CHAPTER 1

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT FUNDAMENTALS

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The First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees every American the rightto the free exercise of religion. When the mission allows, this right is exercised by soldiers in theArmy in a number of ways. These include:

� Worshiping according to one’s faith.

Seeking religious guidance, care, and counsel.

Keeping holy days and observances.

Participating in rites, sacraments, and ordinances.

Practicing dietary laws.

Receiving medical treatment according to one’s religious belief.

Wearing religious garments and maintaining religious appearancerequirements.

United States Code, Title 10, Sections3073, 3547, and 3581 establishes the position ofChaplain in the Army. The US Code and Armyregulations prescribe the duties of chaplains,and require commanders to provide for thereligious needs of soldiers.

The War Department established theposition of Chaplain Assistant by GeneralOrders Number 253, published on 28 December1909:

One enlisted man will be detailed onspecial duty by the commandingofficer of any organization to whicha chaplain is assigned for duty, forthe purpose of assisting the chaplainin the performance of his officialduties.

The commander provides religious supportthrough a Ministry Team (MT) which consistsof at least one chaplain and one chaplainassistant. The MT helps soldiers, families, and

authorized civilians exercise their religiousbeliefs and practices. The MT is central to theorganization and functioning of the chaplaincyand organic to units in the Army.

Religious activities of the MT includeworship (services, rites, ceremonies,sacraments, and ordinances), pastoral care(visitation, ministry of presence, counseling,family life support, and the care of woundedand dying soldiers), religious education, andspiritual fitness training.

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Ministry in the Army is unique and has nocivilian equivalent. Soldiers in an Army unitcome from a multitude of faith groups, some ofwhich are different from the chaplain’s ownfaith group. Under the Constitution’s provisionfor the “free exercise of religion,” the MTprovides religious support for all soldiers in theunit.

To ensure the free exercise of religion, allchaplains provide religious support to soldiers,their family members, and authorized civilians.Chaplains provide support according to thetenets of their faith group. If unable to providesupport because of faith restrictions, chaplainsseek the required support from other chaplainsources.

ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIES

Commanders, chaplains, and chaplainassistants have distinct roles and responsibilitieswhen providing religious support to soldiersand their family members.

Commander

The commander is responsible forensuring that soldiers and their families havethe opportunity for the free exercise of religion.The commander enables soldiers to practicetheir faith through the Command MasterReligious Plan (CMRP). The CMRP isintentionally broad, ensuring support andaccommodation for soldiers and their families.

have an adverse impact on militaryreadiness, unit cohesion, standards,health, safety, or discipline, orotherwise interfere with theperformance of the soldier’s militaryduties. However, accommodation ofa soldier’s religious practices cannotbe guaranteed at all times, but mustdepend on military necessity. (AR600-20, para 5-6 and DA Pam 600-75.)

From the force projection platform throughthe combat zone, the commander supports theMT’s efforts to enhance soldier-to-soldierministry.

Chaplain

The chaplain is a soldier who must possessthe technical and tactical skills to performeffectively on the battlefield. As acommissioned officer, the unit chaplain is aspecial staff officer responsible to thecommander for religious support. As areligious leader, the chaplain is responsible tothe endorsing faith group. The chaplain’s call,ministry, and ecclesiastical authority come fromthe religious organization which endorses thechaplain for military service. The chaplaindevelops and implements religious programsand activities, and advises the commander onmatters of religion, morals, and morale.

requests for accommodation of It is the Army’s policy to approve

religious practices when they will not

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Religious Leader

The chaplain leads worship, preaches, andteaches according to the beliefs and practices ofthe endorsing faith group. The chaplainperforms ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies,and administers the sacraments and ordinancesof the endorsing faith community. The chaplaingives pastoral care to soldiers and their families.If unable personally to provide religioussupport, the chaplain will seek support fromother chaplain sources.

The Geneva and Hague Conventions givethe chaplain noncombatant status, and thepolicy of the Chief of Chaplains forbidschaplains to bear arms. If captured, thechaplain is not a prisoner of war, but a“detained person” for the purpose of ministeringto prisoners of war..

matters of religion, morals, and morale. Thisadvice includes not only the religious needs ofsoldiers, but also the moral, ethical, andhumanitarian aspects of command policies. Thechaplain has the staff authority to plan,coordinate, and control religious support withinthe commander’s area of responsibility (AOR).The chaplain also implements the commander’smoral leadership training program. Operatingunder the supervision of the executive officer,the chaplain coordinates religious supportprimarily with the S1.

Chaplain Assistant

The chaplain assistant is a soldier trainedto assist the chaplain in religious support and isessential to the religious support mission.Under the direction of the chaplain, the chaplainassistant coordinates Ministry Team operations.

To accomplish the mission, the chaplainassistant accompanies the chaplain in the areaof operations. As a combatant, the chaplainassistant carries a weapon and provides securityfor the team on the battlefield.

Staff Officer

The chaplain serves on the specialwith direct access to the commander.

staffThe

commander may choose to include the chaplainon the personal staff. As a staff officer, thechaplain advises the commander and staff on

In combat, the chaplain assistant assistswith battle fatigue prevention, identification,intervention and care. The chaplain assistantassists with casualty care and providesemergency religious support for wounded anddying soldiers on the battlefield. In addition,

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the chaplain assistant advises the chaplain onmatters of soldier morale; serves as a link withenlisted soldiers; and performs administrationand logistics tasks to support the religioussupport mission.

During operations, the chaplain assistantperforms many staff functions. At thechaplain’s direction, the chaplain assistantattends briefings, monitors the tactical situationat the tactical operations center (TOC), helpsprepare the religious support estimate, plan, andannex, and coordinates religious activities.

The MT Non-commissioned Officer(NCO) mentors and trains chaplain assistants insubordinate units. The MT NCO participates instaff planning and execution, procures contractsfor goods and services, and coordinates andtracks the CMRP. The MT NCO provides

training in suicide prevention awareness, battlefatigue identification and intervention, stressmanagement, and counseling. At senior levels,NCOs plan, brief, and perform operationaltraining with other staff NCOs, coordinateenlisted taskings, and recommend theassignment of replacement enlisted personnel tothe G1.

Thedirection

ORGANIZATIONS

ministry team (MT), under theof the chaplain, provides religious

support to soldiers and their families, membersof other services, and authorized civilians.There are two kinds of ministry teams: the UnitMinistry Team (UMT) and the InstallationMinistry Team (IMT).

Unit Ministry Team

The UMT is assigned to units organizedaccording to a Table of Organization andEquipment (TOE). It deploys with its unit andprovides religious support for all units in thecommander’s area of responsibility during eachstage of force projection.

At echelons above brigade, the seniorchaplain is listed in the command section of theModified Table of Organization and Equipment(MTOE). Additional chaplains, chaplainassistants, and UMT equipment are listed in aseparate section of the MTOE.

Comprehensive religious support requiresthe assignment and deployment of UMTs incombat, combat support, and combat servicesupport units at all echelons beginning at thebattalion, The UMT deploys with the unit toprovide religious support to all elements of thetask force. When tactically feasible, based onan assessment of the situation, battalion UMTsmove forward to provide religious support to allelements of the battalion: companies, platoons,squads, and teams.

As lethality and intensity increase,religious support becomes more important tothe soldier. Religious support demands greatlyincrease in situations of mass casualties, hastyburials, battle fatigue, and capture. UMTs

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provide encouragement, compassion, faith andhope to soldiers experiencing shock, isolation,fear, and death. In the chaos and uncertainty ofconflict and war, the chaplain is a reminder ofthe presence of God. The chaplain serves “tobring God to soldiers and soldiers to God.”

When planning religious support, thechaplain assigns priorities according to thefollowing types of support:

Unit support: support given to the unit ofassignment and to all those attached to theunit. The team normally gives firstpriority to this mission.

Area support: support given to soldiers,members of other services, and authorizedcivilians who are not a part of the team’sunit, but who are operating within thesame area of operations (AO) withoutorganic or available religious support.

Denominational support: support given tosoldiers and other authorized persons ofthe chaplain’s own denomination for theexercise of their religion. Limited assetsand availability determine denominationalsupport. Denominational support is oftenprovided on an area basis. (See DODDirective 1304.19, paragraph c.)

The UMT extends opportunities forsoldiers to serve and grow by recruiting,training, and supervising them as volunteers inworship, religious education, and service to theunit. Under the supervision of the unitchaplain, some soldiers may serve members oftheir own faith groups as DenominationalService Leaders (DSL). Denominationalcertification and the commander’s approval arerequired before a soldier may serve as a DSL.(See AR 165-1.)

Installation Ministry Team

Army installation. It is organized and equippedaccording to a Table of Distribution andAllowances (TDA). The installation chaplain isresponsible for the entire religious supportprogram on the installation. As part of the forceprojection platform, the IMT supports the forceprojection mission.

The IMT provides religious supportprograms for worship, religious education,pastoral care, and spiritual fitness training. Thisministry extends to soldiers of assigned and

tenant units, members of other services,families, and authorized civilians. Otherresponsibilities include:

Providing professional development andtraining for MT members and laity.

Certifying Denominational ServiceLeaders (DSL).

Supervising a Chaplain Family Life Center(CFLC) on designated installations.

Supervising religious support personnel.

Planning, programming, and resourcingthe Command Master Religious Plan(CMRP).

Supporting mobilized RC chaplaincyassets.

Providing religious support for deployingUMTs, units, and their families.

Working with the installation staff on thespiritual portion of the installation’s corecompetencies.

Advising the installation and garrisoncommanders and their staffs.

The Installation Ministry Team (IMT) isassigned to the garrison headquarters of an

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RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES prophet, priest, and pastor to the Army.Providing pastoral care, chaplains help soldiers

Religious activities meet the religious cope with the stress and trauma of combat.needs of soldiers, their families, and authorized Chaplains enhance morale and strengthencivilians. Religious activities include worship, spiritual well-being. In the religiously diversepastoral care, religious education, and spiritual environment of the unit, chaplains extendfitness training. pastoral care to all soldiers.

Worship

Commanders provide for worship servicesin the field and in garrison in accordance withapplicable public law and Army regulations.The chaplain provides rites, sacraments, andordinances in garrison, during training, and indeployment.

Whenever the Army has deployed, UMTshave brought an encouraging word to soldiers inthe field. In combat, worship meets the deepestreligious needs of soldiers. It facilitates thegrowth of faith and hope, and strengthens thewill by providing a word of faith for those whoare fighting. Gathering soldiers for worshipalways depends on the mission, the enemy, thetroops, terrain and weather, and time available(METT-T). Following battle, soldiers need theopportunity to give thanks and to offer prayerfor fallen comrades.

Pastoral Care

Chaplains bring the traditional care of the

Visitation

Visiting soldiers demonstrates interest intheir life and welfare. Effective UMTs dealwith the doubts and faith of soldiers byestablishing relationships before the fighting

begins. These relationships can be forged onlythrough an intentional program of visitation.Soldiers in combat may question what theyhave previously affirmed as faith or express anewly-found faith in the context of battle. The

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UMTs ministry of presence provides a sign andan assurance of hope for soldiers. Chaplainsand chaplain assistants assigned to combat unitsmake support to soldiers in the fight theirhighest priority. In addition to the battlefield,assembly areas, support areas, casualtytreatment facilities, resupply points, andcorrectional facilities are other areas where theUMT ministers to soldiers during an operation.When visiting soldiers, the UMT carefullymonitors the tactical situation to ensure that itsmovements do not compromise the security ofthe unit.

Counseling

Chaplains provide pastoral counseling inaccordance with their faith group training andexperience. Some chaplains have specializedtraining in substance abuse, family counseling,or group process. Chaplain assistants aretrained in basic counseling techniques forscreening and referring soldiers.

Information shared with a chaplain as aspiritual adviser is considered to be of a specialcharacter. Categories of information revealedduring counseling include privileged andsensitive communication. (See AR 165-1 andThe Military Rules of Evidence 503, UniformCode of Military Justice.)

Casualty Care

Pastoral care to wounded soldierscontributes to their well-being and recovery.Prayers, scripture readings, rites, ceremonies,and sacraments constitute religious support forwounded or dying soldiers. While the chaplaingives care to individual casualties, the chaplainassistant moves among the other soldiers toidentify those in greatest need and to providecare.

During combat operations, maneuverbattalion UMTs will usually locate with thebattalion aid station. When the medical platoondivides the aid station into two or moretreatment teams, the UMT considers locatingwhere the most casualties are expected. TheUMT may split for a short time to maintaincontact with both treatment teams.

The UMT considers the physical conditionof the casualties and gives care first to the mostseriously injured. The following categorieshelp the team determine priorities for care:

Medical Category - Expectant: casualtieswith very serious injuries and low chanceof survival. The UMT provides pastoralcare for the dying as first priority.

Medical Category - Immediate: casualtieswith a high chance of survival if medicalmeasures are accomplished quickly.

Medical Category - Delayed: casualtiesneeding major surgery, but who are able totolerate a delay in surgical treatment.

Medical Category - Minimal: casualties withrelatively minor injuries that can be treatedwith self-care.

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Religious Support to Caregivers

Religious support to caregivers is anecessary part of the UMT's mission. Often thegravity of the situation, the need to give aidquickly, and the absorbing engagement of themoment carry caregivers through the crisis.When the pressure is relieved, however, theimpact of what has happened may strike thecaregivers suddenly and dramatically. Medicalpersonnel and mortuary affairs personnel maybe in particular need of religious support.

Religious Support to Combat Survivors

Religious support to survivors of a militaryoperation is critical. Often combat survivors arestunned and immobilized by the loss of fellowsoldiers. The emotional and spiritual impact ofcombat losses requires the finest skills of theUMT to deal with guilt and to facilitate thecontinuation of life and service. Some pastoraltechniques include:• Initiate active conversation. Be aggressive

in starting conversations with soldiers.Ask them to talk about their experiences.Encourage them to express feelings. (SeeAppendix F-1, “Critical EventDebriefings.”)

• Seek close friends of the wounded anddead. These friends often set the tone anddirection of bereavement for the unit.

• Encourage spontaneous “grief groups” inassembly areas, work and living areas, orin informal gatherings places of soldiers.

• Tell survivors about the pastoral careprovided to their buddies. This knowledgegives comfort and encourages the grievingto move on with their lives.

Religious Education

Faith formation and sustainment continuewherever soldiers serve. Religious instructionand education, like worship and counseling,continue when soldiers move to an operationaltheater. The unit’s mission and location withinthe theater determine the instruction which canbe provided. Conducting Bible studies orinformal discussion groups, and providingreligious literature are some effective ways tooffer instruction and to strengthen soldiersspiritually.

Spiritual Fitness Training

The soldier must be physically fit, and thesoldier must be spiritually fit. As physicalfitness is accomplished through a discipline ofdiet and exercises, so spiritual fitness is trainedand achieved by a discipline of reading andstudy, by the practice of reflection and prayer,and by honoring the demands of a moral life.Spiritual fitness training strengthens thesoldier’s faith, will, and hope.

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Moral Leadership Training

Moral courage includes a spiritualdimension. The spiritual dimension of courageis derived from religious values thatacknowledge an ultimate right and wrong. (SeeFM 100-1.)

The moral leadership training program isthe commander’s primary resource foraddressing the moral, ethical, spiritual, andsocial questions which affect the commandclimate and its soldiers. The chaplain is theresponsible staff officer for this program.

Objectives:• To enhance soldier values and virtues

within the command.• To instill the values of responsible

citizenship and service to country.• To develop section and unit cohesion by

strengthening common moral and ethicalstandards.

• To provide moral leadership material forthe command.

Topics:•

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America’s moral and religious heritage.

Family relationships and responsibilities.

Personal morality.

Integrity and responsibility.

Consideration for others.

Trust and morality in team development.

Safety and its moral dimensions.

Moral dimensions of decision-making andactions in combat.

Social, organizational, and individualvalues.

• Suicide prevention.

• Drug and alcohol abuse prevention.• Loss, separation, disappointment, illness,

and death.• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS) as a medical, social, and moralproblem.

FUNERALS AND MEMORIALS

Funerals

Funeral services are religious services ofworship, normally with the body of thedeceased present. Funeral services reinforce therelationship between the divine and human,ritualize the grief process, and restore thecommunity. A chaplain will rarely conduct afuneral during a military operation. Normally,the remains of the deceased will be returned tothe United States for burial.

Memorial Occasions

Memorial Services

A memorial service is a religious service.The chaplain ensures that the content issensitive to the deceased soldier’s faith groupand to the needs of the soldiers attending. Ifpossible, a chaplain of the deceased soldier’sfaith group participates in the service. Becauseof its religious nature, commanders canencourage units and soldiers to attend amemorial service but cannot make attendancemandatory.

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Memorial Ceremonies morale. Because it is a command ceremony,commanders can make attendance mandatory.

A memorial ceremony is a command Although the ceremony may include religiousprogram to honor deceased soldiers. When aspects, such as scripture reading and prayer, orplanning and conducting a memorial ceremony, a message given by the chaplain, the majorthe command considers the life and service of focus is on military tributes and honors.the deceased, the soldiers’ needs, and the unit’s

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CHAPTER 10

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTOF

SPECIAL OPERATIONS

Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) provide a versatile military capability to defend ournational interests. ARSOF gives the National Command Authority (NCA) additional militaryoptions. These options provide a strategic response capability across the full range of militaryoperations to stabilize international situations with minimum risk to US interests. The theater SpecialOperations Forces (SOF) commander executes special operations (SO) as part of the theatercommander’s joint special operations effort.

US ARMYSPECIAL OPERATIONS

COMMAND

US Army Special Operations Command(USASOC) was activated in December 1989 asa Major Army Command (MACOM) and theArmy component of the US Special OperationsCommand (USSOCOM). USASOC commandsall CONUS-based active and reserve ARSOFunits. This command is comprised of five typesof units: Special Forces (SF), Rangers, ArmySpecial Operations Aviation (ARSOA),Psychological Operations (PSYOP), and CivilAffairs (CA).

The command is responsible for readinessand training oversight for all Army NationalGuard SOF and all OCONUS forward based(deployed) active Army SOF. When directed,USASOC provides mission-ready ARSOF,through United States Special OperationsCommand (USSOCOM), to the regional CINCsfor employment under their command authority.

SOF UnderUnified Command

The mission, duration and scope ofoperations, security considerations, signalcapabilities, and the desired degree of controldetermine SOF command relationships. SOFunits above group or regimental level are joint.Joint force commanders include unified,subordinate unified, joint task force, functionalcomponent, and commanders of specificoperational forces.

A unified command normally consists ofthe four service-specific conventional forcesand a Special Operations Command (SOC).The CINC or the SOC may establish a JointSpecial Operations Task Force (JSOTF)commanded by the Joint Force SpecialOperations Component Commander (JFSOCC).SOF units from the three services are normallyunder the operational control (OPCON) of theJFSOCC.

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UMT Personnel Qualifications

ARSOF missions are often highly classifiedand sensitive. To provide counseling,debriefing, and other religious support toARSOF units, the chaplain must have a TopSecret clearance. Chaplain assistants shouldhave a clearance equal to mission classification.The USASOC UMT recommends all ARSOFUMT assignments.

Unconventional Warfare (UW), ForeignInternal Defense (FID), Special Reconnaissance(SR), Direct Action (DA), and CounterTerrorism (CT). An SF unit can have elementsdeployed to several different areas within itsassigned region. These elements range in sizefrom the individual soldier to units of 12 to 150soldiers. SF missions are directly influenced bypolitico-military considerations. A change innational security policy or strategy may changeSF missions.

