~ltlmiddot~~~imiddotmiddot 11 7~~~middot--~middot~tmiddoti~~~middot--7-S7middot-middot3~U~Ihhrtl II c rum =21-8 213 uo_bullbullbull

It 1[1 1~1 ~I ~IH)1 91 liIJ1T111~~112J~71_1~~

gtTnlal __ __ n I~u i ~~J)I~1l~~~Ii-l2J~~_31~12 l55 ~ II t~~ c I rru~alllImiddotmiddot_middotmiddot1 II () II I) ZI t is I ltI~ I 1Il51 371 I Itl I 1i2 ~~~ I m~ Irmal _________ - n j2-28~ _~ __ _ 212 I CornlgHll~l variltltlO( lIllntlor l)-u-t t1 ~n I) I _ J_2~~_ 5~ ~ 10_ H_i~_4 _~~ _~ Ci

1 Tnt 1 ________ II G() I Ii 21 I middotw i IOS I 112 Ifill I 3~ I 271 lS2 I 11Il ~-- - -~I- -~--=l~~~-- -- ~-- ---= -= ~-~ ~

It middotorrug-ltt~(L _____ III Oi

I) 1 () t 11 I ~jt I Ill I 0 I 11 t 31 I 2115 410 131fi r

tlrm~ll ~ _______ _~ II t2middot2Ilmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot____1 212 -do_

w _

III a 2ti f 12 S s 2 ) f 7 21 -17 22 3 I Tal n n i a I ~2~1-~lFitl -r9~Eli~L~~~1_2~~1~4~r~~~~

21middotmiddott~

12-11 12middot)6 12middot17

11I

2112 2)middot1 Imiddot2~

3()-~~

212 du

212 i XorJl1Rllimb in~nrnl lrr~ us 11llowbull 12 rio 2121 01

212 I tin

~12 dn 12 10 112 dn

212 11

I one of tlw fruits on tl1i~ irtll Wef ritll(ld~ bull Tree nmOwIInrl~ In WjI hcellll~C it wns dilI1~I1

Trle died in Jununry ly~gtg

corrll~ni(ld nrnllll

Tul1

JC)frtlmt(tl i- lit do

Tuhl l

ofruvattd orlllal

Total

orllltl (nrrulat(t1 -orlllul

1011

ClIffllJJltlfl nrmal

f Tntal

h II

n

rt

II I

It

I I Ii

V1 1

II (I

II

~ hi JfJ Ii I I

~I ~ ~1 Wli t

n 4 m I II flii 21m t II 3 mIl

nIl I 7ul (I

II

III

t1l U1t fii ~ rl~3 1521 21 15 211 I I J

220 i ~l i4~ 12JE~ 1 i -Ia~ I 671 201 II ()() I

1Mi US f11~ al no I 21 I I 771 271 jllSI

I I

1] ilU21()rm 10t1 1il77 5 t ZI Ii Ifill

__~7J~~I~7i ~~~~ 51 417 I 101 -1378 7t (lut I )38 4 ita 67 li21 IIW 4lllla

middotlUlI IOS 12llill h2h 1211-Hi lrm2 1l5i 11i~ 11 i 0 I (I ~=~ 0 IO~ ===~o = -11

I~ 1207 JmiddotI~a i (i71()(Jtf 1U2 I 102 lf~2 nR~

i~~p~~ITI~~a 1~riI-I~~u]]tlII~ ~~~ =~O~I

(ll~ 1210 I I~l

tj n 11I u I f002 11IlS 114H I middotI ILI~tl 17 11174 1100 1114 r II It 21~1 I l~) 11111 112 4l Itlill 1middot11 530 IOlI 4 I~ ~ I 12 I ) fl1 I Ifill I (II 411 2120 -IS II-wn 1101l Rsm l

bull I ~ I I 1~IO it jIfJlalm2 11l 111 512o-T5Ii7IIo- 1041 ~2lltTl

11 1==I~=~I(OI=l~ ~~ 0 =~I ~~ I---~ I)I=~~~ r I 5 2~1l 1 4-11 ~ii2 HII middot11l 1550 1110 1Ui2 1051 701 ~ c~l I (111ri41 1--1 11~IImiddotit72 ilJiif7f)1 t-------- I gt-

-~---- ~-- if OJ C ~

~ ~ C Z Il

Col 1

38 JECHNICAIJ DULLEJIN j31 U S DEPT OJ~ AG1UltJULIUHE

The trees listed at the end of table 10 are of specitll interest because it was a propagation of a similar nnture to this (fig 2fi) early in the study of the inheritance of lemon variations tbn t showed the imporshytance of avoiding in commerciul propugu tion the use of budwood from any purt of a tree that bore an undesimble limb vurintion Trees 2-282-29 and 21-6 recorded neur the end of tuble ] 0 were propashygated from a Corrugu ted lim b variation benring only Corrugated frui t in a tree of the Dense Lisbon strnin and nre shown to be unstable in inheritance producing a lurge proportion of COllugl1ted struin fruits with some normal fruits The last eight trees listed in this table were propagated at the sume time as the three just mentioned but the bud wood for their propngation wns tuken irom u limb on th( opposite side of the puren t tree from the COlJugl1ted limb und it wus benring only u011l1ul Lisbon stmin fruits and llUd prod uced only normal fruits duriug tIle 2 preceding years during which performnllCl records had been secured from it Two of the eight progeny tre(s from this normnl propagation 21-12 and 30-28 are shown to hun borne nothing but normal Lisbon fuits ns twy would commonly be expected to do four of the eigh t progenY trees from this Sl n1(gt propagation 12-15 12-0 12-17 und 21-18 have borne nothing but Corrugated fruits like those protiuCed on the limb variation in tl)( parent tree and two of the eight progltny trees 21-11 nnd 30-20 have produced both Corrugu ted and normal Lisbon frl1it~ as did thp progeny trees propagated frolll tIle Corrugnt(d Jimb vadution 111 commelcinl propngations it is of course dltsirnhIe to prod uce only typical trees of the d(lsired Yllriety The possibility that nbnorll1111 trees may denlop from normul budwood from n tIllt thnt hilS fill

ubnormnllimb ns huppelled in the cuSP just (I c-seri Iltd shows tht importnnce of taking (oml1l(r(illl budwood Oldy frOIll t1((8 thu t hn ve been studied (urefulhTund found free from lillY lllld(sirablp limb 01 Ringle fruit YariationH

PERPETUATION OF VARIATIONS IN QUANTITY OF CROP

The importlmt strnins of both the Eurekn IIl1d Lisbon 111lIolls PIOshyduce characteristicullv different amounts of fruit nllllllulh ulld(r compamtive cultural conditiolls us shown bY reeords of tlH PlOgltuy trees in tables 1 and 0 In some install(lS till Rtrnim hUing Imolshymully high or low yields lilwo folingp chultld(istics t1mL I1rt apparshyently correlated with the qunntity of produdioll such itS dpIIsity shape or color of tl)( l(n(8 lind vior 0 Iwhit of growth of til( tmiddot((S

COMMERCIAL QUALITY OF CROPS 01lt DIFIltEHENT STRAINS

In sOllle instullclS tlw leI11om ])ollllCtl1 hY tlw ynrious (ntin-tr(( nnd limb vuriutions a nd Ow pog(IlY t (ps POI)llgU t((1 frolll the~l( Tariations differ in cOllunereinl q unli ty to iL llIukld d(~rlt( in otilt cases tbey are so similar ill nppeurIlnce ns to 1)( illdiHtinguishabll The most striking and clearly appnrent of HliCh lhuraet(llstics include the shape size and color of the lemons the tiliekll(ss texshyture and smoothness of the rinds the amount of rng til(middot nbIUldun(t nnd acidity of the juice unci the number of seeds

The oblong to oyul shupe of typictll Euekn nlld Lisbon stminlclllons is considered to be best suitld for plLCking and handling operations The pear bottle-neek round or other ubnorlllnl shllpes that nrc

EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

characteristic of typical fruits of some of the variations of the normal strains are less desirable than the oblong to oal shape both from the standpoint of pucking and of other phases of haIldling

As lemons are picked vhen they rench a predetermined size there is ordinarily little dunger of obtnining fluits thnt are too lurge for market purposes However the tlees of certain strains tend to proshyduce a considerable proportion of fmits thllt do not grow sufficiently large for the best results While the deelopment of undersized lemons is largely due to unfavorable climatic soil or cultural condishytions the inherent tendency of certain strains to produce smnll lemons hns also been pronu ns It result of thlse progeny tests

Fruits that reHrh pirking size while still grren in color are the most desilllble onlS It hus blln found in these studies (tablls 2 and 7) thnt somo of tho vllriutions tlnd to produce fl larger proportion of deep- 01 ligh t-greell fruits thnn others

SEASON OF MAXIMUM PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT STRAINS

The tlndlncy of the trels of nil of the IIUlon strains in these invesshytigations is to deelop tbe mnxill1ulll nmount of bloom during the months of lIurriJ April Ilnd lny rhe trels of It few strains bloom to a glentlr or llss Ixtrn t during nIl slasons of the yenr so that blossoms and smnll and lurge fruits arc to be found on the same trees nt all tinHs HoweYlr ti1rre is a mther mnrked varietnl difference in the SIHSOIl of maximum production of fruits of picking size and similnr marked difllrrn(rs rhlllHctrrize srYellll of the strnins

The t)prs of the EurpJm stlllin of the jltJureka variety and the Open strain of the Lisbon vuriety liS shown in tubles 3 and 8 tend to proshyduce lpoundll1olls throughout nil Slllsons of the yenr although the largest proportion of the bloom unci srt of fruit oecurs during the spring months The tlres of the Shude-Trre nnd Unproductive stmins of the Eureka lIricty tllltl to bloom IHItmiddotily dUlin~ both the spring and uutumn SCl1Sons but muny of the blossoms lire lInperfert and do not set fruits The fall blooms of these trres are the ones that ordinarily dCrelop the crops produced during the fnll of the yrtlr following the hlooming

The trres of nIl the stlHins of the Lisbon nuicty except thoPoe of the Oprn stlllin tend to plOd U(( t I(ir rOps most heavily d Ilring lnte win LeI nnd spring

