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i
11 fY%a‚h
b;sydih
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ii
ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚
m<uqjk uqøKh 2015
fojk uqøKh 2016
f;jk uqøKh 2017
isõjk uqøKh 2018
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska
fydrK" ñfo,a,uq,fyak" ;,a.yú, mdr" wxl 65C ys msyssá
iS$i lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'
iii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
Y%S ,xld ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd
Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s
wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla
wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ
wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iv
From the government, I received this as a giftI’ll read it, light up my knowledge and practise thriftOn my country’s own behalf, I’ll protect the national resourcesAnd offer this book to another one as a fresh garland of roses
;s<sKh f,iska rcfhka fï fmd; ,Èñ
lshjd thska keK .=K t<s lr .ksñ
uf. rg fjkqfjka u oE iïm;a rlsñ
fï fmd; tk jifr fjk flkl=g mqoñ
Aµ]ß öÁS©v¯õ´ ¡¼uøÚ¨ ö£Ø÷Óß
AÔÄ ö£¸Qh÷Á ¡¼uøÚU PØ÷£ß
uõ´ |õmiß ÁÍö©ÚÄ® ¡¼uøÚU Põ¨÷£ß
£» ©õnÁ¸® £°ßÔh÷Á ¡¼øu÷¯ AΨ÷£ß
v
.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh
f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ ;dlaI‚l
fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL lr.;a fiiq
lafIa;%j, YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj wNsfhda. /ila ks¾udKh ù
;sfí' wo iudcfha mj;sk /lshdj, iajNdjh kqÿre wkd.;fha § iqúfYaIS fjkialï /ilg
,la jkq we;' tjka jgmsgdjla ;=< kj ;dlaI‚l oekqu iy nqoaêh flakaø lr.;a iudchl
fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda.
ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL
wruqKhs'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha udyeÕs m%;s,dNhla f,i fkdñf,a Tn w;g m;a jk fuu fmd;
ukdj mßYS,kh lsÍu;a" bka wjYH oekqu Wlyd .ekSu;a Tfí taldhk wruqK úh hq;= h'
tfuka u Tfí ujqmshka we;=¿ jeäysáhkaf.a Y%ufha iy lemlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rch úiska
fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'
f,dalh fõ.fhka fjkia jk jgmsgdjl" kj m%jK;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka kj úIh
ud,d ilia lsÍug;a" wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialï isÿ lsÍu i|yd;a rchla
f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO
lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj
f,djg u jevodhS Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishl= f,i keÕS isákakg Tn o wÈgka lr.; hq;= jkafka
tneúks' ta i|yd fï fmd; mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a
úYajdihhs'
rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg jákdlula tla
lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd .kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí
wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk
;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj
wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'
tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i fyg f,dj
Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a Tng yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk
wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï
wOHdmk wud;H
—w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka
rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka
.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh
f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ ;dlaI‚l
fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL lr.;a fiiq
fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda.
ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL
wruqKhs'
fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'
f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO
lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj
Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a
úYajdihhs'
rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg jákdlula tla
lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd .kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí
wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk
;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj
wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'
tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i fyg f,dj
Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a Tng yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk
wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï
wOHdmk wud;H
—w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka
rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka
vv
.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh
f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ ;dlaI‚l
fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL lr.;a fiiq
lafIa;%j, YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj wNsfhda. /ila ks¾udKh ù
;sfí' wo iudcfha mj;sk /lshdj, iajNdjh kqÿre wkd.;fha § iqúfYaIS fjkialï /ilg
,la jkq we;' tjka jgmsgdjla ;=< kj ;dlaI‚l oekqu iy nqoaêh flakaø lr.;a iudchl
fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda.
ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL
wruqKhs'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha udyeÕs m%;s,dNhla f,i fkdñf,a Tn w;g m;a jk fuu fmd;
ukdj mßYS,kh lsÍu;a" bka wjYH oekqu Wlyd .ekSu;a Tfí taldhk wruqK úh hq;= h'
tfuka u Tfí ujqmshka we;=¿ jeäysáhkaf.a Y%ufha iy lemlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rch úiska
fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'
f,dalh fõ.fhka fjkia jk jgmsgdjl" kj m%jK;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka kj úIh
ud,d ilia lsÍug;a" wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialï isÿ lsÍu i|yd;a rchla
f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO
lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj
f,djg u jevodhS Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishl= f,i keÕS isákakg Tn o wÈgka lr.; hq;= jkafka
tneúks' ta i|yd fï fmd; mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a
úYajdihhs'
rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg jákdlula tla
lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd .kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí
wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk
;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj
wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'
tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i fyg f,dj
Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a Tng yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk
wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï
wOHdmk wud;H
—w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka
rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka
.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh
f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ ;dlaI‚l
fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL lr.;a fiiq
fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda.
ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL
wruqKhs'
fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'
f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO
lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj
Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a
úYajdihhs'
rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg jákdlula tla
lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd .kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí
wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk
;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj
wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'
tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i fyg f,dj
Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a Tng yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk
wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï
wOHdmk wud;H
—w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka
rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka
vivi
fmrjok
f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a iu.
wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï" ;dlaI‚l
fjkiaùï" ufkdaúoHd;aul m¾fhaIK iy wOHdmkh ms<sn| kj o¾Yl weiqfrka
bf.kSfï yd b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh o kùlrKh fjñka mj;s' tfia jqj o YsIH
wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk f,i bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lrñka b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd úIh ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk wruqKqj,g wkql+,j"
úIhdkqnoaO lreKq we;=<;aj fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH h' fm<fmd;
YsIHhdg bf.kSfï WmlrKhla muKla fkdj bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd.ekSug"
wNsfhda.;d j¾Okhg" p¾hduh yd wdl,am j¾Okhla jk mßÈ by< wOHdmkhla
,eîug bjy,a jk wdYS¾jdohls'
rgg jevodhSs" mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì" hym;a mqrjeishl= ùfï mßph ,nd
.ekSug fuu fm<fmd; Tng WmldÍ fj;ehs uu wfmalaId lrñ'
fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg Þhl jQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav,
idudðl uy;au uy;aókag;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h
uKav,hg;a udf.a ia;=;sh m< lr isáñ'
ví,sõ' ã' moañKS kd,sld
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
biqremdh"
n;a;ruq,a,'
2018'05'07
vii
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
ví,sõ' ã' moañKs kd,sld wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fufyhùu (
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïnkaëlrKh
tA' tï' wd¾' fla' wêldß iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ixialdrl uKav,h
uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r b;sydi yd mqrdúoHd wOHhk wxYh
Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h wkQId fiakdêrdcd b;sydi wOHhk wxYh
w.aks È. úYajúoHd,h
pkaÈud ksYdks O¾umd, fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
f,aLl uKav,h
wdpd¾h frdays; oikdhl fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h
fÊ' tï' iqo¾udj;S fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
le,‚h úYajúoHd,h
ví,sõ' tA' iuka;s Ysfrdaud,d .=Kj¾Ok lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
viii
tï' ã' ;s,l,;d .=re fiajh
iS' ví' ví' lkakka.r u'ú
fnd/,a,
k,Ska nKavdr .=re fiajh
l=reúg uOH uy úoHd,h
l=reúg
fïß fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s
hQ' t,a' tï' niS¾ úY%dñl .=re WmfoaYl
hQ' t,a' tia' ußlald,a .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h
j;af;a.u
NdId ixialdrl
tï' tA' tï' ouhka;s kj wdo¾Y m%d:ñl mdi,a ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;sh"
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
msg ljr ks¾udKh
ví,sõ. biqß uOqIdks mß.Kl wxYh
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh iy msgq ieliSu
ví,sõ. biqß uOqIdks mß.Kl wxYh
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ix
1' ld¾ñl úma,jh
2' Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu
3' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl mqkreoh
4' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,k fjkiaùï
5' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ
iudc mßj¾;kh
mgqk
6' Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu
7' f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j
8' f,dal uyd ix.%du yd iïuq;Ska
1 ¡ 18
19 ¡ 42
43 ¡ 52
53 ¡ 66
67 ¡ 81
82 ¡ 109
110 ¡131
132 ¡158
x
1fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ñksid ish oEf;a iúfhka NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu fjkqjg hka;% iQ;%
fhdÞ f.k NdKav ksIamdokh lrñka oYl yhl muK ld,hla ;=< ld¾ñl yd
;dlaI‚l lafIa;%fha we;s l< mq`M,a fjki ld¾ñl úma,jh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
18 jk ishji w. Nd.fha § ì%;dkHfha ld¾ñl úma,jh wdrïN úh' t;eka
isg wv ishjila muK hk;=re ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHhg iSud ù ;snq‚' tfy;aa
19 jk ishji jk úg hqfrdamfha fiiq rgj,g yd f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,g o
ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu me;sre‚'
ld¾ñl úma,jh hqfrdamfha wdrïN ùug n,mE m%Odk fya;=j fjf<|du hs'
18 jk Y;j¾Ih jk úg hqfrdamfha ;;a;ajh úuid ne¨jfyd;a ì%;dkHh yereKq
úg m%xYh" mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h jeks rgj,a o hg;a úð; msysgqjdf.k nyq,
jYfhka fjf<| lghq;=j, ksr; jQ nj fmfka' tfia ;sìh § ld¾ñl úma,jh
ì%;dkHfha wdrïN jQfha ljr fya;= ksid o hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;a fõ'
� ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHfha wdrïN ùug fya;=
16 jk ishjfia isg hqfrdamfha fjf<| yd jd‚cH lghq;= ÈhqKq jQ w;r
18 jk Y;j¾Ih muK jk úg hqfrdamd rgj,a w;=ßka mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h"
´,kaoh yd m%xYh jeks rgj,aj,g jvd tx.,ka;h bÈßhg meñK ;sì‚' fï ksid
l¾udka; i|yd uqo,a wdfhdackh l< yels Okj;=ka msßila trg ìys úh' fï w;r
18 jk ishji jk úg ì%;dkHfha ck.yk j¾Okh wêl ùu ksid NdKav i|yd
jQ b,a¨u jeä jQ w;r Bg m%udKj;a f,i NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu wNsfhda.hlaj
mej;=Ks' th ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug n,mEfõ h' tfia u 14 jk
yd 15 jk ishjiaj, § hqfrdamfha we;s jQ mqkreoh ksid úoHd;aul ±kqfï mq`M,a
ùula ±lsh yels h' hka;% iQ;% ksmoùu i|yd tu ±kqu fhdÞ .ekSug yelshdj
,enq‚' tfia u hka;% iQ;% ;ekùug wjYH hlv yd jdfka jeks Lksc iïm;a o
ì%;dkHh i;=j ;snq‚' tmuKla fkdj n,Yla;sh i|yd wjYH .,a wÕ=-re wdÈh
imhd .ekSu;a trgg myiq úh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh01
ye¢kaùu
1'1 ld¾ñl úma,jfha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh
2fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
iuld,Skj m%xYh jeks rgj, o úYd, ck.ykhla isá kuq;a ì%;dkHhg
idfmalaIj tu rgj, fjf<| ÈhqKqj iSñ; ù ;snq‚' tfy;a ì%;dkHh úúO
jd‚c kS;s u`.ska ish hg;a úð;j,g ndysr rgj,a iuÕ fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd
.ekSug ;snQ bvlv fndfyda ÿrg wyqrd ;snq‚' fï ksid ì%;dkHh hg;a úð;j,g
wjYH NdKav ì%;dkHfhka wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ ùfuka trg NdKavj,g hg;a
úð;j,ska fyd| b,a¨ula we;s úh' ì%;dkHfha fjf<|m<j,ska jeä b,a¨ula we;s
jQ we;eï NdKav hka;%dkqidrfhka ksIamdokh lsÍug fhda.H jQ tAjd úh' ì%;dkH
lmq frÈj,g hg;a úð;j,ska by< b,a¨ula mej;s kuq;a tf;la mej;s ksIamdok