Religious SupportAdditional Capabilities

Normally, the JSOTF chaplain is a memberof the service having the majority of forces.(See JP 1-05, Chapter 2.) If the Army suppliesthe majority of forces, an ARSOF chaplain isdesignated as the JTSOTF chaplain.

The JSOTF chaplain coordinates with thesenior chaplain of the next higher headquartersto ensure complete religious support for SOFunits. The JSOTF chaplain, in turn, supervisesSOF religious support throughout the theater.The chaplain coordinates for additionalreligious support when other SOF chaplains areunable to provide religious support. SOFchaplains may provide limited area support forconventional forces when it does not conflictwith SOF mission requirements.

SPECIAL FORCES

Special Forces (SF) combine, at the lowesttactical level, the functions performed byconventional branches of the Army. SF has fiveprimary missions and related additionalcapabilities.

Primary Missions

The five primary missions are

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SF units are trained to conduct 00TWmissions. Language capabilities, areaorientation, small unit, and multi-agencyexperience are invaluable in OOTW missions.Additional capabilities include noncombatantevacuation operations (NEO), arms control,support to domestic authorities, humanitarianassistance, disaster relief, security assistance,nation assistance, counterdrug operations,combating terrorism, peacekeeping and peaceenforcement, show of force, support toinsurgences and counterinsurgencies, personnelrecovery, and special activities.

Organization

The US Army Special Forces Command(Airborne) (USASFC(A)) exercises commandover all CONUS Active Army Special ForcesGroups and their attached elements. Thecommand is also responsible for readiness andtraining oversight for all Reserve Componentand OCONUS active Army Special Forces.

The National Command Authority (NCA)has established five regional unifiedcommanders with broad strategic responsibilityfor US unified military operations in an AOR.The regional CINC exercises combatantcommand (COCOM) over assigned SOF. Each

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regional CINC has established a subordinateunified SOC to exercise operational control(OPCON) of his theater-level joint SOF. Inwartime, this SOC may develop into acombined organization.

Special Forces soldiers are trained to serveas quiet professionals. The Special Forcesbranch or related MOS is the only non-accessioning branch or MOS. A soldierselected for the Special Forces branch or MOShas successfully completed service in anaccession branch or MOS and graduated fromthe Special Forces Qualification Course.

UMT Personnel Qualifications

Ministry in the Special Forces communityrequires unique qualifications. The mostcritical is the ability to provide sustained,independent religious support. Others include:•

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Security clearance equal to the missionclassification.

Airborne qualification.

Extensive orientation in special operations,or graduation from the Special ForcesQualification Course, or Special ForcesStaff Course (SFSC), or an “S” enlistedMOS identifier.

Training in the religious background of theregion of deployment.

Language skills necessary to providereligious support to soldiers of the hostnation.

Deployability.

Yearly recertification.

Religious Support

The unconventional nature ofoperations, the high operational(OPTEMPO), and the multiple

specialtempo

missiondeployments create stress on units, soldiers, andfamilies. These pressures place specialdemands for religious support on SF UMTs.

The USASFC(A) chaplain gives staffsupervision to the USASFC(A) religiousprogram. Group chaplains supervise religioussupport operations and provide technicalguidance to subordinate UMTs. SF chaplainsfrequently deploy to Advanced OperationalBases (AOB). If a Special Forces OperationalBase (SFOB) is deployed, a Catholic chaplain,when available, is attached to perform ministryat the SFOB as well as at the AOB and down tothe Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA).

Planning Considerations:•

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Will the UMT deploy with the unit?

What access will the UMT have to the unit?

If the UMT does not deploy with the unit,will it be able to visit the element?

Do the UMT members require passportsand country clearances?

If the UMT deploys with the unit, wherewill it establish its base of operations: theSFOB, FOB, AOB or separate isolationfacility (ISOFAC)?

Will the UMT be able to provide religioussupport to casualties down to thedetachment level? Where and when will itbe needed?

When SF UMTs operate with SF units thatare COCOM to unified commands,additional religious support is requestedthrough the unified command chaplain.

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Army Rangers are specially trained,equipped, and organized light infantry. Theyare employed against strategic or tactical targetsin pursuit of national military, political,economic, or psychological objectives. Theirprimary mission is direct action (DA). DAoperations may support or be supported byother SOF. They may also be conductedindependently or in conjunction withconventional military operations. Rangers canoperate as conventional light infantry whenproperly augmented with other elements ofcombined arms.

Organization

Once in combat, the Ranger Regimentmaneuvers like other light infantry units. Whatmakes Ranger forces unique is the possibleemployment with other SOF. ThereforeRangers are held to more rigorous standards ofperformance than soldiers in other light infantryunits.

UMT Personnel Qualifications

Ministry to Army Rangers is physically,emotionally and spiritually demanding. Uniquequalifications include:

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Security clearance equal to missionclassification.

Airborne qualification.

Ranger qualification.

Deployability.

Religious Support

All Ranger forces, from the single platoonto the entire Ranger Regiment, can conductmissions deep behind enemy lines. Somereligious support requirements include:•

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The UMT integrates its deploymentreligious support with the unit’s N-Hoursequence.

The UMT deploys as far forward aspossible to provide religious support tounits operating in isolation.

The UMT trains Ranger personnel in peerministry.

The UMT provides extensive familysupport programs to Ranger personnel likethose provided to SF units and families.

Note: The USASOC chaplain provides staffsupervision over Ranger religious support.

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ARMY SPECIAL Regiment does not operate as a single unit.OPERATIONS AVIATION Instead, it tailors SOA battalion task forces and

company teams to perform specific missions.Army Special Operations Aviation These SOA assets may operate under the

(ARSOA) provides combat aviation support to OPCON of the SOC, AFSOC, or ARSOTFArmy and other SOF units in all operational commander. They normally locate with the

environments. Its primary mission is supported ARSOF unit or an AFSOFdetachment.clandestine penetration into denied airspace.

Organization UMT Personnel Qualifications

Because of contingency requirements, the ARSOA is a high-stress environment.Army Special Operations Aviation (ARSOA) Unique qualifications include:

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Security clearance equal to the missionclassification.

Airborne qualification.

Swimmer qualification.

Psychological examination qualification.

Deployability.

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Religious Support

Deployment of ARSOA assets on anincremental basis and support of SOF missionsover extended ranges make some religioussupport requirements unique.

The ARSOA UMT locates with themajority of the force and may haveinfrequent contact with other deployedassets.

The ARSOA chaplain, or the JSOTFchaplain when designated, coordinatesreligious support for all ARSOApersonnel.

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PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS

Psychological Operations (PSYOP) conveyselected information to foreign audiences toinfluence the behavior of foreign governments,organizations, groups, and individuals. Toinfluence a target audience’s thinking andbehavior, the PSYOP unit must be extremelywell-versed in the language, culture, thoughtpatterns, and belief systems of the people in theAO.

to support SOF andDeployed personnel are

conventional forces.required to work with

high-level leaders of other armed forces, andwith government officials from the US andother nations.

UMT Personnel Qualifications

Requirements for members of UMTs inPSYOPS units include:

Security clearance equal to the missionclassification.

Airborne qualification.

Attendance at PSYOP Officers Course(POOC) is desirable.

Deployability.

Religious Support

Tailored PSYOP units in support of SOFand conventional forces require flexiblereligious support. UMTs deploy with abattalion-size or larger PSYOP Task Force(POTF) or PSYOP Task Group (POTG). WhenPOTF or POTGs do not deploy, the religioussupport is restricted to before and after thedeployment.

PSYOP UMTs frequently coordinatereligious support with joint or combinedforces.

When a PSYOP UMT does not deploy, thesupported unit provides religious support toPSYOP personnel.

PSYOP UMTs participate extensively infamily support programs during all stagesof deployment.

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Organization

PSYOP personnel often deploy forextended periods as individuals and small teams

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Civil

CIVIL AFFAIRS

Affairs (CA) units support thecommander’s relationship with civil authoritiesand the populace, promote mission legitimacy,and enhance military effectiveness. CA unitssupport all ARSOF missions with regionalorientation briefings and information onpolitical, social, cultural, religious, andeconomic aspects of the Joint SpecialOperations Area (JSOA).

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Organization

CA units are task organized to supportARSOF mission requirements. Some CA unitsare organized as battalions with FID and UWsupport missions. Other units are organizedinto special teams, such as Cultural Affairsteams. All CA units are assigned toUSACAPOC.

UMT Personnel Qualifications

The assignment of a chaplain as theAssistant Cultural Affairs Officer requiresunique qualifications, to include:

Extensive knowledge of religious andcultural issues and their effect onoperations.

Security clearance equal to the missionclassification.

Religious Support

Civil Affairs units do not have an assignedUMT for religious support. Chaplains assignedto CA units serve as Assistant Cultural AffairsOfficers and do not provide religious support.Supported units provide religious support to CApersonnel.

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CHAPTER 11

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTOF

REDEPLOYMENT AND DEMOBILIZATION

With the cessation of hostilities or the declaration of a truce, the deployed force in a theater ofoperations will transition through the last stages of Force Projection. This transition from the post-conflict stage through the redeployment and demobilization stages may begin even if residual combatoperations are still underway.

While some forces are preparing for redeployment, other forces remain in support of PeaceBuilding Operations. While soldiers restore order and reestablish the host nation infrastructure,UMTs provide religious support during the post-conflict stage.

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As operations cease and forces are nolonger required for Peace Building, units beginthe redeployment stage. Forces and materielnot required for subsequent operations redeployto CONUS or home theater to prepare for futuremissions. Redeploying forces may deploy toanother theater or to an area other than homestation on short notice.

Redeployment, like deployment, occurs inseveral phases:

Reconstitution for strategic movement.

Movement to redeployment assemblyareas.

Movement to the port of embarkation.

Strategic lift.

Reception at a port of debarkation.

Onward movement from port ofdebarkation.

During demobilization the process oftransferring units, individuals, and materiel

from an active posture to a premobilization orother approved posture begins. Demobilizationcoincides with the first three phases ofredeployment, the phases before the units departthe theater of operations. During this stage,reserve component units return topremobilization status.

Demobilization requires careful planningwhich takes into account public relations andwhat the soldiers are thinking and saying toeach other.

The phases of demobilization are:

Planning.

Area of operations demobilization actions.

Port of embarkation to demobilizationstation operations.

Demobilization station operations.

Home station actions.

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UNIT RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

Religious support during redeployment issimilar to religious support during deployment.Some soldiers will be preparing equipment forstrategic lift or waiting in holding areas fortransportation, while others will be engaged inforce projection operations.

Worship, pastoral care, and religiouseducation help soldier begin thetransition back to normal life.

UMTs providing religious support inassembly and holding areas duringredeployment face challenges similar to thoseencountered during deployment. Worship,pastoral care, and religious education will helpsoldiers begin the transition back to normal life.Reunion sessions, an important part of theUMT’s work, require early planning to beeffective.

Reunion

Religious support during the reunionphase assists soldiers dealing with the stress ofreunion. The UMTs help to restore and preservethe relationships couples and families knew

By assisting with the stress of reunion,the UMT hels to restore and preservethe relationships couples and familiesknew before deployment. UMTs coordinate with the S1/G1 for

briefings and workshops for soldiersin order to prepare them for reunion.

before deployment. During the reunion phase,UMTs join with the Installation Ministry Team,Army Community Services, STARCs,MUSARCs, family program coordinators, andmental health personnel to provide family

assistance.

Army research shows that family problemsintensify when spouses return fromdeployments. Characteristics of thereadjustment period, which lasts for about twomonths, include the emergence of physicalsymptoms, children’s behavior problems, andmarital tensions. For many couples, the firstweeks of reunion are the most challenging partof the whole deployment experience. Tensionsbecome most acute during the two weeks beforeand after the soldiers’ return.

As married soldiers encounter reunionissues with spouses, single soldiers willexperience reunion struggles with family andfriends. Soldiers deployed as individuals or insmall detachments also experience reunionproblems upon return to their units. Reunionbriefings and workshops help to minimize theproblems for soldiers, families, and units.These events equip soldiers with coping skillsto face the challenge of reintegration tofamilies, peer groups, and units.

In Theater Before Redeployment

Before departing a theater of operations,UMTs coordinate with the S1/G1 for reunionbriefings and workshops. These sessions helpsoldiers understand the changes which they and

their families have experienced. Theworkshops teach skills needed to reconnect withyounger children or to bond with newborns.During the pre-reunion period soldiers and

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families wonder, “What will it be like to betogether again?” and “How has this experiencechanged us and our relationship?”deployed UMTs conduct workshops inIMTs conduct similar workshops forfamilies.

Whiletheater,waiting UMTs are cautioned not to ignore their

own family reunion process.

Home Station After Redeployment

UMTs plan additional workshops at homestation because soldiers and their familiesexperience difficulties with reunion. Someworkshops will be for soldiers and spouses,others for soldiers or spouses alone. UMTscoordinate workshops with the IMT, ACS,family support groups, and Chaplain FamilyLife Centers. The reunion process does not endafter one or two workshops. The UMTs mustbe prepared to sustain the effort for severalmonths, depending on the length of theseparation and the severity of the mission.From time to time, UMTs conduct assessmentsof the effectiveness of the workshops and theneed to continue them.

Members of UMTstheir own family

FM 16-1

are cautioned not to ignorereunion process. Being

occupied helping others is not a reason forneglecting one’s own family. Installation andFamily Life Chaplains conduct workshopsexpressly for redeploying UMTs.

Topics:

Intimacy Emotions

Sexuality Communication

Parenting Control

Single parenting Single soldiers

War stories Survivor guilt

Finances

Reunion Program Objectives

Returning soldiers will be able to:

Understand the “at home”experience and homecomingview.”

•

•

•

•

spouse’s“point of

Be alert to common pitfalls of thehomecoming reunion experience.

Be aware of their own anxiety and mixedfeelings concerning reunion.

Have more realistic expectations of selfand others.

Family members at home will be able to:

Understand the soldier’s experiences andhomecoming “point of view. ”

Integrate returning soldier into their dailylives with minimal stress.

Anticipate changes in decision-makingand behavior.

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•

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•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Complete unfinished personal businesscreated by the separation.

Retain a sense of accomplishment andself-esteem.

Crisis Intervention:

Marital and family counseling.

Financial counseling.

Stress management.

Support groups.

Critical Event Debriefings.

Recovery/Refitting

The unit's need to reestablish its readinesslevel sometimes competes with the soldier'sfamily for the soldier's time, energy, andatttention. During the recovery and refitting

phase, soldiers need to clean, repair, and secureequipment; identify shortages; requisitionsupplies; and reestablish stock levels. Propertyaccountability is reestablished with theinstallation property book officer. UMTs arenot exempt from these concerns, even thoughthey are busy helping soldiers and families toreintegrate.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTDURING

DEMOBILIZATION

This•

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•

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planning includes:

Relocating units and individuals.

Incorporating annual training (AT) fornonmobilized RC units to supportdemobilization.

Mobilizing additional RC units.

Using individual volunteers (by means oftemporary tours of active duty) to supportcritical missions in the demobilizationprocess.

Basic maintenance of equipment.

Awards and decorations.

Evaluation reports.

After action reports/lessons learned.

In Theater Activities

Before a unit departs the theater, itinitiates demobilization administrative andlogistical actions. Units process awards,decorations and performance reports; initiateline-of-duty investigations; and update supplyrecords and equipment accountability. Medicaland dental actions are started in theater whenresources are available. During this phasesoldiers may be frustrated as they becomeanxious to return home. As always, UMTsadapt religious support based on an assessmentof soldiers’ needs.

Home Station Activities

The reintegration of soldiers whodeployed with those who did not is an importantconsideration for UMTs. During mobilization,

Planning Actions many soldiers may deploy at different times, orwith other units as a result of cross-leveling.

Demobilization planning begins with During demobilization, they may also return tomobilization and ends with the decision to home station at different times.release units and individuals from active duty.

Feelings of resentment because some

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soldiers have returned and others have not can of another concern of the soldiers of the RC.cause feelings of resentment in the unit and infamilies. Reentry into the civilian work force is

INSTALLATION RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

Reintegration/Reunion

The Installation Ministry Team plans for:•

•

•

The reintegration of returning soldierswith their family members and withnondeployed soldiers in their units.

•

•Support to casualty survivors.

Non-deploying UMTs to continue theircoverage of units and family members

normally served by the returning UMTs sothat they will be able to reintegratewithout the pressure of immediate duty.

Chaplain Family Life Center will:

Assist in preparing families for reunionwith soldiers.

Assist UMTs with training and technicalguidance on reunions.

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CHAPTER 2

THE RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

ENVIRONMENT

The Ministry Team (MT) provides religious support to America's Army. The mission andoperational environment determine the shape of religious support. The team conducts religioussupport effectively with an clear understanding of the unique context of the Army.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989changed the world and the mission of the USArmy. With the dissolution of the formerSoviet Union, the Army moved from a forwarddeployed Army based overseas to a forceprojection Army based in the United States.

THE THREAT

Regional challenges confront the USArmy with adversaries whose religions andsystems of belief may interpret differently suchfundamental ideas as right and wrong, the valueof human life, and the concepts of victory anddefeat. What appears to be fanatical to USforces may be understood as rational by anopponent. Understanding cultural differences isimportant if US forces are to establish themilitary conditions necessary to achievestrategic goals. Unlike the Cold War era, whenthreats were measurable and predictable, Armyforces today are likely to encounter conditionsof greater ambiguity and uncertainty. The USArmy must be prepared to respond toworldwide strategic challenges as part of a jointand combined team.

THE HUMAN DIMENSION

The soldier is at the center of the Army’swarfighting ability and the focus of religioussupport. The soldier’s training, initiative,resilience, understanding, and response to thedemands of the environment are central andvital to mission success.

Although technology is rapidlyadvancing, the fundamental needs of soldiershave remained constant through the years.Soldiers are now, as always, susceptible to therigors of combat. Regardless of the Army’sincreasing technological sophistication, soldierscontinue to worry about themselves and theirfamilies. Fears about combat and survivabilityalso remain. Soldiers suffer from fatigue andstress. Harsh weather, difficult terrain, andprimitive living conditions reduce the ability toperform even simple tasks. The fears andstressors of combat cause a deterioration in themental and spiritual condition of soldiers.

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The UMT provides religious support to anywhere in the world.encourage and strengthen soldiers and to help

Credible power projection depends on thethem deal with fear and guilt. Religious supportstrengthens the soldier’s mind, will, and spirit. capability of the United States to deploy forces

rapidly and to perform missions spanning thewhole range of military operations.

ARMY OPERATIONSForce Projection

Power ProjectionThe military aspect of power projection is

The Army performs its mission within the force projection. Force projection is the rapidcontext of national security and military deployment of forces to perform missionsstrategies. Responding to crises with power spanning the whole range of military operationsprojection is a key strategic principle of anywhere in the world. Force projectionnational policy. Power projection is the applies to the entire Army, active and reserveapplication of the elements of national power- components. A force projection operationpolitical, economic, information, and military- usually begins as a contingency operation - a

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rapid response to a crisis. A unit may deploywith little or no notice, causing tremendousstress on soldiers and systems.