Diflenn(rs hae heen obrld in the s(ason of blooming and of muximllm fruit production of individllnl trees of u stmin nnd to nI(s8 extent of diflrl(lt lmll1(hrs 011 the silme tr(rs An in(stiglltion ns to the possibilitips of perp(ltuutin~ tllPse ehllllleteristics through budshyding is b(ing mndc hu t the fWllilnble dntn ure eonsidelcd to be insuffishyeient nt this time to WIUTunt finnl eonrlusions

RELATIVE INHERENT STABILITY OF DIFFERENT TREES

The Fcrforlllnllre leeor( of progeny propngntiom of cltrefully selected lemon trees hnve shown thut the chnmcteristics of some of tlie parent trees hllc IWpn pcq(tuuted much more uniformly thnn others Whem buds 11ne been tlllpn flom norl11nl brnnches of parent trees hllving onc 01 more limb vuriutions the progeny trees have shown grent YllIiubility in fluit and folillge chnlllcterS as shown by the ecords of progeny trees from parent tree 212 in tnhle 10 In It few lOstnnces the progeny trees of apparently normal pment trees have

40 lECHNICAIJ ]3ULLEnN fJa J U S DEII (n AClHWUIJIURE

been quite vnlinble indicating 111(1( the pfllCnt tree werr inhpJentiy unstable

As a rule pnrent trees having limb or individual fruit vuliations are almost certain to transmit tendencies to such variations to the progeny trees thnt have been propngnted from the normal ports of such pnrents wherens the progenies of porent trees having no murked voriations of fruit or folioge tend to be lmiformly like the parent trees Such UnllOl1U Progenies Hre considered to be inherently stuble ond when the quantIty and commercinl quality of their fruits Hre superior to the Hvernge for the vllliety they nre suitable for COTllshy

llIeleiul propagutioll The progeny tlst of fieleded pUlcn t t reefi is n reliable method of

determming their relative inherent stubility llile it is oftentimes possible to (ttimate the inherent fitability of selec(ed tnos through n study of thpir p~IforJllun(e records for a period of yelLrs and from H study of the innts on the trees the progeny test rennls the Hctual lelntivc inherent stability of the pment tlles as well ns of the )rogen)shytrees The l1l0ltt serioml ohjection llrgtci ngninst the lIte of the progelly tst in ()J11111er(iul hud-seleetion pIlIctiee is the length or time requiJed to obtuin lW((1SRory ltluta und inlonnntion fOlll whieh safe eonclusions eHn be dlllwJl ln some illstunces this l)eriocL eHl be mn(erinlly shortened through top-working e3tH blished older trees using buds from tIle selected purent trees for this purpose Yith nurterY progellY trees perlorJllIlllCe Jecords covering n period of 4 or 5 ~Tenrs of or(hllId growth unel production nre ordinHlily thought to be udeq uate foJ most purposes

ISOLArION OF INHERENTLY STAHLE STRAINS

1ho isulntioll find propugntioll of inllOrentlv stllhlc find sllpelinr strnins of the cOl1lmcl(iul vHrieties of Ipl11ol1s is 1111 illlj)ortnnt 1u(to1 ill plOli~nl~le lCllon grovin~ The studies thnt IlHve b~cn curried out 1Il tIllS lllvcshgntlOn ll1(hcnte that through the selectlOn of hudwood from ptt1ent trees found through plogpny tests to be inherently stu ble such flS are shown in figures 21 22 und 23 it is commercially pructicable to isola te find propngue stmins in which the trees strongly tend to the production of uniformly desirnble lemons In thi fundnmental way tlte pJoportion of filst-grnde fruits cnn he inclensed without nny ndded cost of produ(tion

Studies of second-generation progenies thn t were propagated from the best producing trees of superior progenies illdicnte that conshytinuous improvement of the population of leJllon stlflins is possible through the systemntic selection of hudwood bnsed upon the pershyIormnnee records of inherently stobIe progeny trees and the use in cOlllll1((inl propngntion of buds frolll only the hest progeny trees

ELIMINATION OF INHERENTLY INFERIOR STRAIN TREES

The results of the lemon progeny tests reported ill this bulletin as well ns others that ale being c1rried on by growers indicate that through clLreful hud selection bused llpon the performance lecords of progeny trees it is prncticnble to Hyoid the propagntion of trees of inferior strnills

In estttblished bearing orchl1lds the inf erior-struin trees clln he eliminated profit1bly through top-working 01 repl1nting Both of these methods haye been described in n previous publicntion (17)

TARLt IO-Hecord~ of (Ulllltill productioll of 1mIIlllftgt proJlglet ill HaJ illW fro I UlIlb [(rialiollll of sOll1e of Ihe millor Lisbon slraillsshy CtJ ~COlltillllPd

__ bull_------------ shy~-nun1 ~I 1111tl frllij~ prn(hH~tcl hy prOltIlY trll~

frogJl~ tfec no lnrtht Ztn I HlIh (~haralllr 110 Ci ~ I~I ~~ ~middotlJ ~ ~~~ I

Ci

IT gt t

so 0 Su 0 So So ISo So I So i xoI gtYo z-o Yo IC 11~ihhrd I a I~ I 2lfl tli middot111 21~ lna f 211 I 96 middotlio 4 ZH c

~(lrmll ______ II n ~l i [gt~ 11 22 1 I II S j 0 I 9 2282126bullbullbullbullbullbull 223 I Hihlwd lriir~HIl t t1 [lIL JI ~ 611 ~~II ~ 1-=5~l~2_I_l-2~ti~II~iL~~IIt L~~ 4102 ~

HihlII 1 511 all~1 I ---IIII~i1-17(ll ltll-i15ZlltiilciJaolli z 3

urmllL _ __ ~_ ~ - tl j 32 27 f 17 2j 10 1 20 I 8 _ 10I21-10__ bullbullbullbullbull 214 -- bullbullbulluo_ - - bull 1--- bull -1- - --- shy c

Tml 1 I 111 I a middotjS1 I Co I lOS I 71 I 31 I l1 I 20 i 51 1 21l Ct

lllhII 1l-middot-middot(j--2=-II=~Imiddot~i~imiddot~~middottmiddot~-I-middot1 (- aj(I 59

I

2-26 __ _ 213 I Hibhlmiddotd tlrituioll in tree or D~n) Ir lIH orilltll n 1 ~ HIS I ~5 no (~17_ ll7t~[~_02_1~81 I~ _~~ ~

Tolal i 1 Sa jr1 cllL__I~L~~1 II~JIOlI 1122- f1112 Itbhrti I~ 11 U 2 I~ I W i 3 121 IS I 13i

2-27 _____ bull 213 I __ uo____ rlllll 1 II 5middot1 middot1119 I (II- I n I 80 IO-tu 5005 ~ 1Tlal ~121 20 I 11 I il l2j 41i i 90-1middot-IT8~1007f5m ~

Is 70 ~ 1)J- ~ ~ltlmiddot~~~imiddotmiddot 11 7~~~middot--~middot~tmiddoti~~~middot--7-S7middot-middot3~U~Ihhrtl II c rum =21-8 213 uo_bullbullbull

It 1[1 1~1 ~I ~IH)1 91 liIJ1T111~~112J~71_1~~

gtTnlal __ __ n I~u i ~~J)I~1l~~~Ii-l2J~~_31~12 l55 ~ II t~~ c I rru~alllImiddotmiddot_middotmiddot1 II () II I) ZI t is I ltI~ I 1Il51 371 I Itl I 1i2 ~~~ I m~ Irmal _________ - n j2-28~ _~ __ _ 212 I CornlgHll~l variltltlO( lIllntlor l)-u-t t1 ~n I) I _ J_2~~_ 5~ ~ 10_ H_i~_4 _~~ _~ Ci

1 Tnt 1 ________ II G() I Ii 21 I middotw i IOS I 112 Ifill I 3~ I 271 lS2 I 11Il ~-- - -~I- -~--=l~~~-- -- ~-- ---= -= ~-~ ~

It middotorrug-ltt~(L _____ III Oi

I) 1 () t 11 I ~jt I Ill I 0 I 11 t 31 I 2115 410 131fi r

tlrm~ll ~ _______ _~ II t2middot2Ilmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot____1 212 -do_

w _

III a 2ti f 12 S s 2 ) f 7 21 -17 22 3 I Tal n n i a I ~2~1-~lFitl -r9~Eli~L~~~1_2~~1~4~r~~~~

21middotmiddott~

12-11 12middot)6 12middot17

11I

2112 2)middot1 Imiddot2~

3()-~~

212 du

212 i XorJl1Rllimb in~nrnl lrr~ us 11llowbull 12 rio 2121 01

212 I tin

~12 dn 12 10 112 dn

212 11

I one of tlw fruits on tl1i~ irtll Wef ritll(ld~ bull Tree nmOwIInrl~ In WjI hcellll~C it wns dilI1~I1

Trle died in Jununry ly~gtg

corrll~ni(ld nrnllll

Tul1

JC)frtlmt(tl i- lit do

Tuhl l

ofruvattd orlllal

Total

orllltl (nrrulat(t1 -orlllul

1011

ClIffllJJltlfl nrmal

f Tntal

h II

n

rt

II I

It

I I Ii

V1 1

II (I

II

~ hi JfJ Ii I I

~I ~ ~1 Wli t

n 4 m I II flii 21m t II 3 mIl

nIl I 7ul (I

II

III

t1l U1t fii ~ rl~3 1521 21 15 211 I I J

220 i ~l i4~ 12JE~ 1 i -Ia~ I 671 201 II ()() I

1Mi US f11~ al no I 21 I I 771 271 jllSI

I I

1] ilU21()rm 10t1 1il77 5 t ZI Ii Ifill

__~7J~~I~7i ~~~~ 51 417 I 101 -1378 7t (lut I )38 4 ita 67 li21 IIW 4lllla

middotlUlI IOS 12llill h2h 1211-Hi lrm2 1l5i 11i~ 11 i 0 I (I ~=~ 0 IO~ ===~o = -11