l%u wkqj flá ld,Skj frÈms<s ksIamdokh by< ±óug yelshdjla fkd ;sìK'
fufia ì%;dkH ksIamdokj,g mej;s wêl b,a¨u ksid flá ld,Skj ksIamdokh
jeä lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' trg ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s jQfha
fuu wNsfhda.hg úi÷ï jYfhks'
iuld,Skj ì%;dkHfhaa lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;%fha o fjkiaùï .Kkdjla isÿ
úh' tys § bvï ysñhka úiska iq`M f.dúhka i;=j ;snQ l=vd bvï len,s tl;= lr
úYd, f.dúm<j,a ilia lr .kakd ,È' fuh bvï fldgq lsÍfï jHdmdrh kñka
ye¢kafõ' fï ksid bvï wysñ jQ .ïno f.dùyq /lshd fidhd k.rj,g ixl%uKh
jQy' fï ksid ìys jQ w;sßla; Y%uh" ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjg fhdÞ .; yels úh'
fiiq rgj, fuka fkdj ì%;dkHfha iudc ;rd;sru l=ula jqj;a yelshdj
we;s mqoa.,hkag Okh Wmhd.; yels miqìula ;snq‚' wdl,amuh jYfhka trg
mej;s fun÷ ksoyia iudc miqìu kj woyia m%p,s; ùug fya;= jQ w;r th ld¾ñl
lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjg o ys;lr úh' tfia u wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha isÿ jk j¾Okhg
idfmalaIj l¾udka; yd jHdmdr i|yd m%d.aOkh imhk nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k
ìysùulaa olakg ,eì‚'
ì%;dkHfha mej;s foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh o ld¾ñl úma,jh i|yd Wmldß
úh' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd jHdmdßl lghq;=j, fh§ug ksoyi" Wmldrh yd nÿ
iyk wdÈh md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska ,eì‚'
hqfrdamfha wfkla rgj,a yd ii|k úg ì%;dkHh ;=< ld¾ñl úma,jh
i|yd iqÿiq miqìula meje;sKs' l=vd Èjhskla ùu" wNHka;r jYfhka rgmqrd úysÿKq
fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<la f.dvk.d .ekSug yels ùu" ksIamdok NdKav i|yd by<
ñ,la ,nd .; yels ùu yd ,kavka k.rh wuqøjH" m%d.aOkh" ksIamdok øjH fnÞ
yßk uOHia:dkhla ùu hk idOl /ila o ì%;dkHfha mej;Su ksid fiiq rgj,g
jvd ld¾ñl ksIamdok lafIa;%fha bÈßhg meñŒug ì%;dkHhg yels úh'
3fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1'2 ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%fndaOh
ì%;dkHfhaa ld¾ñl úma,jh my; ±lafjk mßÈ m%Odk l¾udka; ;=kla
weiqßka isÿ úh'
¾ fmaI l¾udka;h
¾ hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
¾ .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h
fuu lafIa;%j, we;s jQ j¾Okh l%ufhka m%jdyk" ikaksfõok yd lDIsl¾uh
wdÈ fjk;a lafIa;%j, ÈhqKqjg o fya;= ù we;'
fmaI l¾udka;h
ì%;dkH frÈms<sj,g hg;a úð;j,ska by< b,a¨ula mej;s neúka frÈms<s
ksIamdokh YS>%fhka j¾Okh lsÍfï wNsfhda.hg trg frÈms<s ksIamdolfhda uqyqK
ÿkay' 1733 j¾Ifha § fcdaka fla úiska ÿjk kvdj ^flying Shuttle& ksmojkq ,eîu
ksid frÈ úùu ;rula
fõ.j;a úh' tfy;a frÈ
úùug wjYH kQ,a ieliSu
fõ.j;a fkdùu ;jÿrg;a
.eg¨jlaj mej;sK' tjlg
mej;s ;;a;ajh wkqj kQ,a
lákakka yh fofkl=
úiska Èklg imhk ,o
kQ,a m%udKj;a jQfha tla
frÈ úhkafkl=g tla
Èklg mu‚' fï ksid kQ,a
leàu fõ.j;a lsÍu .ek
ì%;dkHhka ;=< Wkkaÿjla
we;s úh' tu Wkkaÿfõ
m%;sM,hla jYfhka fÊïia
yd.%Sõia keue;a;d úiska
1764 j¾Ifha § lmq leàu
i|yd fckS keue;s hka;%hla
ksmojk ,È' fuu hka;%h w;ska l%shd lrjkakla úh' miqj 1769 § ßpâ wd¾larhsÜ
c, n,fhka l%shd lrk" Bg jvd ld¾hlaIu kQ,a lák hka;%hla ksmoù h' th c,
rduqj f,i y÷kajk ,È' Bg fmr lmq leàu i|yd fhdÞ .;a hka;% foi n,k úg
wd¾larhsÜf.a fidhd.ekSu jeo.;a tlls' tfy;a tu hka;%h úYd, jQ neúka ksfjia
;=< Ndú;h ÿIalr úh' tfia u th l%shd;aul lrùug fõ.j;a c, oyrdjla wjYH
jQ neúka th Ndú; l< yels jQfha c, myiqlï iys; ia:dkj, mu‚'
rEmh 1'1 - 1764 j¾Ifha § lmq leàu i|yd fÊïia yd.%Sõia
ksmojQ fckS hka;%h
4fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fckS hka;%h yd c, rduqj
hk hka;% foflys u uQ,O¾u
m%fhdackhg .;a ieuqfj,a
fl%dïmagka 1779 j¾Ifha § ñhq,a
hka;%h kñka kj hka;%hla ksmoù
h' tu.ska jvd;a ishqï yd Yla;su;a
f,i kQ,a ilid .; yels úh'
wk;=rej 1785 j¾Ifha § muK
tâukaâ ld¾ÜrhsÜ keue;a;d
úiska ñhq,a hka;%h jdIam n,fhka
l%shd;aul lrùfï l%uhla fidhd
.kakd ,È' fï wkqj jir 30l
muK ld,hla ;=< § lmq leàu b;d
ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSu i|yd w¨;a
hka;% iQ;% fuka u kj ;dlaI‚l
l%u o fidhd .; yels úh' fï
ksid frÈ úùfï l¾udka;h flá
ld,hla ;=< úYd, úm¾hdihlg ,la úh'
l%shdldrlu 1
1' fmaI l¾udka;hg wÞ< fldgiska flá m%Yak ilia lrkak'
2' fmaI l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj my; ud;Dld wkqj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
- fmaI l¾udka;fha ld¾ólrKhla we;s ùug fya;=
- fmaI l¾udka;fha kj ksuehqï yd bka isÿ jQ fiajh
hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;
ì%;dkHh hmia ksê nyq, rgls' ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr isg u wú wdhqO"
.Dy WmlrK yd lDIs WmlrK iE§ug ì%;dkHfhda hlv yd jdfka ksmojQy' fï
i|yd hmia WKq lrk ,oafoa or Ndú;fhks' tfy;a ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu`. uyd
mßudKfhka hka;% iQ;% iE§ug hlv yd jdfka wjYH jQ fyhska or Ndú;fhka
wjYH m%udKh ksmoùug fkdyels úh'
rEmh 1'2 - ßpâ wd¾larhsÜ úiska ksmojk ,o
c, n,fhka l%shd lrk kQ,a lák hka;%h
5fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 1'3 - fykaß fniu¾f.a jdfka ksmoùfï Wÿk
fï ksid ta i|yd fjk;a
úl,am ud¾.hla f,i tan%yï
v¾ì úiska .,a wÕ=re fhdod
hmia WKq lsÍfï l%uh fidhd
.kakd ,È' fuu`.ska jd;a;=
l< hlv ksmoùug yels úh'
1784 j¾Ifha § fykaß fldaÜ
frda,¾ hka;%h ksmoùu ksid
;e<sh yels hlv fyj;a moï
l< hlv ksmoùug wjia:dj
,eìKs' 1856 j¾Ifha § fykaß
fniu¾ úiska hlvj, we;s
wmøjH bj;a lr jdfka
ksmoúh yels kj l%uhla
fidhd .kakd ,È' fuu l%uh
;j;a j¾Okh lr 1860
j¾Ifha § újD; Wÿka l%uh fidhd .ekSfuka Wiia ;;a;ajfha jdfka ksmoùug
yelshdj ,enq‚' fï l%ufhka ,dNodhS f,i fuka u blaukska o jdfka ksmoùug
yels úh' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg fya;= jQ ;j;a lreKla jQfha ú,shï
iSukaia hmia WKq lsÍug úÿ,s Wÿkla ilia lsÍu h' fuu kj ksmoùï u.ska hlv
yd jdfka l¾udka;fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
l%shdldrlu 2
1' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;hg wÞ< fldgiska flá m%Yak ilia lrkak'
2' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj my; ud;Dld wkqj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug fya;=
- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha kj ksuejqï yd bka isÿ jQ fiajh
.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h
ì%;dkHh .,a w`.=re wdldrj,ska o nyq, rgls' ol=Kq fõ,aia" fhdalaIh¾ yd ,ekaleIh¾ .,a w`.=re wdlr iys; m%foaY lsysmhls' hmia WKq lsÍu" hka;% iQ;% ls%hd lrùu yd f.a fodr Ndú;h i`oyd ,dNodhs yd ld¾hlaIu n,Yla;shla f,i .,a w`.=re ckm%sh úh' ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. .,a w`.=re i|yd b,a¨u jeä jqj;a .,a wÕ=re leKSu myiq fkdù h'
6fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
leŒfï § wdlrj, tl;= jk c,h bj;a lsÍu" .eUqrg leŒfï § wdlr
m;=f,a úI jdhq ;sîu" wdlr m;=f,a WIaK;ajh jeä ùu" wdlr ;=<g wdf,dalh
iemhSu jeks .eg¨ i|yd úi÷ï fiùug kj ksmoùï lSmhla u fidhd .eksKs'
f;dauia ksõflduka úiska wdlrj, c,h k, u.ska bj;a lsÍug yd jd;h
lD;%S%u f,i isis,a lsÍug jdIam tkaðula fidhd .kakd ,È' tfy;a ksõfldukaf.a
jdIam tkaðu M,Þhs;dfjka wvq tlla jQ w;r th .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg ;rï j;a
fiiq l¾udka;j,g fhdÞ .ekSu wmyiq úh' fï ksid fÊïia fjdÜ ksõfldukaf.a
jdIam tkaðu jeä ÈhqKq fldg jvd úêu;a jdIam tkaðula ksmoù h' th ish¨
l¾udka;j,g fhdÞ .; yels ld¾hlaIu tkaðula úh'
rEmh 1'4 - f;dauia ksõflduka úiska ksmojk ,o
jdIam n,fhka l%shd lrk hka;%h ±lafjk is;=jularEmh 1'5 - fÊïia fjdÜ úiska ksmojk ,o
jdIam tkacsu
yïm%s fâú úiska wdrlaIl ,dïmqj ksmoùu ksid wdlrj,g wdf,dalh ,nd
.ekSu yd iïnkaOj meje;s .eg¨j o ksrdlrKh úh' fuf;la l,a ;U lïì
fhdod .ksñka .eyekqka yd <uqka ,jd ÿIalr wkaoñka wdlrj,ska .,a w`.=re msg;g
f.k tafï l%uh fjkqjg 1839 j¾Ifha § hlv flan,a lïì u`.ska wdlrj,ska .,a
w`.=re msg;g f.k tafï l%uhla fidhd .eksKsss'
rEmh 1'6 - wdlrj,ska .,a wÕ=re msg;g .ekSu'
fï i|yd <ud Y%uh Ndú; l< wkaou
7fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
.,a w`.=re l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj ksid tu`.ska w;=re
m%;s,dN /ila ysñ úh' .,a w`.=re ms<siaiSfuka ,efnk .,a ;dr
uydud¾. bÈlsÍu i|yd fhdod .eksKs' .,a w`.=re u`.ska frÈms<s
idhï lsÍug wjYH idhï j¾. ksIamdokh lsÍug o yels úh'
T!IO" iqj| ú,jqka" f;,a yd fmdfydr ksmoùug o .,a w`.=re
fhdod .eksKs'
l%shdldrlu 3
ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh
ì%;dkHfhaa fmaI l¾udka;h" hlv l¾udka;h yd .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h
wdY%s;j we;s jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj flá ld,hla ;=< § u fjk;a wxY lrd o jHdma;
jQ nj fmfka' tlS jHdma;sfha iajNdjh msßlaik úg ld¾ñl úma,jh fjk;a
lafIa;%j,g yd fjk;a rgj,a lrd jHdma; ùu jYfhka lafIa;% folla Tiafia ú.%y
l< yels h'
1 fjk;a lafIa;% lrd jHdma; ùu
ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid ld¾ñl yd ;dlaI‚l lafIa;% wdY%s;j ìys jQ kj ±kqu
l¾udka; yd ksIamdok lghq;=j,g muKla iSud fkdù h' th ;j;a lafIa;% lrd o
me;sÍ .sfha h' m%jdykh" ikaksfõokh yd lDIsl¾udka;h hk lafIa;%flfrys we;s
jQ ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEï fya;=fldgf.k tAjdfha YS>% ÈhqKqjla isÿ úh'
m%jdyk lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh
ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEï ksid m%jdyk lafIa;%fha fjkialï /ila
isÿ úh' l¾udka; lafIa;%fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj;a iu. l¾udka; Yd,dj,g wjYH
wuqøjH m%jdykh yd ksñøjH fjf<|m<j,a lrd f.k hdu i|yd ud¾. myiqlï
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' tA wkqj 1811 j¾Ifha § fcdaka uelvï
rEmh 1'7 - yïm%Sfâúf.a
wdrlaIl ,dïmqj
.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj my; ud;Dld
hgf;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'
1' .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;fha ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj we;s ùug fya;='
2' kj ksmehqï u.ska .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg bgq jQ fiajh'
8fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
uyd ud¾. bÈ lsÍu i|yd kj l%uhla fidhd .;af;a h' th uelvï l%uh kñka
ye¢kafõ'
uelvï l%uh
f,dl= .,a yd mia w;=rd lrk ,o Yla;su;a w;a;sjdrula u; l=vd
l`M .,a len,s w;=rd" ;,d uÜgï fldg uyd ud¾. ;ekùfï
l%uh" uelvï l%uh kï úh'
fuu l%uh Ndú;fhka bÈ l< uyd ud¾.j, NdKav iy u.Ska úYd,
ixLHdjla f.k hk jdyk jqj o fõ.fhka yd myiqfjka Odjkh l< yels úh' tA
wkqj tn÷ ud¾. ie;mqï ish .Kkla ì%;dkHfhaa yd iafldÜ,ka;fha flá l,la
;=< bÈ flß‚'
fufia uyd ud¾. jeä ÈhqKq ùu;a iuÕ m%jdykh i|yd fhdÞ .ekqKq hka;%
iQ;%j, o ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' 1814 j¾Ifha § fcda¾Ê iaàjkaika jdIam n,fhka l%shd
lrk ÿïßh tkaðu ksmoùu ld¾ñl úma,jfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' tA wkqj
.,a wÕ=re yd fiiq NdKav m%jdykh i|yd ÿïßh fhdÞ .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚'
ksIamdÈ; NdKav l¾udka; Yd,dj, isg fjf<|fmd< olajd ÿïßh u`.ska m%jdykh
lsÍu fya;= fldgf.k tA i|yd .; jQ ld,h wvq jQ w;r úYd, f;d. jYfhka
NdKav m%jdykh ksid m%jdyk úhou o wvq úh' ÿïßh tkaðu fidhd .ksñka
m%jdyk lafIa;%fha úma,jhla l< fcda¾Ê iaàjkaika jhi wjqreÿ 17 jk f;la u
wl=re lshùug j;a fkdo;a wfhl= hehs o u;hla mj;S'
rEmh 1'8 - fcda¾Ê iaàjkaika rEmh 1'9 - fcda¾Ê iaàjkaikaf.a ÿïßh tkaðu
ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid f.dvìï m%jdykfha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj;a iu`. kdúl yd
c, m%jdyk lafIa;%j, o ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
9fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1807 j¾Ifha § wefußlka cd;sl frdnÜ mQ,agka ÿï fndaÜgqj ksmoù h'
u.Sska f.k hdu i|yd 1811 j¾Ifha § fykaß fn,a ÿï kej ksmoù h' ÿï kejg
bkaOk jYfhka wdrïNfha § or;a miqj .,a wÕ=re;a fhdÞ .eks‚' 1885 j¾Ifha
§ c¾uksfha fvï,¾ úiska fudag¾ r:h o 1903 § wefußldfõ rhsÜ ifydaorhka
úiska .=jka hdkh o ksmojkq ,eîu m%jdyk lafIa;%fha m%n, fjkila we;s lsÍug
iu;a úh' fufia ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh ksid flá ld,hla ;=< f.dvìfuka"
c,fhka yd .=jkska flfrk m%jdyk lghq;=j, uy;a fmr<shla we;s úh'
rEmh 1'10 - fvï,¾f.a fudag¾ r:h rEmh 1'11 - rhsÜ ifydaorhka ksmojQ
.=jka hdkh
ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh
m%jdyk lghq;=j, ÈhqKqjg iu.dój ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha o fõ.j;a
ÈhqKqjla werô‚' fuf;la ì%;dkHfhaa mej;sfha wêl úhoï iys; ;eme,a
l%uhls' jHdmdßl lghq;=j, § flá ld,hla ;=< § wvq úhoulska ,sms yqjudre
lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj u;= úh'
fï i|yd 1840 § —fmkS ;eme,a fiajh˜ kñka kj ;eme,a fiajhla
tx.,ka;fha wdrïN flß‚' fï u.ska rfÜ ´kE u ;eklg mekaihla f.jd
,smshla heùug yels úh'
ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha yd m%jdyk lafIa;%fha we;s jQ YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iu.
,sms yqjudrejg jvd blaukska ia:dk folla w;r m‚jqv yqjudre lr .ekSfï
wjYH;djla u;= úh' fï i|yd isÿ flreKq w;ayÞ ne,Sïj, m%;sM, jYfhka 1844
j¾Ifha § ieuqfj,a fudaia úÿ,s m‚úv l%uh (Telegraph) fidhd .kakd ,È' tA
hgf;a ia:dk folla w;r úÿ,s lïìhla fhdÞ f.k ixfla; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka
m‚úv yqjudrej werô‚'
10fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1895 § .=.a,s ud¾fldaks .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. u.ska mKsjqv heùfï l%uh fidhd
.ekSu;a miqj fcdaka f,.S fnhd¾â rEmjdysksh fidhd .ekSu;a ksid ikaksfõok
lafIa;%fha úYd, mßj¾;khla we;s úh' .=jkaúÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh fidhd .ekSu
ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha Wkak;shg muKla fkdj fjf<|du" jd‚cH lghq;= yd
fjk;a wd¾Ól lghq;=j, m%.;shg o fya;= úh'
rEmh 1'13 - ud¾fldaksf.a .=jkaúÿ,s hka;%h
lDIsl¾udka;fha jHdma;sh
ld¾ñl úma,jhg iu.dój lDIs lafIa;%fhys o úYd, j¾Okhla we;s úh'
fï i|yd n,mE m%Odk idOl lsysmhlA y÷kd.; yels h'
� uyd mßudK f.dúìï wdrïN lsÍu
� YIH udre l%uh
rEmh 1'12 - 19 jk ishjfia uq, isg u úoHq;a l%u Ndú; lrñka ¥ria: ia:dk ikaksfõok
lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu .ek úúO m¾fhaIK isÿ flre‚' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 1876 j¾Ih jk úg
ÿßka msysá ia:dk folla w;r flan,a u.ska lgyçka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug fhdÞ .;
yels WmlrKhla ksmojkq ,eî h' th ¥rl:kh kñka ye`Èkafõ' ¥rl:kh fidhd .kakd
,oafoa wef,laiekav¾ .%eyeïfn,a úisks'
rEmh 1'14 - fcdaka f,.S fnhdâ iy
Tyq ksmojQ rEmjdysksh
11fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
� i;a;aj md,k lghq;= ioyd kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu
� kj lDIsld¾ñl l%u yd WmlrK Ndú;h
ld¾ólrKh;a iuÕ úYd, f,i l¾udka; Yd,d wdrïN ùu fya;= fldgf.k
ck;dj úYd, jYfhka k.r lrd we§ tAu ksid Tjqkaf.a bv lvïj, j.d lsÍug