Although the stages often overlap inspace and time, force projection operationsfollow a general sequence. The stages are:mobilization, deployment, employment,cessation of hostilities, redeployment anddemobilization. Each stage has unique religioussupport requirements.

peacetime missions to general war. The Armyclassifies its activities during peacetime andconflict as Operations Other Than War(OOTW). During peacetime, the US attemptsto influence world events through diplomaticmeans, and the Army may be tasked to supportthese diplomatic efforts. Conflict ischaracterized by hostilities to secures trategicobjectives when diplomatic means have failedor are at risk of failing. War is the use ofmilitary force in combat operations against anarmed enemy.

The Range of Military Operations Often the Army will operate in the threeenvironments of peacetime, conflict, and war at

Theorder thedifferent

President of the United States may the same time. Whenever operations in theseArmy to conduct a number of environments occur simultaneously, the Army

operations. They range from integrates and coordinates the effects to

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accomplish strategic objectives.

Joint, Combined, andInteragency Operations

The Army rarely operates alone. Armyunits deploy with other military services andagencies of the US government. Increasingly,the US Army operates with other countries aswell. This is true, not only when the militaryeffort is the prime strategic option, as in war,but also when other strategies are the preferredoption.

The Total Force

To meet mission requirements withlimited resources, US Army conductsoperations as a total force. The total forceincludes Active Component (AC), ReserveComponents (RC), and Department of the Armycivilians, acting in concert with other servicesand allies. To support total force operations,chaplains and chaplain assistants, from both theactive and reserve components, deploy withtheir units to provide religious support tosoldiers.

Types of Forces

The Army recognizes three general typesof combat forces: armored forces, light forces,and special operations forces (SOF). With theirappropriate combat support (CS) and combatservice support (CSS) units, the Army providesa balanced and versatile force mix.

Combined arms warfare is thesimultaneous application of combat, CS, andCSS toward a common objective. Combat unitsare infantry (light, mechanized, airborne, andair assault), armor, cavalry, and army attack

aviation. Combat support units consist of fieldartillery, general aviation, air defense artillery,engineers, signal, military intelligence, andmilitary police. Combat service support unitsare those engaged in logistics: manning,arming, fueling, fixing, moving, and sustainingsoldiers and systems. CSS units includetransportation, quartermaster, ordnance,personnel service support, field maintenance,and medical. UMTs can be assigned to all thesetypes of units.

Battlefield Framework

A battlefield framework helpscommanders and their staffs visualize how toemploy forces and to conduct operations. Thebattlefield framework relates friendly forces toone another and to the enemy in terms of time,space, resources, control, and purposes.

The concept of a battlefield framework isnot new. The changing nature of warfare withincreasingly sophisticated technology hascaused the concept of the battlefield frameworkto evolve. Today it can be linear or nonlinear.A theater commander designates single ormultiple theaters of operation. A theater ofoperations may be further divided into single ormultiple areas of operation (AO). At thetactical level, the battlefield framework is madeup of three interrelated concepts: area ofoperations, battlespace, and battlefieldorganization (close, deep, and rear). (See FM100-5.)

Phasing

Normally, operations are divided intophases that focus on major changes in themission, such as shifting from defense tooffense, or from the assault phase to theconsolidation phase. Each phase lays the

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groundwork for the next until the final objective Religious support planning takes into accountis reached. At the tactical level, religious the possibility of branches and sequels. The

support planning is specific to each phase of an UMT must consider multiple contingencies.operation.

Branches and Sequels Simultaneous Operations

Branches are contingency phases whichchange the disposition and orientation of units,or the direction of movement. Sequels aresubsequent phases which occur after a battleand are based on possible outcomes: victory,defeat, or stalemate. At the tactical level,exploitations and pursuits are examples ofsequels to an operation. UMTs include allphases of an operation in their planning.

Within a theater many differentoperations are conducted simultaneously.Deployment may continue well after conflictbegins. US forces may conduct tactical combat

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operations in one part of a theater while attaching and detaching subordinate units toconducting OOTW in another. Defensive and accomplish the mission in the best way. At theoffensive operations are always related. battalion-level, the commander shiftsReligious support planning at all echelons takes mechanized infantry and armor companies tointo account the variety of military operations. give the main attack force the needed firepower.

When companies are attached or detached,UMTs in these units must exchange religious

TASK ORGANIZATION preference data to plan and provide adequatereligious support.

Commanders organize for combat by

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CHAPTER 3

UNIT MINISTRY TEAM

OPERATIONS

To meet the religious needs of soldiers on the battlefield, the Unit Ministry Team plans,prepares, and delivers religious support. The UMT participates in planning with the rest of the staff,advises the commander, and engages in other actions necessary to accomplish the religious supportmission.

PLANNING

Tactical planning centers on preparing for combat. Such planning can be relativelydeliberate, such as before beginning an offensive maneuver; or it might be morerapid, such as when done simultaneously with the conduct of the offense.

FM 100-5

Religious support planning is continuous,detailed, and systematic. It examines all factorsrelating to the religious support of an operation.The planning builds on the religious supportannex to the unit’s tactical standing operatingprocedures (TSOP). It becomes specific to anoperation through the preparation of a religioussupport estimate (RSE). The product of thisplanning is a religious support annex (RSA) to

of the UMT. Changes in METT-T will changethe RSE and may indicate a change to the RSA.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTESTIMATE

The RSE ensures the careful andintentional planning of religious support. Thepreparation of the estimate follows a logical,continuous, and methodical process to providethe appropriate religious support for thecommander’s selected course of action (COA).(See FM 101-5.) With the rest of the staff, theUMT prepares the RSE using the followingsteps:

the operations plan or operations order(OPLAN/OPORD). The RSA guides the work

1.

2.

3.

Gathers facts and assumptions.

Analyzes the mission.

Develops courses of action.

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4.

5.

Analyzes and compares courses ofaction.

Makes a recommendation.

Step 1: Gather Factsand Assumptions

The UMT gathers information concerningthe assigned mission in two categories: factsand assumptions. Facts are statements ofknown data concerning the situation, includingcharacteristics of the area of operations, enemy

and friendly dispositions, available troops, unitstrengths, and materiel readiness. The missionand the commander’s intent are key facts. (SeeAppendix A.)

Special religious requirements of thesoldiers in the unit are key facts for the religioussupport estimate. The team develops aReligious Preference Profile (RPP) using datafrom a SIDPERS ad hoc query. (See DA PAM680-29 for religious preference codes.) Thereport is a statistical analysis of the unit’sreligious demographics. The RPP provides thereligious preference of soldiers and other useful

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information for the provision of comprehensivereligious support.

The team makes assumptions when factsare not available. An assumption is asupposition on the current or future situation,assumed to be true in the absence of positiveproof. In the absence of facts, assumptions areused to fill gaps in what is known about asituation. As new information becomesavailable, some assumptions become facts andsome are modified or discarded. Asassumptions change, the team reassesses itssupport of the commander’s selected course ofaction (COA). It must be remembered thatreplacement of assumptions by facts whenpossible is foremost.

•

•

Mission, Enemy, Terrain andWeather, Troops, and Time (METT-T)

Mission: What is the tactical mission?Offense or defense? What is thecommander’s intent? The UMT identifiesspecified or implied religious supporttasks from the higher headquarter’sOPLAN or OPORD. For example, arequirement to provide area religioussupport may be implied but not specifiedby a higher headquarter’s taskorganization.

Enemy: What enemy activity isexpected? When is it anticipated tobegin? In this part of mission analysis, theteam identifies the enemy’s threat toreligious support mission accomplishment,For example, enemy activity in rear areas,may restrict team travel and necessitateadditional area support requirements.

Terrain and Weather: What effect doesthe terrain have on the religious supportmission? What are the effects of themilitary aspects of the terrain? (OCOKA:Observation and fields of fire, cover andconcealment, obstacles, key terrain, and

avenues of approach.) The UMT assessesthe terrain and weather in the AO.Trafficability, weather extremes, and theamount of daylight are factors which willaffect the religious support mission.

Troops: Religious support is geared tosoldiers. What soldiers are doing oftendetermines their availability for religioussupport. If soldiers are involved in pre-combat inspections, trying to get rest, orrehearsing for the next operation, theUMT adjusts its plan to match the soldiers’schedule and to meet their needs. TheUMT must also assess the level of anxietyand fatigue among the troops to properlyshape its ministry to the soldiers.

Time Available: The UMT assesses thetime required for planning and the timeavailable for executing the religioussupport mission. The amount of planningtime determines the detail of the plan.The team also considers:

The travel time to each unit.

Preparation time.

Available light.

Step 2: Analyze the Mission

Mission analysis begins with a review ofthe OPLAN/OPORD from the higherheadquarters. From this review, the commanderand staff derive the specific tasks which the unitmust perform to accomplish the mission. TheUMT participates with the rest of the staff inmission analysis by identifying specified andimplied religious support tasks. A tentative listof essential tasks are identified and presented tothe commander for approval. After the staffsanalysis, the commander provides the staff witha restated mission.

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Step 3: Develop Courses of Action

Course of action (COA) development isbased on mission analysis and on the facts andassumptions developed earlier. After receivingthe commander’s guidance, the staff, led by theexecutive officer, develops COAs whichidentify ways to accomplish the mission. As

the staff begins to develop COAs, the chaplainconsiders the religious and moral implicationsof each proposed COA and how to providereligious support. While the S3 formulates thetactical possibilities, the chaplain and other staffofficers consider how to integrate theirfunctional areas into each COA.

Step 4: Analyze and CompareCourses of Action

After the staff develops several COAs, itanalyzes each of them. The COA analysisconsists of two parts: war-gaming and COAcomparison. With this analysis the staffidentifies the best COA to recommend to the

commander. (See FM 101-5, Appendix J.)

Step 5: Make a Recommendation

After choosing the best COA, the staffbriefs the commander. The commander mayagree with the staffs recommendation, modifyit, or select another. Once the commanderdecides on a COA, the UMT uses the plansdeveloped during the Religious SupportEstimate process to prepare the ReligiousSupport Annex.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTANNEX

Based on the selected COA, the teamcompletes the details of its plan and prepares anannex to the OPLAN/OPORD. The ReligiousSupport Annex assigns religious supportresponsibilities, defines area supportrequirements, and authorizes coordinationbetween subordinate units. The annex iswritten from headquarters to headquarters ratherthan from team to team.

PREPARATION

Preparation is the link between planning and execution.As the commander and staff finish theplanning process, the unit prepares for the operation based on a warning order issued earlier by thecommander. After making its individual and team preparation, the UMT begins to provide religioussupport while the soldiers complete their preparation for the operation.

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INDIVIDUAL PREPARATION

The chaplain and chaplain assistantprepare themselves for combat like the othersoldiers of the unit. This preparation must beboth physical and spiritual. The press of timeand mission requirements may tempt the teamto omit the spiritual preparation of prayer anddevotion.

TEAM PREPARATION

Team preparation includes pre-combatinspections, updating information, mapreconnaissance, travel planning, rehearsals, andmission coordination. The UMT preparationalso includes gathering such things as worship

aids, devotional literature, music, and liturgicalitems.

Pre-Combat Inspectionsand Preparation

The UMT conducts a pre-combatinspection according to the unit TSOP. Thisinspection ensures sufficient supplies andequipment to operate in case the team is unableto return to its operational base. On everymission, the team must carry survivalequipment (additional clothing for extremeweather and sleeping bags), food and water.The chaplain assistant prepares and updates ateam load list to ensure carrying the necessarysupplies and equipment.

Information Update

The tactical situation changes rapidly onthe battlefield. The UMT updates missioninformation regularly and especially beforedeparting from its operational base. The teamchecks the situation map, situation reports(SITREPS), logistics reports, and the latestfragmentary orders (FRAGO) or warningorders. If there are significant changes in thesituation, the team modifies its planaccordingly.

Travel Plans

The UMT must conduct a mapreconnaissance before departing the operationalbase. The team develops a travel plan byconsidering the following:• Priorities of unit visitation.• Travel time.• Available routes.• Obstacles and mine fields (clear or

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unclear).• Landmarks and critical points along the

route.• Convoy start and release points.

Before departing the operational base, theUMT leaves a copy of its travel plan in theCommand Post (CP) or Tactical Operations

Center (TOC). The chaplain designates a pointof contact in the S1 section to receive messagesand requests for religious support.

Rehearsals

Units conduct rehearsals duringpreparation for combat. In addition tomaneuver rehearsals, units conduct CSS andcasualty evacuation rehearsals. Rehearsalsprovide an opportunity to refine the plan forreligious support.

Mission Coordination

The size of the AO and unit dispersion taxthe UMT’s ability to coordinate. Earlyplanning and coordination will help to eliminatepotential problems. Coordination is both

internal and external. Assigned

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communications equipment is necessary fortimely and effective coordination.

Internal Coordination

The UMT coordinates religious supportwithin its headquarters primarily with the S1.The team coordinates with all staff sections forthe exchange of information. See Appendix Ddescribes staff proponency, functions, andsupport relationships.

External Coordination

Coordination for area support is difficulton the battlefield. Although religious supportexecution is decentralized, UMTs mustcoordinate with other UMTs in higher, lower,and adjacent units. More importantly, teamsmust coordinate with the units they support.Establishing coordination procedures withcompany commanders and first sergeants beforedeployment reduces the communicationchallenge for the UMT on the battlefield.

Military communication channelsstreamline information distribution on thebattlefield. The team uses command, staff, andtechnical channels for communication,guidance, and coordination.

Command: The command channel is theofficial link between headquarters for passingorders, instructions, and taskings to subordinateunits. Command channels are from commanderto commander. Within the authority grantedthem, staff officers use command channelswhen acting for the commander.

Staff: The staff channel is the staff-to-staff linkbetween headquarters. It is the primary channelthe UMT uses for planning and coordinatingreligious support. Through this channel, theteam transmits and coordinates planninginformation and provides staff supervision ofreligious support in subordinate units.

FM 16-1

Technical: The technical channel is used to transmit technical instructions and guidance.Chaplains use this channel to communicate withUMTs of other units about the technical aspectsand details of religious support. It is not used tosend official reports, to request religioussupport, or to send routine information betweenteams. This information is communicatedthrough command or staff channels.

EXECUTION

The execution of the religious support mission on the battlefield is decentralized and performedby UMTs at all levels. UMTs are interrelated for the purposes of coordination, staff supervision, andtechnical guidance.

STAFF SUPERVISION

Once planning and preparation arecompleted, the staff assists the commander inthe execution of the mission by supervisingtheir functional areas. This is done to be surethat subordinate units carry out thecommander’s decisions and intent. Chaplains at

A staff officer does not have the authorityto order a subordinate unit to execute directivesor orders. Staff officers make recommendationsto subordinate commanders. Theserecommendations may be accepted or rejected.A staff chaplain contacts a subordinate UMT inthe commander’s name to transmit orders orinstructions, provide advice and

brigade-level and higher provide staffsupervision of religious support by visitingsubordinate units, monitoring the tacticalsituation, and revising estimates and plansbased on changes in METT-T. If required, theyrecommend changes to the religious supportannex and ensure subordinate units receive andexecute the changes which are issued asFRAGOs.

recommendations, offer assistance, or exchangeinformation.

ADVISING

Chaplains advise the commander onreligion, morals, ethics, and morale. Adviceextends to concerns such as the quality of lifefor soldiers and families, indigenous religions,and the allocation of resources. Commandersrely on the advice of the UMT to help themsense the unit climate. At division-level and

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higher, the chaplain advises the commander onthe assignment of chaplains and chaplainassistants.

The chaplain’s direct access to thecommander allows for face-to-face communi-cation and is the most effective means forgiving advice. At the battalion-level, chaplainsadvise company commanders.

Religion, Morals, Ethics, and Morale

Chaplains often serve as the “conscienceof the command. ” Chaplains advise thecommander on the moral and ethical nature ofcommand policies, programs, and actions.Their advice to the commander concerns theimpact of command policies on soldiers. Theyadvise the commander on the following:• Religious and ethical issues as they bear

on mission accomplishment and morale.• Relations between religious groups within

the command.• Accommodation of special religious needs

and requirements. to civilians and preclude independent• Quality of life issues.

(See Appendix E.)

Restrictions and Constraints

The political and military factors of anoperation may require the commander to limitthe use of military force. These limiting factorsmay dictate how the commander uses resourcesto achieve an objective. The commander statesthese limiting factors in the form of restrictionsand constraints in the rules of engagement(ROE).

Chaplains at every echelon help thecommander apply the ROE by advising on themoral implications of proposed COAs. Senior-level chaplains consider the restrictions andconstraints of the ROE when recommendingreligious support policy to the commander. Forexample, the ROE may impose limited access

humanitarian activities.• Unit command climate.

ADMINISTRATIONIndigenous Religions

The UMT advises the commander andstaff on the beliefs, practices, and customs ofreligious groups in the area of operations (AO)).This advice is based on information developedat division and higher echelons and iscoordinated with the G5 and civil/militaryofficer (CMO). Common concerns include:•

•

•

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Religious organizations and doctrines.

Religious practices and customs.

Places of worship, shrines, and holyplaces.

Administrative actions continue in thetactical environment. UMTs adjust theirprocedures and level of activity to METT-T.They comply with unit TSOPs and appropriateregulations and doctrine.

Correspondence

Battlefield conditions complicate thepreparation of correspondence. Prior todeployment, UMTs must consider how to adapttheir procedures to field conditions. The teammust prepare required reports andcorrespondence despite equipment limitationsor the tactical situation.

Records Management

Army regulations and the unit TSOPdetermine the procedures for managing andmaintaining records. The UMT may need tomaintain the following records:• Baptisms and other sacramental acts.• Services of worship and attendance.• Ministration to casualties.• Memorial services or ceremonies.• Staff journal (DA Form 1594).• After Action Reports.

Publications

Prior to deploying, UMTs review the listof publications in the reference section of thismanual to determine which to carry. As aminimum, the team carries this manual, AR165-1, and the “go to war” publications of theunit. The chaplain assistant requisitionsmissing publications.

Journal and Workbooks

The UMT maintains a staff journal usingDA FORM 1594 (Daily Staff Journal or DutyOfficer’s Log) covering each 24-hour period.

The staff journal is aevents and serves asoperational reviews,

FM 16-1

chronological record ofa permanent record for

training issues, andhistorical research. The team’s journal entriesshould provide enough detail to describe itsactivities adequately and to fix the time andplace of significant religious support events.Typical entries include:• Summaries of plans and orders.• Religious support activities.• Reports sent and received.• Reports of contact with other UMTs,

missionaries, and humanitarian agencies.

A UMT may choose to keep a staff sectionworkbook, also known as a “battle book.” It isan informal, indexed collection of referencesand information taken from written and oralorders, messages, journal entries, and meetings.The battle book may include extracts fromdoctrinal manuals, forms, and otherinformation. It has no specific format and is nota permanent record. (See FM 101-5.)

LOGISTICS

Logistic support is essential to religioussupport in combat. Because supportrequirements are more difficult to meet incombat, commanders must ensure that UMTs

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are integrated into the logistics system.

The Modified Table of Organization andEquipment (MTOE) is the authorizationdocument for ordering equipment. Thechaplain is responsible for all team equipment;the chaplain assistant is accountable for itsproper use, security, and operational readiness.As the team identifies needed MTOE adjust-ments, it recommends changes through thechain of command using DA Form 2028(Recommended Changes To Publications andBlank Forms.)