I~ 1207 JmiddotI~a i (i71()(Jtf 1U2 I 102 lf~2 nR~

i~~p~~ITI~~a 1~riI-I~~u]]tlII~ ~~~ =~O~I

(ll~ 1210 I I~l

tj n 11I u I f002 11IlS 114H I middotI ILI~tl 17 11174 1100 1114 r II It 21~1 I l~) 11111 112 4l Itlill 1middot11 530 IOlI 4 I~ ~ I 12 I ) fl1 I Ifill I (II 411 2120 -IS II-wn 1101l Rsm l

bull I ~ I I 1~IO it jIfJlalm2 11l 111 512o-T5Ii7IIo- 1041 ~2lltTl

11 1==I~=~I(OI=l~ ~~ 0 =~I ~~ I---~ I)I=~~~ r I 5 2~1l 1 4-11 ~ii2 HII middot11l 1550 1110 1Ui2 1051 701 ~ c~l I (111ri41 1--1 11~IImiddotit72 ilJiif7f)1 t-------- I gt-

-~---- ~-- if OJ C ~

~ ~ C Z Il

Col 1

38 JECHNICAIJ DULLEJIN j31 U S DEPT OJ~ AG1UltJULIUHE

The trees listed at the end of table 10 are of specitll interest because it was a propagation of a similar nnture to this (fig 2fi) early in the study of the inheritance of lemon variations tbn t showed the imporshytance of avoiding in commerciul propugu tion the use of budwood from any purt of a tree that bore an undesimble limb vurintion Trees 2-282-29 and 21-6 recorded neur the end of tuble ] 0 were propashygated from a Corrugu ted lim b variation benring only Corrugated frui t in a tree of the Dense Lisbon strnin and nre shown to be unstable in inheritance producing a lurge proportion of COllugl1ted struin fruits with some normal fruits The last eight trees listed in this table were propagated at the sume time as the three just mentioned but the bud wood for their propngation wns tuken irom u limb on th( opposite side of the puren t tree from the COlJugl1ted limb und it wus benring only u011l1ul Lisbon stmin fruits and llUd prod uced only normal fruits duriug tIle 2 preceding years during which performnllCl records had been secured from it Two of the eight progeny tre(s from this normnl propagation 21-12 and 30-28 are shown to hun borne nothing but normal Lisbon fuits ns twy would commonly be expected to do four of the eigh t progenY trees from this Sl n1(gt propagation 12-15 12-0 12-17 und 21-18 have borne nothing but Corrugated fruits like those protiuCed on the limb variation in tl)( parent tree and two of the eight progltny trees 21-11 nnd 30-20 have produced both Corrugu ted and normal Lisbon frl1it~ as did thp progeny trees propagated frolll tIle Corrugnt(d Jimb vadution 111 commelcinl propngations it is of course dltsirnhIe to prod uce only typical trees of the d(lsired Yllriety The possibility that nbnorll1111 trees may denlop from normul budwood from n tIllt thnt hilS fill

ubnormnllimb ns huppelled in the cuSP just (I c-seri Iltd shows tht importnnce of taking (oml1l(r(illl budwood Oldy frOIll t1((8 thu t hn ve been studied (urefulhTund found free from lillY lllld(sirablp limb 01 Ringle fruit YariationH

PERPETUATION OF VARIATIONS IN QUANTITY OF CROP

The importlmt strnins of both the Eurekn IIl1d Lisbon 111lIolls PIOshyduce characteristicullv different amounts of fruit nllllllulh ulld(r compamtive cultural conditiolls us shown bY reeords of tlH PlOgltuy trees in tables 1 and 0 In some install(lS till Rtrnim hUing Imolshymully high or low yields lilwo folingp chultld(istics t1mL I1rt apparshyently correlated with the qunntity of produdioll such itS dpIIsity shape or color of tl)( l(n(8 lind vior 0 Iwhit of growth of til( tmiddot((S

COMMERCIAL QUALITY OF CROPS 01lt DIFIltEHENT STRAINS

In sOllle instullclS tlw leI11om ])ollllCtl1 hY tlw ynrious (ntin-tr(( nnd limb vuriutions a nd Ow pog(IlY t (ps POI)llgU t((1 frolll the~l( Tariations differ in cOllunereinl q unli ty to iL llIukld d(~rlt( in otilt cases tbey are so similar ill nppeurIlnce ns to 1)( illdiHtinguishabll The most striking and clearly appnrent of HliCh lhuraet(llstics include the shape size and color of the lemons the tiliekll(ss texshyture and smoothness of the rinds the amount of rng til(middot nbIUldun(t nnd acidity of the juice unci the number of seeds

The oblong to oyul shupe of typictll Euekn nlld Lisbon stminlclllons is considered to be best suitld for plLCking and handling operations The pear bottle-neek round or other ubnorlllnl shllpes that nrc

EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

characteristic of typical fruits of some of the variations of the normal strains are less desirable than the oblong to oal shape both from the standpoint of pucking and of other phases of haIldling

As lemons are picked vhen they rench a predetermined size there is ordinarily little dunger of obtnining fluits thnt are too lurge for market purposes However the tlees of certain strains tend to proshyduce a considerable proportion of fmits thllt do not grow sufficiently large for the best results While the deelopment of undersized lemons is largely due to unfavorable climatic soil or cultural condishytions the inherent tendency of certain strains to produce smnll lemons hns also been pronu ns It result of thlse progeny tests

Fruits that reHrh pirking size while still grren in color are the most desilllble onlS It hus blln found in these studies (tablls 2 and 7) thnt somo of tho vllriutions tlnd to produce fl larger proportion of deep- 01 ligh t-greell fruits thnn others

SEASON OF MAXIMUM PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT STRAINS

The tlndlncy of the trels of nil of the IIUlon strains in these invesshytigations is to deelop tbe mnxill1ulll nmount of bloom during the months of lIurriJ April Ilnd lny rhe trels of It few strains bloom to a glentlr or llss Ixtrn t during nIl slasons of the yenr so that blossoms and smnll and lurge fruits arc to be found on the same trees nt all tinHs HoweYlr ti1rre is a mther mnrked varietnl difference in the SIHSOIl of maximum production of fruits of picking size and similnr marked difllrrn(rs rhlllHctrrize srYellll of the strnins

The t)prs of the EurpJm stlllin of the jltJureka variety and the Open strain of the Lisbon vuriety liS shown in tubles 3 and 8 tend to proshyduce lpoundll1olls throughout nil Slllsons of the yenr although the largest proportion of the bloom unci srt of fruit oecurs during the spring months The tlres of the Shude-Trre nnd Unproductive stmins of the Eureka lIricty tllltl to bloom IHItmiddotily dUlin~ both the spring and uutumn SCl1Sons but muny of the blossoms lire lInperfert and do not set fruits The fall blooms of these trres are the ones that ordinarily dCrelop the crops produced during the fnll of the yrtlr following the hlooming

The trres of nIl the stlHins of the Lisbon nuicty except thoPoe of the Oprn stlllin tend to plOd U(( t I(ir rOps most heavily d Ilring lnte win LeI nnd spring

Diflenn(rs hae heen obrld in the s(ason of blooming and of muximllm fruit production of individllnl trees of u stmin nnd to nI(s8 extent of diflrl(lt lmll1(hrs 011 the silme tr(rs An in(stiglltion ns to the possibilitips of perp(ltuutin~ tllPse ehllllleteristics through budshyding is b(ing mndc hu t the fWllilnble dntn ure eonsidelcd to be insuffishyeient nt this time to WIUTunt finnl eonrlusions

RELATIVE INHERENT STABILITY OF DIFFERENT TREES

The Fcrforlllnllre leeor( of progeny propngntiom of cltrefully selected lemon trees hnve shown thut the chnmcteristics of some of tlie parent trees hllc IWpn pcq(tuuted much more uniformly thnn others Whem buds 11ne been tlllpn flom norl11nl brnnches of parent trees hllving onc 01 more limb vuriutions the progeny trees have shown grent YllIiubility in fluit and folillge chnlllcterS as shown by the ecords of progeny trees from parent tree 212 in tnhle 10 In It few lOstnnces the progeny trees of apparently normal pment trees have

40 lECHNICAIJ ]3ULLEnN fJa J U S DEII (n AClHWUIJIURE

been quite vnlinble indicating 111(1( the pfllCnt tree werr inhpJentiy unstable

As a rule pnrent trees having limb or individual fruit vuliations are almost certain to transmit tendencies to such variations to the progeny trees thnt have been propngnted from the normal ports of such pnrents wherens the progenies of porent trees having no murked voriations of fruit or folioge tend to be lmiformly like the parent trees Such UnllOl1U Progenies Hre considered to be inherently stuble ond when the quantIty and commercinl quality of their fruits Hre superior to the Hvernge for the vllliety they nre suitable for COTllshy

llIeleiul propagutioll The progeny tlst of fieleded pUlcn t t reefi is n reliable method of

determming their relative inherent stubility llile it is oftentimes possible to (ttimate the inherent fitability of selec(ed tnos through n study of thpir p~IforJllun(e records for a period of yelLrs and from H study of the innts on the trees the progeny test rennls the Hctual lelntivc inherent stability of the pment tlles as well ns of the )rogen)shytrees The l1l0ltt serioml ohjection llrgtci ngninst the lIte of the progelly tst in ()J11111er(iul hud-seleetion pIlIctiee is the length or time requiJed to obtuin lW((1SRory ltluta und inlonnntion fOlll whieh safe eonclusions eHn be dlllwJl ln some illstunces this l)eriocL eHl be mn(erinlly shortened through top-working e3tH blished older trees using buds from tIle selected purent trees for this purpose Yith nurterY progellY trees perlorJllIlllCe Jecords covering n period of 4 or 5 ~Tenrs of or(hllId growth unel production nre ordinHlily thought to be udeq uate foJ most purposes

ISOLArION OF INHERENTLY STAHLE STRAINS

1ho isulntioll find propugntioll of inllOrentlv stllhlc find sllpelinr strnins of the cOl1lmcl(iul vHrieties of Ipl11ol1s is 1111 illlj)ortnnt 1u(to1 ill plOli~nl~le lCllon grovin~ The studies thnt IlHve b~cn curried out 1Il tIllS lllvcshgntlOn ll1(hcnte that through the selectlOn of hudwood from ptt1ent trees found through plogpny tests to be inherently stu ble such flS are shown in figures 21 22 und 23 it is commercially pructicable to isola te find propngue stmins in which the trees strongly tend to the production of uniformly desirnble lemons In thi fundnmental way tlte pJoportion of filst-grnde fruits cnn he inclensed without nny ndded cost of produ(tion