fkdyels úh' tfuka u .ïno b;sßj isá iq¿ mßudK bvï ysñhkq;a úúO fya;=
u; ;u f.dúìï w;yer ouk ;;a;ajhla Wod úh' fï wkqj w;yer oeuQ tfuka
u f.dùkaf.ka mjrd.;a l=vd m%udKfha f.dúìï úYd, m%udKhla tl;= lrñka
uyd mßudK f.dúìï wdrïN flß‚' bvï fldgq lsÍfï jHdmdrhg wh;a jQ fuu
bvïj, uyd mßudKfhka j.d lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i lDIsld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla we;s
úh'
rEmh 1'15 YIH udre l%uhg wkqj f.dú;eka lsÍu
j.d lghq;= ioyd YIH udre l%uh y÷kajd §u f,v frda. jHdma;sh wju
lsÍug;a M,odhs;dj jeä lsÍug;a fya;= úh' fcka frdag,a úiska wYajhka n¢k ,o
k.=,aj,ska fma<shg jemsÍfï l%uh y÷kajdfok ,È' tu.ska jemsÍug wjYH îc
m%udKh wvq lr .ekSug yd jeä M,odhs;djla ,nd .ekSug yels úh'
tfuka u i;a;aj md,k lghq;= i|yd fhdod.;a ;dlaIKsl l%u fya;=fldg
f.k i;a;aj ksIamdok by< .sfha h' frdnÜ nelafj,a úiska neg¨ j¾. wNsckk
wdY%s; fidhd.ekSï lsÍu WodyrKhla f,i fmkajd Èh yels h'
12fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. jvd;a ld¾hlaIu WmlrK ìysùu" lDIs lafIa;%fha
úYd, fmr<shla we;s lsÍug fya;= úh' le,E t<sfmfy<s lsÍug" ìï ieliSug"
îc j¾. ksIamdokhg hka;% iq;% ksmojkq ,eî h' tfuka u lDIs lafIa;%fhys jeä
t,odjla ,nd .ekSu ioyd fmdfydr j¾. ksmoùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh yels h' fï iïnkaOj lrk ,o w;ayod ne,sïj, m%;sM,hla
f,i l%s' j' 1800 muK jk úg .=jdfkda fmdfydr kï fmdfydr úfYaIhla uq,ska
u ol=Kq wm%sldfõ ksIamdokh flß‚' bka miq wefursldfõ o fuu fmdfydr
ksIamdokh flß‚' ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk ksIamdokh o miq lf,l
isÿ flß‚'
ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. j¾Okh jQ kùk m%jdyk udOHhka yd .nvd
myiqlï ksid lDIsld¾ñl yd i;a;aj ksIamdok wvq msßjehla hgf;a ksmoúh yelss
jQ fyhska tajd ,dnodhS ñ,g wf,ú lsÍug yels úh' fï ksid lDIs ksIamdok i|yd
úYd, b,a¨ula we;s úh'
2 fjk;a rgj,a lrd jHdma;sh
ì%;dkHfhka wdrïN jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh b;d flá l,lska hqfrdamd uyoaùmfha
rgj, jHdma; úh' wk;=rej wdishd" wefußld" wm%sld uyoaùmj,;a th me;sßK'
19 jk ishjfia § fjk;a rgj,g ld¾ólrKh jHdma;ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'
• f,dj mqrd ck.ykh YS>%fhka j¾Oh ùu ksid NdKavj,g ;snQ b,a¨u by<
hdu
• hqfrdamh ;=< .ukd.uk yd m%jdyk lghq;=j, j¾Okh
• m%xYh yd c¾uksh .,a w`.=re fidhd .ekSu
fï wkqj f,dalfha fiiq rgj,a o tx.,ka;h fuka hka;% iQ;% Ndú; lrñka
;u ksIamdok fõ.j;a lsÍug Wkkaÿ úh' m%xYh yd c¾uksh hk rgj, wuqøjH
nyq,j meje;s fjf<`ofmd<j,g ióm jQ m%foaYj, ld¾ñl uOHia:dk ìys úh'
ld¾ñl w;ska úfYaI ÈhqKqjla w;alr.;a c¾uksh m<uq f,dal hqoaOh wdrïNl
wjêfha § n,jf;l=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;aj isáfha h' fuf,i m%xYh" fn,aðhu"
Tiaaá%hdj" yxf.aßhdj" m%Ishdj wd§ hqfrdamfha fiiq rgj,g;a ld¾ñl úma,jh
me;sßKs' Tiaá%hdkq wêrdcH ie;mqï 30" 000l ÿr ud¾. bÈ l< w;r ta ld,h ;=<
fn,aðhfï ud¾. moaO;sh o fo.=Khlska mq¿,a flßKs' wk;=rej iEu rgl u
ÿïßh ud¾. bÈùu olakg ,enqKs' ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla jYfhka meje;s weußlka
ckmoj,g o ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu we;s úh' ksoyi Èkd .ekSfuka miqj trg
ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla ie,iqKs'
13fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
19 jk ishji w.Nd.h yd 20 jk ishji uq,a oil lSmh ;=< ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha w;súYd, m%.;shla Wod lr.;a wdishd;sl rgla jQfha cmdkh hs' ngysr l%u yd wdlD;s wkq.ukh lrñka úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl lafIa;%j, buy;a m%.;shla w;alr.;a rgj,a iu. ;r.ldÍj isák rgla njg cmdkh m;aj ;sfí'
úisjk ishji jk úg Ökh" bkaÈhdj" ,xldj we;=¿ wdishdfõ fndfyda rgj,g o ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu ;Èka me;sßKs' fufia ld¾ñl úma,jh f,dj fiiq rgj,a lrd jHdma; ùu;a m%jdyk yd mKsúv yqjudre lafIa;%fha tu`.ska we;s jQ YS>% ÈhqKqj;a ksid f,dalh tl u .ïudkhla njg m;aùug u. ie,iqKs'
ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,
f,dj mqrd we;s jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid" tu rgj, foaYmd,k" iudc yd wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha mq¿,a fjkialï we;s úh' fuu m%;sM, hym;a fuka u whym;a ,laIKj,ska o iukaú; úh'
foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha we;s l< fjkialï
ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid Wmßu ,dn ,eîu wruqKq fldgf.k uqo,a wdfhdackh l< Okm;s mka;shla yd Y%uh úl=Kd cSj;a jk ks¾Ok mka;shla ìys úh' Okysñfhda ks¾Ok mka;sfha Y%uh wvq ñ,g ,nd f.k" ish jHdmdßl lghq;=j, fhdojd tu`.ska úYd, ,dn ,enQy' tfy;a l¾udka;Yd,dj, fiajh l< lïlrejkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh b;d u my;a uÜgul mej;=‚' Tjqkg wh;aj ;snQ fuu msvdldÍ jd;djrKh ksid u Okm;Ska yd lïlrejka w;r .egqï" jD;a;Sh ix.ï ìysùu" fiajl jevj¾ck" whs;sjdislï i|yd igka wdosh wdrïN úh' fuu
;;a;ajh ,snr,ajdoh" iudcjdoh jeks foaYmd,k o¾Ykj, jHdma;shg fya;= úh'
rEmh 1'16 lïlrejka ;u whs;sjdislï b,a,d Woaf>daIKhl
14fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wevïiañ;a keue;a;d Okjdoh ú.%y lrñka rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh kï ixl,amh
bÈßm;a lf<a h' rfÜ wd¾Ól lghq;=j, § fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iyNd.s;ajh Èßu;a
lsÍu yd rcfha ueÈy;a ùu wju lsÍu rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh f,i ie,lsh yels h'
tfuka u ld¾ólrKh hqfrdamh mqrd me;sr hdu;a iu. wuqøjH wvqñ,g ,nd
.ekSfï;a ksIamdÈ; NdKav jeä ñ,g úl=Kd .ekSfï;a wjYH;dj m%n, f,i u;=
úh' fï fya;=j ksid hqfrdamd rgj,g ;u hg;a úð; mQ¾K jYfhka foaYmd,ksl
wdêm;Hhlg k;= lr .ekSfï ;r.hl ksr; ùug isÿ úh' fï wkqj 1850 j¾Ihg
miqj we;s jQ fuu wêrdcHjdoh kj wêrdcHjdoh f,iska ye¢kafõ' fufia ;u
hg;a úð; mq¿,a lr .ekSug hqfrdamd rgj,a ;r.hl ksr;ùu ksid th m<uq f,dal
uyd ix.%duh we;s ùug mjd uq,a jQ fya;= idOlhla úh'
wd¾:sl lafIa;%fha we;s l< fjkiaùï
ld¾ñl ksIamdok mq¿,aùu yd fjf<`o yd jdKsc lghq;=" wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha
fmruqK .ekSu ld¾ñl úma,jfha § jQ jeo.;a fmr<shls' ta wkqj lïy,a ysñ
Okm;s mka;shla yd fjf<| mka;shla l%ufhka j¾Okh úh' iq¿ bvïj, f.dùkag
;u lghq;= lr.; fkdyelsj lïy,Aj, Y%ñlhka fia k.rhg taug isÿ úh' fï
ksid iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól l%uh ì|jeà jegqm u; fiajh lrk lïlre msßila ìys
úh' fï wkqj idïm%odhsl lDIs wd¾Ól rgdj mfilg ;,a¨ ù" wdkhk wmkhk
fjf<| wd¾Ólh bÈßhg wdfõ h' lDIs ksIamdok lghq;= o ld¾ólrKh ù" wdydr
øjH úYd, jYfhka fjf<|fmd<g iemhs‚' fï ksid hqfrdamd rgj, yd Tjqkaf.a
hg;a úð; njg m;a jQ wdishd" wm%sld" ,;ska weußld m%foaYj, o foaYSh fuka u
úfoaYSh fjf<|du o ÈhqKq úh' tfuka u OkjdÈ wd¾Ól rgdj fõ.fhka f,dj mqrd
jHdma; úh'
mq¿,a jQ fuu fjf<| lghq;= ioyd uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu fm!oa.,sl
jHjidhlhkag ;ks ;ksj l< fkd yels úh' ta ksid jHjidhlhka lsysm fofkl=
tl;= ù noao jHdmdr iud.ï ìys lr .eksKs' fuu iud.ï úiska ;u wruqKq bgq
lr .ekSu i|yd tu rgj, rdcH wkq.%yh o we;sj wdishd" wm%sld" ,;ska weußldkq
m%foaYj, ;u jd‚c lghq;= jHdma; lrk ,È'
uqq, § fun÷ fjf<| iud.ï foaYSh jHdmdßlhkaf.ka muKla iukaú;
úh' tfy;a oykj jk ishji uq,a Nd.h jk úg fïjd nyqcd;sl iud.ï njg
m;a úh' NdKav ksIamdokfha yd wf,ú lsÍfï lghq;=j, ksr; jQ tu iud.ï thg
iu.dój uqo,a yd nexl= lghq;=j, o fhÿ‚' tu.ska jHdmdßlhkag Kh myiqlï
ie,iSu fuka u .kq fokq lghq;= myiqùu o isÿ úh'
15fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
iudc lafIa;%fha we;s l< n,mEu
ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fldgf.k
iudÔh lafIa;%hg hym;a yd whym;a
f,i n,mEï we;s úh' ld¾ólrKh
iu. úYd, jYfhka k.r ìys jQ
w;r tajdfha jdih l< ck;djf.a
Ôú;j, o mq¿,a fjkila we;s úh'
l¾udka;Yd,dj, úYd, m%udKhlska
ksIamdokh l< ld¾ñl NdKav ck;djg
oeßh yels ñ,lg ,nd.; yels úh'
tfuka u l¾udka;Yd,d ksid úYd,
jYfhka /lshd wjia:d ìys úh' tu ksid
ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq úh'
ld¾ólrKh ksid hqfrdamd rgj, k.r ixLHdj o" k.rj, úYd,;ajh o
YS>%fhka j¾Okh úh' fuys wksjd¾h m%;sM,h jQfha tajd Tfrd;a;= fkdfok ;rug
ckdlS¾K ùu hs' tfy;a tajdfha uQ,sl myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq jQfha b;d wvq fõ.hlsks'
ksoiqkla f,i--------- úhdkd k.rfha 1847g fmr jir 20la we;=<; ck ixLHdj 20]l
fõ.fhka j¾Okh jqj;a ksjdi bÈlsÍu j¾Okh jQfha 11'5]lska muKls'
l¾udka;Yd,d jHdma; ùu fya;= fldg f.k f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,
ld¾ñl k.r ìys jQ w;r .%dóh ck;dj tu k.r lrd we§ tAug mgka .;ay'
uyd mßudK l¾udka; ksid k.rj, /lshd iq,Nùu kd.ÍlrKh fõ.j;a ùug
fya;=jla úh'
mka;s iys; iudchla ìysùu ld¾ólrKfha m%Odk iudc m%;sM,hls' 20 jk
ishji jk úg hqfrdamfha iEu rgl u mdfya wd¾Ól lghq;= fufyhjkq ,enqfõ
l¾udka; ysñ Okm;s mka;sh úisks' fuu Okm;s mka;sh m%Odk fldgia follska
hq;= úh'
� bvï ysñ Okj;=ka
� uOHu mka;s-l jHdmdr ysñhka¡l¾udka; ysñhka" nexl=lrejka" fldka;%d;alrejka"
bxðfkarejka" kSs;s{hka wdÈkaf.ka ieÿï,;a msßi'
rEmh 1'17 ld¾ñl úma,jfhka ìys jQ l¾udka;
Yd,dj, fiajh l< <ud Y%ñlhka msßila
16fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l¾udka; ysñhka wvq jegqma f.jd lïlrejka fiajfha fhojQ w;r tu`.ska
wêl ,dn Wmhd .;ay' jvd fyd| Ôjk ;;a;ajhla f.dvk.d .;a Okm;s mdka;slfhda
idfmalaIj jvd iemj;a yd úfkdaoldó Ôú; .; l<y'
tfy;a jev lrk ck;djf.a fN!;sl Ôjk ;;a;ajh fnfyúka wi;=gqodhl
úh' Ôj;a ùu ioyd mjq,l iajdñhd yd ìß| hk fofokdg u /lshdj, ksr; ùug
isÿ jQ w;r we;eï wjia:dj, ish orejka mjd fiajfhaa fhoùug o Tjqkag isÿ úh'
Èklg meh 12--14 olajd §¾> ld,hla /£ isàug isÿ jQ Tjqkaf.a fiajd ia:dkj, /lshd
o fnfyúka mSvdldÍ úh' ia;S%kag yd <uqkag fiajh lsÍug isÿ jQfha myiqlïj,ska
f;dr wkdrlaIs; l¾udka; Yd,dj, h' lïlrejka ld¾ñl k.rj, l¾udka;
Yd,d wjg wksjd¾hfhka mÈxÑ úh hq;= úh' uqvqlal= fyda fma<s ksjdi Tjqkaf.a
jdiia:dk jQ w;r wju uÜgfï ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï j;a tajdfha fkd ;sì‚' tu
ksjdij, tla ldurhla ;=<g fldgq ù mjqf,a idudðlhka ish¨ fokd u Ôj;a jQy'
fï wkqj iudcfha nyq;rh jQ ks¾Ok mka;shg Wreu jQfha fndfyda úg ÿmam;alu"
wvqfõ;k" my;a Ôjk uÜgu wdÈh hs' fuu mSvdldÍ ;;a;ajhka uOHfha îu;alu
yd úúO udÈ,sfha wmpdr we;s ùu fkd je<elaúh yels úh'
18 jk yd 19 jk ishjia jk úg fun÷ iudc úIu;dj,g ms<shï fh§u
i`oyd fndfyda rgj, wjOdkh fhduq úh' tfia u fï ld,fha § lïlrejka jegqma
jeä lr .ekSu" jev lrk meh .Kk wvq lr .ekSu" ikSmdrlaIl yd fjk;a
myiqlï j¾Okh lsÍu wdÈ b,a,Sï ,nd .ekSu i|yd Woaf>daIKh lsÍug;a jD;a;Sh
ix.ï f,i ixúOdkh ùug;a fm< .eiqKq nj fmfka' ta wkqj ks¾Ok mka;sfha
iudc - wd¾Ól Y=NidOkh i|yd rch ueÈy;a ù kS;s Í;s mekùu iEu rgl u
mdfya isÿ úh'
remh 1'18 l¾udka; Yd,djlska úI ÿï mßirhg msg jk whqre
17fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;= fldgf.k isÿ jQ ;j;a whym;a m%;sM,hla jQfha
mßir ¥IKh hs' l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska neyer l< wmøjH .x.d we<fod<g uqiq
ùfuka c, uQ,dY% wmsßisÿ jQ w;r lïy,aj,ska msg jk ÿï fi!LHhg b;d wys;lr
úh' tfuka u úI jdhq j¾. jdhqf.da,fha ;ekam;a ùu udkj ixy;sfha §¾.ld,Sk
meje;aug m%n, ;¾ckhla t,a, lrkakla o úh'
l%shdldrlu
1' ld¾ñl úma,jfhka we;s jQ hym;a yd whym;a m%;sM, ms<sn|j
újdohla mj;ajkak'
2' my; ±lafjk m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak'
ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid"
i' foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkialï ;=kla ,shkak'
ii' wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkiaùï ;=kla ,shkak'
iii' iudc lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkiaùï ;=kla ,shkak'
1'3 ld¾ñl úma,jh Y%S ,xldj flfrys n,mEu
ì%;dkHhka werô ld¾ñl úma,jh flá l,la ;=< f,dj mqrd jHdma; jQ
wdldrh by; úia;r fldg we;' ì%;dkHfha yd wfkl=;a hqfrdamd rgj, isÿ jQ
wkaofï ld¾ólrKhla YS% ,xldj ;=< 19 jk ishjfia isÿ fkdjQ kuq;a ld¾ñl
úma,jfha n,mEu Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka o y÷kd.; yels h' ì%;dkHfhaa ld¾ñl
úma,jh wdrïN jQ wjêfha Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla f,i meje;Su fï
ioyd fya;= jQ m%Odk idOlhla úh' ì%;dkHfhda furgg meñK uyd mßudKfhka
j;= j.dj wdrïN l<y' fufia wdrïN l< f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks fnda. wdY%s;j
úúO l¾udka; weröu isÿ jQ w;r tajd i`oyd hka;% iQ;% ì%;dkHfhka f.kaù h'
fï hq.fha § isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿùï (
� l%s' j' 1804 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrhd fldams flàug fuda,la weröu
� f;a úh<Sfï isg j¾. lsÍu yd wmkhkh olajd fndfyda ld¾hhka" hka;% iQ;%
u.ska isÿ lsÍu
� rn¾ msgrg heùu i|yd iqodkï lsÍug hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h
� uyd ud¾. ;ekSfï uelvï l%uh 1885 j¾Ifha § ,xldjg y÷kajd §u
j;=j, yd l¾udka; Yd,dj, jev lsÍug Y%ñlhka wjYH jQ w;r tajdfha
jegqmg jev l< Y%ñlhkaf.ka lïlre mka;sh ìys úh' j;= ysñhka yd l¾udka;Yd,d
ysñhka Okj;=ka njg m;a jQ w;r Tjqyq W.;a Okj;a uOHu mka;shla f,i
fjku u ixúOdkh jQy' Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh ,xldfõ o j¾Okh jQ w;r wdkhk
18fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wmkhk fjf<|du m%uqL;ajhla .;af;a h' fuu fjf<| lghq;=j, § uqo,a msgrgg
heùu" furgg f.kajd .ekSu wd§ ld¾hhka ksid nexl= l%uhl wjYH;dj we;s úh'
ta wkqj ,xldfõ nexl= wdrïN ùu isÿ úh'
j;= ksIamdok fld<U k.rfha fjf<| uOHia:dkj,g /f.k taug yd
jrdhg f.k hdug;a j;=lrfha wjYH;d iemhSug;a m%jdykh ÈhqKq l< hq;=j
;snq‚' fuf;la NdKav m%jdykh isÿ flrefKa lr;a; u`.sks' th id¾:l l%uhla
fkdjQ ksid uydud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. bÈ flß‚' tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrhdf.a
ld,fha § fld<U uykqjr uyd ud¾.h bÈ flß‚' bka miqj l=reKE., isg
uykqjr olajd;a oUq,af,a isg uykqjr olajd;a ud¾. bÈ úh' miqj .,a yd ;dr
fhdod uydud¾. bÈlsÍfï l%uh o werôKs' tfuka u c, ud¾. yryd ,S md,ï
fjkqjg hlv Ndú; lr md,ï ;ekSu werô‚' ÿïßh ud¾. bÈlsÍu ioyd fykaß
fjdaâ wdKavqldrhd úiska mshjr .kakd ,È' ta wkqj 1858 j¾Ifha § fld<T isg
uykqjr olajd ÿïßh ud¾.h bÈ lsÍfï lghq;= wdrïN lrk ,È' tu ud¾.h ksu
lsÍfuka miq 1867 wf.daia;= udifha § m%:u j;djg fld<T isg uykqjr olajd
ÿïßhla Odjkh flßKs' bka miqj fmardfo‚fha isg kdj,msáh olajd 1871 §;a"
nKavdrfj, olajd 1899 §;a ÿïßh ud¾. §¾> flß‚'
ud¾. yd m%jdyk lghq;=j, j¾Okh;a iu. fjf<| uOHia:dk;a tajd
mq¿,a lrf.k k.r;a ìys úh' .ïfmd<" nÿ,a," ud;f,a" r;akmqr fï wjêfha
ckdlS¾K jQ fld<ôka msg k.r lsysmhls' fuf;la furg m‚úv yqjudrej isÿ
flrefKa m%Odk fldg u mqoa.,fhl= w; m‚jqv heùu u.sks' 1815 jk úg §
fld<U" ;%sl=Kdu,h" .d,a," hdmkh wd§ k.r iïnkaO lr.ksñka rdcldÍ ;eme,a
fiajhla wdrïN fldg ;snq‚' fld<T kqjr ud¾.h ;ekSfuka miqj wdishdfõ m%:u
jrg wYaj lr;a; Odjkh u`.ska ;eme,a fiajdjla werô‚' Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u ;eme,a
uqoaorh 1857 § ksl=;a flß‚' 1903 j¾Ifha § rfÜ úúO ia:dkj, ;eme,a ld¾hd,