Maintenance

Maintenance is critical in a combatenvironment. The team is responsible for themaintenance of its assigned vehicle and otherequipment. An effective maintenance programis essential to ensure the UMT’s ability toperform religious support. Operatormaintenance focuses on preventive maintenancechecks and services (PMCS).

Transportation

Supplies A UMT assigned to a heavy or mountedunit needs a dedicated vehicle to reach the

The chaplain assistant monitors supply different elements of its unit. The vehicle mustlevels, conducts inventories, and requisitions be able to transport the team to ail unit locationssupplies through unit supply channels to ensure within the AO. At times the team travels ontimely replacement of standard expendable foot to avoid compromising the unit’s locationitems. The team reports its supply requirements or fighting positions.to the supply section by nomenclature, amount,and projected usage rates.

Unit Ministry Teams should deploy withat least 60 days of ecclesiastical supplies.Normally the unit establishes stockage levels,expressed as “Days of Supply” (DOS). A teamdeploying to an immature theater with limitedlogistical support may not have resupplyavailable for 90-120 days. The team adjusts theamount of supplies carried to avoid depletion.

UMTs at division-level and highermonitor the work of commodity managers inthe Material Management Centers (MMC) toensure a steady flow of Chaplain Resupply Kitsand other religious support supplies tosubordinate teams.

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Both the chaplain and the chaplainassistant must be able to operate and maintainthe vehicle. These skills must be acquired andpracticed before deployment. METT-T willdetermine who drives the vehicle. The practiceof the chaplain driving in hostile areas ensuresthat the assistant, who is a combatant, canprovide security. When not providing securityfor the team, the chaplain assistant operates thevehicle.

The UMT should take full advantage ofunit convoys. It must be thoroughly familiarwith convoy procedures, unit policy regardingmovements, and vehicle densities.

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Communication

As the UMT travels on the battlefield, itmust maintain communications with its

operational base to keep the unit informed of itsstatus, location, and travel plans. At the sametime, the team receives and transmits SITREPs.The commander provides the team withdedicated communication equipment that iscompatible with the unit’s securecommunication equipment. The team uses avariety of other communication means availablewithin the unit. The team must be flexible andcreative to maintain communications.

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CHAPTER 4

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTDURING PEACETIME

During peacetime, the Army plans and trains for the full range of military operations - frompeacetime missions to war. The Army is designed, equipped, and trained for force projectionoperations. Ministry teams have a two-fold focus during peacetime. One focus is the spiritualpreparation of soldiers and their families for future deployments and the demands of combat. Theother is their own training and preparation for mobilization and deployment.

UNIT RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

TRAINING

The Army’s mission is to deter war; or iffailing in that mission, to reestablish peacethrough victory in combat. To accomplish themission, the Army’s primary activity duringpeacetime is realistic, battle-focused trainingoriented on the unit’s mission essential task list(METL). The training objective is operationalreadiness - units and soldiers that are tacticallyand technically proficient.

Tactical proficiency is a demonstratedunderstanding of the Army’s warfightingdoctrine and tactics. To provide effectivereligious support in combat, the UMT mustknow its unit’s doctrine, tactics, techniques, andprocedures. The team must participate fully inunit training to achieve tactical proficiency.

Technical proficiency is the demonstratedability to perform all tasks related to one’sfunctional area. Technical proficiency is gainedfrom religious support training with otherUMTs. In addition to developing tactical andtechnical proficiency, the UMT developscohesion with other soldiers in the unit byundergoing the same rigorous training.

Assessment of UMT Readiness

As the commander’s special staff officerfor religious support, chaplains at brigade-leveland higher are responsible for assessing thetechnical proficiency of UMTs in subordinateunits. They conduct assessments with the unitduring field training exercises (FTX), BattleCommand Training Program (BCTP) events,external Army Training and EvaluationProgram (ARTEP) events, Combat TrainingCenter (CTC) rotations, unit training, and

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Command Inspections.

SPIRITUAL FITNESS

Chaplains and chaplain assistants intactical units participate in the installation’sCommand Master Religious Plan (CMRP) tohelp soldiers develop the personal spiritualfitness needed to sustain them during combatand to sustain their families while the unit isdeployed. As part of the installation’s CMRP,the UMT conducts worship services, offersreligious education, and provides spiritualfitness training and other activities ininstallation chapels and facilities.

FAMILY SUPPORT

DEPLOYMENT PLANNINGAND PREPARATION

During peacetime UMTs plan and preparereligious support for deployment. Theycarefully prepare tactical SOPs which

anticipate the tasks necessary to deploy. Theirplanning includes all the stages of forceprojection.

MOBILIZATION PLANNINGAND PREPARATION

Planning, the first phase of mobilization,begins long before a unit is mobilized. Duringpeacetime, Active (AC) and ReserveComponent (RC) UMTs coordinate with IMTsfor their mobilization planning. This planningtakes into account operational and trainingrequirements, equipment status, and readiness.It also includes the impact of mobilization onsoldiers, their families, and communities.

The primary planning tool formobilization is the Standardized Ministry TeamMobilization Systems Planbook (MOBPlanbook). The MOB Planbook integrates allphases and levels of mobilization, and itprovides a detailed guide for integratingmobilization planning.

Thefamilies

Army is committed to supportingduring deployment. Command

sponsored family support groups (FSG), a vitallink to soldiers and their families, are led by

volunteer family members. Chaplains and

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chaplain assistants advise and assist these groups.

INSTALLATION RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

Army installations function as force units.projection platforms, providing support fordeployed tactical units throughout all stages of UMTs of nondeployed units are included

force projection. As mobilization stations, in installation plans to support deploying units.They assist with religious support to familiesinstallations process, validate, and deploy until the deployed forces return.

mobilized units and individual replacements.

The installation chaplain is responsible forall religious support on the installation. Theinstallation chaplain coordinates with tenantunits to implement the CMRP. The IMTprovides a broad religious support program forunits, soldiers, and their families. Worshipservices, pastoral care, religious education, andchaplain family life programs are offered ininstallation chapel facilities.

DEPLOYMENT PLANNINGAND SUPPORT

During peacetime, the IMT and the seniorUMTs of the tenant TOE units develop plansfor religious support during deployment.Planning considerations include the care offamilies; procedures for consolidating chapelprograms; the close-out of chapels (ifnecessary); the accounting, turning-in, orsecuring of unit and installation property; andsurvivor and casualty assistance. FORSCOMReg 500-3-2 (FORMDEPS II), DeploymentGuide, provides guidance and assignsresponsibilities for support of the deployment of

A thorough understanding andappreciation for the transfer of authority (TOA)of deploying units to the theater commander iscritical to the installation chaplain’s mission. Ata time designated in the deployment order, thechain of command shifts to the gaining unit,usually the theater commander. When thatTOA occurs, the relationship of the deployingUMTs to the IMT changes. This newrelationship remains in effect until the unitredeploys. The sending installation does notburden deploying UMTs with requirements andreports.

MOBILIZATION PHASE I:PLANNING

Installation, CONUSA, STARC, andMUSARC chaplains are key to RC UMTmobilization. Each maintains a copy of the MTMobilization Systems Planbook (MOBPlanbook). Organizational MOB Planbookscontain the same basic information, but each istailored for the particular headquarters. TheMOB Planbook specifies what must beaccomplished during each phase ofmobilization. While many of the tasks in theMOB Planbooks are unique, they are designedto integrate the mobilization process. There arefive phases in mobilization. (See Chapter 5 forPhases II through V.)

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A unit’s success is directly related to thequality of its planning, the first phase ofMobilization. A representative listing of themobilization planning responsibilities forInstallation, CONUSA, STARC, and MUSARCchaplains follows:

Installation Chaplain

The installation chaplain becomes themobilization station chaplain and assumes a keyrole in mobilizing RC UMTs. Beforemobilization, the installation chaplaindesignates a mobilization planner who does thefollowing:•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Updates and maintains the installation’sMT MOB Planbook.

Updates the religious support portion ofthe installation MOB PLAN.

Identifies positions to be filled by IMAs orretirees.

Clarifies cross-leveling responsibilitiesand coordinates with the G1/DPCA.

Develops a mobilization training plan forchaplains and chaplain assistants.

Prepares UMTs for deployment.

Prepares for and participates in installationmobilization exercises (MOBEX) andactivities.

Plans for demobilization activities.

Continental US Army Chaplain

The CONUSA chaplain coordinatesbetween the US Army Forces Command(FORSCOM) chaplain and RC UMTs withinits region. Mobilization responsibilities includeplanning and training to ensure the broadestpossible religious support within the CONUSA.

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CONUSA chaplains redistribute chaplains tomatch anticipated faith group requirements.

The CONUSA chaplain coordinates withthe Commandant of the United States ArmyChaplain Center and School (USACHCS) forthe training of RC chaplains who have notcompleted the Chaplain Officer Basic Course.They coordinate with United States ArmyReserve Command (USARC) for soldiersworking in chaplain assistant positions whoneed to complete the Chaplain AssistantReclassification Course.

State Area Command Chaplains

In peacetime, the State Area Command(STARC) is in the chain of command of ArmyNational Guard (ARNG) units. Therefore theSTARC chaplain is part of the mobilizationplanning process for all ARNG UMTs. STARCmobilization plans and SOPS resource trainingand Mobilization Tables of Distribution andAllowances (MOBTDA) personnel to providereligious support to families at FamilyAssistance Centers (FAC). Importantconsiderations include identifying the religioussupport requirements of the FACs anddeveloping MOBTDAs with sufficient religioussupport personnel.

USARC and MUSARC Chaplains

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In peacetime, USARC commands andcontrols all the USAR Troop Program Units(TPU). The USARC’s mission is to command,control, support and ensure wartime readinessof USAR forces in the United States, excludingSpecial Operations Command units. USARCprepares units for commitment to wartime andto other missions as required by the supportedtheater commander and as directed byFORSCOM. During mobilization USARCprepares and redistributes personnel andequipment within USARC until transfer ofauthority.

Major US Army Reserve Command(MUSARC) chaplains are responsible toUSARC for ensuring that subordinate USARUMTs are ready for mobilization. Theymaintain profiles to monitor the training statusof these UMTs. Additionally, they transmitinformation about the home station familyreligious support requirements to theappropriate STARC.

TRAINING

Active Component

Installation chaplains, through theirtraining managers, and in coordination with unitS3s, ensure that UMTs have adequate technicaltraining for deployment and combat. Battle-focused training is based on the unit’s METL.The METL provides the context for technicaltraining in religious support. Tactical trainingfor the UMT remains a responsibility of theunit.

Family life chaplains, chaplains trained inClinical Pastoral Education (CPE), andDirectors of Religious Education (DRE)provide supplemental training as part of acomprehensive training plan for chaplains andchaplain assistants. Training and continuingeducation conferences, functional coursesoffered by USACHCS, and courses offeredthrough the NCO Education System (NCOES)supplement the installation religious supporttraining program.

The IMT must balance religious supporttraining for combat and for garrison. If trainingfor either combat or garrison operations isneglected, ministry teams will not be preparedto provide comprehensive religious support tosoldiers and their families. Training forconducting a battlefield worship service is asimportant as training in the preparation of theCMRP - both tasks are critical.

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Reserve Component

Mobilization can be a chaotic time.Thorough planning and realistic trainingreduces confusion. Mobilization training givesUMTs an opportunity to practice theirmobilization religious support missions and anopportunity to assess the adequacy ofmobilization plans. Installations assist with thefollowing RC UMT training events:• Annual training (AT).• The Individual Mobilization Augmentee

(IMA) training.• Individual training events, Individual

Ready Reserve (IRR), and chaplaincandidate training.

• AC/RC Sustainment Training.

FAMILY SUPPORT

Commanders employ the full range ofinstallation resources to support families. Oneof these resources is the family life ministry ofchaplains. Family life ministry consists of threemajor elements: enrichment, prevention, andintervention. These elements are expressedthrough educational programs, family wellnessdevelopment programs, and marriage andfamily counseling.

Chaplain Family Life Centers

The Family Life Chaplain’s primarymission is to train MTs and to direct theChaplain Family Life Center (CFLC). EachFamily Life Chaplain tailors the trainingprogram to meet the needs of the installationand the mission of the tactical units. TheFamily Life Chaplain consults with seniorchaplains to determine the specific trainingneeds for subordinate units.

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The Family Life Chaplain supports theMTs on the installation by providing technicalassistance, educational resources, and trainingfor UMTs. In addition, the Family LifeChaplain helps UMTs prepare families for thestress of mobilization and deployment. Thissupport is directly related to the installation’smission as the force projection platform. TheFamily Life Chaplain also provides support tonondeploying UMTs who are giving religioussupport to families of deployed soldiers.

A healthy home environment directlyinfluences the soldier’s performance of duty.With its support of the family, the family lifeministry program sustains the soldier’s spiritualfitness in peacetime and during combat.

Hospital Chaplains

Army hospitals and the Medical Corpspreserve the fighting strength of the Army,maintain the health of soldiers, and supportfamily members with medical services.

Chaplains and chaplain assistants assignedto hospitals help patients and families deal withmedical problems and crises. Hospitalchaplains at all levels have special training andskills which equip them to do the following:• Assist people with feelings of fear,

loneliness, anger, failure, and loss of faith.

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• Provide pastoral ministry for those suf-fering from critical or chronic illnesses orinjuries.

• Prepare religious support contingencyplans for mass casualty situations.

• Facilitate support groups for patients, theirfamilies, and staff.

• Serve as members of interdisciplinary casemanagement teams and hospitalcommittees.

• Provide pastoral care to hospital staff.

CASUALTY NOTIFICATION

Notification of the next of kin (NOK) isthe commander’s responsibility. Chaplains arenot notification officers, but they may be a partof the team which makes the notification. Inthe event of a disaster or mass casualtysituation, they may serve on the CasualtyAssistance Team. Religious support to grievingfamilies is a priority for the IMT.

• Provide training for staff members, IMTs,and UMTs.

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CHAPTER 5

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT DURINGMOBILIZATION AND DEPLOYMENT

United States military strategy stands on the ability to deploy forces rapidly. Mobilization, theactivation and federalization of the Reserve Components, provides commanders with forces,manpower, facilities, and logistics. It expands the Army’s capability to respond to a crisis.Deployment is the movement of those forces into a theater of operation in response to a military crisisor natural disaster.

MOBILIZATION DEPLOYMENT

Mobilization is conducted in five phases: Deployment is conducted in five phases:

Phase I: Planning. (See Chapter 4.) Phase I: Pre-deployment activities.

Phase II: Alert. Phase II: Movement to ports.

Phase III: Home Station. Phase III: Strategic lift.

Phase IV: Mobilization Station. Phase IV: Force reception.

Phase V: Port of Embarkation. Phase V: Onward movement.

UNIT RELIGIOUS SUPPORT DURING MOBILIZATION

With the initiation of mobilization, thefocus of the RC UMT shifts from peacetime andreserve status to active duty. The UMT Mobili-zation Planbook (MOB Planbook), developedduring Phase I: Planning, guides the UMTduring the subsequent phases of mobilization.

MOBILIZATION PHASE II:ALERT

The Alert Phase begins with the officialalert notice. The UMT reports immediately toits home station and the unit conducts its final

screening of soldiers and cross-leveling. TheAlert Phase ends on the effective date of theunit’s mobilization.

Planning Considerations:• Religious support and personal equipment

required for mobilization.• Actions required to close out civilian

responsibilities.• Coordination with denomination or faith

group for religious coverage duringmobilization.

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On Alert, the UMT reports with itsequipment and MOB Planbook to itshome station. •

•

•

period of time, while others elements aresent forward to the mobilization station?

Does the UMT go forward with theadvance party or with the main body ofthe unit?

MOBILIZATION PHASE III: How does confinement, movement, orHOME STATION separation influence soldier morale?

What religious support activities couldPhase III begins on the effective date of address morale problems in the unit?

the unit’s mobilization. During this phase theunit begins its transition to active duty. Athome station the unit inventories property,dispatches an advance party, and moves to themobilization station (MS). This phase endswhen the unit arrives at the MS.

MOBILIZATION PHASE IV:MOBILIZATION STATION

The RC UMT must balance it ownpreparation for deployment withproviding religious support to soldiersand families.

Phase IV begins when the unit arrives atthe MS or mobilization site. Activities at theMS include processing personnel andequipment, accessioning the unit into the activestructure, cross-leveling, and soldier readinessprocessing. The UMT, along with the unit,

Planning for religious support during thehome station phase is done before the unit isalerted. The RC UMT must balance its own

The UMT participates in individual andcollective training critical to survivalon the battlefield.

preparation for deployment with providingreligious support to soldiers and families. engages in individual and collective training

and validation exercises for survival on thePlanning Considerations: battlefield. The MS phase ends when the unit• Does the home station or alternate site arrives at the port of embarkation (POE).

(Note: The unit’s line of authority shifts duringrequire special planning or preparation? this phase from the CONUSA to the MS• Where is the home station in relation to commander.)

support resources? Planning Considerations:• How does the UMT provide family What supplies are required for religioussupport briefings? support?

•

• How will the UMT provide required What religious support is required as thereligious support if some parts of the unit unit transitions to war?remain at home station for a extended

•

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UNIT RELIGIOUS SUPPORT DURING DEPLOYMENT

DEPLOYMENT PHASE I:PREDEPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES

Predeloyment activities begin when a unitreceives a deployment notification. Theseactivities include mission briefings andplanning, family predeployment briefings,equipment loading, chapel close-out, and thetransfer of property accountability.

The theater chaplain identifies a seniorchaplain to be responsible forcoordinating religious support intheater during each stage of thedeployment.

Mission Planning

The commander and staff begin thedeliberate decision-making process as soon aspossible after they receive the deploymentnotification and they review contingency plansfor completeness and accuracy. As the unitgathers data on the deployment, it conducts aseries of mission briefings.

The UMT, along with the rest of the staff,begins to prepare an estimate of the situation.The team uses information gained from themission briefings to update RSE. The teambalances planning and preparation withproviding religious support.

While the deploying UMT reviews andrefines the RSE and its plans, religious supportplanners at higher echelons integrate thebroader scheme of the operation into theplanning process. They assess lines ofauthority, task organization, and faith groupneeds to determine the required number andmix of UMTs. Senior planners monitor thetailoring of the deploying force: joint task force(JTF) and Army forces (ARFOR). When a JTFor ARFOR commander begins to form an adhoc headquarters, senior chaplains mustmonitor its composition to ensure the inclusionof a senior chaplain on the staff.

If the theater chaplain is not scheduled todeploy immediately, he designates a seniorchaplain to be responsible for coordinatingreligious support in theater during each stage ofthe deployment before his arrival.

Chapel Transitions

The installation chaplain is responsible forall religious support facilities on the installation.Deploying UMTs coordinate chapel transition

UMTs transfer property accountabilityto the installation chaplain beforedeparture.

with the installation chaplain who decideswhether to continue or to combine chapelprograms and services. The UMTs transferproperty accountability to the installationchaplain before departure. Deploying UMTsprovide transition activities for soldiers andtheir families. Special services and events, suchas volunteer recognition, are helpful.

The UMT must determine whatequipment and supplies to ship andwhat to carry.