Studies of second-generation progenies thn t were propagated from the best producing trees of superior progenies illdicnte that conshytinuous improvement of the population of leJllon stlflins is possible through the systemntic selection of hudwood bnsed upon the pershyIormnnee records of inherently stobIe progeny trees and the use in cOlllll1((inl propngntion of buds frolll only the hest progeny trees

ELIMINATION OF INHERENTLY INFERIOR STRAIN TREES

The results of the lemon progeny tests reported ill this bulletin as well ns others that ale being c1rried on by growers indicate that through clLreful hud selection bused llpon the performance lecords of progeny trees it is prncticnble to Hyoid the propagntion of trees of inferior strnills

In estttblished bearing orchl1lds the inf erior-struin trees clln he eliminated profit1bly through top-working 01 repl1nting Both of these methods haye been described in n previous publicntion (17)

21middotmiddott~

12-11 12middot)6 12middot17

11I

2112 2)middot1 Imiddot2~

3()-~~

212 du

212 i XorJl1Rllimb in~nrnl lrr~ us 11llowbull 12 rio 2121 01

212 I tin

~12 dn 12 10 112 dn

212 11

I one of tlw fruits on tl1i~ irtll Wef ritll(ld~ bull Tree nmOwIInrl~ In WjI hcellll~C it wns dilI1~I1

Trle died in Jununry ly~gtg

corrll~ni(ld nrnllll

Tul1

JC)frtlmt(tl i- lit do

Tuhl l

ofruvattd orlllal

Total

orllltl (nrrulat(t1 -orlllul

1011

ClIffllJJltlfl nrmal

f Tntal

h II

n

rt

II I

It

I I Ii

V1 1

II (I

II

~ hi JfJ Ii I I

~I ~ ~1 Wli t

n 4 m I II flii 21m t II 3 mIl

nIl I 7ul (I

II

III

t1l U1t fii ~ rl~3 1521 21 15 211 I I J

220 i ~l i4~ 12JE~ 1 i -Ia~ I 671 201 II ()() I

1Mi US f11~ al no I 21 I I 771 271 jllSI

I I

1] ilU21()rm 10t1 1il77 5 t ZI Ii Ifill

__~7J~~I~7i ~~~~ 51 417 I 101 -1378 7t (lut I )38 4 ita 67 li21 IIW 4lllla

middotlUlI IOS 12llill h2h 1211-Hi lrm2 1l5i 11i~ 11 i 0 I (I ~=~ 0 IO~ ===~o = -11

I~ 1207 JmiddotI~a i (i71()(Jtf 1U2 I 102 lf~2 nR~

i~~p~~ITI~~a 1~riI-I~~u]]tlII~ ~~~ =~O~I

(ll~ 1210 I I~l

tj n 11I u I f002 11IlS 114H I middotI ILI~tl 17 11174 1100 1114 r II It 21~1 I l~) 11111 112 4l Itlill 1middot11 530 IOlI 4 I~ ~ I 12 I ) fl1 I Ifill I (II 411 2120 -IS II-wn 1101l Rsm l

bull I ~ I I 1~IO it jIfJlalm2 11l 111 512o-T5Ii7IIo- 1041 ~2lltTl

11 1==I~=~I(OI=l~ ~~ 0 =~I ~~ I---~ I)I=~~~ r I 5 2~1l 1 4-11 ~ii2 HII middot11l 1550 1110 1Ui2 1051 701 ~ c~l I (111ri41 1--1 11~IImiddotit72 ilJiif7f)1 t-------- I gt-

-~---- ~-- if OJ C ~

~ ~ C Z Il

Col 1

38 JECHNICAIJ DULLEJIN j31 U S DEPT OJ~ AG1UltJULIUHE

The trees listed at the end of table 10 are of specitll interest because it was a propagation of a similar nnture to this (fig 2fi) early in the study of the inheritance of lemon variations tbn t showed the imporshytance of avoiding in commerciul propugu tion the use of budwood from any purt of a tree that bore an undesimble limb vurintion Trees 2-282-29 and 21-6 recorded neur the end of tuble ] 0 were propashygated from a Corrugu ted lim b variation benring only Corrugated frui t in a tree of the Dense Lisbon strnin and nre shown to be unstable in inheritance producing a lurge proportion of COllugl1ted struin fruits with some normal fruits The last eight trees listed in this table were propagated at the sume time as the three just mentioned but the bud wood for their propngation wns tuken irom u limb on th( opposite side of the puren t tree from the COlJugl1ted limb und it wus benring only u011l1ul Lisbon stmin fruits and llUd prod uced only normal fruits duriug tIle 2 preceding years during which performnllCl records had been secured from it Two of the eight progeny tre(s from this normnl propagation 21-12 and 30-28 are shown to hun borne nothing but normal Lisbon fuits ns twy would commonly be expected to do four of the eigh t progenY trees from this Sl n1(gt propagation 12-15 12-0 12-17 und 21-18 have borne nothing but Corrugated fruits like those protiuCed on the limb variation in tl)( parent tree and two of the eight progltny trees 21-11 nnd 30-20 have produced both Corrugu ted and normal Lisbon frl1it~ as did thp progeny trees propagated frolll tIle Corrugnt(d Jimb vadution 111 commelcinl propngations it is of course dltsirnhIe to prod uce only typical trees of the d(lsired Yllriety The possibility that nbnorll1111 trees may denlop from normul budwood from n tIllt thnt hilS fill

ubnormnllimb ns huppelled in the cuSP just (I c-seri Iltd shows tht importnnce of taking (oml1l(r(illl budwood Oldy frOIll t1((8 thu t hn ve been studied (urefulhTund found free from lillY lllld(sirablp limb 01 Ringle fruit YariationH

PERPETUATION OF VARIATIONS IN QUANTITY OF CROP

The importlmt strnins of both the Eurekn IIl1d Lisbon 111lIolls PIOshyduce characteristicullv different amounts of fruit nllllllulh ulld(r compamtive cultural conditiolls us shown bY reeords of tlH PlOgltuy trees in tables 1 and 0 In some install(lS till Rtrnim hUing Imolshymully high or low yields lilwo folingp chultld(istics t1mL I1rt apparshyently correlated with the qunntity of produdioll such itS dpIIsity shape or color of tl)( l(n(8 lind vior 0 Iwhit of growth of til( tmiddot((S

COMMERCIAL QUALITY OF CROPS 01lt DIFIltEHENT STRAINS

In sOllle instullclS tlw leI11om ])ollllCtl1 hY tlw ynrious (ntin-tr(( nnd limb vuriutions a nd Ow pog(IlY t (ps POI)llgU t((1 frolll the~l( Tariations differ in cOllunereinl q unli ty to iL llIukld d(~rlt( in otilt cases tbey are so similar ill nppeurIlnce ns to 1)( illdiHtinguishabll The most striking and clearly appnrent of HliCh lhuraet(llstics include the shape size and color of the lemons the tiliekll(ss texshyture and smoothness of the rinds the amount of rng til(middot nbIUldun(t nnd acidity of the juice unci the number of seeds

The oblong to oyul shupe of typictll Euekn nlld Lisbon stminlclllons is considered to be best suitld for plLCking and handling operations The pear bottle-neek round or other ubnorlllnl shllpes that nrc

EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

characteristic of typical fruits of some of the variations of the normal strains are less desirable than the oblong to oal shape both from the standpoint of pucking and of other phases of haIldling

As lemons are picked vhen they rench a predetermined size there is ordinarily little dunger of obtnining fluits thnt are too lurge for market purposes However the tlees of certain strains tend to proshyduce a considerable proportion of fmits thllt do not grow sufficiently large for the best results While the deelopment of undersized lemons is largely due to unfavorable climatic soil or cultural condishytions the inherent tendency of certain strains to produce smnll lemons hns also been pronu ns It result of thlse progeny tests

Fruits that reHrh pirking size while still grren in color are the most desilllble onlS It hus blln found in these studies (tablls 2 and 7) thnt somo of tho vllriutions tlnd to produce fl larger proportion of deep- 01 ligh t-greell fruits thnn others

SEASON OF MAXIMUM PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT STRAINS

The tlndlncy of the trels of nil of the IIUlon strains in these invesshytigations is to deelop tbe mnxill1ulll nmount of bloom during the months of lIurriJ April Ilnd lny rhe trels of It few strains bloom to a glentlr or llss Ixtrn t during nIl slasons of the yenr so that blossoms and smnll and lurge fruits arc to be found on the same trees nt all tinHs HoweYlr ti1rre is a mther mnrked varietnl difference in the SIHSOIl of maximum production of fruits of picking size and similnr marked difllrrn(rs rhlllHctrrize srYellll of the strnins

The t)prs of the EurpJm stlllin of the jltJureka variety and the Open strain of the Lisbon vuriety liS shown in tubles 3 and 8 tend to proshyduce lpoundll1olls throughout nil Slllsons of the yenr although the largest proportion of the bloom unci srt of fruit oecurs during the spring months The tlres of the Shude-Trre nnd Unproductive stmins of the Eureka lIricty tllltl to bloom IHItmiddotily dUlin~ both the spring and uutumn SCl1Sons but muny of the blossoms lire lInperfert and do not set fruits The fall blooms of these trres are the ones that ordinarily dCrelop the crops produced during the fnll of the yrtlr following the hlooming

The trres of nIl the stlHins of the Lisbon nuicty except thoPoe of the Oprn stlllin tend to plOd U(( t I(ir rOps most heavily d Ilring lnte win LeI nnd spring

Diflenn(rs hae heen obrld in the s(ason of blooming and of muximllm fruit production of individllnl trees of u stmin nnd to nI(s8 extent of diflrl(lt lmll1(hrs 011 the silme tr(rs An in(stiglltion ns to the possibilitips of perp(ltuutin~ tllPse ehllllleteristics through budshyding is b(ing mndc hu t the fWllilnble dntn ure eonsidelcd to be insuffishyeient nt this time to WIUTunt finnl eonrlusions

RELATIVE INHERENT STABILITY OF DIFFERENT TREES

The Fcrforlllnllre leeor( of progeny propngntiom of cltrefully selected lemon trees hnve shown thut the chnmcteristics of some of tlie parent trees hllc IWpn pcq(tuuted much more uniformly thnn others Whem buds 11ne been tlllpn flom norl11nl brnnches of parent trees hllving onc 01 more limb vuriutions the progeny trees have shown grent YllIiubility in fluit and folillge chnlllcterS as shown by the ecords of progeny trees from parent tree 212 in tnhle 10 In It few lOstnnces the progeny trees of apparently normal pment trees have