340la msysgqjd ;snq‚' m‚úv heùfï ;j;a l%uhla jQ fg,s.%dma fiajh 1858 j¾Ifha
§ wdrïN úh'
l%shdldrlu
Y%S ,xldj flfrys ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu ms<sn|j my; ud;Dld
wdjrKh jk mßÈ ,smshla ilia lrkak'
j;= j.dfõ jHdma;sh yd uyd mßudK l¾udka;Yd,d'
j;= ysñ Okm;Ska yd lïlre mka;sh'
;eme,a fiajh'
uyd ud¾. bÈùu'
19fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ye¢kaùu
mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñ‚ wdldrh;a mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka ,xldfõ
uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h msysgqjdf.k isá wdldrh;a ms<sn|j oyjk fY%a‚fha § Tng
bf.kSug ,enq‚' fuu cd;Ska folg miqj ,xldj flfrys m%n, n,mEula t,a,
l< hqfrdamd cd;sh ì%;dkHhka fõ' bx.%Sis NdIdj l;d l< Tjqka fmdÿfõ bx.%SiSyq
f,i o ye¢kafj;s' ì%;dkHhka furg n,h msysgqjd .ekSu yd 19 jk ishjfia uq,a
Nd.h ;=< Tjqkag tfrysj mej;s igka ms<sn|j fuu mdvfuka úia;r flf¾'
mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka wdishdfõ fjf<| lghq;=j,ska úYd, jYfhka
,dN ,nk nj ÿgq bx.%SiSyq o wdishdj flfrys ;u wjOdkh fhduq l<y' bx.S%is
jHdmdßlhka msßila úiska msysgqjk ,o fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<`o iud.ug ì%;dkHfha
m<uqjk t,sin;a /csk úiska wdishdfõ fjf<`o lghq;=j, fh§ug wjir fok
rdclSh n,m;%hla 1600 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui m%odkh lrk ,È' tu fjf<|
iud.fï m<uqjk keõ lKavdhu iqud;%d ¥m;a m%foaYhg f.dia tys fjf<| lghq;=
wdrïN lr we;' óg miq ú,shï fydalskaia hgf;a ;j;a keõ lKavdhula bkaÈhdjg
meñK tjlg bkaÈhdfõ uQ.,a wêrdchd jQ cyka.S¾ iu. fjf<| lghq;= ms<sn|j
idlÉPd meje;aù h'
bx.%SiSyq wdishdjg meñ‚ uq,a ld,fha w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaY iu. ;u
fjf<| in|;d ;r lr .ekSug W;aidy lf<da h'
17 jk ishjfia uq,a oYl fol ;=< w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ fjf<| n,h
f.dvk.d .ekSug mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .egqï we;s ù ;snq‚' fuys §
bx.%SiSka we;eï wjia:dj, mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj ,kafoaiSka iu. iyfhda.fhka
l%shd lr we;' mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug ,kafoaiSka bx.%Siskaf.a iyh
,nd .;a;;a w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ l=`M nvq nyq,j jefjk ¥m;aj, bx.%Sis n,hla
f.dvkef.kq ±lSu ,kafoaiSkaf.a wfmalaIdj fkd ù h' fï ksid 1623 j¾Ifha §
l=¿nvq Èjhskaj,g wh;a weïfndhskd ¥mf;a n,fldgqjlg myr ÿka ,kafoaiSyq tys
isá bx.%SiSka msßila >d;kh l<y' Bg tfrysj ,kafoaiSkag m%;sm%ydrhla §ug ;rï
Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu
02
2'1 ì%;dkHhka wdishdjg meñŒu
20fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
tu m%foaYfha bx.%Sis n,h Yla;su;a fkdjQ fyhska w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaYj,ska
bx.%SiSyq bj;a jQy' wk;=rej Tjqka bkaÈhdj flfrys ish mQ¾K wjOdkh fhduq l<
nj fmfka'
bx.%SiSka 1607 j¾Ifha isg bkaÈhdj iu. fjf<| in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSug
W;aidy l< kuq;a id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug jir oyhlg jeä ld,hla .; úh'
bkaÈhdfõ § bx.%SiSka b;d WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= l< ksid 17 jk ishjfia w. Nd.h
jk úg uÿrdish" fndïndh yd l,algdj we;=`M m%foaY lsysmhl fjf<| uOHia:dk
wdrïN lsÍug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' tfy;a 1664 j¾Ifha isg m%xYjreka o bkaÈhdjg
meñK fmdkaäfÉß" lßld,a yd pkaøk.¾ jeks ia:dkj, fjf<| uOHia:dk
msysgqùu;a iu. ,kafoaiSkag wu;rj m%xYjreka iu.;a fjf<| ;r.hl ksh<Sug
bx.%SiSkag isÿ úh' 18 jk Y;j¾Ih jk úg bkaÈhdfõ iajlSh n,h f.dvke.Su
iïnkaOfhka bx.%SiSka yd m%xYjreka w;r foaYmd,k .egqula werôK'
bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihlg jeä ld,hla .; jk f;la Y%S
,xldj flfrys Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq fkd jQ nj fmfka' fï ld,fha § bx.%SiSka
bkaÈhdfõ Yla;su;a n,hla f.dvk.df.k fkd ;sîu;a mD;=.SiSka yd Bg miq
,kafoaiSka Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, Yla;su;a n,fldgq moaO;shla mj;ajdf.k
hEu;a Bg fya;= úKehs ie,lsh yels h' tfy;a 18 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha §
bkaÈhdfõ uQ.,a wêrdcHh mßydkshg hEu;a iuÕ tf;la fjf<|dfuka muKla
;Dma;su;a jQ bx.%SiSyq bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k n,h me;srùu weröu ksid ,xldj
flfrys o Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh' tA i|yd m%Odk fya;= folla n,mE nj
fmfka' 1' Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu
2' Y%S ,xldfjka l=re÷ we;=`M jákd fjf<| øjH ,nd .ekSu
Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj wdikakfha msysgd ;sîu;a" fnx.d, fndlal we;=`M
bkaÈhdj wjg uqyqÿ l,dmfha kdúl yd fjf<| lghq;= md,khg ,xldj fyd|
uOHia:dkhla ùu;a bx.%SiSkag b;d jeo.;a úh' bx.%SiSka yd m%xYjreka w;r fnx.d,
fndlal wdY%s; m%foaYj, igka we;s jQ wjia:dj, i;=re m%ydr ksid wn,ka jQ
keõ w¨;ajeähd lsÍug iqÿiq jrdhl wjYH;dj bx.%SiSkag ;Èka ±kq‚' fuys §
Y%S ,xldfõ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh flfrys bx.%SiSkaf.a wjOdkh ks;e;ska u fhduq úh'
;%sl=Kdu, jrdh flfrys bx.%SiSkaf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq ùug n,mE lreKq lsysmhla
fufia h'
� ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh fnx.d, fndlalg uqyK ,d msysgd ;sîu
� bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjrf<a bx.%SiS kdúl n,h /l .ekSug
tu jrdfha msysàu jeo.;a ùu
� Bidk È. fudaiï iq<x ld,fha keõ wdrlaId lr .ekSug
;%sl=Kdu, jrdh fhdÞ .; yels ùu
2'2 Y%S ,xldj flfrys ì%;dkHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu
21fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
is;shu 2'1 Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu yd ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh
bkaÈhdfõ wdrlaIdjg fuka u bkaÈhdkq id.rfha kdúl lghq;=
fufyhùug;a fyd| uOHia:dkhla jQ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh m%xYjreka w;g m;a jqjfyd;a
th ;ukag b;d wjdisÞhl nj bx.%SiSyq ±k isáhy' fï ksid ,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh
msysàfï jeo.;alu yd ;%sl=Kdu, jrdfha úfYaI jeo.;alu bx.%SiSkaf.a wjOdkh
furg flfrys fhduq ùug ;=vq ÿka m%Odk fya;=jla úh'
Y%S ,xldj tA jk úg;a l=re÷ we;=`M l=`Mnvqj,g m%isoaO rgla úh' hqfrdamSh
fjf<|fmdf<a by< b,a¨ula ;snQ bia;rï j¾.fha l=re÷ furg ksIamdokh flrk
nj;a l=re÷ fjf<|dfuka ,kafoaiSka úYd, ,dNhla ,nk nj;a bx.%SiSyq ±k isáhy'
fï ksid l=re÷ fjf<|dfï tAldêldrh ;uka w;g .ekSug bx.%SiSkag wjYH ù
;snq‚' l=re÷j,g wu;rj furg .ïñßia" tkid,a" lrdnq keá" uq;=" ue‚la yd
we;a o;a wdÈh o by< ñ,lg wf,ú l< yels fjf<| øjH úh' fun÷ lreKq
ksid bx.%SiSka Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h msysgqùu flfrys fhduq jQ nj fmfka'
bkaÈhka
id.rh
bkaÈhdj
;s%l=Kdu, jrdh
22fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l%shdldrlu
ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug n,mE fya;=
my; i|yka ud;Dld hgf;a idlÉPd lrkak'
• Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu
• l=re÷ we;=¿ jákd l=¿nvq ,nd.; yels ùu
bx.%SiSka yd Wvrg rdcH w;r ¥; in|;d
mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeÍug ,kafoaiskaf.a iyh ,nd .;a fihska u
,kafoaiSka Èjhsfkka m,jd yeÍu i|yd fjk;a úfoaY cd;shl iydh ,nd .ekSug
Wvrg rcjre l,amkd l<y' fï wkqj lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud úiska bkaÈhdfõ
isá bx.%SiSka fj; fuka u m%xYjreka fj; o ¥;hka hjk ,È' bx.%Sis ¥;hka Wvrgg
meñŒug miqìu ieliqfKa tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' bx.%SiSka furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY
w;am;a lr .ekSug fmr Tjqkaf.a ¥;hka ;sfofkl= jßka jr Wvrgg meñK ;sfí'
� 1762 § fcdaka mhsnia Wvrgg meñŒu
� 1782 § yshq fndhsâ Wvrgg meñŒu
� 1795 § frdnÜ wekavDDia Wvrgg meñŒu
fcdaka mhsnia Wvrgg meñfKk úg lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq Wvrg md,lhd
úh' fiiq bx.%Sis ¥; .uka fol isÿ jQfha rdcdêrdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § h' fcdaka
mhsnia yd yshqfndhsâf.a .ukaj, § bx.%SiSkag wjYH jQfha ,xldj iu. fjf<|
in|;d we;s lr .ekSu hs' tu ¥; .uka isÿ jQ ld,fha ,kafoaiska yd bx.%SiSka
.egqïj,ska je<lS wjYH wjia:dj, ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh Ndú; lsÍug bx.Ss%iSkag
wjir mjd ,ndÿka w;r fï ksid ,kafoaiSkag tfrysj Wvrgg wdOdr §ug bx.%SiSyq
bÈßm;a fkd jQy' ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k wruqK jQ ,kafoaiSka m<jd yeÍug iydh
fkd ,efnk cd;shla iuÕ fjf<| in|;d we;s lr .ekSug Wvrg rcjre Wkkaÿ
fkd jQy' fï ksid uq,a ¥; .uka foflka id¾:l m%;sM, fkd ,enq‚'
1795 j¾Ifha wf.daia;= udifha bx.%Sis yuqÞj ,kafoaiSka i;=j ;snQ ;%sl=Kdu,
jrdh w,a,d .ekSfuka wk;=rej frdnÜ wekavDDia Wvrgg f.dia rdcdêrdcisxy rcq
uqK .eiq‚' ,xldfõ fiiq ,kafoaiS n,fldgq bx.%SiSka hg;g .ekSug igka isÿ
jk úg Wvrg rcqf.a iydh bx.%SiSkag ,nd .ekSu .ek idlÉPd lsÍu wekavDDiaf.a
23fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
¥; .ufka uQ,sl wruqK úh' tys § bx.%SiSkag wdOdr ,nd §ug rcq tlÕ úh' tfy;a
,kafoaiSka iu. furg § isÿ l< igk ;ukaa wfmalaId l< ;rï ÿIalr fkd jk
nj ,kafoais n,fldgq hg;a lsÍfuka miq bx.%SiSkag meyeÈ,s úh' fï ksid Èjhsfka
,kafoaiSka i;= m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSfuka ;uka ,nk jdish Wvrg rcq iuÕ
fnÞ yÞ .ekSug bx.%SiSka ;=< leue;a;la fkd ;snq‚' tys m%;sM, jYfhka Wvrg
rcqf.a fldkafoais ms<sf.k rcq iuÕ §¾> ld,Sk ñ;%;ajhla we;s lr .ekSug wjYH
idlÉPd meje;aùug bx.%SiSyq bÈßm;a fkd jQy'
l%shdldrlu 1
1' bx.%SiSkaf.a Wvrg ¥; .uka weiqßka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
j¾Ih ¥;hdf.a ku .ufka wruqK m%;sM,h
2'3 ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu
Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .ekSfï § ±lsh yels jQ lemS
fmfkk wjia:d ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h'
� 1796 j¾Ifha § bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<| iud.u Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, n,h msysgqùu
� 1802 j¾Ifha § tf;la bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<| iud.u hgf;a md,kh
jQ furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY ì%;dkH lsÍgfha hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lsÍu
� 1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSka hg;a lr .ekSu
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu
1789 j¾Ifha § m%xY úma,jh we;s ùfuka miqj hqfrdamfha Woa.; jQ kj
foaYmd,k jd;djrKh hqfrdamShhkaf.a wdishd;sl hg;a úð; lghq;= flfrys o
n,mEfõ h' úma,jfhka miqj m%xYfha ìys jQ kj wdKavqfõ yuqÞfjda 1794 j¾Ifha
§ ´,kaoh wdl%uKh l<y' fuys § ´,kaofha md,lhd fyj;a iageâfyda,av¾jrhd
24fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
miajk ú,shï rcq ì%;dkHhg m,d .sfha h' ,kafoaiSkaf.a rg jQ ,kaoh m%xY n,hg
hg;a úh' fï ksid ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY m%xYjreka hg;g
m;a ùfï wjodkula u;= úh' Y%S ,xldfõ jeo.;alu .ek ukd wjfndaOhlska miq
jQ bx.%SiSyq fuu wjia:dj Èjhsfka ;u n,h msysgqùug fhdÞ .;ay' m%xY wdl%uKh
ksid ,kao md,lhd jQ iageâkafyda,av¾jrhd ì%;dkHfha /ljrK ,nd isá fyhska
;ukag jdisÞhl ,smshla Tyq ,jd furg ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd fj; tùug
bx.%SiSyq lghq;= ie,eia jqy'
rEmh 2'1 ´,kao md,l miajk ú,shï
iageâfyda,aâ¾jrhd tx.,ka;fha lsõ
ud,s.fha isg tjQ neúka th lsõ ,smsh
jYfhka o ye¢kafõ' ,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka
i;= m%foaY m%xYjreka w;g m;a ùu
j,lajd .ekSu ms‚i tu m%foaYj,g
bx.%Sis yuqÞj we;=`M lr .; hq;= hehs
tu ,smsfha i|yka úh' 1795 j¾Ifha
fmnrjdß ui furg ,kafoais wdKavqldr
*ka tx.,afnla fj; tlS ,smsh ,enq‚'
tfy;a ,smsfha i|yka mßÈ ;u n,fldgq
;=<g bx.%Sis yuqÞj we;=`M lr .ekSug
fuu ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd ue,s úh'
fï ksid 1795 wf.daia;= udifha § bx.%Siska
úiska ,kafoaiska i;= jQ ;%sl=Kdu,hg
myr fok ,È' bx.%Sis m%ydr yuqfõ
,kafoaiSyq fldkafoais úrys;j hg;a jQy'
rEmh 2'2 tx.,ka;fha lsõ ud,s.dj
25fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
;%sl=Kdu,h bx.%Siska w;g m;a ùfuka miqj tjlg ,kafoaiSka i;=j ;snQ
uvl,mqj" uq,;sõ" fmaÿre;=vqj" hdmkh" ukakdru we;=M n,fldgq /ila u flá
ld,hlska bx.%SiSkag hg;a úh' 1796 fmnrjdß udih jk úg fld<U yd .d,a,
n,fldgq o bx.%SiSkag hg;a jQ fyhska ,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka i;= m%foaY ish,a, bx.%SiSka
hg;g m;a úh' ,kafoaiSkag idOdrK fldkafoais u; iduldój furáka bj;aj
hdug u. ie,fik .súiqula ta j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 16 Èk w;aika flre‚' fï
iuÕ ,kafoaiSka i;= jQ furg uqyqÿnv m<d;a bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.fï
md,khg k;= úh'
bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.u hgf;a uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, md,kh
mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l< ld,fha yels
;rï ÿrg iajfoaYSh ks,Odßka fhdÞ f.k mßmd,k lghq;= ixúOdkh lr ;snq‚'
tfy;a bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.ug tA ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid bx.%SiSyq
;uka hg;g m;a jQ m%foaY bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdis wdKavqj hgf;a jQ uÿrdis ks,Odßka
fhdÞ f.k md,kh l<y' 1796 j¾Ifha isg 1798 olajd tu md,kh mej;=‚'
uÿrdis md,kh hgf;a ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,khg frisvkaÜjrfhl=
m;a flß‚' Tyq hgf;a wdÞhï tl;= lsÍfï iyldr mÍlaIljreka msßila m;a l<
w;r Tjqyq lf,lag¾jreka f,i ye¢kajQy' lf,lag¾jrekaf.a fiajd uOHia:dkh
lÉfÉßh f,i kï flßK' furg lÉfÉß l%ufha wdrïNh isÿ jQfha tfia h'
lf,lag¾jrekag iydh i|yd ;j;a ks,Odßka msßila m;a lr isá w;r Tjqka
wjqñ,aÞ¾jreka f,i y÷kajd we;' wjqñ,aÞ¾jrekaaf.a iydhg o ;j;a ks,OdÍka m;a
lr isá w;r fuu ish¨ ks,OdÍyq lf,lag¾jrekaf.a wëlaIKh hgf;a wdÞhï
tl;= lsÍfï lghq;=j, ksr; jQy'
bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.fï md,kh hgf;a uqo,sjreka jeks iajfoaYSh ks,Odßka
fkd i,ld yer ;snq‚' by; lS w¨;a ;k;=rej,g wjYH msßi uÿrdisfhka
furgg f.kajd .;a w;r tfia meñ‚ ks,OdÍkag furg iïm%Þhka" ixialD;sh
fyda iajfoaYSh NdIdjka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd ;snq‚' tn÷ ks,Odß msßilg isú,a
mßmd,kh" wêlrK lghq;= yd wdÞhï bmhSfï lghq;= mjrd ;sîu ksid md,k
wêldßh yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj ÿria úh'
Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv m%foaY ;uka hg;g .ekSug lghq;= lsÍfï § bx.%Sis fjf<|
iud.ug úYd, uqo,la jeh ù ;snq‚' tlS uqo,a blaukska mshjd .ekSfï yd yels
;rï ,dN ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka md,k lghq;= fufyhùu fuu md,kfha ;j;a
lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' fï ksid iud.u úiska uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,g w¨;a nÿ j¾.