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Load Lists and Plans

Some UMT supplies (communion bread,wine or grape juice) are consumable and cannotbe pre-positioned with other war stocks. Sacredscriptures, religious literature, rosaries, crossesand medals can be pre-positioned. In somedeployments much of the equipment will travelunaccompanied. The UMT must determinewhat to ship and what to carry. Equipment andsupplies may not be available in theater for aconsiderable time. Unaccompanied equipmentand palletized supplies may not arrive in thetheater in time to be used. The TSOP includesload lists and load plans.

Deploying UMTs balance the needs ofsoldiers and families with their ownpreparation for departurerequirements.

Family Support Activities

Predeployment Briefings

As information about the deployment be-comes available, the unit provides predeploy-

UMTs participate in predeploymentbriefings to provide religious supportinformation to families.

ment briefings to families. The informationgiven will be constrained by operationalsecurity requirements. Predeployment briefingsinclude information on the advantages anddisadvantages for family members to remain inthe military community or to return to theircommunity of origin. UMTs participate inpredeployment briefings to provide religioussupport information to families.

Care and comfort

UMT involvement with soldiers and theirfamilies directly contributes to the success ofmobilization and deployment. Religious

support fosters family wellness, a substantialfactor in soldier readiness. Lessons learnedfrom previous deployments and other researchestablish that soldiers deploying while anxiousabout personal and family problems are morevulnerable to combat stress. They are likely toexperience panic, poor judgment, battle fatigue,and the loss of the will to fight.

A lack of sufficient information, concernfor coping without a spouse or parent, and thetrauma brought on by a soldier’s rapid departurecan generate additional stress within the family.Because families need religious support duringthis period, many will turn to the UMT. Theteam must balance the needs of soldiers andfamilies with its own preparation for departure.The IMT must assume much of the religioussupport responsibility to assist the UMT’spreparation for departure.

DEPLOYMENT PHASE II:MOVEMENT TO THE PORT OF

EMBARKATION

When a unit is ready for deployment, itbegins moving to the ports. Units travelingoutside of the United States (OCONUS) useboth sea and air ports of embarkation(SPOE/APOE). Heavy equipment, and thesoldiers required to operate it, travel by ship tothe theater of operations. The rest of the unitusually travels by air. Splitting the unit presentsa challenge for the UMT. Since the UMT willnormally travel by air, the soldiers traveling byship will require special planning andcoordination for religious support.

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Holding Areas

While the unit waits for transportation tothe SPOE/APOE, it is normally confined to aholding area. Holding areas are generallyspartan. Depending upon the size of thedeployment, the wait can be long and boring. Ifthe holding area is on the installation, this canbe a frustrating time for soldiers becausefamilies are near but out of reach. Carefulplanning will enable UMTs to provideappropriate religious support to soldiers in theholding area.

DEPLOYMENT PHASE III:STRATEGIC LIFT

Strategic lift begins with departure fromthe POE and ends with the arrival in theater.Transportation Component Commands areresponsible for the strategic transportation offorces and their support. Religious supportduring this phase is restricted to soldierstraveling with the UMT to the theater ofoperations.

DEPLOYMENT PHASE IV:FORCE RECEPTION

Force reception begins when the unitarrives at the port of debarkation (POD) intheater and ends when the unit departs the PODto begin the onward movement phase. The

theater chaplain is responsible for religioussupport in the ports of debarkation. Except inthe case of opposed entry, CSS units may arriveearly in the deployment to process combat units

through the POD and establish logisticalsupport systems. In the CSS units operating theport, religious support resources are limited. Toprepare for operations, units are moved out ofthe PODs as rapidly as possible, throughmarshaling or staging areas, and into assemblyareas (AA) or logistics bases.

Assembly Areas

When units are in AAs, UMTs are able toprovide religious support to soldiers with littleinterference or risk. While in the AA, the unitmay task organize the force, develop and issuetactical plans and orders, coordinate with otherunits, conduct reconnaissance, training, andrehearsals. The UMT coordinates with thecommander for a location that soldiers can findeasily.

DEPLOYMENT PHASE V:ONWARD MOVEMENT

On ward movement begins with thepersonnel and equipment linkup, thereconfiguration of forces, sustainment, andreceipt of prepositioned war reserve stocks atdesignated areas. This phase concludes with theunit’s arrival at the gaining command’s stagingand tactical assembly areas.

Tactical Assembly Areas

Tactical assembly areas (TAA) areoccupied by brigades, battalions, and companiesforward of the rear area. Enemy contact islikely and the commitment of the unit directly

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into combat is possible and often anticipated.TAAs are typically out of the range of enemymedium artillery fires and generally no closerthan 15 kilometers from the line of contact(LC).

Actions in the TAA

All actions in the TAA focus on preparingthe unit for future operations. Common TAAactivities include task organization,maintenance, personnel replacement, resupply,reorganization, rest, and planning for futureoperations. UMTs monitor changes in the taskorganization and adjust their plans accordingly.TAAs offer good opportunities for religiousservices.

Trains

As a maneuver battalion prepares to moveout of a TAA, it usually forms its CSS elementsinto three echelons: company, combat, and fieldtrains. The company trains normally operate500 to 1000 meters (or one terrain feature) tothe rear of the company team. It providesrecovery, medical aid, and maintenance.

The combat trains provide immediatesupport for combat operations. It includes thecombat trains command post (CTCP), themedical platoon and battalion aid station,decontamination assets, fuel and ammunitionvehicles, and elements of the communicationsplatoon.

The combat trains move frequently toremain within supporting distance of thecombat elements. A maneuver battalion UMTnormally travels with the combat trains. The S4controls the combat trains, assisted by the S1,from the CTCP.

The field trains are normally in the brigadesupport area (BSA). They are under the controlof the headquarters company commander whocoordinates with the forward support battalion(FSB) commander for security and positioning.The field trains include the HHC commandpost, the personnel action center (PAC), themess sections, the company supply sections,and the remaining elements of the maintenanceand support platoons. Replacements arrive herefrom the division rear. When the maneuverbattalion UMTs are forward, the FSB UMTprovides religious support to soldiers in thefield trains.

The brigade rear command post is locatedin the BSA with the FSB and the maneuver andcombat support battalion field trains. CSSassets in the BSA may include elements from

the FSB, maneuver and combat support units,and selected division and corps resources.

Security

When the battalion trains are echeloned,the battalion S4 is responsible for security in thecombat trains; and the HHC commander isresponsible for security in the field trains. Theyprepare sector sketches, fire plans, and obstacleplans for the defense of the area. The maneuverbattalion UMT NCO coordinates with the S4 orNCOIC for the team’s role in the combat trains

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defense. In the maneuverchaplain assistant participates

battalion, the force.in the reaction

INSTALLATION RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

During the mobilization and deploymentstages of force projection, the installationministry team (IMT) engages in mobilizationand deployment support.

The installation ministry team validatesRC UMTs for operational readiness.

MOBILIZATION SUPPORT

As RC units enter the Alert Phase, theInstallation Chaplain initiates actions describedin the Installation MOB Planbook. Theseactions are based on the mission and timephasing through MOB Phase V, Movement tothe Port of Embarkation. Key IMT actionsinclude:• Review identified mobilizing units with

installation mobilization office.• Determine mobilizing RC UMT readiness.• Determine required resources (personnel,

facilities, funds).

Validation of UMTOperational Readiness

The mission of the MS commander is tovalidate mobilized units. Unit validationcertifies that mobilized units have achieved therequired level of readiness prior to deployment.The validation process includes assessments ofeach readiness area: personnel, materiel, andtraining. The validation standard is the abilityto perform mission essential tasks. Thecommander completes unit validation inaccordance with the Army Mobilization andOperations Planning and Execution System(AMOPES) and other command guidance.

When RC UMTs arrive at the mobilizationstation, the IMT begins to validate theiroperational readiness. The installation chaplainassigns AC UMT observer/controllers (O/C) tothe installation training and validation team.Experienced chaplains and chaplain assistants,acting as O/Cs, assess RC UMTs and providefeedback and coaching. The O/C UMT reportsto the installation chaplain regarding the levelof readiness of the RC UMTs.

Training

Prior to departure from the mobilizationstation, activated RC units undergo intensiveindividual and collective training. Theinstallation helps to train the units for thespecific theater of operation. During thistraining, RC UMTs gather data aboutindigenous religious groups and their influenceon the politics of the theater.

DEPLOYMENT SUPPORT

As units prepare for departure, the IMT

Nondeploying UMTs provide religioussupport that deploying UMTs can nolonger provide.

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assumes functions which were previouslyassigned to the deploying UMTs. Withcoordination from the IMT, nondeployingUMTs provide religious support whichdeploying UMTs can no longer provide. Theinstallation chaplain designates AC and RCUMTs or IMAs to backfill critical positionsassuring continuity of support. Uponmobilization, all UMTs will be available to

Mobilization planning identifies shortfalls andcross-leveling requirements.

Chaplain assistant assignments and cross-leveling are a responsibility of the G1.Although the IMT is not directly responsible forpersonnel assignment, it makesrecommendations to the G1 to maintain unitintegrity.

provide religious support in the MS.Installation chaplains may also use thefollowing for support: Chapel and Property Transfer

• Individual Mobilization Augmenters Deploying UMTs leave behind chapel(IMA). programs and facilities that were formerly

• Retirees subject to the Retiree Recall assigned to them by the Installation Chaplain.Program. The Installation Chaplain decides if the chapels

will close and assumes accountability forproperty and facilities.

Personnel

Units should not deploy without a fullUMT. The priority for assigning and cross-leveling chaplains is first to deploying units andthen to training bases.

The installation chaplain ensures that allUMTs are at full strength by assigning or cross-leveling personnel to deploying units. Theinstallation chaplain plans for an adequate faithgroup mix for the deploying force. When

deploying units do not have an adequate faithgroup mix of chaplains, FORSCOM,CONUSA, USARC, STARC/MUSARC, andMS chaplains redistribute assets.

The mobilization authority and prioritiesof the Chief of Chaplains for cross-leveling arefound in the AMOPES, Annex P. Unit integrityis maintained in cross-leveling when possible.

Family Support

During mobilization and following unitdeployment, the IMT focuses religious supporton families. UMTs of nondeploying unitsbecome vital resources to the IMT. This linkbetween the IMT and UMTs of nondeployingunits is critical for spiritually sustainingdeployed soldiers. Religious support to familiesafter deployment assures soldiers that theirfamilies are being cared for. Such assuranceimproves morale and mitigates the soldiers’anxiety about their families.

CONUS REPLACEMENTCENTERS

Replacement centers within thecontinental US (CONUS) receive and certify

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individuals for deployment to a combat theater. battalions become CONUS DemobilizationThe CONUS Replacement Centers (CRC) Centers (CDC) which receive, outprocess, andprocess non-unit related personnel, AC soldiers account for individuals returning from theater.(to include RC soldiers accessioned onto active Installation chaplains ensure CRC/CDCduty), Department of the Army civilians, operations and support requirements arecontract civilians, Red Cross workers, and other addressed in detail in mobilization planning.civilians. During demobilization, CRC (See Chapter 11.)

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CHAPTER 6

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTOF

OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR

Operations Other Than War (OOTW) - Domestic Support Operations and Peace Operations -span the range of military operations from peacetime operations in the United States to combat duringa period of peace enforcement abroad.

Operations Other Than War are often of long duration, undergo shifts in direction, and involvecompeting principles and ideologies. These operations range from counter-subversion to the use ofarmed force. Although OOTW are often localized, they have regional and global securityimplications.

DOMESTIC SUPPORT OPERATIONS

The Army conducts Domestic Support Operations (DSO) within the United States and itsterritories. The Secretary of the Army is the Department of Defense (DOD) executive agent for DSO.There are four DSO categories: disaster assistance, environmental assistance, support to lawenforcement agencies, and community assistance.

DISASTER ASSISTANCE

Federal agencies respond to natural ormanmade disasters that overwhelm thecapabilities of local or state authorities.Hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, fires, andbombings are examples of disasters oftenrequiring federal assistance. Federal assistanceis used to augment state and local resources andto help relief agencies.

Each state has a disaster plan and anOffice of Emergency Services responsible forcoordinating relief efforts. Local emergencyorganizations provide initial assistance. Stateorganizations, including the National Guard, arethe next to respond. The National Guard, in

state active duty status, has primary respon-sibility for military assistance. Federal agenciesand other relief organizations are responsiblefor meeting the needs of the civilian population.

The mission of the UMT is religioussupport for soldiers of the unit.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Priority of religious support to soldiers.• Coordination with the CONUSA

Chaplain.• Early deployment of UMTs.• Emotional impact of the disaster.

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• Availability of local resources.

Mass ImmigrationEmergency Support Operations

The DOD may support the Immigrationand Naturalization Service when it is unable tohandle a surge in immigration and refugeetraffic. The DOD assists with the reception,processing, transportation, and detention of theimmigrants and refugees. Detainees on DODinstallations receive a full range of services.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Perceptions of foreign nationals about the

US military.

• Cultural, linguistic, and religiousdifferences.

• Social, political, and religious reasons forthe migrations.

• Indigenous religious structures andleaders.

• Impact on local population.

ENVIRONMENTALASSISTANCE

The Army’s environmental assistancemissions respond to disasters such as hazardouschemical spills, radiological accidents, forestfires, and massive electrical power disruptions.

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Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Priority of religious support to soldiers.• Contamination issues.• Long term effects on participants.• Unit or area support.

SUPPORT TO LAWENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

US forces may support local, state, orfederal law enforcement agencies in missionswhich include counterdrug, civil disturbance,and counter-terrorism activities. UMTs mayconduct training for members of theseorganizations on moral leadership, stressmanagement, and suicide prevention.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Demographics and terrain.• Religious, ethnic, and cultural

characteristics.• Local population attitudes.• Emotional and spiritual stress on soldiers

and other agency personnel.

Counterdrug Operations

The Army’s domestic counterdrugoperations support the efforts of federal andstate law enforcement agencies. The US ForcesCommand Joint Task Force-6 (JTF-6) in ElPaso, Texas, plans and coordinates domesticcounterdrug activities. This task force hastactical command of the units supporting lawenforcement agencies in counterdrugoperations. This JTF conducts more than 250missions a year ranging in size from adetachment of a few individuals to abrigade-sized task force.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Size of the operation.• Isolation of soldiers.• Degree of threat.

Civil Disturbance

The Army has historically dealt with civildisturbances in the context of mass acts of civildisobedience, mob violence, and riots. In thepast, Army doctrine has emphasized the use ofcrowd-control techniques. More recently,Army doctrine has shifted to point, area, andVIP security missions. Soldiers on thesemissions are at risk when individual civilians orgroups try to settle scores or protect their owninterests.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Religious support to soldiers is the

priority.• Attitude of the civilian population.• Degree of threat.• Security during movement.• Commercial/military assets (such as:

vehicles, cellular phones, maps, streetguides, and directories).

• Stress reactions of soldiers.

Combating Terrorism

Combating terrorism has two majorcomponents: anti-terrorism and counter-terrorism. During peacetime, the Armycombats terrorism primarily through anti-terrorism, the passive defensive measures takento minimize vulnerability. Counter-terrorismcomplements anti-terrorism with a full range ofoffensive measures taken to prevent, deter, andrespond to terrorism. Counter-terrorism occurs

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in conflict and war; anti-terrorism occurs acrossthe range of military operations. Armyelements, such as Special Operations Forces(SOF), assist in this interagency effort byapplying specialized capabilities to preclude,preempt, and resolve terrorist incidents at homeand abroad.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)is the lead agency for combating domesticterrorism, and the Department of State has thelead for combating terrorism abroad. TheFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)combats terrorism related to aircraft in USairspace. The DOD supports the activities ofeach of these agencies..Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Security and vulnerability of soldiers.• Lines of authority.• Legal limitations.

COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE

Community assistance is a commandactivity which seeks to improve the lives ofAmerican citizens and fosters the values andpurposes of democracy. By serving the localcommunity, the Army develops public supportfor itself and an appreciation for its contributionto the nation. Community assistance increasesmutual support and trust between the militaryand civilian communities.

In community assistance, MTs giveinvocations and benedictions at public events,speak at prayer breakfasts and other publicgatherings, and participate in local groups ofreligious leaders.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Coordination with public affairs office,

protocol, G5/S5.• Local culture.

PEACE OPERATIONS

The US Army conducts Peace Operations (PO) outside the United States and its territories.These operations occur throughout all phases of military operations and are meant to prevent thedeterioration of relations which could lead to war. Peace operations include support to diplomacy,peacekeeping, and peace enforcement. The Army may conduct these operations alone; or jointlywith other US services and agencies; or in United Nations or other multinational coalitions. Anadditional mission for the Army is the protection of humanitarian assistance operations.

SUPPORT TO DIPLOMACY mediation, and negotiation to resolve issues anddisputes. Military operations include military-

Military support to diplomacy furthers US to-military relations, security assistanceinterests abroad and includes peacemaking, operations, and shows of force.preventive diplomacy, and peace building.

Preventive DiplomacyPeacemaking

Preventive diplomacy is a diplomaticPeacemaking includes diplomacy, action taken to prevent or limit an anticipated

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crisis. Military involvement may take the formof a show of force.

Peace Building

Peace building consists of post-conflictactions which restore order, and strengthen orrebuild civil infrastructure and institutions.Peace building may include restoring civilauthority, rebuilding physical infrastructures,reestablishing commerce, health care, andeducation.

The Army may control prisoners, handlerefugees, mark mine fields and destroyunexploded ordnance. In addition, it mayprovide emergency health service support,

restore public utilities, and providehumanitarian assistance.

The post-conflict or peace building stagemay be interrupted by the resumption ofhostilities. In this case, most units will return totheir primary warfighting mission. Forceprotection is a vital planning consideration inthis context.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:• Soldiers’ anxiety about returning home.• Morale assessment.• Boredom.• Attitudes toward EPWs.

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PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

Peacekeeping operations are conducted byneutral military or paramilitary forces deployedwith the consent of all major belligerents.These forces monitor and facilitateimplementation of existing truce agreementsand support diplomatic efforts to reach lastingpolitical settlements.

The political objective is the primarymilitary consideration in peacekeepingoperations. US personnel may function asimpartial observers, as part of an internationalpeacekeeping force, or in supervisory andassistance roles. Peacekeeping forces arestructured, trained, and equipped with theassumption that the use of force will not berequired except for self-defense. Lightly armedand operating under restrictive ROE, theyrepresent the international community which istheir primary source of power.

Religious Support Planning Considerations:•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Sudden changes in mission.

Impact of security conditions on travel.

Rules of Engagement.

Lines of authority.

Liaison with civilian religious community.

Local culture.

Maintaining impartiality.

Release of information to the news mediamust be coordinated and cleared with thePublic Affairs Officer (PAO).

PEACE ENFORCEMENTOPERATIONS

In peacekeeping operations, force maybeused in self-defense only. In peace enforcement

operations, force may be used to compel orcoerce belligerents to comply with acceptedinternational resolutions or sanctions. Peaceenforcement is the application of military forceor the threat of its use, normally pursuant tointernational authorization. It maintains orrestores peace, supporting diplomatic efforts toreach long-term political settlements.

Peace enforcement operations include theforced separation of belligerents, restoration oforder and stability, and enforcement of sanc-tions. Additionally, peace enforcement opera-tions may establish and supervise protectedzones, provide security for humanitarian assis-tance, and guarantee or deny freedom of move-ment.