40 lECHNICAIJ ]3ULLEnN fJa J U S DEII (n AClHWUIJIURE

been quite vnlinble indicating 111(1( the pfllCnt tree werr inhpJentiy unstable

As a rule pnrent trees having limb or individual fruit vuliations are almost certain to transmit tendencies to such variations to the progeny trees thnt have been propngnted from the normal ports of such pnrents wherens the progenies of porent trees having no murked voriations of fruit or folioge tend to be lmiformly like the parent trees Such UnllOl1U Progenies Hre considered to be inherently stuble ond when the quantIty and commercinl quality of their fruits Hre superior to the Hvernge for the vllliety they nre suitable for COTllshy

llIeleiul propagutioll The progeny tlst of fieleded pUlcn t t reefi is n reliable method of

determming their relative inherent stubility llile it is oftentimes possible to (ttimate the inherent fitability of selec(ed tnos through n study of thpir p~IforJllun(e records for a period of yelLrs and from H study of the innts on the trees the progeny test rennls the Hctual lelntivc inherent stability of the pment tlles as well ns of the )rogen)shytrees The l1l0ltt serioml ohjection llrgtci ngninst the lIte of the progelly tst in ()J11111er(iul hud-seleetion pIlIctiee is the length or time requiJed to obtuin lW((1SRory ltluta und inlonnntion fOlll whieh safe eonclusions eHn be dlllwJl ln some illstunces this l)eriocL eHl be mn(erinlly shortened through top-working e3tH blished older trees using buds from tIle selected purent trees for this purpose Yith nurterY progellY trees perlorJllIlllCe Jecords covering n period of 4 or 5 ~Tenrs of or(hllId growth unel production nre ordinHlily thought to be udeq uate foJ most purposes

ISOLArION OF INHERENTLY STAHLE STRAINS

1ho isulntioll find propugntioll of inllOrentlv stllhlc find sllpelinr strnins of the cOl1lmcl(iul vHrieties of Ipl11ol1s is 1111 illlj)ortnnt 1u(to1 ill plOli~nl~le lCllon grovin~ The studies thnt IlHve b~cn curried out 1Il tIllS lllvcshgntlOn ll1(hcnte that through the selectlOn of hudwood from ptt1ent trees found through plogpny tests to be inherently stu ble such flS are shown in figures 21 22 und 23 it is commercially pructicable to isola te find propngue stmins in which the trees strongly tend to the production of uniformly desirnble lemons In thi fundnmental way tlte pJoportion of filst-grnde fruits cnn he inclensed without nny ndded cost of produ(tion

Studies of second-generation progenies thn t were propagated from the best producing trees of superior progenies illdicnte that conshytinuous improvement of the population of leJllon stlflins is possible through the systemntic selection of hudwood bnsed upon the pershyIormnnee records of inherently stobIe progeny trees and the use in cOlllll1((inl propngntion of buds frolll only the hest progeny trees

ELIMINATION OF INHERENTLY INFERIOR STRAIN TREES

The results of the lemon progeny tests reported ill this bulletin as well ns others that ale being c1rried on by growers indicate that through clLreful hud selection bused llpon the performance lecords of progeny trees it is prncticnble to Hyoid the propagntion of trees of inferior strnills

In estttblished bearing orchl1lds the inf erior-struin trees clln he eliminated profit1bly through top-working 01 repl1nting Both of these methods haye been described in n previous publicntion (17)

38 JECHNICAIJ DULLEJIN j31 U S DEPT OJ~ AG1UltJULIUHE

The trees listed at the end of table 10 are of specitll interest because it was a propagation of a similar nnture to this (fig 2fi) early in the study of the inheritance of lemon variations tbn t showed the imporshytance of avoiding in commerciul propugu tion the use of budwood from any purt of a tree that bore an undesimble limb vurintion Trees 2-282-29 and 21-6 recorded neur the end of tuble ] 0 were propashygated from a Corrugu ted lim b variation benring only Corrugated frui t in a tree of the Dense Lisbon strnin and nre shown to be unstable in inheritance producing a lurge proportion of COllugl1ted struin fruits with some normal fruits The last eight trees listed in this table were propagated at the sume time as the three just mentioned but the bud wood for their propngation wns tuken irom u limb on th( opposite side of the puren t tree from the COlJugl1ted limb und it wus benring only u011l1ul Lisbon stmin fruits and llUd prod uced only normal fruits duriug tIle 2 preceding years during which performnllCl records had been secured from it Two of the eight progeny tre(s from this normnl propagation 21-12 and 30-28 are shown to hun borne nothing but normal Lisbon fuits ns twy would commonly be expected to do four of the eigh t progenY trees from this Sl n1(gt propagation 12-15 12-0 12-17 und 21-18 have borne nothing but Corrugated fruits like those protiuCed on the limb variation in tl)( parent tree and two of the eight progltny trees 21-11 nnd 30-20 have produced both Corrugu ted and normal Lisbon frl1it~ as did thp progeny trees propagated frolll tIle Corrugnt(d Jimb vadution 111 commelcinl propngations it is of course dltsirnhIe to prod uce only typical trees of the d(lsired Yllriety The possibility that nbnorll1111 trees may denlop from normul budwood from n tIllt thnt hilS fill

ubnormnllimb ns huppelled in the cuSP just (I c-seri Iltd shows tht importnnce of taking (oml1l(r(illl budwood Oldy frOIll t1((8 thu t hn ve been studied (urefulhTund found free from lillY lllld(sirablp limb 01 Ringle fruit YariationH

PERPETUATION OF VARIATIONS IN QUANTITY OF CROP

The importlmt strnins of both the Eurekn IIl1d Lisbon 111lIolls PIOshyduce characteristicullv different amounts of fruit nllllllulh ulld(r compamtive cultural conditiolls us shown bY reeords of tlH PlOgltuy trees in tables 1 and 0 In some install(lS till Rtrnim hUing Imolshymully high or low yields lilwo folingp chultld(istics t1mL I1rt apparshyently correlated with the qunntity of produdioll such itS dpIIsity shape or color of tl)( l(n(8 lind vior 0 Iwhit of growth of til( tmiddot((S

COMMERCIAL QUALITY OF CROPS 01lt DIFIltEHENT STRAINS

In sOllle instullclS tlw leI11om ])ollllCtl1 hY tlw ynrious (ntin-tr(( nnd limb vuriutions a nd Ow pog(IlY t (ps POI)llgU t((1 frolll the~l( Tariations differ in cOllunereinl q unli ty to iL llIukld d(~rlt( in otilt cases tbey are so similar ill nppeurIlnce ns to 1)( illdiHtinguishabll The most striking and clearly appnrent of HliCh lhuraet(llstics include the shape size and color of the lemons the tiliekll(ss texshyture and smoothness of the rinds the amount of rng til(middot nbIUldun(t nnd acidity of the juice unci the number of seeds

The oblong to oyul shupe of typictll Euekn nlld Lisbon stminlclllons is considered to be best suitld for plLCking and handling operations The pear bottle-neek round or other ubnorlllnl shllpes that nrc

EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

characteristic of typical fruits of some of the variations of the normal strains are less desirable than the oblong to oal shape both from the standpoint of pucking and of other phases of haIldling

As lemons are picked vhen they rench a predetermined size there is ordinarily little dunger of obtnining fluits thnt are too lurge for market purposes However the tlees of certain strains tend to proshyduce a considerable proportion of fmits thllt do not grow sufficiently large for the best results While the deelopment of undersized lemons is largely due to unfavorable climatic soil or cultural condishytions the inherent tendency of certain strains to produce smnll lemons hns also been pronu ns It result of thlse progeny tests

Fruits that reHrh pirking size while still grren in color are the most desilllble onlS It hus blln found in these studies (tablls 2 and 7) thnt somo of tho vllriutions tlnd to produce fl larger proportion of deep- 01 ligh t-greell fruits thnn others

SEASON OF MAXIMUM PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT STRAINS

The tlndlncy of the trels of nil of the IIUlon strains in these invesshytigations is to deelop tbe mnxill1ulll nmount of bloom during the months of lIurriJ April Ilnd lny rhe trels of It few strains bloom to a glentlr or llss Ixtrn t during nIl slasons of the yenr so that blossoms and smnll and lurge fruits arc to be found on the same trees nt all tinHs HoweYlr ti1rre is a mther mnrked varietnl difference in the SIHSOIl of maximum production of fruits of picking size and similnr marked difllrrn(rs rhlllHctrrize srYellll of the strnins

The t)prs of the EurpJm stlllin of the jltJureka variety and the Open strain of the Lisbon vuriety liS shown in tubles 3 and 8 tend to proshyduce lpoundll1olls throughout nil Slllsons of the yenr although the largest proportion of the bloom unci srt of fruit oecurs during the spring months The tlres of the Shude-Trre nnd Unproductive stmins of the Eureka lIricty tllltl to bloom IHItmiddotily dUlin~ both the spring and uutumn SCl1Sons but muny of the blossoms lire lInperfert and do not set fruits The fall blooms of these trres are the ones that ordinarily dCrelop the crops produced during the fnll of the yrtlr following the hlooming

The trres of nIl the stlHins of the Lisbon nuicty except thoPoe of the Oprn stlllin tend to plOd U(( t I(ir rOps most heavily d Ilring lnte win LeI nnd spring

Diflenn(rs hae heen obrld in the s(ason of blooming and of muximllm fruit production of individllnl trees of u stmin nnd to nI(s8 extent of diflrl(lt lmll1(hrs 011 the silme tr(rs An in(stiglltion ns to the possibilitips of perp(ltuutin~ tllPse ehllllleteristics through budshyding is b(ing mndc hu t the fWllilnble dntn ure eonsidelcd to be insuffishyeient nt this time to WIUTunt finnl eonrlusions

RELATIVE INHERENT STABILITY OF DIFFERENT TREES

The Fcrforlllnllre leeor( of progeny propngntiom of cltrefully selected lemon trees hnve shown thut the chnmcteristics of some of tlie parent trees hllc IWpn pcq(tuuted much more uniformly thnn others Whem buds 11ne been tlllpn flom norl11nl brnnches of parent trees hllving onc 01 more limb vuriutions the progeny trees have shown grent YllIiubility in fluit and folillge chnlllcterS as shown by the ecords of progeny trees from parent tree 212 in tnhle 10 In It few lOstnnces the progeny trees of apparently normal pment trees have