/ila mkjk ,È' tu nÿ" uqo,a jYfhka f.ùug isÿ ùfuka uyck;dj wmyiq;djg
,la úh' w¨f;ka y÷kajdÿka fmd,a.ia noao thg WÞyrKhls' fï wkqj fmd,a .ia
oyhlg jeä bvïj,ska tla fmd,a.ila fjkqfjka ߧ mkula ne.ska nÿ f.ùug
kshu flßK' fmd,a .fika ,efnk M,Þfõ m%udKh fkd i,ld nÿ wh lsÍu;a
26fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
tu nÿ" uqof,ka f.ùug kshu lsÍu;a .ek fjr<nv m%foaYj, fkdikaiqka;djla
we;s úh' kj md,kh flf¾ mej;s uyck wm%idoh ksid flá ld,hlska u th
le/,a,la njg m;a úh' 1797 j¾Ifha § bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.ug tfrysj we;s jQ
tu le/,a, uqyqÿnv m%foaY /il me;=re‚' uy;a fjfyila f.k bx.%SiSka úiska
le/,a, uev mj;ajk ,È' furg ì%;dkH md,kh wdrïNfha § u uyck;djf.a
úfrdaOhla mej;s nj fuu le/,af,ka meyeÈ,s úh' fï ksid uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,
;;a;ajh fidhd n,d wjYH m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍug fldñiula m;a flßK'
\ì%f.aäh¾ fckrd,a ã ñhqrkaf.aZ iNdm;s;ajfhka m;a l< tlS fldñiu ñhqrka
fldñiu f,i ye¢kafõ'
ñhqrka fldñifï ks¾foaY lsysmhla"
� nÿ tl;= lsÍug fhdojd isá uÿrdis ks,OdÍka wdmiq hjd tA i|yd foaYSh
ks,Odßka fhdojd .ekSu
� fmd,a .ia noao we;=`M w¨;a nÿ j¾. bj;a lsÍu
� wdÞhï tl;= lsÍu yd wêlrK lghq;= i|yd fjk fjk u ks,Odßka
m;a lsÍu
� ,kafoais Widú l%uh kej; msysgqùu
1798 j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ udifha isg furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, bx.%Sis md,kfha
lsishï fjkila we;s úh' tA wkqj mßmd,k yd foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu i|yd
ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska wdKavqldrjrfhl= m;a lrk ,È' tA hgf;a fmâßla fkda¾;a
wdKavqldrjrhd Èjhskg meñ‚fha h' uqyqÿnv m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSfï § bx.%Sis
fjf<| iud.ug jeh jQ uqo,a mshjd .ekSu i|yd wdÞhï tl;= lr .ekSu ;j
ÿrg;a fjf<| iud.u hg;g m;a flßK' wdKAvqldrjrhd ì%;dkH lsÍghg j.lsj
hq;= jQ w;r fjf<| iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,fha Wmfoia o ms<smeÈh hq;= úh'
fuu md,k l%uh oaú;aj md,kh jYfhka ye¢kafõ' 1798 j¾Ifha isg 1802
olajd tu md,k l%uh mej;=‚' oaú;aj md,kh hgf;a fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg
fjf<| iud.fï furg ks,Odßkaf.ka o fyd| iydhla fkd,enq‚' oaú;aj
md,kfha mej;s fun÷ wid¾:lùï ksid 1802 j¾Ifha § tu l%uh wjika fldg
furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY ì%;dkH lsÍgfha hg;a úð;hla njg m;a flß‚' t;eka isg
ì%;dkHhka i;= furg m%foaYj, md,k lghq;= uq`Mukska u ì%;dkH wdKavqj hg;g
m;a úh'
27fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l%shdldrlu
1' ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr.ekSu hk ud;Dldj
hgf;a flá m%Yak iy ms<s;=re ilia lrkak'
bx.%SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lsÍu
rEmh 2'3 - iajdNdúl wdrlaIs; ia:dkhla jQ uykqjr k.rh
1798 j¾Ifha § rdcdêrdcisxy rcqf.a wNdjh isÿ jk úg Wvrg
isxydikhg Wreulï ;snQ kdhlal¾ l=udrjreka fofofkl= isá nj fmfka'
tla wfhl= lkakidñ kï jQ w;r wfkla ;eke;a;d uq;a;=idñ úh' tjlg
Wvrg rdcHfha uydêldrï jQ ms<su;,õfõf.a fufyhùu hgf;a lkakidñ
l=urd Y%S úl%u rdcisxy kñka rc lug m;a flß‚' uq;a;=idñ l=urd wdrlaIdj
m;d bx.%SiSka fj;g m<d .sfha h'
28fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
bx.%SiSyq furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h
msysgqùfuka miqj jeä l,a fkd f.dia u Wvrg
rdcH flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l<y' fmâßla
fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a m%;sm;a;sh fuys §
úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd
uq,a ld,fha § ;ukag jdis Þhl .súiqulg
Wvrg rcq tlÕ lrjd .ekSug W;aidy lf<a
h' tA wkqj 1800 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui fikam;s
uelafvdaj,af.a kdhl;ajfhka Wvrgg ¥; msßi-
la heùug fkda¾;a lghq;= fh§ h' yuqÞ Nghka
1164la yd ld, ;=jlal= 8la o iys; fuu ¥;
.ufka wruqK jQfha bx.%SiSkaf.a hqoaO Yla;sh
fmkajd ;ukag jdis Þhl .súiqulg rcq leu;s
lrjd .ekSu h' tfy;a úYd, yuqÞjla Wvrgg
we;=`M lr .ekSu fuka u ld, ;=jlal= /f.k
tAug;a Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.ka wjir fkd ,enq‚' fï ksid yuqÞfjka úYd,
msßila ld,;=jlal= iu. w;ru. kj;d ¥; msßfika fldgilg muKla rcq yuq
ùug isÿ úh' uelafvdaj,a Wvrgg f.dia rcq yd m%N+ msßi iu. idlÉPd meje;ajQj;a
bx.%SiSkaf.a fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug rcq lsisfia;a leu;s fkd ùh' tu ¥; .ufkka
lsisÿ id¾:l m%;sM,hla fkd ,enq‚'
Wvrg rcq ;ukag wjk; lr.; fkdyels ùu .ek fkda¾;a lkiai,af,ka
miq úh' Wvrg iajdëk rdcHhla mej;Su uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, bx.%Sis md,khg ndOdjla
f,i ie,lsK' fï ksid fjr<nv m%foaY wdrlaId lsÍug yuqÞ fhoùug wu;rj
wNHka;r foaY iSud wdrlaIdjg o ;u yuqÞ fhoúh hq;= jQ fyhska úYd, úhoula
±Íug bx.%SiSkag isÿ úh' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, jeishka mjd Wvrg rcq ;u rcq f,i
ie,lSu;a tu m%foaYj, ler,s we;s jQ úg Wvrg rcq ler,slrejkag wdOdr §u;a
bx.%SiSkag mej;s ;j;a .eg¨jls' Wvrg rdcH lsishï úfgl ;u i;=rka jQ m%xY
cd;Skaf.ka wdOdr b,a,d isáhfyd;a th ;u md,khg ;¾ckhla jk nj o bx.%SiSyq
±k isáhy' tfia u fld<U md,k uOHia:dkfha isg ;u m%Odk kdúl uOHia:dkh
jQ ;%sl=Kdu,h iu. f.dvìfuka in|;d meje;aùug;a bx.%SiSkag wjYH úh' fuu
ia:dk fol w;r f.dvìï in|;d meje;aùfï § Wvrg rdcHfha n, m%foaYh yryd
.uka l< hq;= j ;snq‚' fï i|yd ud¾.hla bÈ lr .ekSug;a bx.%SiSkag wjYH úh'
fun÷ lreKq ksid Wvrg rdcH ;ukag wjk; lr .ekSu fyda hg;a lr .ekSu
flfrys bx.%SiSyq wjOdkh fhduq l<y'
1803 Wvrg wdl%uKh
uelafvdaj,af.a ¥; .ufkka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, fkd ,enqKq miq fkda¾;a
wdKavqldrhd Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug ;srKh lf<a h' tA wkqj 1803 j¾Ifha ckjdß
yd fmnrjdß udij, fld<U yd ;%sl=Kdu,fha isg yuqÞ lKavdhï folla Wvrgg
rEmh 2'4 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud
29fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
heùug fkda¾;a lghq;= fh§ h' uelafvdaj,af.a kdhl;ajfhka flreKq fuu
wdl%uKfha § fmnrjdß 21 Èk bx.%Sis yuqÞfjda uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M jQy' Y%S úl%u
rdcisxy rcq yd k.r jeisfhda wdrlaIl Wmdhla jYfhka k.rh w;yer f.dia
ixúOdkh jkakg jQy' bx.%SiSka úiska Wvrgg le|jdf.k f.dia isá uq;a;=idñ
l=urd rcq yeáhg m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È' tfy;a uq;a;=idñg lsis÷ iydhla ,nd fkd
ÿka Wv/áfhda Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq jgd tl;= fjñka igkg iQÞkï jQy'
jeis iuh wdrïN ùu;a bx.%Sis yuqÞj w;r f,v frda. me;sr hdu;a my;rg
isg Wvrgg ;snQ iemhqï ud¾. Wv/áhka wjysr lr ;sîu;a ksid wdydrmdk ysÕ
ùfuka yd fld<U iu. m‚úv yqjudrej ÿIalr ùfuka bx.%SiSyq wkfmalaIs;
;;a;ajhlg uqyqK ÿkay' fï w;r l,a h,a n,ñka Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr ksid
bx.%Sis yuqÞjg uy;a mrdchla w;a úh' ;u rElv md,lhd jQ uq;a;=idñ l-=urd Wv/
áhkag mdjd§ug isÿ ùfuka u bx.%SiSka ,enQ mrdcfha ;ru meyeÈ,s fõ'
fuu wdl%uKhg fmr fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg Wvrg ms<sn|j ksjerÈ
wjfndaOhla fkd ;sì‚' tfy;a ;u wdl%uKh mrdcfhka fl<jr ùu;a iu.
Wvrg rdcH Yla;su;a nj;a fun÷ wdl%uKj,ska th ch .; fkd yels nj;a
fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg meyeÈ,s úh' fï ksid 1803 wdl%uKfhka miqj Wvrg
iïnkaOfhka b;d WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍug bx.%SiSyq fm<UqKy'
1815 Wvrg wdl%uKh
1805 j¾Ifha § fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a md,k ld,h ksu ùfuka miq
f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ furg bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jYfhka m;a úh' fkda¾;a fuka
Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug fkd .sh fyf;u wkd.; wdl%uKhlg wjYH miqìu
f.dvke.Sfï WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;shla Èh;a lf<a h' tA i|yd Tyq fcdaka fvdhs,s kï
ld¾h Y+r isú,a fiajlhd fhdÞ .;af;a h'
fcdaka fvdhs,s
fcdaka fvdhs,s flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha WmdêOdßfhls' ,xldjg meñ‚ Tyq fiiq
wh fuka foaYSh ixialD;sh fy<d fkd ±l th wjfndaO lr .ekSug W.;af;a
h' Tyq mQcH lrf;dg O¾udrdu" ysñ hgf;a isxy, NdIdj bf.kSfï lghq;=j,
kshe¿fKa h' fvdhs,s .cuka fkdakd iu. o ;r.hg lú ,sùug mjd iu;a jQ
njg ckm%jdo .; f;dr;=re ;sfí' foaYSh isß;a úß;a ms<sn| ukd ±kqula ,nd
;snQ fvdhs,s nq,;a iemhSug mjd mqreÿ úh' fï ksid ck;dj w;r muKla fkdj
Wvrg ro, m%OdkSkaf.a o m%idoh Èkd .ekSug Tyq iu;a úh' ;u yelshdj,ska
m%fhdack .;a fvdhs,s ;SlaIK nqoaêhlska hq;=j ;udg mejreKq rdcldß fiajh
id¾:lj ksu lf<a h'
30fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 2'5 fcdaka fvdhs,s Wvrg m%N+ka iu.
fcdaka fvdhs,s Wvrg ro, m%N+ka iu. ryis.; in|;d mj;ajd .ksñka
Tjqka bx.%SiSkag mlaImd;S lr .ekSug lem ùfuka lghq;= lf<a h' tfia u
fjf<kaoka yd idia;rlrejka jeks úúO fjia.;a prmqreIhka Wvrgg hjñka
rdcOdksfha wNHka;r lghq;= .ek ish¨ f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug Tyq lghq;= lr
we;' fï ksid Wvrg rdcOdksfha wNHka;r wdrlaIl lghq;= ms<sn| fjk;a lsis ÿ
hqfrdamShfhl= fkdo;a f;dr;=re /ila wkdjrKh lr .ekSug fvdhs,sg yelshdj
,enq‚' fïÜ,kaâ yd fvdhs,s úiska f.dvk.k ,o jdisÞhl ;;a;ajh m%fhdackhg
f.k Wvrg hg;a lsÍfï bÈß mshjr ;nk ,oafoa fïÜ,kaâg miq wdKavqldr
;k;=rg m;aj wd frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a úisks'
Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSkag hg;a ùug fya;= jQfha bx.%SiSkaf.a WmdhYSS,S
lghq;= muKla fkd fõ' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § tu rdcOdksfha
mßydksh blauka flfrk lreKq /ila ks¾udKh ù ;snq‚' w;a±lSï wvq ;reK
wfhl= jQ rcq kdhlal¾ ×;Skaf.a nig wjk; ù ;SrK .ekSug fm<UqKq nj
fmfka' Wvrg wjidk uydêldrïjreka fofokd u rcq iu. u; fNao we;s lr
f.k ;snq‚' rcq n,hg m;a l< ms<su;,õfõ uydêldrï yd rcq w;r .egqï we;s
ù tys m%;sM, jYfhka uydêldrï urŒh oKavkhg ,la flre‚' wk;=rej tu
;k;=rg m;a jQ weyef<afmd< wêldrï yd Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;r o .egqula
ks¾udKh úh'
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § Wvrg m%N+ mka;sh ;=< fNao
W;aikak úh' fï ksid nyq;r ro, msßila rcqg tfrysj lghq;= lrk ;;a;ajhla
mej;=‚' óg fmr hqfrdamShhka Wvrg wdl%uKh l< wjia:dj, uyck;dj
31fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ixúOdkh lrñka rdcOdksh yd rcq /l .ekSfï igfka kdhlhka f,i lghq;=
lf<a o fulS ro, msßi fõ'
rcqf.a md,k ld,h ;=< NslaIq >d;k lsysmhla isÿùu ksid NslaIQka jykafia,d
yd rcq w;r in|;dj o .s,syS ;snq‚' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq wjika jir lsysmfha .kq
,enQ we;eï mshjr ksid Tyq yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj o ì| jeáK' fnda.ïnr
jej mq`M,a lsÍu" m;a;sßmamqj bÈ lsÍu yd uykqjr k.rfha kùlrK lghq;= wdÈhg
rdcldß fiajh i|yd meñ‚ inr.uqj" i;a flda,rh" i;r fldar,h jeks m%foaYj,
ck;djg rd;s% ld,fha w.kqjr kjd;eka .ekSu rcq ;ykï lr ;snq‚' fï ksid
tlS m%foaYj, ck;dj uy;a wmyiq;dj,g uqyqK ÿkay'
rcqg tfrysj inr.uqfõ le/,a,la we;s jQ wjia:dfõ jeä wmyiqjls;a
f;drj th u¾okh l< yels jqj;a ishhlg jeä msßila le/,a, wjidkfha uereï
lEy' fuu le/,af,ka miq weyef<afmd< w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid
uykqjr isá Tyqf.a ìß| yd orejka rcqf.a ksfhda.fhka wudkqIsl f,i >d;kh jQ
nj b;sydifha ±lafõ' ukqIH;ajfha iSud blaujQ fun÷ lghq;= ksid 1815 j¾Ih jk
úg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq yd uyck;dj w;r úYd, mr;rhla ks¾udKh ù ;snq‚'
hqfrdamShka Wvrg wdl%uKh l< iEu wjia:djl u Wvrg m%N+ mka;sh yd
uyck;dj Èú ysñfhka rcq wdrlaId lr .ekSug bÈßm;a jQy' Wvrg rdcOdksh
wdrlaId l< tlS ñksia mjqr Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a lghq;= ksid rcqg tfrys
n,fõ.hla njg m;a úh' fï ksid ;u rdcOdksh ;=< u rcq wkdrlaIs; ;eke;af;l=
njg m;a jQ w;r th bx.%SiSkag uy;a jdishla úh' fï ;;a;ajfhka m%fhdack .;a
n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd 1815 j¾Ifha ckjdß udifha Wvrg wdl%uKh l< úg
iqmqreÿ mßÈ rcq wdrlaId lr .ekSug Wv/áfhda bÈßm;a fkd jQy' fuu wdl%uKh
Wv/áhkaf.a hym; fjkqfjka isÿ lrk nj;a Wv/áhkaf.a i;=rd bx.%SiSka fkdj
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq nj;a tA;a;= .ekafjk m%ldYk Wv/áhkag ksl=;a lsÍug o
n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd lghq;= lr we;'
bx.%SiSka Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk úg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq uykqjr k.rh
w;yer wdrlaIs; ia:dkhlg f.dia ieÕù isáfha h' ueo uykqjr msysá tlS ia:dkh
Wv/áhka úiska u jg,k ,È' 1815 fmnrjdß 18 Èk Wv/áfhda rcq yd ìfidajreka
w,ajd bx.%SiSkag Ndr ÿkay' fufia rcq w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu ksid fjk;a lsis÷