HUMANITARIANASSISTANCE

Humanitarian assistance (HA) operationsare conducted to relieve or reduce human suf-fering which results from natural or man-madedisasters. These disasters involve conditionssuch as disease, hunger, or privation whichpresent a serious threat to life or property. USforces supplement the efforts of the host nation,civil authorities, or agencies which have pri-mary responsibility for providing HA.

While HA is not a part of peace opera-tions, HA programs are likely to be conductedwith every peace operation. HA projects willimpact on peace operations as an influencingfactor or as a tool available to achieve a politi-cal objective. Normally, US military forces areemployed in a security role only.

The UMT will focus attention on the careof the soldiers of the unit. Other agencies andorganizations, such as the Red Cross and otherNGOs, are charged with the responsibility tocare for the civilian population.

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CHAPTER 7

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTOF

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The offense is the decisive form of war. The main purpose of the offense is to defeat, destroy,or neutralize the enemy force. While strategic, operational, or tactical considerations may requiredefending for a time, defeating the enemy requires shifting to the offense. Offensive operations arecharacterized by rapid movement over large areas.

Offensive operations place great demands mission to mission. Once an offensiveon UMTs. The constant movement of units and operation begins, UMTs in combat combattroops, and the operation tempo (OPTEMPO) of units will provide ministry on a different scalethe battle limits the UMT’s access to soldiers. and at different times from those in support andThe religious support focus will vary from combat service support units.

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SEQUENCE OF AN ATTACK

The UMT plans religious support for eachphase of an operation. The sequence for anattack operation ordinarily follows this pattern:

PHASE I: Reconnaissance.

PHASE II: Movement to Line ofDeparture.

PHASE III: Maneuver.

PHASE IV: Deployment.

PHASE V: Assault.

PHASE VI: Consolidation andReorganization orContinuation.

The scout platoon is an early priorityfor religious support.

INFANTRY OR ARMORBATTALION/TASK FORCE

Preparation for Combat

The Task Force (TF) UMT begins planningfor religious support by considering METT-T.The mission and the time available willdetermine how the UMT provides religioussupport. With little time, the team plans andprepares quickly not to miss opportunities forreligious support to soldiers. For example, timefor religious support before a hasty attack ismuch less than the time available for religioussupport before a movement to contact or adeliberate attack.

The UMT carefully establishes religioussupport priorities. It considers the order ofmarch, the units conducting the main andsupporting attacks, and the severity and numberof casualties in the previous missions. Priorityis given to elements which have sustained themost casualties or to those which will beengaged at the earliest.

priority. Therefore, the UMT coordinates withthe medical platoon when casualty evacuationplans are formulated.

PHASE I: Reconnaissance

This phase begins as soon as possible afterthe unit receives a mission. Reconnaissanceelements seeks to detect enemy activity and thephysical characteristics of areas of interest tothe commander.

The TF scout platoon begins itsreconnaissance and surveillance as soon as themission is received from the brigade. It mayleave as much as 24 hours before the main bodycrosses the line of departure (LD). The scoutplatoon is an early priority for religious support.

While the scout platoon conducts thereconnaissance, the rest of the unit continuespreparation for combat. This preparationnormally takes place in a tactical assembly area(TAA). Worship services, sacraments andordinances, individual counseling, andvisitation are possible and very important forsoldiers during this phase. The UMTcoordinates with company commanders for timeand place for religious activities. An excellentopportunity for this coordination is the meetingat the logistics release point (LRP).

The UMT coordinates with companycommanders and first sergeants fortime and place of religious activities.

PHASE II: Movement toLine of Departure

Pastoral care to casualties is always the

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contact with the enemy, units normally stage ina TAA. The TF does not move all at once.While the line companies move toward the LD,the main command post, the combat trains,battalion aid station (BAS), support elements ofthe tactical operations center (TOC), mortars,and other elements of the TF prepare for theoperation. Religious support is given to eachelement of the TF before it begins movement.Soldiers who are preparing for the operationmay not have time to gather for worship.

most units will resupply on the move. The TFUMT plans accordingly for its own resupply.

As the TF moves, communication becomesdifficult. The UMT will find it hard to monitorthe tactical situation. Good planning,rehearsals, and the ability to adapt on thebattlefield enable the UMT to providecomprehensive religious support despite theconfusion and chaos of battle. Coordinationwith key staff members and the executiveofficer is critical.

The Task Force UMT normally travelswith the combat trains or with the BAS. Employing sleep plans and staggered

shifts when necessary, the UMT mustbe fully capable of night operations.

The TF UMT normally travels with thecombat trains or with the BAS. If the team isvisiting soldiers in other locations beforemovement, it must determine ahead of timewhich routes will be clear of obstacles, howlong it will take to return to the BAS, and thelocation of link up points. The UMT times itsmovement to precede or coincide with thescheduled start time of the BAS. All movementis coordinated with the S4.

If the medical platoon intends to split theBAS, the team must plan support for more thanone site. The UMT must know where the TFsurgeon will locate; where most of thecasualties are expected; and, if the UMT needsto separate, how it will maintain two operations.

The displacement of critical CSS elements,such as the combat trains, BAS, UnitMaintenance Collection Point (UMCP),Logistic Release Points (LRPs), and CasualtyCollection Points (CCP) will be triggered by theTF crossing phase lines or by other controlmeasures. This means of movement allows theCSS elements to remain responsive to the taskforce. The TF UMT monitors the tacticalsituation to know when the TF is approachingeach phase line and thus when it may need tomove or shift its religious support focus.

Task force operations are continuous. TheUMT must be fully capable of night operations,employing sleep plans and staggered shiftswhen necessary. If the TF moves during thehours of darkness, the TF UMT must maintaincontact with other elements with which it istraveling.

PHASE III: Maneuver.

The attacking force moves to positions ofadvantage during this phase. The basic formsof maneuver are envelopment, penetration,frontal attack, turning movement, andinfiltration.

In the maneuver phase, religious supportmay be restricted to small numbers of soldiersduring halts in the movement, or at casualtycollection points along the route of march.

PHASE IV: Deployment

The force deploys from its order of marchto formations from which it attacks or fixes theenemy. Religious support during this phase is

Because of distances and the OPTEMPO,

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similar to the maneuver phase.

PHASE V: Assault.

During the assault, casualties are likely toincrease. The TF UMT will be heavily engagedwith providing religious support to casualtiesand caregivers. If overwhelmed with casualties,

the BAS declares a mass casualty situation(MASCAL). The TF UMT requests additionalsupport during a MASCAL from the brigadeUMT.

PHASE VI: Consolidation,Reorganization, or Continuation.

On reaching the objective, the uniteliminates remaining resistance, consolidates itsgains, and reorganizes as needed. The unit mayimmediately continue the attack to a follow-onobjective, or it may hold in place and set up ahasty defense.

The time the TF spends in this phase willdepend upon subsequent missions. If there issufficient time, the UMT moves forward tomaneuver elements. The UMT ministers tosurvivors, paying attention to leaders and thosewho show signs of battle stress. The team mayalso conduct memorial services.

exploitation or pursuit. The effectiveness of anexploitation or pursuit depends on rapidtransition and vigorous execution. The UMTmust be prepared to make the transition quicklywith the least disruption to its operations.

Travel on the Battlefield

A UMT which travels to forward elementsby itself is at great risk. Travel with the TFlogistics package (LOGPAC) convoy reducesthe security risk and the chances for getting lost.The LOGPAC moves from the field trains alongthe MSR to an LRP where the company firstsergeants take control of their companyLOGPACs.

Based on the scheme of maneuver, the TFS4 selects LRPs well forward. For securityreasons, they are only used for short periods oftime. The UMT finds LRP times and locationsin the OPORD.

The S4 and company first sergeants meet atthe LRP to discuss future logisticalrequirements. At this meeting, the UMTdiscusses the religious support needs of soldiersand coordinates for services and visits to theline companies with the first sergeants. TheUMT then may go to one of the companies withthe first sergeant and company LOGPAC.

When the company has completed itsresupply, the first sergeant returns his portion ofthe LOGPAC convoy to the LRP. The TFsupport platoon leader reforms the convoy andleads it back to the field trains. The TF UMTfollows the first sergeant to the LRP and returnsto the combat trains or, if time permits, travelsto the field trains.

A successful assault may develop into an

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Engineers The engineers provide an alternativeto traveling with the LOGPAC. BecauseLOGPACs are often conducted during times oflimited visibility, the UMT may find travel withelements of the engineer company moreeffective. The engineers travel to all thecompany locations to dig in hasty defensivepositions, clear mines and obstacles, andprepare for the follow-on mission. The UMTcoordinates with the S4 to link up with theengineers for travel to the companies.

the brigade commander’s area of operations(AO). They provide religious support tosoldiers in the brigade headquarters and othersin the AO without religious support assets.

Preparation for Combat

The brigade UMT uses the religioussupport estimate to plan religious support for allunits in the brigade AO. It assesses the faith

BRIGADE

The primary mission of the brigade UMT isto coordinate religious support for all soldiers in

group needs of the battalions and requestsadditional support from the division UMT. Thebrigade UMT coordinates times and locationsfor forward link up points with the maneuverbattalions.

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The brigade UMT coordinates also withcombat support and combat service supportunits in the brigade AO. Units with organicUMTs may need additional faith group support.Some UMTs may provide religious support forunits without organic religious support or forunits whose organic support is not available.Time, distance, and battlefield conditions mayrestrict the travel of the UMTs and makereligious support difficult.

During offensive operations, the brigadesupport area (BSA) moves frequently. Thebrigade UMT may establish an operational basein the BSA, but it must know how to move itsequipment if the BSA relocates. As analternative, the team may choose to establish itsoperational base near the brigade TOC, wherethe majority of planning and communicationsare found. Regardless of location, the brigadeUMT must be prepared to displace quickly.

The brigade UMT attends rehearsals toensure religious support is fullyintegrated with the scheme ofmaneuver and the CSS plan.

During rehearsals, the brigade commanderensures the FSB commander has chosen If the number of casualties is high, the

brigade UMT may choose to move tothe forward support medical companyin the BSA.The brigade UMT monitors the tactical

situation, the status of each battalionUMT, and plans for future operations.

adequate MSRs, future locations, LRPs, andrefueling sites. The brigade UMT monitors thispart of the rehearsal closely to integratereligious support with the scheme of maneuverand CSS plan.

Note: When moving independently among TFand slice units, the brigade UMT must be awareof the potential for being left behind.

PHASES I -V:Reconnaissance

through the Assault

The brigade UMT monitors the tacticalsituation, the status of each battalion UMT, andplans for future operations. If changes inMETT-T warrant adjustments in religioussupport, the brigade chaplain recommendschanges to the brigade commander or executiveofficer. Reassigning a chaplain or chaplainassistant, or changing the mission of a battalionUMT, requires a FRAGO. The brigade UMTmust be prepared to augment TF UMTs in theevent of mass casualties.

PHASE VI: Consolidation,Reorganization, or Continuation

When the brigade reaches the objective,casualty evacuation increases. The brigadeUMT again assesses the requirements foradditional religious support in the AO. If thenumber of casualties is high, the team maychoose to move to the forward support medicalcompany in the BSA.

If a TF UMT has not submitted a currentSITREP, the brigade UMT NCO contacts theteam to determine its status. When feasible, thebrigade UMT moves forward to the TF UMTsto provide pastoral care. Priority goes to the TFexecuting the main attack.• If the brigade continues the mission, time

may be very limited. This phase may startwith reconnaissance, or it may go directlyinto deployment for another assault.

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support.

When the squadron operates forwardof the brigades, the squadron UMTcoordinates with the brigade UMTs.

• The brigade UMT considers the spiritualcondition of the soldiers in follow-onplanning. The severity of the previousoperation and the number of casualtiessuffered are key factors in planning.

If the brigade is operating as part of adivision mission, the brigade UMT of thefollow-and-support brigade establishes liaisonwith the UMT of the lead brigade to facilitatepastoral care to casualties and other religioussupport. The follow-and-support brigade mayprovide evacuation and treatment for casualtiesof the lead brigade so that the lead brigade cancontinue its tempo. This mission is of particularconcern to the brigade UMT because of itscomplexity, intensity, and momentum.

DIVISIONCAVALRY SQUADRON

The division cavalry squadron may operateacross the entire division front or along one orboth flanks. When the squadron operatesforward of the brigades, the squadron UMTcoordinates with the brigade UMTs for the careof casualties and for additional religious

DIVISION

The division chaplain coordinates andsupervises religious support for thecomprehensive support of all soldiers and unitsin the division. Based on the religious supportestimate, the division chaplain determines areasupport requirements and where to position thedivision UMT to best accomplish its mission.

Normally, the division chaplain monitorsthe tactical situation, plans religious support,and provides care for soldiers from the mainCP. Prior to an operation, the division chaplainmoves forward and provides pastoral care tobrigade UMTs.

The division UMT also provides religioussupport to soldiers in the rear CP, monitors thevolume of casualties, replacements, logistics,and coordinates religious support in the divisionrear area. This team coordinates with theDISCOM UMT for religious support in thedivision support area (DSA); with maneuverunits in reserve, division combat support andcombat service support units not located in theDSA; and with the Corps Support Group (CSG)UMT which directly supports the division.

Elements of the supporting CSG may belocated in the division rear. Its UMTs mayprovide additional support to the division and toother corps elements operating in the divisionarea. Other corps units may include theArmored Cavalry Regiment (ACR), artillery,signal, military intelligence, medical, airdefense artillery (ADA), aviation, andengineers. Some elements of these corps unitsmay be forward in brigade support areas.

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The Division UMT coordinates with theCSG UMT for area and faith group support.The division RSA includes coordinatinginstructions authorizing brigade UMTs tocoordinate with UMTs from corps units locatedin their AOs.

The Division UMT coordinates with theCorps UMT concerning area support of corpsunits in the division AO. The tactical situationmay prevent corps UMTs from moving forwardto their subordinate units. The teams may beseparated from their forward elements by asmuch as 150 kilometers.

Combat support units without organicUMTs receive religious support fromthe units they are supporting.

Area support is limited in light infantrydivisions because of restricted transportationassets. Non-divisional UMTs with greatermobility may provide more area support in alight division than in a heavy division.

CORPS

The corps chaplain supports the corpscommander’s operational-level responsibilitiesand roles by engaging in three operationalareas:

•

•

•

Establishes links with joint, multinational,interagency, nongovernmentalorganizations (NGO), private voluntaryorganizations (PVO), and with religiousleaders of the host nation.

Plans and executes religious support forcorps operations. Monitors religioussupport in major subordinate commands.

Executes support operations to sustainsubordinate Army forces. (See FM 100-7.)

From the main CP, the Corps UMT plansand synchronizes religious support in the corpsarea. The corps chaplain monitors the tacticalsituation and moves as far forward as possibleto provide staff supervision.

The Corps UMT at the rear CP

recommendsassignments.for displaced

chaplain and chaplain assistantIt coordinates religious supportpersons and also plans religious

support for reconstitution. It provides an on-call UMT for the Corps Reconstitution TaskForce (RTF).

The Corps UMT normally passesresponsibility for religious support in the corpssupport areas (CSA) to the COSCOM UMT.

ARMY SERVICECOMPONENT COMMAND

The Army Service Component Command(ASCC) serves as the senior army echelon in atheater and is the service component commandof a unified command. It includes the servicecomponent commander and all Army personnel,organizations, units, and installations. TheASCC chaplain is the senior Army chaplain ina theater of operations and provides staffsupervision over all Army religious support inthe theater. The ASCC chaplain is responsiblefor recommending religious support policy tothe ASCC commander. This command assumesthe functions formerly preformed by TheaterArmy or Echelons Above Corps (EAC).

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

Combat support units include field artillery,engineers, military intelligence, aviation,military police, signal, and air defense. Someof these units do not have organic UMTs andreceive religious support from the units they aresupporting.

UMTs with combat support units faceunique challenges for providing religious

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support to their soldiers.are attached, OPCON, orsupport of combat units.

Normally, CS unitsin direct or general

They are widelydisbursed on the battlefield. This dispersionplaces an added responsibility on the UMT forcoordination of religious support with thesupported units.

COMBAT SERVICESUPPORT UNITS

Tactical operations in support areas are theresponsibility of CSS commanders. Theirchaplains are responsible for all religioussupport coordination in those areas.

Forward Support Battalion

At the brigade-level, the FSB UMTprovides religious support to soldiers in the TFfield trains as well as its own line companies.This support continues until casualties beginarriving at the forward support medicalcompany. Then the FSB UMT moves to themedical company to provide care for casualties.

The FSB provides continuous support tothe maneuver force by frequently displacingsupport elements to meet current and future

The FSB UMT is challenged to providereligious support to all of the soldiersof the FSB and the BSA.

needs. The companies of the FSB are engagedwith manning, arming, fueling, fixing, moving,sustaining, and supplying the forward elementsof the brigade combat team. With thiscontinuous activity, the FSB UMT is challengedto provide religious support to the soldiers ofthe FSB and BSA.

Division Support Command

In addition to providing unit support, theDivision Support Command (DISCOM) UMTcoordinates religious support in the divisionsupport area (DSA). It monitors unit and UMTlocations and requests coordinates for religioussupport for units without organic UMTs in theDSA.

The DISCOM UMT includes reconstitutionreligious support in its planning. The DISCOMchaplain gives an on-call mission to a UMT inthe BSA to join the Reconstitution Task Force.

The DISCOM UMT monitors the flow ofreligious support supplies through frequentcontact with the commodity manager in theMateriel Management Center (MMC).

Corps Support Command

The Corps Support Command (COSCOM)UMT coordinates religious support in the corpssupport area (CSA). The potential expansion ofthe CSA, the dispersion of units in bases andbase clusters, and the movement of small unitsmake the coordination of religious supportdifficult. As a measure of the magnitude ofpossible expansion, during Operation DESERTSHIELD/DESERT STORM, one COSCOMgrew to over 60 UMTs.

The COSCOM UMT works closely withthe rear tactical operation center (RTOC) andrear area operation centers (RAOC) to track thelocations and faith groups of the chaplains inthe CSA.

The COSCOM UMT monitors the flow ofreligious support supplies with the CorpsMaterial Management Center.

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Corps Support Group

The COSCOM supports the corps withCorps Support Groups (CSG). CSGs arecomposed of multi-functional battalions whichprovide supply, services, and maintenance tosupported units. Forward CSGs support thedivisions and other corps units in their AOs.The Rear CSG supports the corps rear area,units in reserve, separate brigades, and unitswith special missions. The task organization ofa CSG can change daily.

The Forward CSG UMTs monitor therapidly changing situation through their

assigned RAOCs. The tactical communicationsystem found in the RAOC is the primarymeans of communication for the CSG UMTs.These teams are responsible for coordinatingreligious support throughout their AOs. Theymaintain a data base with the locations of allUMTs by unit and faith group to processrequests for area and faith group religioussupport.

The Rear CSG UMT provides religioussupport to the largest unit in the corps supportarea which includes the corps and COSCOMheadquarters. This UMT is often given thereconstitution mission.

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CHAPTER 8

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTOF

DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Army forces conduct defensive operations as part of major operations and campaigns incombination with offensive operations. The immediate purpose of defensive operations is todefeat an enemy attack. Military forces defend only until they gain sufficient strength to attack.Though the outcome of decisive combat derives from offensive operations, it is often necessary,even advisable, to defend.