40 lECHNICAIJ ]3ULLEnN fJa J U S DEII (n AClHWUIJIURE

been quite vnlinble indicating 111(1( the pfllCnt tree werr inhpJentiy unstable

As a rule pnrent trees having limb or individual fruit vuliations are almost certain to transmit tendencies to such variations to the progeny trees thnt have been propngnted from the normal ports of such pnrents wherens the progenies of porent trees having no murked voriations of fruit or folioge tend to be lmiformly like the parent trees Such UnllOl1U Progenies Hre considered to be inherently stuble ond when the quantIty and commercinl quality of their fruits Hre superior to the Hvernge for the vllliety they nre suitable for COTllshy

llIeleiul propagutioll The progeny tlst of fieleded pUlcn t t reefi is n reliable method of

determming their relative inherent stubility llile it is oftentimes possible to (ttimate the inherent fitability of selec(ed tnos through n study of thpir p~IforJllun(e records for a period of yelLrs and from H study of the innts on the trees the progeny test rennls the Hctual lelntivc inherent stability of the pment tlles as well ns of the )rogen)shytrees The l1l0ltt serioml ohjection llrgtci ngninst the lIte of the progelly tst in ()J11111er(iul hud-seleetion pIlIctiee is the length or time requiJed to obtuin lW((1SRory ltluta und inlonnntion fOlll whieh safe eonclusions eHn be dlllwJl ln some illstunces this l)eriocL eHl be mn(erinlly shortened through top-working e3tH blished older trees using buds from tIle selected purent trees for this purpose Yith nurterY progellY trees perlorJllIlllCe Jecords covering n period of 4 or 5 ~Tenrs of or(hllId growth unel production nre ordinHlily thought to be udeq uate foJ most purposes

ISOLArION OF INHERENTLY STAHLE STRAINS

1ho isulntioll find propugntioll of inllOrentlv stllhlc find sllpelinr strnins of the cOl1lmcl(iul vHrieties of Ipl11ol1s is 1111 illlj)ortnnt 1u(to1 ill plOli~nl~le lCllon grovin~ The studies thnt IlHve b~cn curried out 1Il tIllS lllvcshgntlOn ll1(hcnte that through the selectlOn of hudwood from ptt1ent trees found through plogpny tests to be inherently stu ble such flS are shown in figures 21 22 und 23 it is commercially pructicable to isola te find propngue stmins in which the trees strongly tend to the production of uniformly desirnble lemons In thi fundnmental way tlte pJoportion of filst-grnde fruits cnn he inclensed without nny ndded cost of produ(tion

Studies of second-generation progenies thn t were propagated from the best producing trees of superior progenies illdicnte that conshytinuous improvement of the population of leJllon stlflins is possible through the systemntic selection of hudwood bnsed upon the pershyIormnnee records of inherently stobIe progeny trees and the use in cOlllll1((inl propngntion of buds frolll only the hest progeny trees

ELIMINATION OF INHERENTLY INFERIOR STRAIN TREES

The results of the lemon progeny tests reported ill this bulletin as well ns others that ale being c1rried on by growers indicate that through clLreful hud selection bused llpon the performance lecords of progeny trees it is prncticnble to Hyoid the propagntion of trees of inferior strnills

In estttblished bearing orchl1lds the inf erior-struin trees clln he eliminated profit1bly through top-working 01 repl1nting Both of these methods haye been described in n previous publicntion (17)

EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

characteristic of typical fruits of some of the variations of the normal strains are less desirable than the oblong to oal shape both from the standpoint of pucking and of other phases of haIldling

As lemons are picked vhen they rench a predetermined size there is ordinarily little dunger of obtnining fluits thnt are too lurge for market purposes However the tlees of certain strains tend to proshyduce a considerable proportion of fmits thllt do not grow sufficiently large for the best results While the deelopment of undersized lemons is largely due to unfavorable climatic soil or cultural condishytions the inherent tendency of certain strains to produce smnll lemons hns also been pronu ns It result of thlse progeny tests

Fruits that reHrh pirking size while still grren in color are the most desilllble onlS It hus blln found in these studies (tablls 2 and 7) thnt somo of tho vllriutions tlnd to produce fl larger proportion of deep- 01 ligh t-greell fruits thnn others

SEASON OF MAXIMUM PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT STRAINS

The tlndlncy of the trels of nil of the IIUlon strains in these invesshytigations is to deelop tbe mnxill1ulll nmount of bloom during the months of lIurriJ April Ilnd lny rhe trels of It few strains bloom to a glentlr or llss Ixtrn t during nIl slasons of the yenr so that blossoms and smnll and lurge fruits arc to be found on the same trees nt all tinHs HoweYlr ti1rre is a mther mnrked varietnl difference in the SIHSOIl of maximum production of fruits of picking size and similnr marked difllrrn(rs rhlllHctrrize srYellll of the strnins

The t)prs of the EurpJm stlllin of the jltJureka variety and the Open strain of the Lisbon vuriety liS shown in tubles 3 and 8 tend to proshyduce lpoundll1olls throughout nil Slllsons of the yenr although the largest proportion of the bloom unci srt of fruit oecurs during the spring months The tlres of the Shude-Trre nnd Unproductive stmins of the Eureka lIricty tllltl to bloom IHItmiddotily dUlin~ both the spring and uutumn SCl1Sons but muny of the blossoms lire lInperfert and do not set fruits The fall blooms of these trres are the ones that ordinarily dCrelop the crops produced during the fnll of the yrtlr following the hlooming

The trres of nIl the stlHins of the Lisbon nuicty except thoPoe of the Oprn stlllin tend to plOd U(( t I(ir rOps most heavily d Ilring lnte win LeI nnd spring

Diflenn(rs hae heen obrld in the s(ason of blooming and of muximllm fruit production of individllnl trees of u stmin nnd to nI(s8 extent of diflrl(lt lmll1(hrs 011 the silme tr(rs An in(stiglltion ns to the possibilitips of perp(ltuutin~ tllPse ehllllleteristics through budshyding is b(ing mndc hu t the fWllilnble dntn ure eonsidelcd to be insuffishyeient nt this time to WIUTunt finnl eonrlusions

RELATIVE INHERENT STABILITY OF DIFFERENT TREES

The Fcrforlllnllre leeor( of progeny propngntiom of cltrefully selected lemon trees hnve shown thut the chnmcteristics of some of tlie parent trees hllc IWpn pcq(tuuted much more uniformly thnn others Whem buds 11ne been tlllpn flom norl11nl brnnches of parent trees hllving onc 01 more limb vuriutions the progeny trees have shown grent YllIiubility in fluit and folillge chnlllcterS as shown by the ecords of progeny trees from parent tree 212 in tnhle 10 In It few lOstnnces the progeny trees of apparently normal pment trees have

40 lECHNICAIJ ]3ULLEnN fJa J U S DEII (n AClHWUIJIURE

been quite vnlinble indicating 111(1( the pfllCnt tree werr inhpJentiy unstable

As a rule pnrent trees having limb or individual fruit vuliations are almost certain to transmit tendencies to such variations to the progeny trees thnt have been propngnted from the normal ports of such pnrents wherens the progenies of porent trees having no murked voriations of fruit or folioge tend to be lmiformly like the parent trees Such UnllOl1U Progenies Hre considered to be inherently stuble ond when the quantIty and commercinl quality of their fruits Hre superior to the Hvernge for the vllliety they nre suitable for COTllshy

llIeleiul propagutioll The progeny tlst of fieleded pUlcn t t reefi is n reliable method of

determming their relative inherent stubility llile it is oftentimes possible to (ttimate the inherent fitability of selec(ed tnos through n study of thpir p~IforJllun(e records for a period of yelLrs and from H study of the innts on the trees the progeny test rennls the Hctual lelntivc inherent stability of the pment tlles as well ns of the )rogen)shytrees The l1l0ltt serioml ohjection llrgtci ngninst the lIte of the progelly tst in ()J11111er(iul hud-seleetion pIlIctiee is the length or time requiJed to obtuin lW((1SRory ltluta und inlonnntion fOlll whieh safe eonclusions eHn be dlllwJl ln some illstunces this l)eriocL eHl be mn(erinlly shortened through top-working e3tH blished older trees using buds from tIle selected purent trees for this purpose Yith nurterY progellY trees perlorJllIlllCe Jecords covering n period of 4 or 5 ~Tenrs of or(hllId growth unel production nre ordinHlily thought to be udeq uate foJ most purposes

ISOLArION OF INHERENTLY STAHLE STRAINS

1ho isulntioll find propugntioll of inllOrentlv stllhlc find sllpelinr strnins of the cOl1lmcl(iul vHrieties of Ipl11ol1s is 1111 illlj)ortnnt 1u(to1 ill plOli~nl~le lCllon grovin~ The studies thnt IlHve b~cn curried out 1Il tIllS lllvcshgntlOn ll1(hcnte that through the selectlOn of hudwood from ptt1ent trees found through plogpny tests to be inherently stu ble such flS are shown in figures 21 22 und 23 it is commercially pructicable to isola te find propngue stmins in which the trees strongly tend to the production of uniformly desirnble lemons In thi fundnmental way tlte pJoportion of filst-grnde fruits cnn he inclensed without nny ndded cost of produ(tion

Studies of second-generation progenies thn t were propagated from the best producing trees of superior progenies illdicnte that conshytinuous improvement of the population of leJllon stlflins is possible through the systemntic selection of hudwood bnsed upon the pershyIormnnee records of inherently stobIe progeny trees and the use in cOlllll1((inl propngntion of buds frolll only the hest progeny trees

ELIMINATION OF INHERENTLY INFERIOR STRAIN TREES

The results of the lemon progeny tests reported ill this bulletin as well ns others that ale being c1rried on by growers indicate that through clLreful hud selection bused llpon the performance lecords of progeny trees it is prncticnble to Hyoid the propagntion of trees of inferior strnills

In estttblished bearing orchl1lds the inf erior-struin trees clln he eliminated profit1bly through top-working 01 repl1nting Both of these methods haye been described in n previous publicntion (17)