hqfrdamSfhl= Wvrg § fkd ,;a chla ,nd .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' tfy;a rcq
w;awvx.=jg .;a mu‚ka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a úKehs ms<s.ekSug bx.%SiSyq i;=gq
fkd jQy' rcq w;a wvx.=jg .; yels jQfha Wvrg ro< m%OdkSka bx.%SiSkag iyh ÿka
neúks' fï ksid tu msßi iu. .súiqula w;aika lsÍfuka Wvrg hg;a ùu iïmQ¾K
lr .ekSug bx.%Siska úiska lghq;= lrk ,È'
32fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 2'6 ueo uykqjr msysá Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;awvx.-
=jg .;a ia:dkfha ;kjd we;s iaudrlh
Wvrg .súiqu - 1815 j¾Ih
1815 j¾Ifha ud¾;= fojk Èk uykqjr rdc iNd f.dvke.s,a, fyj;a u.=,a
uvqfõ § bx.%Sis wdKavqj fjkqfjka n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd yd Wvrg jeishka
fjkqfjka ro, m%OdkSka w;r Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;aùu iïnkaOfhka .súiqula
we;s úh' th Wvrg .súiqu f,i ye¢kafõ'
rEmh 2'7 1815 Wvrg .súiqu w;aika l< wjia:dfõ § ì%;dkHh Och ìu
fy<d mQqcH jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux., ysñhka kej; Y%S ,dxlsl fldäh tiùu
33fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1815 j¾Ifha ud¾;= fojk Èk u.=,a uvqjg /iaj isá msßig .súiqfï j.ka;s
lshjd f;areï lr §fuka miq lsisfjl= úiska fyda .súiqu w;aika lsÍug;a fmr isxy
fldäh my;g fy<d bx.%Sis fldäh tijQ wjia:dfõ mQcH jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux.,
ysñhka bx.%Sis fldäh ìu oud isxy fldäh h<s tiù hehs u;hla ;sfí' we;eï
jd¾;dj,ska fmfkk wdldrhg n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd yd iuyr ro, m%OdkSka
.súiqug w;aika ;nd we;af;a ud¾;= 10 Èk § h'
Wvrg .súiqu hkq Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a jQ nj ks, jYfhka
ms<s.;a fM;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a f,aLkhls' fuu .súiqfï uq,a j.ka;s ;=fkka
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg yd Tyqf.a ×;Skag Wvrg isxydikhg ;snQ ish¨ whs;sjdislï
wfydais flßK' y;rjk j.ka;sfhka Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%Sis wdKavqjg hg;a jQ nj
m%ldY flreKq w;r Wvrg idïm%Þhsl ks,Odß mka;sfha whs;sjdislï yd jrm%ido /
flk mßÈ bx.%SiSka th md,kh lrk nj ±laù h' miajk j.ka;sfhka nqoaO Ydikh
yd foajd.u lv fkdfldg mj;ajd .ksñka NslaIQka jykafia,d úydria:dk yd
foajd, wdrlaId lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿ úh' fiiq j.ka;sj,ska Wvrg rdcOdksfha
wêlrK lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh úia;r fõ'
Wvrg .súiqu w;aika lsÍu;a iu. jir fooyilg jeä ld,hla iqrlaIs;j
mej;s furg iajdëk;ajh wfydais ù ,xldj iïmQ¾Kfhka u úfoaY wdêm;Hhg
hg;a rgla njg m;a úh' .súiqfuka ,enqKq n,h m%fhdackhg .;a bx.%SiSyq Wvrg
md,kh i|yd wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ksfhdað;hd jYfhka fkajdisl ks,Odßfhl= f,i
fcdaka fvdhs,s m;a l<y' Tyqf.a ld¾hd,h uykqjr k.rfha msysgqjd Tyqf.a iydhg
;j;a ks,OdÍka msßila m;a flßK' ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a fiajh lsÍug leu;s jQ
ro,hkag bx.%Sis wdKavqj úiska ;k;=re m%odkh lrk ,È' fï wkqj Y;j¾I ;=klg
jeä ld,hla iajdëk md,khlg yqre ù isá Wvrg ck;djg úfoaYSh md,lhka
msßila úiska fufyhjk ,o md,k l%uhla hgf;a Ôj;a ùug isÿ úh'
l%shdldrlu
1' my; ud;Dld weiqßka flá m%Yak fmd;la ilia lrkak'
² ì%;dkHhka wdishdjg meñŒfï miqìu
² ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
² Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu
34fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
2'4 úfoaY wdêm;Hhg tfrys igka
1815 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka Wvrgg meñŒu ksid Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a
oro~q md,kfhka Wv/áhka ñÿKq kuq;a wk;=rej we;s jQ md,k l%uh ms<sn|j
Tjqka ;=< m%idohla fkd ;snq‚' Y;j¾I ;=klg jeä ld,hla mD;=.SiSka" ,kafoaiSka
jeks hqfrdamSh wdl%u‚lhkag tfrysj Ôú; mß;Hd.fhka igka lrñka /l .;a
ksoyi ±ka ;ukag wysñ ù we;s nj jeä l,a fkd f.dia u Wv/áfhda f;areï
.;ay' fï ksid 1818 iy 1848 hk jirj, Wv/áfhda ;ukag yqre mqreÿ igka l%u
fhdÞ .ksñka bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj ke.S isáhy' bx.%SiSka úiska wdKavqjg tfrys
ler,s jYfhka y÷kajk ,o fuu wr., úfoaYslhka Wvráka fkrmd yer wysñ jQ
ksoyi h<s Èkd .ekSug ±rE W;aidyhka f,i ie,lsh yels h' tneúka tAjd bx.%Sis
md,khg tfrysj mek ke.=Kq uq,a u ksoyia igka fõ' wms ±ka 1818 j¾Ifha igk
ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq'
1818 ksoyia igk
1817 j¾Ifha iema;eïn¾ ui isg 1818 Tlaf;dïn¾ udih muK olajd Wvrg
m%foaYj, mej;s bx.%Sis wdKavq úfrdaë wdhqO ikakoaO ke.Sisàu" 1818 ksoyia igk
f,i ye¢kafõ' Wvrg bx.%Sis md,kh wdrïN ù jir ;=kla .;ùug;a fmr m%N+
mka;sh yd idudkH ck;dj fun÷ igklg fhduq jQfha bx.%SiSkaf.a md,kh .ek
Tjqka ;=< ±ä l,lsÍula mej;s neú‚' fï wkqj 1818 igkg Wv/áhka fm<UjQ
fya;= /ila mej;s nj fmfka'
1818 igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;=
² ksoyi wysñùu yd rfcl= ke;sùu ms<sn| miq;eú,a,
my;rg mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais md,k mej;s iufha mjd ;ukaf.a u md,lhka
hgf;a ksoyi N=la;s ú¢ Wvrg ckhd 1815ka miqj ;ukag yqre jQ tlS md,k l%uh
wysñ ùu .ek ÿla jQjdg iel ke;'
rdcOdksh hg;a ùfuka miq ì%;dkH rc;=ud Wvrg m%foaYfha o rcq nj m%ldY
jqj;a tu rcq Wv/áhka lsis Èfkl ±l ;snQ wfhl= fkdfõ' Wv/áhkag wjYH jQfha
ie;mqï oyia .Kkla wE; rgl isák lsis osk fkd ÿgq rfcl= fkd j ;u w.kqjr
fjfik ;ukaf.a ÿla .ekú,a,la bÈßm;a fldg iykhla ,nd .; yels rfcls'
fufia ;ukag fmfkk ia:dkhl rfcl= ke;s ksid ;uka wrdðl hehs Wv/áhka
;=< yeÕSula mej;s nj fmfka' tl, Wvrg isá NslaIQka jykafia kula úiska
lshk ,±hs i|yka my; lú foflka rc flfkla ke;sùu ksid mej;s lkiai,a,
meyeÈ,s fõ'
35fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wfka l=yqôh fka
f;dmg;a rfcla bka fka
fudloE lrka fka
wfma lrefï wmg jka fka
rfcla ,enqfKd;s ka
tÞ lsßn;a lkak ka
fmryer lrkak ka
idÿ kdfoka .s.=ï fokak ka
² wd.u yd ixialD;sfha wdrlaIdj ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= ùu
Wvrg .súiqfï 5 jk j.ka;sfhka nqoaOd.u wdrlaId lrk njg bx.%SiSka
m%;s× § ;snqK;a nqoaOd.u weoyQ rfcl=f.ka ,efnk wdrlaIdj u tu wd.u fkd weoyQ
úfoaYslhka msßilf.ka wd.ug ,efnkq we;ehs Wv/áhka úYajdi fkd l< nj
fmfka' by; i|yka lúfha zrfcla ,enqfKda;ska fmryer lrkakka" idÿ kdfoka
.s.=ï fokakkaZ wd§ jYfhka i|yka ùfuka fï ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s fõ' NslaIQka
jykafia,d igkg iydh §u fuhg ;j;a WÞyrKhls'
úfoaYslhka hgf;a ;u iïm%Þhka yd ixialD;sh úkdY fj;ehs o Wv/áhka
;=< ìhla mej;sK' idïm%Þhsl md,kh hgf;a fmr isß; wdrlaId lsÍu rfcl=f.a
m%Odk hq;=lula úh' tfia u rc ud,s.dj" rdc iNdj yd mßmd,k lghq;= wdYs%;j
iïm%Þhka /ila mej;=‚' mer‚ md,kh hgf;a tA tA ;k;=rej,g kshñ; we÷ï
me<÷ï wdÈh Ndú; jQfha o tAjdfha f.!rjh iq/flk mßoafoks' tfy;a uykqjr
k.rfha olakg ,enqKq bx.%Sis ks,OdÍka yd fyajdfhda tu ixialD;shg wkq.; jQ
msßila fkd jQy' fï ksid wd.ñl wxYfhka fuka u ixialD;sl jYfhka o bx.%SiSka
yd Wv/áhka w;r mr;rhla ks¾udKh ù ;snq‚' th Wv/áhka ;=< ksoyi ms<sn|
yeÕSï u;= lsÍug fya;= úh'
rEmh 2'8 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udf.a isxydikh
36fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
² Wvrg m%N+ mka;shg myr je§u
1815 .súiqug wkqj Wvrg idïm%Þhsl ;k;=re bx.%SiSka ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajdf.k
.sh;a ro,hkaf.a n,h yd iudc ;;a;ajh iqrlaIs; fkdù h' ì%;dkH fid,aÞÿjka
Wvrg § ;ukag .re ire fkd olajk njg ro,hka fvdhs,sg meñ‚,s lr ;snq‚'
ro,hkaf.a idïm%Þhsl wdÞhï ud¾.j,g o tu md,kh ksid myr jeÿ‚' bx.%SiSka
lvj;a nÿ wfydais lsÍu ksid ro,hkag tu.ska ,enqKq wdÞhu wysñ ùu óg
WÞyrKhls' ro,hkag mdrïmßlj ysñ jQ ks, ;, fjkia lsÍug o bx.%SiSkag
yelshdj ,enq‚' Wvrg m%jdyk lghq;= Ndr jQ uäf.a fudykaÈrï ;k;=rg óg
fmr iEu úg u isxy, ks,Odßfhl= m;a lsÍfï isß;la mej;=‚' tfy;a bx.%SiSyq tu
;;a;ajh fkd i,ld yÊð ußlald¾ kï uqia,sï cd;slfhl= fudykaÈrï ;k;=rg
m;a l<y' fï ksid W!j fj,a,iai m%foaYfha ro, m%OdkSka ;=< n,j;a l,lsÍula
we;s úh' fufia úúO wkaoñka ro, m%OdkSkaf.a jrm%idoj,g" ;;a;ajhg yd wdÞhï
ud¾.j,g myr je§u ksid Tjqyq igkg kdhl;ajh §ug bÈßm;a jQy'
igfka iajNdjh
bx.%Sis md,kh flfrys Wv/áhka ;=< wm%idohla mj;sk w;r;=r
isxydikhg Wreuhla we;ehs lS fÞf¾idñ keue;af;la fj,a,iai m%foaYfhka u;=
úh' fldyq l=Uqf¾ rfÜ rd< jeks m%dfoaYSh m%N+jrekaf.a iydh we;sj Tyq rdcH
Wreuh ,nd .ekSu i|yd msßia tAlrdYs lrk nj nÿ,a, tAcka; v.a,ia ú,aikag ±k
.ekSug ,enq‚' fï ksid fÞf¾idñ w;awvx.=jg .ekSug v.a,ia ú,aika úiska yÊð
uqykaÈßï we;=`M msßila msg;a lrk ,È' tfy;a igkaldóka w;ska Tyq Ôú;laIhg
m;a úh' wk;=rej v.a,ia ú,aika tA i|yd msg;aj .sh kuq;a igkalrejkaf.a B
myrlska Tyq o ñh .sfha h' fj,a,iai m%foaYfha ck;dj fÞf¾idñ jgd tAlrdYs jk
nj ÿgq wdKavqj ;;a;ajh md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd W!j Èidj Ndr lemafmáfmd<
fj,a,iai m%foaYhg msg;a lr heù h' tfy;a lemafmáfmd< ;ud iu. isá bx.%Sis
yuqÞj wdmiq hjd igkaldókag tl;= úh' fufia lemafmáfmd< igk fufyhùug
bÈßm;a ùu;a iu. Wvrg ro,jre fndfydauhla igkg tl;= jQy' Wvrg m%foaY
/il u igk jHdma; ùug o th fya;=jla úh' m%Odk fmf<a ro,hka w;=ßka igkg
tl;= fkd jQfha fud,a,sf.dv Èidj yd tlake,sf.dv mu‚'
lemafmÜáfmd<f.a fufyhùu u; igkaldóka úiska fÞf¾idñ Wvrg rcq
f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' fï w;r lemafmÜáfmd< Èidj kj rcqf.a uydêldrï
;k;=rg m;a flßK' furg rdcH Wreufha ixfla;h jYfhka ie,l+ o<odj igka
lrejka w;g m;a ùu bx.%SiSka uqyqK ÿka ;j;a .eg¨jls' weyef,afmd< igkg
tl;= fkd jQj;a igkg kdhl;ajh ÿka ro,hka yd Tyq w;r ióm ×;s in|;d ;snQ
neúka Tyq bx.%SiSkaf.a ielhg Ndck úh' fï ksid bx.%SiSka úiska weyef,afmd< w;a
wvx.=jg f.k fld<Ug /f.k tk ,È'
37fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 2'9 lemafmáfmd< Èidj
igk u¾okh lsÍfï § bx.%SiSka
wkq.ukh lf<A b;d oro~q m%;sm;a;shls'
1818 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha §
wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrg m%foaYj,g hqoaO
kS;sh m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, isá bx.%Sis yuqÞj mjd Wvrgg
le|úK' igk u¾okhg bx.%SiSka
wkq.ukh lf<a ìï md`M m%;sm;a;shls'
.ïìï .sks ;eîu" jeishkaf.a iïm;a
úkdY lsÍu" yels ;rï msßila
w;a wvx.=jg f.k hqoaO kS;sh wkqj
o~qjï lsÍu tl, iq,N ,laIKhla
úh' bx.%SiSkaf.a ±ä u¾okh yuqfõ
§¾> ld,Sk igkla f.k hdug
Wv/áhkag yelshdj fkd ,enq‚'
fï ksid igfka kdhlhka /ila u
w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug bx.%SiSkag
yelshdj ,enq‚' fldínElvqj"
.,f.or fudfydÜgd," l;r.u
niakdhl ks,fï" nQgEfõ rfÜ rd<"
weyef,afmd< wêldrï jeks kdhlhka
o tfia w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQjka
lsysmfofkls'
igfka § rcq f,i bÈßm;a jQ fÞf¾idñg rdcH Wreuhla fkdue;s nj;a Tyq
jHdc mqoa.,fhl= nj;a fy<s jQ w;r bx.%SiSyq th m%pdrh l<y' fï iuÕ igfka
m%Odk kdhlhka jQ lemafmáfmd<" uvq.,a, yd ms<su;,dfj w;r u; fNao mjd
we;s úh' 1818 wf.daia;= yd iema;eïn¾ udi jk úg igk fndfyda ÿrg wvmK ù
;snq‚' Tlaf;dïn¾ udifha § lemafmáfmd< yd uvq.,af,a w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug
bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' hqoaOdêlrKhg bÈßm;a l< tu kdhlhka fofokdg u
urK o~qju kshu úh' 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 26 Èk bx.%SiSka úiska lemafmáfmd< yd
uvq.,af,a fofofkd ysi .id urKhg m;a lrk ,È'
38fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1818 igk wid¾:l ùu yd tys m%;sM,
igk wdrïN ù uq,a udi lsysmh ;=< th YS>%fhka me;=re‚' tla fmfoil
f.a fÞr j;= msá úkdY fldg bx.%Sis yuqÞj úiska igkalrejka m,jd yßk ,o
úg ;j;a fmfoilska igk werUq‚' tfy;a bx.%SiSka wu;r yuqÞ le|jdf.k
±ä u¾okhla Èh;a lsÍu;a iuÕ u tAldnoaO igkla fufyhùug Wv/áfhda
wfmdfydi;a jQy' fud,a,sf.dv ks,fu bx.%SiSkag ys;j;aj lghq;= l< neúka
Tyqf.a md,k m%foaYh jQ i;r fldar,h yryd fld<U iuÕ in|;d mj;ajd .ekSug
yelshdj ,eîu;a bx.%SiSkag jdis Þhl úh' fufia n,k úg igk wid¾:l ùug
n,mE fya;= /ila y÷kd.; yels h' tn÷ fya;= lsysmhla ixlaIsma;j my; ±lafõ'
1818 igk wid¾:l ùug fya;= (--
� bx.%SiSka wkq.ukh l< ±ä u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;sh
� §¾> ld,Sk igklg wjYH wú wdhqO fyda fjk;a iïm;a Wv/áhkag
fkd ;sîu'
� igfka wixúOdkd;aul iajrEmh'
� rcq yeáhg bÈßm;a jQ ;eke;a;dg rdcH Wreuhla ke;s nj;a Tyq jHdc
mqoa.,fhl= nj;a fy<s ùu'
1818 ksoyia igfka m%;sM, jYfhka weyef,fmd<" lemafmáfmd<"
uvq.,af,a jeks kdhlhkag Wvrg rdcHfha ksoyi fjkqfjka Èú ms§ug isÿ úh'
;j;a ro,hka /ilf.a foafmd< rdc ika;l flßK' igkg iydh ÿka kdhlhka
msßila rfgka msgqjy,a lrk ,È' wdKAvqjg tfrysj lghq;= l< msßig fufia úúO
o~qjï meñKjQ w;r bx.%SiSkag mlaImd;j l%shd l< fud,a,sf.dv" tlake,sf.dv
jeks ro,hkag úúO jrm%ido ,nd §ug lghq;= flßK'
1818 igk wid¾:l ùu ksid bx.%SiSkag ;jÿrg;a Wvrg n,h ia:djr lr
.ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚' n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd úiska 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk
úfYaI m%ldYkhla ksl=;a lrñka Wvrg ;u n,h iúu;a lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,È'
j.ka;s 56lska iukaú; tlS Ⱦ> m%ldYkfhka ro,hkaf.a n,;, lmamdÿ flßK'
tf;la ro,hka i;= jQ wêlrK n,h iSud fldg bx.%SiSkaf.a Widú l%%uh Wvrg
msysgqùug;a wjYH mshjr .eks‚' fï wkqj 1818 fkdjeïn¾ m%ldYkfhka Wvrg
bx.%Sis n,h msysgqùu iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a jQ njla fmfka'
1848 ksoyia igk
1818 igk wid¾:l ùfuka miq jir ;syla muK .;jk úg bx.%Sis
wdKavqjg tfrysj kej; jrla igkla isÿ úh' Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿ jQ mer‚
39fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rdcdKavq l%uh h<s msysgqjd .ekSug fojk jrg;a W;aidy l< fuu igk furg
bx.%Sis wdêm;Hhg tfrysj we;s jQ wdhqO ikakoaO fojk ksoyia igk f,i jqj
o ye|skaúh yels h' 1848 j¾Ifha § isÿ jQ fuu igk wdrïN ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;=
/ila mj;S'
igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;=
1848 igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;= flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, n,mEu yd rcfha
kj nÿ m%;sm;a;sh hk m%Odk lreKq folla Tiafia ú.%y l< yels h'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, n,mEu
rcfha bvï m%;sm;a;sh
1833 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul l< flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK wkqj rch bvï
úlsŒfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lf<a h' fldams j.djg wjYH idrj;a bvï yd
mßirh Wvrg m%foaYj, mej;s fyhska rcfha bvï m%;sm;a;sh tu m%foaYj,
idudkH ck;djg mSvdldÍ úh' 1840 j¾Ifha mkjk ,o uqvq bvï mk; wkqj jir
;syla fkd lvjd N+la;s ú¢ njg ms<s.; yels" idlals bÈßm;a l< fkd yels jQ j.d
fkd l< bvï rdc ika;l flßK' Wvrg jeishka mdrïmßlj N+la;s ú¢ fndfyda
bvïj, whs;sh fmkaùug kS;Hkql+, ,shú,s fkd ;snq‚'
fï ksid Tjqkaf.a fyaka bvï wdÈh úYd, jYfhka rdc ika;l úh' rch
fuu bvï b;d wvq uqo,lg úfoaYslhkag ,nd ÿ‚' fufia ;ukaf.a bvï wysñ
ùu;a lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= wvd< ùu;a ksid jeisfhda rch flfrys l,lsreKy'
.ï iNdj wvmK ùu
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß Y%u l%uh wfydais
lsÍu .ï iNdfõ meje;aug wys;lr f,i n,mEfõ h' tA tA m%foaYj, jeõ wuqKq yd
we<fõ,s bÈ lsÍu kv;a;= lsÍu fndfyda úg isÿ jQfha .ï iNdj u.sks' .ï iNdjg
Y%uh ,enqKq m%Odk l%uh rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh úh' tfy;a rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh wfydais
lsÍu ksid .ï iNdjg Y%uh ,nd .ekSu ÿIalr úh' .%dóh m%foaYj, iq`M wdrjq,a
úi£fuka .ï iNdfjka jeo.;a fiajhla ie,isK' tfy;a 1833 m%;sixialrK ksid
.ï iNd i;= wêlrK n,h wysñ úh' fun÷ lreKq ksid .eñ ck;dj mSvdjg m;a
úh'
40fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
kj wêlrK l%uh
leurkaf.a wêlrK m%;sixialrK wkqj .eñhkaf.a iq`M wdrjq,lg mjd
Widú lrd hdug isÿ úh' Bg fmr fun÷ wdrjq,a .ï uÜgñka úi|d .ekSug
yelshdj ;snq‚' kj Widúj, Ndú; l< bx.%Sis NdIdj fyda kS;s Í;s .ek .eñhkag
wjfndaOhla fkd ;snq‚' fuu Widúj, msysg m;d .sh úg kS;s{ .dia;= yd uqoaor
.dia;= wdÈh uqo,ska f.ùug isÿ ùu;a Èk .Kka Widúj, ld,h .; lsÍug isÿ
ùu;a .eñhka uqyqK ÿka ;j;a .eg¨ úh' fï ksid Tjqkaf.a fyaka f.dú;eka
wdrlaId lsÍu we;=`M lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= mjd w;miq úh'
rch yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj ÿria ùu
flda,anDDlaf.a ks¾foaY wkqj isú,a fiajd ;k;=re ixLHdj wvq lsÍu;a isú,a
fiajlhkag j;= j.d lghq;=j, fh§ug wjir ,nd §u;a m%foaYSh mßmd,k lghq;=
wld¾hlaIu ùug n,mEfõ h' fï wkqj mßmd,k ks,Odßhdf.a n, m%foaYh úYd,
jQ fyhska Tyqf.a wëlaIK lghq;= ksis mßÈ isÿ lsÍu ÿIalr úh' we;eï ks,OdÍka
j.d lghq;= .ek Wkkaÿ jQ ksid uyck wjYH;d .ek fidhd ne,Sug fh¥ ld,h
wvq úh' fun÷ fya;= ksid fmdÿ ck;djf.a .eg¨ rchg ksis f,i jd¾;d fkd jQ
w;r rch yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj wvmK ùug o th n,mEfõ h'
rcfha kj nÿ m%;sm;a;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fgdßkagka idñjrhd úiska 1848 §
w¨;a nÿ j¾. /ila mkjkq ,eîu igkg n,mE wdikak u fya;=j úh' fï jk
úg rcfha wdÞhï ;;a;ajh wvq ù ;snQ fyhska ie,lsh hq;= uqo,la uyck;djf.ka
tl;= lr .ekSfï wruq‚ka wdKavqldrjrhd úiska nÿ m%;sixialrKhla we;s lrk
,È' uqoaor noao" lr;a; yd Tre mdre noao" fjf<|ie,a noao" ;=jlal= noao" weÕ noao
yd n¨ noao tlS kj nÿ j¾. fõ' fuu nÿ j¾. ish,a,g u uyck wm%idohla mej;s
w;r" ;=jlal= noao" weÕ noao yd n¨ noaog tfrys úfrdaO;d jvd;a lemS fmkqKs'
.eñ ck;dj ;=jlal= Ndú; lf<a ;u j.djka wdrlaId lr .ekSu ms‚i h'
w¨f;ka mekjQ ;=jlal= noao wkqj jirlg is,sx folyudrla f.ùug isÿ úh' fï
ksid .eñhdg rcfha ld¾hd,j,g hdug isÿ jQ w;r tA i|yd .; jQ ld,hg wu;rj
bx.%Sis NdIdfjka ieliqKq b,a¨ïm;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug ;j;a wu;r uqo,la f.ùug;a
isÿ úh' ;=jlal= fjkqfjka jeh l< uqo, tAjdfha jákdlug;a jeä wjia:d ;snq‚'
fï ksid ;=jlal= noao flfrys ck;d úfrdaOhla mej;=‚'
iEu jeäysá msßñfhl= u jirlg Èk yhla fkdñ,fha mdrj,a ;ekSfï
lghq;=j, fhÈh hq;= jQ w;r tfia fkd l< fyd;a is,sx ;=kl weÕ noaola f.ùug
kshu úh' mdrnoao kñka ye`ÈkajQ fï noao ms<sn|j o uyck úfrdaOhla mej;=‚'
41fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
n,a,ka fjkqfjka o nÿ f.ùug isÿ ùu .ek m%n, uyck úfrdaOhla mej;=‚'
kj nÿ j¾. /ila mekjQ ld,fha § u rcfha —ks,a fmd;˜ kï ixLHd
f,aLk ix.%yh i|yd wdKavqj úiska f;dr;=re iólaIKhla isÿ lrk ,È' fuh
;j;a nÿ mekùfï iQÞkula hehs uyck;dj w;r ielhla u;= úh'
1848 igfka iajNdjh
wdKavqfõ nÿ m%;sm;a;shg úfrdaOh ±laùug uyck;dj tAlrdYS ùu ;=<ska
rch yd rgjeishd w;r .egqï wdrïN úh' fld<U" .d,a," uykqjr" nÿ,a, jeks
k.rj, fuu uyck tAlrdYsùï we;s jQ w;r bx.%Sis isú,a ks,OdÍkag tfrysj
tAjdfha § úfrdaO;djla u;= úh' nÿ,a,g /ia jQ we;eï f.dùyq ;=jlal= noaog
úfrdaOh ±laùu ms‚i tAcka;jrhd bÈßfha u ;u ;=jlal= fmd<fõ .id lvd ±uQy'
ydroyil muK ck;djla uykqjr lÉfÉßh wi,g /iaj nÿj,g úfrdaOh olajd
fm<md,s hdug iQÞkï jQy' fmd,Sishg fuu msßi md,kh lsÍu ÿIalr jQfhka yuqÞj
le|ùug isÿ úh' fld<U yd uykqjr m%foaYj,ska wdrïN jQ úfrdaO;d ud;f,a"
oUq,a," jdßhfmd<" l=reKE., jeks m%foaYj,;a me;sre‚'
ud;f,a" jdßhfmd<" l=reKE., jeks m%foaYj, ck;dj wdhqO w;g f.k
ixúOdkh fjñka rcfha f.dvke.s,s yd Widú wdÈhg myr §ug;a bÈßm;a jQy'
rcfha nÿ m%;sm;a;sfhka idudkH ck;dj jvd;a mSvkhg m;aj isá fyhska tu
ck;dj w;=ßka u;= jQ f.dx.df,f.dv nKavd" mqrka wmamq" äx.srd< iy §ksia jeks
kdhlfhda igka fufyhùug bÈßm;a jQy' igkaldóyq msßila oUq¨ úydrhg /iaj
tys kdhl iajdókajykafiaf.a iydh we;sj f.dx.df,f.dv nKavd rcq jYfhka
wNsfIal l<y'
1848 igfka m%Odk uOHia:dkh jQfha ud;f,a m%foaYh hs' Bg wu;rj
uykqjr yd l=reKE., Èia;%slalj, we;eï m%foaYhkays o .egqï jHdma; úh' tfy;a
1818 igk u¾okh lsÍu ;=<ska w;a±lSï ,nd isá bx.%SiSyq jyd u fuu igk uev
meje;aùug mshjr .;ay' fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhd úiska hqoaO yuqÞj fhdojd
igkaldókag tla /ia ùug bv fkd ;nñka Èh;a l< u¾okh ksid igk blaukska
u ì| jeáK' fï ksid igk wdrïN ù udi folla .; jk úg tys kdhlhka
fndfyda fofkla w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' tfia w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQ
f.dx.df,f.dv nKavdg tfrysj kvq wid li myr § Tyq ráka msgqjy,a flßK'
mqrka wmamqg urŒh oKavkh kshu flreKq w;r fyf;u tä;rj tu o~qjug
uqyqK ÿkafka h' igkg iïnkaO jQ ;j;a msßilg isr o~qjï kshu flß‚' fï
w;r bx.%SiSka úiska w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,o lvyfmd< ysñhkag tfrysj kvq wid
jeä j. úNd.hlska f;drj u miq Èk fjä ;nd urKhg m;a lsÍu .ek wdKavqjg
±ä wm%idohla t,a, úh'
42fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
igk wid¾:l ùu
1818 igk fuka fuu igk o ukdj ixúOdkh ù fkd ;sîu tys
wid¾:l;ajhg ;=vq ÿka tla lreKls' fuu igkg bÈßm;a jQ fndfyda fofkl=
idudkH ck;dj jQ w;r Tjqkag ksis hqO mqyqKqjla fyda wjYH wú wdhqO fkd
;snq‚' fï jk úg Wvrg ud¾. ms<sn|j bx.%SiSkag fyd| wjfndaOhla ;snQ w;r
Tjqkaf.a yuqÞ Yla;sh Wml%u yd wdhqO n,hg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug igkalrejkag
yelshdjla fkd ;snq‚' fuu igk Wvrg m%foaY lsysmhlg muKla iSud ùu ksid
myiqfjka u th u¾okh lsÍug bx.%SiSkag yelshdj ,enq‚'
1848 igk isÿ jk úg furg wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fgdßkagka idñjrhdf.a
lghq;= ms<sn| fndfyda úfõpk t,a, jQfhka furg ;;a;ajh fidhd ne,Sug
tx.,ka; wdKavqj úiska úfYaI lñgqjla m;a lrk ,È' tA wkqj fgdßkagka
wdKavqldrjrhd wdmiq ì%;dkHhg le|úK' uyck úfrdaOhg ;=vq ÿka nÿ j¾.
bj;a flß‚' tA wkqj fjf<|ie,a noao yd n¨ noao uq`Mukska u wj,x.= flß‚'
fiiq nÿ j¾. iudf,dapkh fldg tAjdfha wys;lr wx. bj;a lsÍug bx.%SiSyq
mshjr .;ay' nqoaOd.u iïnkaOfhka rch tf;la lghq;= l< wdldrh .ek furg
wm%idohla mj;sk nj f;areïf.k tA .ek ie,ls,su;a ùug o lghq;= flre‚'
furg f.dú ck;djf.a .eg¨ úi£ug 1850g fmr rcfha m%uqL wjOdkhla fhduq
fkd jQj;a miqj tu m%;sm;a;sfha o lsishï fjkila we;s jQ nj fmfka'
l%shdldrlu 1
1818 yd 1848 ksoyia wr., weiqßka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
j¾Ih igkg n,mE fya;= igfka kdhlfhda igfka m%;sM,
43fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ye`Èkaùu
1848 j¾Ifha mej;s igk ksu ùfuka miq Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkHhkaf.ka ksoyi
Èkd .ekSug lghq;= l< wjêh" wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreo iuh jYfhkq;a
foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK mej;s iuh jYfhkq;a m%Odk ld, mßÉfþo follg fnod
wOHhkh l< yels h'
1850 j¾Ifhka miqj 1915 muK jk f;la wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreo
jHdmdrfha lghq;=j,g m%uqL;ajh ,enq‚' 1915 isg 1948 olajd foaYmd,k
Woaf>daIKj,g uQ,sl;ajh ysñ úh'
1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a ùfuka miqj furg
idïm%Þhsl wd.ï yd ixialD;sfha meje;aug ndOd t,a, úh' fï ksid 19 jk
ishjfia w. Nd.fha § furg fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï ck;dj ;=< wd.ñl yd
cd;sl jYfhka uy;a m%fndaOhla we;s úh' tu ;;a;ajh cd;sl mqkreoh jYfhka
fuu mdvfï § úia;r flf¾'
3'1 cd;sl mqkreofha miqìu
hqfrdamSfhda wdishdfõ hg;a lr .;a m%foaY md,kh lsÍfï § ;ukag mlaImd;s
ck;djla we;s lr .ekSu i|yd iajlSh wd.u yd ixialD;sh m;=rejd yeÍug lghq;=
l<y' mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l< iufha Wvrg
iajdëk rdcHhla mej;s fyhska wdl%u‚lhkaf.a wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl lghq;=
Tjqkaf.a md,k m%foaYj,g muKla iSud úh' tfy;a Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a ùfuka
miqj ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a ngysr ixialD;sh rg mqrd me;sr hdug fÞrgq újr úh'
ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj, lghq;=
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furgg meñ‚ úfoaYSh ixúOdk lsysmhla ls;=Kq
oyu rg ;=< me;srùug l%shd lf<a h' tu ixúOdk ñIkdÍ ixúOdk f,i ye¢kafõ'
l%sia;= j¾I 1804 ¡ - 1818 ld,fha furgg meñ‚ ñIkdß ixúOdk lsysmhla my;
±lafõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ
cd;sl mqkreoh03
44fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ñIkdÍ ixúOdk Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ j¾Ih
,kavka ñIkdÍ iud.u
nemaáiaÜ ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh
fjia,shka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh
weußlka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh
p¾É ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh
1804
1812
1814- ¡ 1815
1816
1818
fuu ñIkdß ixúOdkj, idudðlfhda ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, wd.u
me;srùfï lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' nemaáiaÜjre fld<U uOHia:dkh fldg f.k
l%shd;aul jQy' fjia,shkajre W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaYj, l%shd;aul jQy'
weußlka ñIkdß ixúOdkh hdmkh yd W;=re m%foaYfha ;u lghq;= fufyhúh'
p¾É ñIkdÍjre fld<U" .d,a," l,amsáh" ukakdru yd uykqjr hk m%foaYj, ;u
lghq;= fufyhjQy' ñIkdÍjre ,xldfõ ;u wd.u me;srùfï § f,aLkh" foaYkh
yd wOHdmkh hk lafIa;% ;=kla udOH jYfhka Wmfhda.S lr .;ay'
f,aLk udOH fhdÞ .ekSu
,xldjg meñ‚ ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj,g uqøKd, msysgqùug fuka u fmd;am;a
iÕrd wdÈh uqøKh lrùug wjYH wruqo,a iy ixúOdk Yla;sh ;snq‚' ;ukag
m%Odk .eg¨jla jQ foaYSh NdId ±kqu ,nd .ekSug ñIkdÍ mQcljre isxy," fou<
jeks NdId yeoErEy' wk;=rej nhsn,h isxy,hg mßj¾;kh lsÍug;a iÕrd
mqj;am;a yd fmd;a m;a uqøKh fldg fnÞ yeÍug;a Tjqyq lghq;= l<y' tfia uqøKh
l< m%ldYk lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
uqøKh l< j¾Ih m%ldYkfha ku uqøKh l< ixúOdkh
1832
1840
1842
udisl ;E.a.