INFANTRY OR ARMORBATTALION/TASK FORCE

PHASE I: Occupation of Battle Positions

As soldiers prepare defensive positions,the TF executes the counter-reconnaissancemission. This mission is meant to deny theenemy information about friendly dispositionsand friendly preparations for battle. Thecounter-recon force typically consists of thescout platoon, ground surveillance radars, andmaneuver elements.

Throughout this phase soldiers are diggingin and preparing fighting positions for thecoming enemy attack. The UMT keeps move-ment to a minimum to avoid disclosing fightingpositions, paying close attention to cover andconcealment. Starting as far forward aspossible, the team makes brief visits to soldiersinfighting positions, working rearward towardsthe combat trains. The UMT coordinates its

travel with the tactical operations center (TOC)and the combat trains command post (CTCP).

PHASE II: Passage of the Covering Force

The rearward passage of lines by thecovering force causes considerable movementand confusion. The UMT must be cautiouswhen planning movement and religious supportto avoid being caught in the confusion. TheUMT locates with the battalion aid station orLOGPAC, communicates its location to theTOC and CTCP, and deliberately avoids thepassage lanes.

PHASE III: Enemy Reconnaissance andPreparatory Fires

Enemy artillery poses a significant threatto the safety of the UMT. The UMT must benear adequate overhead cover for protection.

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Gathering soldiers for worship may involveundue risk.

If the enemy uses chemical or biologicalagents, the team will make adjustments inreligious support. The team may need to post-pone religious activities until the hazard iseliminated or reduced to a safe operating level.Several factors which the UMT considersinclude:• Degree of engagement with enemy forces.• Level of exposure and risk to soldiers and

equipment.• Priorities for religious support.• Anticipated operations in response to

enemy attack.

Sacraments and ordinances are not cele-brated in contaminated areas. The UMT doesnot resume services until soldiers have movedto safe areas. Therefore, the chaplain takesadvantage of every opportunity to administerthe sacraments before soldiers engage in com-bat, or before soldiers are exposed to acontaminated environment.

PHASE IV: Enemy Approach

The UMT carefully coordinates movementaround and through obstacles set in for thedefense. Obstacles installed after the team hasdeparted its base of operations can put the teamat risk. The team should know the breachmarking system and main supply route (MSR).To avoid obstacles, it carries a copy of theobstacle overlay.

Phase V: Enemy Assault

The UMT must be prepared to adapt to thechanging tactical situation of a mobile defensewhich combines offensive, defensive, andretrograde actions. This combination results ina nonlinear front to create confusion for theattacking forces.

As the enemy begins the attack, the UMTshifts its attention to soldiers in the battalion aidstation (BAS). From this point on, the UMT'smain effort will be the care of casualties as theyare brought to the BAS.

During the enemy attack, the BAS maymove frequently, evacuation routes may beblocked by an enemy penetration, and defend-ing elements may become temporarily encircledor bypassed by enemy forces. Rapidly movingenemy units may threaten or overrun the BAS.The UMT must be prepared to move on a mo-ment’s notice. Equipment and supplies notrequired immediately should be stowed in theteam’s vehicle. The vehicle should be parked ina manner which allows for rapid departure if theBAS is threatened.

PHASE VI: Consolidation and Reorganiza-tion

As the TF consolidates and reorganizesafter the battle, the companies evacuate theremaining casualties to the aid station. Oncethe UMT has ministered to the casualties, itassesses METT-T to determine its next actions.

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FM 16-1

If the unit is planning a counterattack, the UMTprepares to move with the unit. If not, the teammoves forward to units on the forward line ofown troops (FLOT) to visit soldiers.

BRIGADE

In the mobile defense, battalions engagedin offensive, defensive, and retrograde actionspresent a challenge for the brigade UMT. TheUMT plans religious support for each of theunits based on METT-T. The area defensediffers from the mobile defense in that all unitsare engaged in defensive operations.

DIVISION

Division religious support during thedefense is similar to religious support during theoffense. However, the fixed nature of thebattlefield causes UMTs to adjust their opera-tions slightly. Access to subordinate UMTs iseasier, but travel may be complicated by enemy

reconnaissance and preparatory fires.

As in the offense, the division UMTcoordinates with the CSG UMT for mutualsupport. The DISCOM UMT coordinates areasupport in the DSA.

The division UMT may assist the divisioncavalry squadron UMT to coordinate casualtycare with the brigades. It also helps the brigadeUMTs with additional faith group support.

DIVISIONCAVALRY SQUADRON

The division cavalry squadron normallyoperates as the division covering force in adefensive operation. When acting as a coveringforce, the Squadron UMT locates in the vicinityof one of the brigade UMTs. The SquadronUMT coordinates its activities with the brigadeUMT to avoid confusion and to provide mutualsupport. As the covering force withdraws,casualties may be high. With the squadronoperating across the division front, the casual-ties may pass through several different aidstations. The Squadron UMT positions itself toprovide care for most casualties.

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

Field artillery units move frequently,especially when the striking force maneuversbeyond conventional artillery range. Engineerassets are heavily engaged during preparationfor combat. Mobility, countermobility, andsurvivability missions will significantly reduceUMT access to soldiers. Combat supportUMTs must synchronize their activity carefullyfor all soldiers to receive religious support.

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COMBAT SERVICESUPPORT UNITS

Conducting defensive operations placesgreat demands on CSS units. The defendingforce requires large quantities of barrier mate-rial and ammunition, while the striking forcerequires greater amounts of fuel, ammunition,and maintenance. Soldiers in CSS units maybeunable to gather for worship services. In such

cases, religious support is often provided tosoldiers one-on-one.

Medical evacuation from the striking forcewill pose significant challenges. When there isa great distance from the supporting trains,intermediate support bases may be employed.UMTs must include these bases in their plan-ning.

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CHAPTER 9

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTIN

REAR AREAS

The dispersion of units in rear areas presents a significant religious support challenge. Unitministry teams have elements of units deployed far forward and out of reach. At the same time, theyhave elements of other units located in their areas. Of necessity, area support in the rear consumesa greater portion of a UMT’s time and energy than does unit support. Timely religious supportcoordination is crucial and requires a clear understanding of rear operations.

REAR OPERATIONS

Rear operations support tactical forces incontact, guaranteeing freedom of maneuver,continuity of support, and uninterruptedcommand and control. On the linear battlefieldthese actions occur behind forces engaged inactive combat. On the non-linear battlefieldthey occur in the support base areas. Rearoperations are characterized by a widedispersion of multi-functional units conductinga variety of missions around-the-clock.

Rear areas may be small in a sparse theateras in operations other than war (OOTW), orlarge in a mature theater as during general war,In 00TW, with tactical operations arrayedthrough 360 degrees, the “rear area” refers tothe area designated as the support base.

The synchronization of rear operations isthe responsibility of a Rear Tactical OperationsCenter (RTOC), a Rear Area OperationsCenters (RAOC), or a Rear Command Post(RCP).

Rear Tactical Operations Center (RTOC):the primary staff element for planning andcoordinating rear area security operations,

Rear Area Operations Center (RAOC): asubordinate command post in or near therear tactical command post concerned withterrain management and securityoperations.

The RAOC maintains critical informationfor the UMT to accomplish its mission: acurrent situation map; continuouscommunications with the RCP, other RAOCs,and subordinate base clusters; the threatcondition; and Base Defense Status Reports.

The most important RAOC function forreligious support coordination is terrainmanagement. The RAOC manages the use ofterrain by assigning units to bases and baseclusters.

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Bases

Units are positioned in bases to sharesecurity responsibilities and capitalize onmutual strengths. Bases have clearly defined,defensible perimeters and established accesscontrols.

Normally, the senior commander is theBase Commander. All forces assigned to thebase are under his operational control fordefense purposes. The commander forms aBase Defense Operations Center (BDOC) toassist in planning, coordinating, integrating, and

9-2

controlling base defense efforts.

The base commander’s unit ministry teamobtains information about the units (includingthose in transition) occupying the base from theBDOC. The UMT uses the BDOC’s securecommunication equipment to coordinate withhigher echelons and to coordinate area supportrequirements.

Base Clusters

A base cluster is a grouping of bases whichare mutually supporting for defense purposes.

FM 16-1

The commander forms a Base Cluster commander’s UMT uses the BCOC as its sourceOperations Center (BCOC) from his own staff of information for coordinating area religiousand available base assets. support in the base cluster and for

As in the base, the base cluster communicating with higher and lower echelons.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT COORDINATION IN REAR AREAS

The base or base cluster commander’s unit Tenant and transient units coordinate with theministry team (Base or Base Cluster UMT), Base UMT. Base and Base Cluster UMTsregardless of the chaplain’s rank, is responsible coordinate scarce resources for optimumfor area support planning and coordination. religious support.

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Base and Base Cluster UMTs monitor unitmovements, particularly company-size andsmaller. They maintain a data base ofchaplains, their units, faith groups, locations,and means of communication.

When the commander does not have anassigned UMT, the senior chaplain in the baseor base cluster coordinates area support. Ifthere is no religious support available in thebase or base cluster, the next higher echelontakes responsibility for area coordination.These relationships are specified in theReligious Support Annex of the next higherheadquarters.

Base Religious Support

Tenant units coordinate with the BaseUMT for additional religious support. TheBase UMT conducts a daily meeting tocoordinate religious support for the soldiers inthe base. Units without organic religioussupport contact the Base UMT through theBDOC for religious support.

The Base UMT reports tenant and transientchaplains by faith group to the Base ClusterUMT. This information is used to coordinatefaith group support in the base cluster. Unitministry teams provide area support as neededon a temporary basis until their unit’s missionrequires their movement from the base.

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FM 16-1

If there is no chaplain available in the baseto meet a unique faith group requirement, theBase UMT requests support through the BDOCto the BCOC. For instance, if there is noRoman Catholic chaplain available, the BaseUMT mayprocedure.

request Catholic support using this(See Figure 9-1.)

Base Cluster Support

The base cluster religious support iscoordinated in the same way as in the base. TheBase Cluster UMT monitors the movement ofunits into and out of the bases. As bases submitrequests for additional faith group support, theBase Cluster UMT meets those requests withavailable UMTs. If the request cannot be met,

it is forwarded to the next higher echelon. TheBase Cluster UMT reports chaplains by faithgroup through the BCOC to the RAOC of thenext higher echelon.

Higher Echelon Support

The procedure for coordination of faithgroup support described above is repeated upthe chain of command. At higher echelons, asthe area and the number of units increase, themaintenance of the chaplain data base becomesmore sophisticated. At these levels, acomputerized data base, using standard database software, is required. (See Figures 9-2 and9-3.)

SPECIAL RELIGIOUS SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS IN REAR AREAS

Reception Areas

Reception operations include the initialreception of units and individuals, thepreparation of these units and individuals forcombat, and their movement forward into thecombat zone. The theater chaplain isresponsible for coordinating religious support inthe reception area. Reception operations beginbefore hostilities start and continue afterhostilities cease.

Reconstitution

Reconstitution (both reorganization andregeneration) restores combat ineffective unitsto a specified level of effectiveness. The ArmyService Component Command (ASCC) plansand conducts operational and tacticalreconstitution operations.

Regeneration involves large scalereplacement of personnel and equipment andthe rebuilding of units. This mission is usuallyassigned to the ACSCC, COSCOM, orDISCOM, depending on the size of the unit.Division, Corps, or ASCC UMTs assist inreligious support to the units.

One or more UMTs may be assigned to aReconstitution Task Force (RTF) to providereligious support to soldiers until the unit’sassigned UMT has recuperated or beenreplaced. Religious support duringreconstitution includes the ministry of presence,group and individual counseling and debriefing(see Appendix F-1, Critical Event Debriefing),worship and memorial services, and prayer.RTF UMTs play an important role in restoringthe soldiers’ spiritual fitness and rebuilding theunit’s cohesion and morale.

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Planning Considerations:•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Reconstitution Task Force (RTF) planningprocess and status.

How many UMTs are required?

Which UMTs are designated to join theRTF, how they are notified and by whom?

Anticipated duration of mission.

Criteria for determining when RTF UMTsend the mission and return to their parentunits.

Logistical support for RTF UMTs.

Relationship of RTF to Force Provider.

Mortuary Affairs

The recovery, preparation, andtransportation of the dead is one of the mostdifficult missions on the battlefield. Religioussupport is provided to soldiers in MortuaryAffairs units and to those detailed to performthis mission. The care forsensitive religious support.

Planning Considerations:

the dead requires

• Religious support in sites where thosekilled in action are prepared for return toCONUS.

• Religious support for soldiers whodoing the work.

• Special faith group requirementsburial.

are

for

9-6

APPENDIX A

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT ESTIMATE FORMAT(Annotated)

(Classification)

HeadquartersPlace

Date, time, and zone

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT ESTIMATE NO

References: Maps, charts, and other documents

1. MISSION

(The commander’s restated mission comes from mission analysis [See FM101-5, para 5-9.]. It is a statement of the task(s) to be accomplished andthe purpose to be achieved.)

2. THE SITUATION AND COURSES OF ACTION

(Consider all elements of the situation which influence religious supportand formulate feasible means for supporting the proposed courses ofaction. This paragraph provides the foundation for the analysis whichfollows.)

a. Considerations for Supporting the Courses of Action

(Determine those factors which influence religious support and religious support planning.Analyze each fact to determine the probable effect on other facts and friendly actions. In theabsence offacts, use logical assumptions.)

(1) Characteristics of the area of operations

(Analyze the effects of pertinent characteristics of the operation, the UMT considersthe following.)

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FM 16-1

(2)

(a) Weather

(The effects of predicted weather and light dataexample, the effect on trafficability or availablesoldiers.)

(b) Terrain

on religious support. Fordaylight hours for visiting

(The effects of the military aspects of terrain (OCOKA) on religious support. Forexample, access to unit positions and trafficability.)

(c) Other pertinent factors

Enemy situation

(Information about the enemy which will affect religious support. For example, whenand where the enemy is expected to enter the unit’s AO, partisan activity which mightlimit travel, sympathizers in local towns and villages who might hamperhumanitarian activity or impact on military operations.)

(3) Own situation

(Recent and present activities, peculiarities, strengths and weaknesses. Include suchitems as morale, training, UMT status, and logistics. List those factors which willaffect religious support.)

(a) Tactical Situation

(Information obtained from the commander’s planning guidance and theoperations officer, current disposition of major tactical elements, proposedcourses of action, projected operations, and other planning factors required forcoordination and integration of staff estimates.)

(b) Personnel Situation

(Present staffng of UMTs and anticipated replacements. [This information can beobtained from the personnel officer].)

(c) Logistics Situation

(Logistical factors with an impact on religious support. For example, transportationof RS supplies and equipment, or lack of transportation for UMTs.)

(d) Civil/Military Operations Situation

(Information obtained from the CMO officer. For example, present disposition of

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CMO units that have an effect on the religious support situation or presentdevelopments within the CMO field likely to influence religious support.)

(e) Health Service Support Situation

(Include information obtained from the unit surgeon and S1.)Casualty estimates.[1]

[a]

[b]

Anticipated number of casualties.

Areas of casualty density.[ c ] Evacuation time and distance factors.

Health of the Command[2]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

Acclimatization of soldiers.

Morale/unit cohesion.

Fatigue/sleep loss.

Percent of casualties; intensity of combat.

[e] Level of training, experience, and leadership.[f][g]

[3]

[ a ]

Home front stressors.

Other, as indicated. Health service support.

Medical evacuation.

(1) Ambulance exchange points.

(2) Medical treatment facilities.

Combat stress control assets.[b]

(f) Religious Support Situation

(Information which directly impacts on the religious support mission.)[1] Critical religious requirements and holy days during the operation.[2] Religious Preference Profile.

(Statistical analysis of soldier religious preference information fromSIDPERS ad hoc query. An explanation of the codes is found in AR 680-29. Additional information which can assist the UMT in planningincludes marital status, number of family members, birth dates, rank, andMOS. Collecting this information by sub-unit, such as a battalion UMTarranging data by company, makes it easier to pass on information whenthe unit is task organized. This information is used to identify special

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FM 16-1

faith group needs.)

Critical Points for Religious Support.[3]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]

[f]

[k]

[h]

Aid Stations.

Ambulance Exchange Points.

Tactical Assembly Areas.

FLOT.

Forward Support Medical Company (“Charlie Meal”).

LOGPACs/LRPs.

Others. (Such as “Refuel On the Move” [ROM] sites during atactical road march.)

Bases and Base Clusters without available UMTs.[4] Area Support Requirements.

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

Units without UMTs.

Field Trains of forward deployed units.

Any unit whose assigned UMT does not have access to itbecause of the tactical situation or the wide-spread dispositionof troops. (Such as artillery, engineers, signal, MPs,intelligence, and transportation.)

Distinctive faith group/denorninational requirements.

b. Assumptions

(Until specific planning guidance becomes available, assumptions may be required forinitiating planning or preparing the estimate. These assumptions are then modified asfactual data becomes available.)

c. Courses of Action

(The UMT considers the religious and moral implications of each COA and determines howto provide religious support for each. While the operations officer formulates the tacticalpossibilities, the chaplain and other staff officers consider how to integrate their fictionalareas into each COA. The resulting plans may be stated in either broad or detailed terms.During the analysis of courses of action (paragraph 3), the team may add details, makerevisions, or more fully develop its plans. The team includes the following elements:

•••

WHAT... the type of action.

WHEN... the time the action will begin or end.

WHERE... the location of the action (Critical points on the battlefield requiring religious

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FM 16-1

•

•

support.)

HOW. ..the use of available means.

WHY... the purpose of the action.)

•••

(Some questions to assure the plan for religious support is complete include:

Are there actions and missions for each of the units and their UMTs?

What are the priorities for religious support?

Have provisions for both unit and area religious support been made?)

3. ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF COURSES OF ACTION

(Discuss each proposed COA, indicating religious support problems and deficiencies,Include methods for overcoming them, or any rnodifications required. Consider facts andassumptions from paragraph 2 and their impact on religious support.)(On completion of COA analysis, the UMT should have clarified the following:

•

•

•

•

Requirements for adjustment of initial disposition of UMTs.

Probable critical points and events, and how the UMTs will provide religious support foreach.

Location and composition of additional religious support assets and their employmentduring various phases of the action.

Actions required during each phase of the operation.)

4. RECOMMENDATION

(The UMT states its recommendation for supporting the commander’s chosen COA. Therecommendation must support the commander’s restated mission. It should be a clear,concise statement of the concept for religious support. This recommendation becomes thebasis for developing the Religious Support Annex.)

/s/(Chaplain)

(CLASSIFICATION)

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APPENDIX C

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT ANNEX FORMAT

(ANNOTATED)

Copy _ of _ copiesHeadquartersPlaceDTGMessage reference number

ANNEX_ (RELIGIOUS SUPPORT) TO OPERATION ORDER_

References: Maps, charts, and other relevant documents.

Time Zone Used Throughout the Order:

1. SITUATION

a. Enemy Forces. See Annex B to OPLAN _

b. Friendly Forces.

(Outline the higher headquarter’s tactical and religious support plans.)

c. Attachments and detachments.

(List religious support resources attached and detached. Include effective times, inapplicable.)

2. MISSION

(Clearly and concisely state the religious support task. Tell WHO does WHAT, WHERE, andWHY. This statement should result from specified and implied tasks developed during missionanalysis. There are no subparagraphs.)