40 lECHNICAIJ ]3ULLEnN fJa J U S DEII (n AClHWUIJIURE

been quite vnlinble indicating 111(1( the pfllCnt tree werr inhpJentiy unstable

As a rule pnrent trees having limb or individual fruit vuliations are almost certain to transmit tendencies to such variations to the progeny trees thnt have been propngnted from the normal ports of such pnrents wherens the progenies of porent trees having no murked voriations of fruit or folioge tend to be lmiformly like the parent trees Such UnllOl1U Progenies Hre considered to be inherently stuble ond when the quantIty and commercinl quality of their fruits Hre superior to the Hvernge for the vllliety they nre suitable for COTllshy

llIeleiul propagutioll The progeny tlst of fieleded pUlcn t t reefi is n reliable method of

determming their relative inherent stubility llile it is oftentimes possible to (ttimate the inherent fitability of selec(ed tnos through n study of thpir p~IforJllun(e records for a period of yelLrs and from H study of the innts on the trees the progeny test rennls the Hctual lelntivc inherent stability of the pment tlles as well ns of the )rogen)shytrees The l1l0ltt serioml ohjection llrgtci ngninst the lIte of the progelly tst in ()J11111er(iul hud-seleetion pIlIctiee is the length or time requiJed to obtuin lW((1SRory ltluta und inlonnntion fOlll whieh safe eonclusions eHn be dlllwJl ln some illstunces this l)eriocL eHl be mn(erinlly shortened through top-working e3tH blished older trees using buds from tIle selected purent trees for this purpose Yith nurterY progellY trees perlorJllIlllCe Jecords covering n period of 4 or 5 ~Tenrs of or(hllId growth unel production nre ordinHlily thought to be udeq uate foJ most purposes

ISOLArION OF INHERENTLY STAHLE STRAINS

1ho isulntioll find propugntioll of inllOrentlv stllhlc find sllpelinr strnins of the cOl1lmcl(iul vHrieties of Ipl11ol1s is 1111 illlj)ortnnt 1u(to1 ill plOli~nl~le lCllon grovin~ The studies thnt IlHve b~cn curried out 1Il tIllS lllvcshgntlOn ll1(hcnte that through the selectlOn of hudwood from ptt1ent trees found through plogpny tests to be inherently stu ble such flS are shown in figures 21 22 und 23 it is commercially pructicable to isola te find propngue stmins in which the trees strongly tend to the production of uniformly desirnble lemons In thi fundnmental way tlte pJoportion of filst-grnde fruits cnn he inclensed without nny ndded cost of produ(tion

Studies of second-generation progenies thn t were propagated from the best producing trees of superior progenies illdicnte that conshytinuous improvement of the population of leJllon stlflins is possible through the systemntic selection of hudwood bnsed upon the pershyIormnnee records of inherently stobIe progeny trees and the use in cOlllll1((inl propngntion of buds frolll only the hest progeny trees

ELIMINATION OF INHERENTLY INFERIOR STRAIN TREES

The results of the lemon progeny tests reported ill this bulletin as well ns others that ale being c1rried on by growers indicate that through clLreful hud selection bused llpon the performance lecords of progeny trees it is prncticnble to Hyoid the propagntion of trees of inferior strnills

In estttblished bearing orchl1lds the inf erior-struin trees clln he eliminated profit1bly through top-working 01 repl1nting Both of these methods haye been described in n previous publicntion (17)

41 EUHEKA AND LISBON LEMONS

The elimination of inferior-strain trees results in increased and improved production and reduces the losses due to the work of ussorting and disposing of the undesirable fruits that nre borne by such trees

COMMERCIAl IMPORTANCE 01lt LEMON BUD SELECTION

Withou t cnleful and systelllutie bud selectioH in plopngn tioH eomshyl1lerciul lemon plnntings Lend to become ineffieient throu~h the presence of trees of inferior strains thut lInve been 11llintentlOnnllv propngntcd from undesirable limb and tee vurilltions This condIshytion is due to the filet thnt without the intelligent seleetion of propashygating materinl from superior pnrent trees undesirable limb nnd tree vnrin tions nre likely to be perpetuated to nn ever-incrensing degree in young orchllrds so thnt the proportion of the trees of these inferior strnins mny soon hecome suflicient to impuir seriously the cfHciency of the vllrieties for profitnble lemon productioll

The trees of celtain stmins of the eRtllbliRhecl lelllon vnrieties 1110

better ucinptecl to the loCnl environmentnl conditions of some cikus districts thnn ure those of other struingt In cOl1llllercinl plOpngution it is illlportnnt 10 sclc(i hlldw()od of til( pnrfiiclIlnr strains h(st udupt(c for clllture IIl1dcl the (onditiolls wh(re the trees nre to he plunted

As tlreRult of trce re(oJ(IH obtained in tilcRe inxeHtigntions it RC(IllH probable thnt scion froll the trees of some of the skains make It more congenial bud union with certnin loottocks tlwn is the case with the sCions from the trees of other struins Therefore it is importunti to use )ootstocks tlmt nre known to mnke satisfactory bud unions with the pnrticulur strnins to he plopagntcd bull

Tbe udoption of the vurietics now uscd foJ the production of the lemon crop in thc SOli thwcst JcslIlt((Liromlong-con tinued eommerltinl experienee These pJOveci varipties (onstitute nn invnluable usset of the ](nlon industry unci the mnintenance of their efficicn(y for lemon prod lIetiou iR n mattct of primary importnnce Ina like mllnner the lise of the IHst strnins of these vHrieties the trees of which I1re parshyticularly Hdnpted to locul soil clill1l1tie Jootsto(k and other environshymental (onditions is n mntter second in importan(e only to tho ntloption of the 1l10Rt Rllitublc yuri(tieR lhese rcsults cun be mosti economicully lind (Ntn inly u(ldevcd through the lise of huds for plOpngntion thnt 11IIye h(cll spleeted Trom the best parent tllWS of the superior Stll1illS known to be suitllblo for the locality where the resulting orchard trees um to be plantcd At the present time the commcreial snpply of selected buds used for the propagation of lemon trees in the Southwest is secured lftrgely through cooperative organishyzutions of glowers l llnd to It less extent from large individual growers and nurserymen

SUMMAUY

The 1(Iil1on indufgtLY is n In till recen t commercial citrus deyelopshyment in the Southwest 1wo yuricties nrc grown in this district the ElIlelm lind the Lisbon tho for111er hlying originatcd from n selCeted lemon seedling in Los Angeles (nIH in 1877 und the latter being an introduction from AllstlUlilL with importutioIlS in 1874 and 1875

Bud vuriations in the trees of these varicties hnve been found to oeeur more frequently thnn is commonly supposed Itnd the unintenshy

42 lECHNICAL BULLE~lIN i31 U S DEPT OW AGIUCULlURE

tional propagation of some of these variations has led to the developshyment of a number of strains thut differ in habit of growth and foliage characteristies of the trees and in the quantity and commereiul quality of the fruits

These bud variations have been found to oeem as individual fruit limb and entire-tree variations Progeny tests of limb nnd entire-tree yariations have been carried out to determine whether or not their characteristics nre perpetuated through bud propagtLtion Performshynnce records of the progeny trees Imve been obtained continuously sinee they began benring These individual-tree records and systeshyJlllLtic notes on vegetutive elllLrnetemiddots povide H reliuble basis from whi(h (onelusions (an be drawn us to the degree of heritahility of the pnrent bud vnriations The (1t1ttL obtuined in tlwse illdividuul progeny tree-performance record studies together with lL discussion of the results are presented in this bulletin

The progenies of the limb and entire-tree vnriatiolls have been showing consistently IlLrge 01middot SUlUU yields dependiIl~ upon the relative quantities of fruits borne by the parent limb or entue-tree variations The trees of the high-yielding progenies luwe shown mOclemte vegeshytative growth with an abundun(e of oval-shaped deep-green leaves

The trees of some of the progenies have tended to b etl Imiddot most of t1wir fruits during the spring others during autumn while in other instan(es there hilS been n mthcr marked tendency to the prodlletiolJ of more uniform quantities of lemons throughout the entire yeur

The commereial quality of the lemons produced hy the different progenies including their shape size texture and thi(kness of rind juiciness nnd acidity of the juiee has been vcry similar to that of the fruits borne by the parent variations

The progeny trees of the limb and entire-tree variatiOns have proshyduced uniform (rops of fnlit in those eases where the parent variations bore uniform lemons while those that were propagated from varinshytions that produce valuable fruits lmve borne erops with about the sllme degree of variability as the parent variations The uniform parent variations have been considered inherently stable ones whereas those that are vnriablehnve been classified as inherently unstable ones

The results of the progeny studies strongly illdicnte tlmt through bud selection based upon performance records it is possible to isolate and propagate inherently stable and commercially superior stmins of the Eureka and Lisbon lemon varieties

The elimination of the commercially infeTior und inherently unshystable strains can be accomplished through systematic bud selection and the use of buds in propagation from only the inherently stable and superior parent trees as shOvn by progeny tests In established orchards the inferior stlllin trees can be Teplaced with desirable strain trees through top-working or Teplnn ting

The results of these investigations Ishow that the heritability of observed variations in the iruit or vegetative characteristics of lemon trees can be definitely determined through the use of the progeny-test method

The individual progeny tree-perforlllunce record studies mmiddote of value in the eonsideration of the degree of inheritance of the eharactersof the parent variations and are sometimes of commercial importance through obtaining reliable informtLtion as to sources of inherently stable and commercially superior budwood for propagation

43 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

LITERATURE CITED (1) POIIEROY C S

1011i JH1D HPlJRIH JN IGItJ(middotUIJIUIUJ CILIif Fruit Growers Conv Pree (1)14) 41i 253 2j7 iIlus

(2) 19l1i Iflg YALUIJ (110 INDIVIDUAI-lln~] JrlU~OUMANCr-RECOUVB FIll

Grower 11 (29) 10 3537 illlis

(3) 1022 CI1UUH BUD SEIE(TJON JHrJ IMlOHIAN(g OF USING CAREJltU1LY

HE)ECrgDIIUVWOOD IN TIH] llWIAlATION Ok TltErS Citrll~ Lelwes 2 (3) 1-38 24 illlls