3. EXECUTION

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a. Concept of operation

(Briefly state the proposed plan for religious support. Include means and priorities for religioussupport. If an operation is phased, be sure subsequent subparagraphs clearly outline what isto happen during each phase.)

b. Tasks to subordinate and supporting units.

(List all UMTs that report directly to the headquarters issuing the plan or order in the samesequence as in the task organization, including reserves. Use a separate subparagraph for eachunit. State the mission or task each UMT is to accomplish. Only state tasks which are necessaryfor comprehension, clarity, and emphasis.)

c. Coordinating instructions.

(This is always the last subparagraph in paragraph 3.)

(1) (Include only instructions which apply to two or more subordinate units and which arenecessary for coordination and cooperation among units and with civilian authorities.)

(2) (Refer to other supporting appendixes or annexes.)

(3) (Include instructions for coordinating faith group support.)

4. SERVICE SUPPORT

a. (Refer to service support or admin/log orders. Include locations of hospitals, mortuaryaffairs sites, and the like.)

b. Transportation

c. Miscellaneous

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL

a. Location of the senior chaplain and each of the UMTs.

(List at least one future location for each if known.)

b. Signal

(Refer to separate signal instructions or annex inapplicable.)

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ACKNOWLEDGE:

(Commander’s last name)

(Commander’s rank)

OFFICIAL:

APPENDIXES:

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APPENDIX F

COMBAT STRESS CONTROLAND

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT

Stress is a reality of combat, and soldiers must deal with it to succeed. Stress is the responseof the mind and body to danger. Elimination of stress is both impossible and undesirable. The aimof war is to impose as much stress as possible on the enemy so that they will lose the will to fight.Armies accept severe stress in order to inflict greater stress on the enemy. To win, armies mustcontrol combat stress.

Controlled combat stress gives soldiers thenecessary alertness, strength, and endurance toaccomplish their mission. It elicits loyalty,selflessness, and heroism. Uncontrolled combatstress, on the other hand, can cause behaviorthat interferes with the unit mission. It can leadto disaster and defeat.

The word control in the phrase “controlledcombat stress” is used deliberately to focusthinking and action within the Army. Since theword may have contrasting connotations, it isimportant to make its meaning clear. Control isused (rather than the word management) toemphasize the active steps which leaders,supporting personnel, and individual soldiersmust take to keep stress within an acceptablerange.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORTAND COMBAT STRESS CONTROL

The unit ministry team is the commander’smost accessible resource for controlling combatstress. The UMT provides immediate supportto leaders by performing battle fatigueprevention, identification, and intervention. It

also assists in training leaders and other soldiersto recognize battle fatigue symptoms.

Relationships

The UMT is organic to the unit, and itspresence with soldiers promotes trust. Fromthis position of trust, UMTs prepare soldiers forthe stress of battle and respond to thoseexperiencing combat stress and battle fatigue.

Reduction of the Negative Effects of CombatStress

Before and during deployment, the UMTprepares soldiers to manage combat stress withspiritual fitness training. This training helpssoldiers to build spiritual strength and enablesthem to draw upon faith and hope duringintensive combat. When soldiers are preparedphysically, emotionally, and most importantly,spiritually, the negative effects of combat stressare reduced.

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Spiritual Values

For many American soldiers, innerresources and strength are based on religiousand spiritual realities. In combat, soldiers oftenexperience an increase in religious beliefs.When religious and spiritual realities arechallenged by the chaos of combat, soldiersmay lose touch with the inner resources whichsustain them. The soldiers then become morevulnerable to fear, despair, and hopelessness.This vulnerability relates directly to becominga battle fatigue casualty and to acts ofmisconduct. (See Figure F-1.)

Religious Support

UMTs provide the following religioussupport and care to soldiers experiencing battlefatigue andstress.

Preventiveassists inmisconduct

other negative reactions to combat

Religious Support. The UMTpreventing battle fatigue andstress behaviors through spiritual

fitness training. Its presence with soldiers whenthe unit trains and when it deploys is vitallyimportant. It can be a stabilizing influence onsoldiers, and it can help soldiers strengthen orregain values. The UMT helps prevent battlefatigue and misconduct by providing thefollowing:• Opportunities for worship.• Opportunities for private and group

prayer.• Religious literature and materials.• Scripture readings with soldiers.• Sacraments and ordinances as METT-T

allows.• Opportunities for soldiers to work through

frustration, fear, anxiety, and anger.

• Visit to soldiers in work and living areas.• Assistance to soldiers and families prior to

deployment emphasizing family strengths.

Immediate Religious Support. The UMTassists commanders in the identification ofsoldiers experiencing negative reactions tocombat stress: battle fatigue and misconduct.The team works closely with the unit’s leadersand medical personnel to care for these battlefatigue casualties. It gives religious support andcomfort to restore the soldier’s spiritual fitness.This may include the following:• Presence with the soldier.• Conversation with opportunities to share

fears, hopes, and other feelings, and toexperience forgiveness.

• Prayer with the soldier.• Prayer for fallen comrades.• Rites, sacraments, and ordinances, as

appropriate.• Reading from scriptures.

Restorative Religious Support. Following anoperation, a unit may require reconstitution.Surviving soldiers may need to rebuildemotional, psychological, and spiritual strength.Depending upon the mental and physicalcondition of the soldiers, the UMT may need tobe augmented by UMTs from higher echelonsor other units. Restorative religious supportmay include the following:• Worship, sacraments, rites, and

ordinances.• Memorial services or ceremonies.• Providing religious literature and

material.• Facilitating grief through personal

counseling.

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FM 16-1

• Reinforcing the soldiers’ faith and hope.• Opportunities for soldiers to talk about

combat experiences and to integrate thoseexperiences into their lives. (SeeAppendix F-1, “Critical EventDebriefing.”)

F-3

ANNEX F-1

CRITICAL EVENT DEBRIEFINGS

PURPOSE

The Critical Event Debriefing (CED) helps small units soon after exceptionally traumatic eventsto:

•

•

•

•

Quickly restore unit cohesion and effectiveness.

Reduce short-term emotional and physical distress.

Prevent long-term distress and “burnout.”

Safeguard future effectiveness, happiness, and unit and family well-being.

REQUIREMENT

Leaders of small units should always conduct an after action review (AAR) when a mission iscompleted. After an exceptionally distressing mission or event, the leaders of the unit shouldcoordinate a Critical Event Debriefing (CED). Members of the unit ministry team are equipped toconduct these debriefings.

Some situations which may warrant a CED include:• The death of a unit member.

•

•

•

•

•

The death or suffering of noncombatants (especially of women, children).

The handling of the dead, the management of carnage, or even the sight of devastation duringdisasters.

A friendly fire incident.

A situation involving a serious error, injustice or atrocity.

A situation of total helplessness.

The CED is conducted by the UMT. Other teams maybe made up of the following:

Mental Health/Combat Stress Control officers and enlisted.•

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•

•

Physicians, nurses, medics or other medical department personnel.

Line officers and NCO’s with CED training.

PERSPECTIVE

The participants in a CED are normal people who have survived an abnormal situation. TheCED is neither therapy nor counseling. It is basic and wise preventive maintenance for the humanspirit.

THE CRITICAL EVENT DEBRIEFING

WHO•

•

•

•

•

A group of 3 to 40 soldiers (maximum of 60).

A functional organization: crew, team, squad, or platoon.

Strangers, civilians, family members thrown together in the critical event by chance.

Normally include only those directly involved in the event.

Higher command included only if involved in the event.

May include trusted support persons as listeners, such as another chaplain, medic, even ifthat person wasn’t present at the incident. Must be identified as a CED team member.

No media or outsiders permitted.

•

•

•

•

•

•

WHAT

Normally, the team consists of a debriefing leader and an assistant, with one additional assistantfor every 10 people in a group of more than 20.

WHEN

Most effective when conducted 8 to 72 hours after the event.

After enough rest and recovery for all to be alert and involved.

During a lull in the action or after completing an operation.

Expected duration: 2 to 3 hours.

Can be a shorter “defusing debriefing,” with the expectation of a full CED later when the tacticalsituation allows.

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•

•

•

•

WHERE

An emotionally neutral place, relatively safe from enemy action, distraction, observation.

A reserve position or assembly area.

With enough light to see all participants.

Sheltered from bad weather.

H O W

1. INTRODUCTORY PHASE

Purpose: To introduce the UMT and explain the process.

Chaplain, or Leader, explains the ground rules:

No one should repeat any personal information or feelings that others shared during the CEDoutside the group. (Note: This does not override anyone’s legal or moral responsibility toreport violations of the UCMJ or the Law of Land Warfare.)

No notes or recordings will be made.

No breaks are scheduled, but anyone may leave as needed to return as soon as possible.

No one is required to speak. (Note: The UMT should note those who keep themselves apart.Check with them afterwards for one-on-one debriefing or other assistance.)

Each participant speaks for self, and not for others.

Everyone is equal during a CED. All ranks speak frankly, with proper courtesy, without fearof reprisal.

The CED is not an AAR, but a discussion to clarify what happened and to restore well-being.

Fact-finding, not fault-finding, but “facts” include the participants’ personal reactions to theevent. The unit can conduct an AAR for lessons-learned later.

The UMT is available after the debriefing.

2. FACT PHASE

Purpose: To reconstruct the event in detail, in chronological order, as an unbroken “historical timeline,” viewed from all sides and perspectives.

Chaplain ecourages participants to start their stories before the critical event occurred and to workup to the event(s).

Participants

The first person involved in the critical event is asked to tell how it started - what his role

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(duty position) was, and what he saw, heard, smelled, and did - step by step.

Other participants are drawn in as the first person’s story reaches them. The chaplain asksother participants to tell their observations and actions in detail.

The chaplain encourages participation. Everyone is asked, but no one is obliged to speak.

If there are disagreements about what happened, the chaplain elicits observations from otherswhich might resolve the differences to clarify the memories.

The discussion may proceed to phases 3 and 4 before the event reconstruction is complete.The chaplain should eventually bring the talk back to event reconstruction to fill in gaps inthe time-line.

3. THOUGHT PHASE

Purpose: To personalize the event and shift the focus.

Chaplain leads transition from factual to emotional focus.

Participants are asked to share:

“What thoughts were in your mind as it started?”

“What thoughts went through your mind when you saw, smelled, or did... ?”

“What was your first thought when it was over?”

“What did you think or feel when you came off “automatic” or “autopilot?”

4. REACTION PHASE

Purpose: To identify and ventilate feelings (emotions) raised by the event.

Chaplain emphasizes that all emotional reactions deserve to be expressed, respected and listened to.

Participants are encouraged to share “reactions”:

“What was the worst thing about the event?”

“How did you react when that happened?”

“How are you feeling about that now?”

The UMT listens for common themes, feelings, and misperceptions:

Feelings of anger at others for not helping.

Blaming self or others for things outside of control.

Feeling changed, different, worse than everyone else, cut off from others.

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FM 16-1

Feelng guilty for not doing more; for surviving, or for real mistakes.

The chaplain and group confirms the normality and commonality of their thoughts and feelings.

It helps to hear that others have had the same reactions.

Judicious questioning about the facts restores a fact-based perspective on responsibility andfreedom of action.

Process can help individuals “reframe” the meaning.

5. SYMPTOM PHASE

Purpose: To normalize personal physical stress responses.

Chaplain guides the transition from emotional to factual focus, legitimizing participant’s physicalsymptoms and behavioral reactions.

Participants are asked to describe how they reacted physically before, during and after the event.

Common symptoms include gastro-intestinal distress, frequent urination, loss of bowel andbladder control, loss of sexual interest, heart pounding, shortness of breath, muscle, back,neck and head ache, trembling, jumpiness and startle reactions.

Insomnia, bad dreams, intrusive memories, trouble concentrating, remembering details, andirritability are also symptoms.

Participants are reassured to find that other group members have the same symptoms and often findsome humor in this sharing.

6. TEACHING PHASE

Purpose: To reassure by teaching the participants that feelings and stress symptoms are normalreactions to abnormal conditions. These symptoms may last a while, but can be expected to resolvenormally in time.

Chaplain summarizes the thoughts, feelings, and symptoms expressed by the group; reemphasizesnormality; and reduces feelings of uniqueness, weakness, or injury.

The UMT may need to give additional training in stress management, coping strategies, grief process,and anger management.

Chaplains should not predict or glamorize long-term disability. If distress should continue too longor recur at some time in the future, however, soldiers should seek out a suitable person to talk with.

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FM 16-1

7. REENTRY PHASE

Purpose: Complete and close the debriefing.

Chaplain gives final invitation for comments and makes a summary statement.

The UMT distributes a list of POCs for follow up.

The chaplain helps the group define some self-support activities:

Write collectively to family of the dead.

Plan memorial ceremonies or services with the chaplain.

Capture lessons learned.

It is important to have the UMT available for one-on-one conversations with individual participantswho want to talk about things too sensitive to share in the group. The UMT must seek out those whoshowed (or hid) the signs of excessive stress in the group,

FOLLOW-UP

•

•

•

Some individuals may need follow-up help.

Some groups may want a second session. Note: Don’t encourage follow-up just to fill theUMT’s need to be needed. It is important to say “good-bye” and leave.

There may be a need for a consolidated debriefing with other groups who were involved in theevent.

Sister units?

Higher HQ?

Source of friendly fire?

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APPENDIX G

CHAPLAINCY SUPPORT TEAMS

Chaplaincy Support Teams (CST), defined by TOE 16500LA and 16500LB, represent asupplemental capability for performing religious support. When mobilized, these teams increase thecommander’s ability to meet the religious needs of soldiers. There are two types of teams, designatedas CST-A and CST-B. It is important to note CST-A and CST-B are augmentation resources, notreplacements for active component unit ministry teams (UMTs).

CST-A

Mission:

•

•

•

•

•

Religious support for replacements and Force Reception, Onward Movement (FROM)operations in marshaling areas and ports of debarkation.

Reception, training, and acclimatization assistance to incoming UMTs.

Religious support to units undergoing reconstitution.

Religious support operations in a joint task force (JTF) headquarters during operations otherthan war.

Area religious support.

Personnel:

•

•Two chaplains (one LTC and one MAJ).

Three chaplain assistants (one SFC, one SPC, and one PFC).

Assignment

A CST-A is assigned to a Theater Army, Army Service Component Command, Corps orequivalent headquarters. It may also be assigned to a Task Force or JTF headquarters deployingwithout organic religious support assets.

Employment

A CST-A is used to augment religious support capabilities in rear areas, particularly in areas

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FM 16-1

such as ports of debarkation and marshaling areas. Additionally, it can be used with Force Providerto provide religious support to units in transit. A CST-A can perform “spiritual reconstitution”activities for soldiers and even members of other unit ministry teams.

When there are high concentrations of solders in marshaling areas, a CST-A can divide into twoteams to provide expanded area support.

CST-B

Mission:

• Augmentation of Area Support Groups (ASG) or Corps Support Group (CSG) UMTs forreligious support in Logistics Support Areas (LSA).

• Religious support to units which do not qualify for organic religious support.• Religious support to small units which deploy under the concepts of split-based operations or

modularity and are without organic religious support.• Religious support during Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO).• Religious support to units undergoing reconstitution.• Area religious support.

Personnel:

• One chaplain (CPT).• One chaplain assistant (SPC).

Assignment:

A CST-B is assigned to Theater Army Area Command (TAACOM), Army Component SupportCommand (ACSCC), or Corps Support Command (COSCOM) to augment Area or Corps SupportGroup UMTs.

Employment

A CST-B can be attached to either a TAACOM, ACSCC, or COSCOM, and further attachedto an area or corps support group to augment the capabilities of UMTs located in LSAs and baseclusters. Augmented UMTs will employ a CST-B to fill gaps in religious support.

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R E F E R E N C E S

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS

Required publications are sources which users must read in order to comply with FM 16-1.

Army Regulations (AR)

165-1

Field Manuals

25-100

25-101

26-2

100-1

100-5

101-5

Chaplain Activities in the United States Army

(FM)

Training the Force

Battle Focused Training

Management of Stress in Army Operations

The Army

Operations

Command and Control for Commanders and Staffs

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Related publications are sources of additional information. Users do not have to read them tounderstand FM 16-1.

Army Regulations

10-5 Department of the Army

40-400 Patient Administration

190-47 The United States Army Correctional System

210-10 Administration

310-25 Dictionary of United States Army Terms

600-20 Army Command Policy

600-43 Conscientious Objection

600-100 Army Leadership

611-201 Enlisted Career Management and Military Occupational Specialties

614-200 Selection of Enlisted Soldiers or Training and Assignment

References - 1

FM 16-1

623-105 Officer Evaluation Reporting System

623-205 Enlisted Evaluation

630-5 Leave and Passes

635-200 Enlisted Personnel

Department of the Army Pamphlets (DA PAM)

600-63-12 Fit To Win: Spiritual Fitness

680-29 Military Personnel, Organizations, and Types of Transaction Codes

Department of Defense Forms (DD FORM)

1380 US Field Medical Card

Department of the Army Forms (DA FORM)

1594 Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log

2028 Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms

Field Manuals (FM)

1-111 Combat Aviation Brigade

5-71-3 Brigade Engineer Combat Operations (Armored)

6-20 Fire Support

7-10 The Infantry Rifle Company

7-20 The Infantry Battalion

7-30 Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Brigade Operations

8-10 Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations

8-10-4 Medical Platoon Leader’s Handbook, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)

8-10-5 Brigade and Division Surgeon Handbook, TTP

8-51 Combat Stress Control in the Theater of Operations, TTP

8-55 Planning for Health Service Support

12-16 Replacement Operations

17-95 Cavalry Operations

20-3 Camouflage

References - 2

FM 16-1

21-10

21-11

21-20

21-26

21-75

22-9

22-51

22-100

22-101

22-103

24-1

54-30

63-2

63-2-2

63-20

71-1

71-2

71-3

71-100

71-123

71-101

90-14

100-7

100-8

100-9

100-10

100-15

100-16

100-17

100-19

Field Hygiene and Sanitation

First Aid for Soldiers

Physical Fitness Training

Map Reading and Land Navigation

Combat Skills of the Soldier

Soldier Performance in Continuous Operations

Leaders’ Manual for Combat Stress Control

Military Leadership

Leadership Counseling

Leadership for Senior Leaders

Combat Communications

Corps Support Operations

Combat Service Support Operations, Division

Combat Service Support Operations, Armored, Mechanized, and MotorizedDivisions

Forward Support Battalion

Tank and Mechanized Infantry Company Team

The Tank and Mechanized Infantry Battalion Task Force

Armored and Mechanized Infantry Brigade

Armored and Mechanized Division Operations

Tactics and Techniques for Combined Arms Forces: Armored Battalion/TaskForce, and Company/Team

Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Division and Brigade Operations

Rear Battle

The Army in Theater of Operations

Theater Support Operations

Reconstitution

Combat Service Support

Corps Operations

Support Operations: EAC

Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment, Demobilization

Domestic Support Operations

References - 3

FM 16-1

100-20 Operations Other Than War

100-22 Installation Management

100-23 Peace Operations

100-25 Army Special Operations Forces

Joint Publication (JP)

0-1 Joint Warfare

1-O1.1 Compendium of Joint Publications

1.05 Religious Ministry Support of Joint Operations

3-0 Doctrine for Joint Operations

3-07 Joint Operations Other Than War

3-10.1 JTTP for Base Defense

3-56 Command and Control of Joint Operations

4-06 JTTP for Mortuary Affairs in Joint Operations

References - 4