(4) 1023 Bllll H~JIWIION IN 1IlOlAGNIION rIIr) IUANSIIIHHION O~ JROVUCshy

11(11 ~O IIW(nNY rJUEH CitlIIH Lcans 3 (3) 8 middot0 thtA~nI A D

101 L Htll) 01 BPD H~LIlIJION )N (ITUUi lgtIturrs Calif FruiL ltlTucn CUll Prot 30 80-107

(li) 1911 A SIll)) OF lHB IMIUOVEMENl Ul (IlltUf jRUllB lHROUGH Bun

HElE(IION l S Dept Agr Bill Plaut Incills Cire 77 10 pp illu

(7) 1912 BUI) l-qnJrJON 1 A MEAlllgt ()~ lMHOYNt ellHUH NU OTHER

JoIWITK Amer Breed(rH Assoc AIIII Rcpt 8 497-503 (S)

1012 BllEI~J)IN(1 (IIllUH JltB~lS CtLlif CUllln HorL Monthly Bull 1 441 47R illllH

1014 IMIIIOMI~NI (JIlt (IIIWS IIWI BY IJUD HELEmiddotTION Calif Cult 43 iilO iilH 548middot54J 380-581

(10) J9Hi LIIltOVI~JNI (JI JgMUN VAIUJ)IINIi BY BlIll SEIEIIION Calif

Fruit (1rowl)rs COll Pro() (LO4) 45 257-266 illUH

(11) ] 9 Hi H(~I I~ IH)(gtNl ()II~IlArJ()N ANIgt NXlEtIMrJNIS rIII H UIgt VAlllATIONli

Calif Citror 2 (1) 14-16 illus ( 12)

19Hi ~IEllI()DH ]oOI~ NCU1UNG lMlHOYEI) 11lOIlUIIIIlN U~ nu] WASHlNGshyrON NA VgJ ORANGE CILIif Fruit GruIcrs COlJmiddot Proc (1015) 47 158- L 75 iUus

(l3) 1017 (IlltlfK-foIWlL IMLROVJJ~LBNr HOW 10 SIMUUg ANIgt UHrJ TREtJ-ItIl shy

i-OHMINItJ IlE(OIlIlS U S Dept Agr Farlllers Bull 794 l(j Ip illll

( 1middot1) lin 7 litH VA Itl AlJ()N I t 1I~MON8 T01I1 He1edity S 75-81 illllH Al~o

ill Cnlif Citro1 2 (4) 6 7 lli illwl (15)

1920 (OOlEIlNIIYN IMPHOVEMENl Or ClrHUS VAUIEmiddotlIES l H Dept A61 Yctrlook 1919 249-275 iUus

(Hi) 1932 lINK-JgtltUlrED 1E~HlN Jour Heredity 23 23-27 ill

(17) --~ POMEROY C S aJld CAHYI R E 1920 GITHUS FHlJIl GROWNG IN lHE SOUlHmiddotEST C t Dept Agl

Ftrmers 131111 1447 42 pp ill us (IS) --- S(OII L 13 PO~IEIWY C and DYEu C L

1920 C1rRUS-~ftlI1 1ulltOVEMgNT A STlIlY OF BUIgt YnJATION IN TIlE EUHEKA 1r]MON 11 S Dcpt Agl Bull 813 88 pp ill liS

(10) -- SCOTT L H Po~noy C S alld DYER C L 1020 (ITHlTS-FRUIL HIIHOYEMENr A STUllI O~ III1D YARIATION IN TIfE

LlSllUN LBMUN t S Dept Agl Bull 813 70 pp illus

43 EUREKA AND LISBON LEMONS

LITERATURE CITED (1) POIIEROY C S

1011i JH1D HPlJRIH JN IGItJ(middotUIJIUIUJ CILIif Fruit Growers Conv Pree (1)14) 41i 253 2j7 iIlus

(2) 19l1i Iflg YALUIJ (110 INDIVIDUAI-lln~] JrlU~OUMANCr-RECOUVB FIll

Grower 11 (29) 10 3537 illlis

(3) 1022 CI1UUH BUD SEIE(TJON JHrJ IMlOHIAN(g OF USING CAREJltU1LY

HE)ECrgDIIUVWOOD IN TIH] llWIAlATION Ok TltErS Citrll~ Lelwes 2 (3) 1-38 24 illlls

(4) 1023 Bllll H~JIWIION IN 1IlOlAGNIION rIIr) IUANSIIIHHION O~ JROVUCshy

11(11 ~O IIW(nNY rJUEH CitlIIH Lcans 3 (3) 8 middot0 thtA~nI A D

101 L Htll) 01 BPD H~LIlIJION )N (ITUUi lgtIturrs Calif FruiL ltlTucn CUll Prot 30 80-107

(li) 1911 A SIll)) OF lHB IMIUOVEMENl Ul (IlltUf jRUllB lHROUGH Bun

HElE(IION l S Dept Agr Bill Plaut Incills Cire 77 10 pp illu

(7) 1912 BUI) l-qnJrJON 1 A MEAlllgt ()~ lMHOYNt ellHUH NU OTHER

JoIWITK Amer Breed(rH Assoc AIIII Rcpt 8 497-503 (S)

1012 BllEI~J)IN(1 (IIllUH JltB~lS CtLlif CUllln HorL Monthly Bull 1 441 47R illllH

1014 IMIIIOMI~NI (JIlt (IIIWS IIWI BY IJUD HELEmiddotTION Calif Cult 43 iilO iilH 548middot54J 380-581

(10) J9Hi LIIltOVI~JNI (JI JgMUN VAIUJ)IINIi BY BlIll SEIEIIION Calif

Fruit (1rowl)rs COll Pro() (LO4) 45 257-266 illUH

(11) ] 9 Hi H(~I I~ IH)(gtNl ()II~IlArJ()N ANIgt NXlEtIMrJNIS rIII H UIgt VAlllATIONli

Calif Citror 2 (1) 14-16 illus ( 12)

19Hi ~IEllI()DH ]oOI~ NCU1UNG lMlHOYEI) 11lOIlUIIIIlN U~ nu] WASHlNGshyrON NA VgJ ORANGE CILIif Fruit GruIcrs COlJmiddot Proc (1015) 47 158- L 75 iUus

(l3) 1017 (IlltlfK-foIWlL IMLROVJJ~LBNr HOW 10 SIMUUg ANIgt UHrJ TREtJ-ItIl shy

i-OHMINItJ IlE(OIlIlS U S Dept Agr Farlllers Bull 794 l(j Ip illll

( 1middot1) lin 7 litH VA Itl AlJ()N I t 1I~MON8 T01I1 He1edity S 75-81 illllH Al~o

ill Cnlif Citro1 2 (4) 6 7 lli illwl (15)

1920 (OOlEIlNIIYN IMPHOVEMENl Or ClrHUS VAUIEmiddotlIES l H Dept A61 Yctrlook 1919 249-275 iUus

(Hi) 1932 lINK-JgtltUlrED 1E~HlN Jour Heredity 23 23-27 ill

(17) --~ POMEROY C S aJld CAHYI R E 1920 GITHUS FHlJIl GROWNG IN lHE SOUlHmiddotEST C t Dept Agl

Ftrmers 131111 1447 42 pp ill us (IS) --- S(OII L 13 PO~IEIWY C and DYEu C L

1920 C1rRUS-~ftlI1 1ulltOVEMgNT A STlIlY OF BUIgt YnJATION IN TIlE EUHEKA 1r]MON 11 S Dcpt Agl Bull 813 88 pp ill liS

(10) -- SCOTT L H Po~noy C S alld DYER C L 1020 (ITHlTS-FRUIL HIIHOYEMENr A STUllI O~ III1D YARIATION IN TIfE

LlSllUN LBMUN t S Dept Agl Bull 813 70 pp illus

I

ORGANJZATJON OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRfCCLTlRE WHEN THIS reBUCATJON WAS IAST PRINTED

ltccr(Irfllj l(dclIlllre (nder Secretary bullssisant secrearll Director of ExlelioIL Work Direclor of Pinanc( Director oj Injormo(in1 Director oj Per8onlUl Director oj HcscCtrrlt SoUdlor ____ bull __ _

bull1gricullul(ll lldjllSllllllll bull dlldni~lr(Iln Bureau oj Agricultural Rrnl()lIi(~ HW(J(ll oj lgipoundcultllml BIlliUfWill(

Hureo (gt Arlillal Indusrl_ IJurcan of Biological 8Ilrt(J HIIICall oj ChemistIll and SoilR C01llmodity Eccwngc Admilli~rai1~OIl IJllrcalt oj D(lirllrldl(~trl__ Bureou oj BlIlolllolo(llI and PlolIl (tlllIr(lIlilll Oficc oj EIplrill(lIt SiailnN Food (mil Drllg fldminisraliol [ltorcst 8lnice_ __ _ Bureau oj Jfolile BconoJllic~ LibroI1__ H1IIcan oj l[ant Iltdll~ry Hrcall oj Pld)Uc H(IId Soil (()I~trrlIlinl Sfrticl W(((It11 HIICILII_ bull bullbullbull ___ bullbull

IgXlt A AII(middotf

REXFOHIgt ( TImiddotOIlELLbull

M L WIIo C V WAItIlIJtTO

W A Inll M H EIRE-IJOIIJt

V T lIO(KIlIIWEIt

JAMES 1 Alwrx~

llASTIX G VInbull

II R TOLII) ltlmilll~II(r A G HI (K (hif H H M(Cuouy Chilj OIIN R MOHrlm (1l1lj InA N GABItHIoy (lIi(j IlfxUY G ](X((JHJ (hij J W 1 DCIjI (hilj O E HEID Chitf Jf~ A HllWX(1 (kie JUIEH T 1A1WX (hill WIIJlEn G CUIIBl~II (1111f

fol(tDNAXIJ A HILf()X Cldl i lonsE H1AXLgy eMI CIAHIIlEL R Ihlt-fTT f-ibmrioll fUfIJEIWR n HrClrrY Ctilf THJlIAH H JIAd)osuv (11pound( II II BIoigIr ehilI 1111 R CIUIW (lif

Thi~ hllll(1ill iH Ii (()IIriblltjolJ frolll

Bureau oj Pla( Ildll~lrl I~ItElgtEHWK D Hrnu) Chilf Division oj firuit awl CI(lable Crops E C AUTIIfIH Principal l1orlicul

and Di((1~( lUlisl ill Clwrrll

~Ol sale IJr th llIllrilltell(I~llt of IJOlUl1IlU( llshiullClU U ( bullbull lrh til 111shy

t

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