,xld ksOdkh
Wr.,
p¾É ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh
wd.ñl mqia;sld ix.uh
nemaáiaÜ iud.u
foaYk udOH yd wOHdmkh
ñIkdß mQcljre mkai,a yd uyck;dj .ejfik fjk;a ia:dkj, foaYk
mj;ajd ;u wd.ñl m%pdrj, ksr; jQy' tfia u mdi,a wdrïN lsÍug yd tAjd
mj;ajdf.k hdug;a Tjqyq lemùfuka lghq;= l<y' ñIkdßka úiska mj;ajdf.k
.sh mdi,aj, wd.ï m%pdrhg uq,a;ekla ysñúh' ñIkdÍ wOHdmk lghq;=j,g rcfha
wkq.%yh ,enq‚' ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § rcfha ;k;=re ,nd .ekSug bx.%Sis NdId
±kqu wjYH úh' fï ksid isxy, yd fou< orejkag bx.%Sis wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd
ñIkdß mdi,aj,g hdug isÿj ;snq‚'
45fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh
ñIkdÍka f,aLk yd foaYk udOHj,ska m%;sud jkaokdj ksire fohla
f,i m%pdrh lsÍu;a" fn!oaO yd yskaÿ we;eï isß;a úß;a úfõpkh lsÍu;a ksid
tAjdg ms<s;=re §fï wjYH;djla mek ke.=‚' tfia u isxy, fou< jeks iajNdId
wOHdmkhg rcfhka m%udKj;a wkq.%yhla fkd ,eîu ksid foaYSh NdId wOHdmkh
k.d isgqùfï wjYH;djla o u;=j ;snq‚' fuu .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùfï §
fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d mqfrda.dój lghq;= l<y' mQcH j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhka
r;au,dfka mru OïufÉ;sh msßfjk msysgqùu fn!oaO wOHdmk lafIa;%fha jeo.;a
isÿùuls' isxy," md,s" ixialD; jeks NdId yeoErE foaYSh ixialD;sh w.h lrk .sys
meúÈ mçjre msßila tu msßfjfkka ìys jQy' tu msßig wh;a mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S
iqux., ysñfhda 1873 j¾Ifha § ud,s.d lkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjk msysgqjQy' mQcH
r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal ysñhka úiska 1875 j¾Ifha § mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr
msßfjk msysgqjk ,È' fufia mer‚ msßfjka wOHdmk l%uh h<s wdrïN ùu ksid
;j ;j;a W.;=ka ìysùu" fn!oaO mqkreohg wdYs¾jdohla úh'
uqøKd, msysgqùu
fn!oaOhkag tf;la wvqmdvqjlaj mej;s uqøKd,hla msysgqùug mqcH nq,;a.u
Oïud,xldr isß iquk;siai ysñfhda lghq;= l<y' fï i|yd ,xldfõ Þkm;shkaf.ka
wdOdr tl;= fldg th m%udKj;a fkd ùu ksid ishï rfÜ rc;=udf.ka o wdOdr
,nd.ekSug ta ysñhka lghq;= lr we;' tlsS ish¨ uqo,a fhdojd 1862 j¾Ifha §
.d,af,a ,xfldamldr uqøKd,h msysgqùu fn!oaO mqkreofha ;j;a jeo.;a wjia:djls'
óg miqj fn!oaOhka úiska rfÜ úúO m%foaYj, ;j;a uqøKd, /ila msysgqjk ,È'
tn÷ uqøKd, lsysmhl kï my; ±lafõ'
fn!oaOhka msysgqjQ uqøKd, lsysmhla'
³ ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h
³ ljg l;sl uqøKd,h
³ iqo¾Yk uqøKd,h
³ iriú i|/i uqøKd,h
1862 j¾Ifhka miqj uqøKd, /ila msysgqùu ksid iÕrd yd mqj;am;a rdYshla
uqøKh lsÍug fn!oaOhkag yels úh'
46fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fn!oaOhkaf.a tn÷ m%ldYk lsysmhla fufia h'
³ ,lañ‚ myk
³ ,xldf,dalh
³ iriú i|/i
³ isxy, cd;sh
³ isxy, fn!oaOhd
m%isoaO jdo újdo meje;aùu
wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug ñIkdÍka foaYk udOH fhdÞ .;a whqßka Bg ms<s;=re
jYfhka fn!oaOhka o foaYk udOH fhdÞ .;a wdldrh m%isoaO jdo újdo u.ska
fmkakqï flf¾' ñIkdÍ mQcl;=uka,d iu. fuu jdo újdo meje;aùfï § fn!oaO
NslaIQka jykafia,d fmruqK .;ay' fuys § mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka
úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;drdufhys jev jdih l< tu ysñfhda
fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg úYd, fiajhla isÿ l<y' mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao
ysñhkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka l%sia;shdks mlaIh iuÕ meje;ajQ jdo újdoj, § mQcH
yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ" mQcH jialvqfõ iqN+;s ysñ" mQcH
fmd;=ú, bkaøfcda;s ysñ" mQcH r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal
ysñ jeks W.;a ysñjrekaf.a o iyh ,enq‚' tn÷ jdo
myla mxpuyd jdo hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
mxpuyd jdo
noafo.u jdoh 1865
jrdf.dv jdoh 1865
Wokaúg jdoh 1866
.ïfmd< jdoh 1871
mdkÿrd jdoh 1873
fuu újdo ud,dj w;=ßka mdkÿrd jdohg
cd;Hka;r m%isoaêhla ,enq‚' tu jdofha § fn!oaO
mlaIh fjkqfjka jdo l< mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a
.=Kdkkao ysñhka yd l%sia;shdks mlaIh w;r we;s
jQ l;d we;=<;a f,aLk lshùfuka meyeÿKq fykaß
iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud miqj ,xldjg meñ‚fha h'
mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ
mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ
47fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu
1880 j¾Ih muK jk úg fn!oaOfhda f,aLk udOH yd foaYk udOHfhka
bÈßhg meñK isá kuq;a ñIkdÍ wOHdmk l%uhg iß,k wdldrfha bx.S%is
udOH fn!oaO mdi,a moaO;shla msysgqùug wfmdfydi;a jQy' mdi,a msysgqùug yd
mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH wruqo,a fkdue;sùu yd ixúOdk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fkd
ùu Bg fya;=j úh' fï i|yd fÞrgq újr jQfha ´,afldÜ;=ud ,xldjg meñŒfuka
miq h' úfoaYslfhl= jQ fykaß iaà,a ,afldÜ;=ud furgg meñK nqÿ oyu je<|f.k
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug fmruqK f.k lghq;= lf<a h'
fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud
´,afldÜ;=udf.a u. fmkaùu hgf;a 1880
j¾Ifha cqks ui § fld<U mru ú×kd¾: iud.u
msysgqúh' th .sys meúÈ fomlaIh tl u fõÈldjlg
le|jk fmdÿ ixúOdkhla úh' wk;=rej tys YdLd
.d,a," uykqjr" r;akmqr jeks m%Odk k.r lsysmhl
u msysgqúh' fuu ixúOdkfha m%Odk wruqKla jQfha
fn!oaO YsIHhka i|yd fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu hs' tA
i|yd ´,afldÜ;=udf.a u. fmkaùfuka fn!oaO mdi,a
wruqo,la msysgqjk ,È' fuu wruqo,g wdOdr tl;=
lsÍug ,afldÜ;=ud NslaIQka jykafia,d iu. .ñka .u
ixpdrh lsÍu ksid mdi,a msysgqùu ms<sn| fn!oaOhka
;=< n,j;a Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrfha § fmruqK
f.k l%shd l< .sys meúÈ msßfika lsysm fofkl=f.a kï my; ±lafõ'
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug l%shdldÍ jQ msßi"
� fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud
� mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ
� mQcH r;au,dfka Y%S Oïudf,dal ysñ
� mQcH jialvqfõ Y%S iqN+;s ysñ
� mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ
� fÞka lfrda,sia fyajdú;drK uy;d
� wudßia o is,ajd ngqjka;=vdfõ uy;d
� fÞka iafmg¾ fiakdkdhl uy;d
� wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud
� fcrñfhia Èfhia uy;d
fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud
48fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùfï § by; i|yka we;eï fokd uqo,ska Bg wdOdr
Wmldr l<y' fufia lemùfuka l%shd lsÍu ksid ,xldfõ m%Odk k.r lsysmhl u
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug yelshdj ,enq‚' tfia msysgqjQ mdi,a lsysmhl kï my;
±lafõ'
fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h
uykqjr O¾urdc úoHd,h
.d,af,a uyskao úoHd,h
ud;f,a úch úoHd,h
.ïfmd< ðkrdc úoHd,h
kdj,msáfha wkqreoaO úoHd,h
fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh ksid uqøs; udOH
lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjla we;s jQ w;r úúO fmd;a m;a"
iÕrd yd mqj;a m;a lshùu ksid rfÜ ck;djf.a
nqoaê j¾Okhla we;s úh' wOHdmk m%fndaOh ksid
ck;djf.a idlaIr;dj by< .sfha h' bx.%Sis
wOHdmkh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj,ska
o úYd, fiajhla isÿ úh' ,afldÜ;=udf.a ueÈy;aùu
u; rch ,jd fjila fmdfydh Èkh ksjdvq Èkhla
njg m;a lr .ekSug yels ùu;a wo mjd Ndú;
jk fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh lr .ekSu;a fn!oaO
mqkreo iufha isÿ jQ ;j;a jeo.;a lreKls'
msßfjka yd fn!oaO mdi,a wdrïN ùu ksid foaYSh ixialD;sh w.h lrk
iuh udul ;reK mrïmrdjla ìys úh' tu ;reK msßi w;r foaYSh ixialD;sfha
Wiialu yqjd ±lajQ kj iudc iqOdrlhka msßila yd cd;sl f,aLl mrmqrla olakg
,enq‚' fï msßig wh;a wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud" j,sisxy yßYapkaø;==ud" mshodi
isrsfiak uy;d iy fcdakaa o is,ajd jeks kdhlfhda úúO udOH m%fhdackhg .ksñka
foaYSh ck;dj ;=< foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h j¾Okh lsÍug l%shd l<y' tu ksid
20 jk ishji werfUk úg fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh ;=<ska iajfoaYslhka ;=<
foaYdkqrd.h ±kùfï jHdmdrhla" fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSfï jHdmdrhla yd
wuoHm jHdmdrhla werô‚'
foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h j¾Okh lsÍfï jHdmdrh
ì%;dkH md,k iufha rg ;=< ngysr ixialD;sh fõ.fhka jHdma; ùu ksid
ngysr isß;a úß;a wkqlrKh lsÍu me;sr .sh w;r tA fjkqjg foaYSh ixialD;sh
w.h lsÍug ck;dj Wkkaÿ lrùfuka rgg wdorh lrk ck;djla ìys lsÍu" fuu
j,sisxy yßYapkaø uy;d
49fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
jHdmdrfha wruqK úh'
wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud furg w;S;
YsIagdpdrfha jeo.;alu yd fn!oaO iyÔjkfha
jákdlu meyeÈ,s lrñka kj Ñka;khla
bÈßm;a lf<a h' t;=ud m%isoaO foaYk mj;ajñka
o isxy, fn!oaOhd" yd uydfndaê iÕrdj jeks
m%ldYkj,g ,sms imhñka o fï i|yd l%shd;aul
úh'
mshÞi isßfiak uy;d ;u kjl;d
uÕska o isxy, cd;sh jeks mqj;am;a Tiafia o
,dxlslhka úpdrhlska f;drj ngysr ixialD;sh
je<| .ekSu úfõpkh lf<a h' óg wu;rj
fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d yd .sys W.;a;= /ila o foaYSh ixialD;sfha w.h u;=
lrñka ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug lghq;= l<y'
fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSfï lghq;=
rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miqj wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej jeks
mer‚ w.kqjrj,a wdY%s; fn!oaO iaudrl j,a ìys ù úkdY fjñka mej;s w;r 19 jk
ishji w. Nd.h jk úg tAjd m%;sixialrKh fldg w;S; Wreuhka /l .ekSu
.ek ck;dj ;=< Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' hqfrdamSh W.;=ka jQ fcda¾Ê g¾k¾" ßia fâúâ"
tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a" fykaß mdl¾ wdÈka fM;sydisl uQ,dY%h fidhd t<s oelaùug;a
mqrdúoHd .fõIK" leŒï" yd m¾fhaIK u.ska mer‚ ixialD;sfha we;eï wx.
u;= lsÍug;a mshjr .;ay' Tjqka ,shQ fmd; m;g mßjdr jYfhka foaYSh W.;=ka
fmd; m; ,Sùu;a ksid mer‚ YsIagdpdrh yd fM;sydisl Wreuhka ms<sn| fmdÿ ck
wjfndaOh mq`M,a úh' fuu mßirh ;=< j,sisxy yßiapkaø;=ud fndfyda lemlsÍï
lrñka wkqrdOmqrfha mQckSh ia:dk wdrlaId lr .ekSfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<a
h' wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud nqoaO.hdj jeks bkaÈhdfõ mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSug
bÈßm;a úh' fï w;r 1870 .Kkaj, § rejkaje,s iEh kej; f.dvke.Sfï lghq;=
o wdrïN úh'
l%shdldrlu
,xldfõ fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhla wdrïN jQ wdldrh ms<sn|j
my; lreKq weiqßka ,smshla ilia lrkak'
uqøKd, msysgqùu" jdoújdo meje;aùu" fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu"
foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h j¾Okh lsÍfï jHmdrh" fn!oaO
mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSu'
w.dßl O¾umd,;=ud
50fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wuoHm jHdmdrh
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a Èjhsfka uoHidr Ndú;h me;sr hdu ksid iudc
.eg¨jla ks¾udKh fjñka ;snq‚' fï ksid fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha kdhlfhda
uoHidr Ndú;hg tfrysj ck;dj ±kqïj;a l<y' fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d fuys
§ o lemS fmfkk fiajhla isÿ l< w;r wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud mshÞi isßfiak
uy;d iy fcdaka o is,ajd uy;d jeks wh úúO udOH u.ska ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug
bÈßm;a jQy' O¾umd,;=ud m%isoaO foaYk yd mqj;am;a ud¾.fhka fuu lghq;=j,
ksr; úh' mshÞi isßfiak uy;d ;u kjl;dj, úúO pß; ixjdohg ,la fldg
uoHidr Ndú;fha wksis úmdl meyeÈ,s lf<a h' fcdaka o is,ajd uy;d ;u kdgH
u.ska uoHidr Ndú;fhka isÿ jk úm; meyeÈ,s lf<a h' t;=ud rpkd l< isxy,
mrdNj kdgHfha iqrd ldKavh ;=<ska u;ameka mdkfha whym; fmkaù h'
yskaÿ wd.ñl mqkreoh
ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj, wd.ñl m%pdrl lghq;=j,ska t,a, jQ wNsfhda. ksid
furg yskaÿ ck;dj w;r o wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl msì§ula we;s úh' tlS yskaÿ
mqkreo jHdmdrhg kdhl;ajh imhk ,oafoa wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud úisks' ñIkdÍ
mdi,l t;=ud uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd ;sîu;a fuf;daÈia; iNdfõ foaj.e;sjrfhl=
hgf;a fiajh lr ;sîu;a ksid ñIkdÍ lghq;= .ek t;=udg fyd| wjfndaOhla
;snq‚' fï ksid uqøKd, msysgqùu" uqøs; m;%sld" fmd;a m;a yd m%isoaO foaYk u.ska
yskaÿ ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug iy yskaÿ ck;dj fjkqfjka mdi,a msysgqùug t;=ud
lghq;= lr we;'
wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud
kdj,¾;=udf.a u.fmkaùu hgf;a
hdmkfha jkakd¾mkafkhs m%foaYfha uqøKd,hla
werUQ w;r f,aLk udOHfhka ck;dj ±kqïj;a
lsÍug tu.ska mshjr .eKq‚' zWohNdKqZ hkqfjka
mqj;am;la wdrïN lsÍug o t;=ud lghq;= lf<a h'
oñ< isiqka i|yd ldKav ;=klska hq;= fm<fmd;la
rpkd lsÍu t;=udf.a ;j;a úYsIag fiajhls' tfia
u .oH moH fmd;a lsysmhla mßj¾;kh fldg
m%ldYhg m;a flß‚' fmßh mqrdKï yd ialkao
mqrdKï hk .%ka: thg WÞyrKhls'
wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud
51fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fou< isiqkag yskaÿ ixialD;shg .e<fmk wOHdmkhla ,nd §u i|yd
kdj,¾;=udf.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka 1849 j¾Ifha § jkakfmdfkhs ffYj m%ldY
úoHd,h msysgqù h' miqj wdrïN l< ffYj mßmd,k iNdj iy yskaÿ wOHdmk
iNdj u.ska yskaÿ mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrh ;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul lf<a h' fou<
isiqka w;r bx.%Sis wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsÍug 1872 j¾Ifha § hdmkfha Ysjka.,
úoHd,h wdrïN l< w;r miqj th hdmk yskaÿ úoHd,h njg m;a úh'
wdreuq. kdj,¾;=udf.a wNdjfhka miqj Y%Su;a fmdkakïn,ï rdukdokaa
yd fmdkakïn,ï wreKdj,ï hk kdhlfhda yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdr ;jÿrg;a
fufyhùug lemùfuka lghq;= l<y' fuu kdhlhka fofokd furg fou<
ck;dj w;r muKla fkd j isxy, ck;djf.a o uy;a f.!rjhg m;a jQ wh fõ'
1915 j¾Ifha § wdKavqj hqoaO kS;sh mkjd fn!oaOhkag tfrysj ±ä u¾okhla Èh;a
l< wjia:fõ fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d fn!oaOhka fjkqfjka o y~ ke.S h'
fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d isxy, kdhlhka iu. tl;= ù foaYmd,k n,;,
,dxlslhkag ,nd .ekSu ms‚i lghq;= lsÍu i|yd 1919 j¾Ifha § ,xld cd;sl
ix.uh msysgqùug uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<A h'
bia,dï wd.ñl mqkreoh
fn!oaO yd yskaÿ mqkreohg iu.dój furg uqia,sï ck;dj ;=< o wd.ñl
yd ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla we;s úh' wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdrhg
kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkakd fia u weï' iS' isoaÈf,ífn uy;d uqia,sï ck;dj ;=<
bia,dï wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkafka h'
1883 j¾Ifha § Bðma;=fõ isg ,xldjg meñ‚ bia,dï Nla;slfhl= jQ Trdì mdId
bia,dï mqkreo jHdmdrfha lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSug lem ù lghq;= lf<a h'
fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d
52fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
isoaÈf,ífn uy;d
uqia,sï ck;dj ;=< wOHdmk m%fndaOhla we;s
lsÍu;a bx.%Sis NdIdj yd wrdì NdIdj bf.k .ekSug tu
ck;dj Wkkaÿ lrùu;a isoaÈf,ífn uy;df.a uQ,sl
wruqKla úh' t;=udf.a u. fmkaùu hgf;a 1882 j¾Ifha
§ uqia,sï fkhsika kñka mqj;a m;la wdrïN flre‚'
wk;=rej isoaÈf,ífn uy;df.a u.fmkaùu u; uqia,sï
orejka fjkqfjka fld<U iysrd úoHd,h msysgqúh' uqia,sï
ck;djf.a wOHdmk lghq;= bÈßhg f.k hdu i|yd uqia,sï
wOHdmk iñ;sh kï ixúOdkhla msysgqjk ,È' w¨f;ka
we;s jQ wOHdmk wjYH;d ksid zuoardidZ kï uqia,sï wd.ñl
mdi,a m%;sixúOdkh flre‚'
isoaÈf,ífn uy;dg miqj à' î' chd uy;d
uqia,sï ck;djf.a wOHdmk m%fndaOh bÈßhg
fufyhùug lem úh' t;=ud fld<U iysrd
úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s jYfhka m;aj tu mdi,
ÈhqKq lf<a h' ,xldfõ m%foaY lsysmhl u uqia,sï
ck;dj fjkqfjka mdi,a msysgqùug chd uy;d
uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= l< w;r foaYmd,k{hl=
jYfhka o fyf;u úYd, fiajhla isÿ lf<a h'
isoaê f,ífn uy;d
l%shdldrlu
fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï mqkreo jHdmdrfha m%Odk kdhlhka
ms<sn| f;dr;=re f.dkqjla ilia lrkak'
à' î' chd uy;d
53fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ye¢kaùu
1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a ùfuka miqj 1948 j¾Ifha
§ Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,efnk f;la jir 133l ld,hla iuia; Èjhsk u ì%;dkH
md,kh hgf;a mej;=‚' fuu ld,h ;=< ì%;dkHhka úiska jßka jr wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrK lsysmhla furgg y÷kajd fok ,È' tfy;a tu m%;sixialrKj,ska
iEySulg m;a fkd jQ ,dxlslfhda md,k lghq;=j, § iajfoaYSlhkag mjrk n,;,
m%udKh jeä lrk f,i b,a,d wLKav Woaf>daIKhl ksr; jQy' 1948 j¾Ifha §
md,k n,h ,dxlslhkag ,nd .; yels jQfha tu Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
ì%;dkHhka furgg y÷kajdfok ,o wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK yd ,dxlslhkaf.a
Woaf>daIK ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu mdvfuka idlÉPd flf¾'
4'1 1833 flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK
1815 j¾Ifhka miqj ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjreka ,xldfõ md,k lghq;=
f.khdfï § rcfha wdÞhug jvd úhoï mlaIh by< .sfha h' fï ksid ,xldfõ
wdKavqldrjrekag furg úhou mshjd .ekSug jßka jr ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ uqo,a
b,a,d isàug isÿ úh' hg;a úð;j, lghq;=j,g uõ wdKAvqfjka È.ska È.g u uqo,a
jeh lsÍu ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;sh fkd ù h' tneúka ,xldjg meñK furg ;;a;ajh
fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu ms‚i hg;a úð; f,alï úiska ví' tï'
Ô' flda,anDDla ^ú,shï uelaìka fcda¾Ê flda,anDDla& keue;a;d m;a lr tjk ,È'
1829 j¾Ifha § flda,anDDla ,xldjg meñ‚ w;r" furg foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól
lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su Tyqg mejÍ ;snq‚' ,xldfõ tjlg mej;s wêlrK yd
kS;suh ;;a;ajh msßlaid ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug hg;a úð; f,alï úiska pd,aia
fyaa leurka keue;a;d m;a lrk ,È' tA wkqj leurka 1830 § furgg meñ‚fha
h' flda,anDDla fldñifï ks¾foaY mokï lr.;a wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla 1833
j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka úiska furgg y÷kajd fok ,È' th flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKh
f,i ye¢kafõ' leurkaf.a ks¾foaY wkqj wêlrK l%uh o m%;sixialrKh lrk
,È'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK hgf;a furg foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha
mq`M,a fjkialï we;s flfrk m%;sixialrK /ila y÷kajdfok ,È' tA w;r lemS
ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,k fjkiaùï04
m%;sixialrKj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK
54fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fmfkk m%;sixialrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� jHjia:dÞhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'
� Wvrg yd my;rg m<d;a i`oyd tAldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y÷kajd §u'
� Èjhsk m<d;a mylg fn§u'
� wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
� rcfha fjf<| tAldêldrh wfydais lsÍu'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska jHjia:dÞhl iNdjla yd úOdhl iNdjla
msysgqùu úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= lreKls' flda,anDDla fldñiu furgg meñ‚
wjêfha ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhdg wiSñ; n,;, mejÍ ;snq‚' th uyck ksoyig
ndOdjla f,i ie,l+ fldñiu wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍu ms‚i fulS
iNd msysgqùu fhdackd lf<a h'
1833 j¾Ifha § msysgqjk ,o jHjia:dÞhl iNdjg idudðlhka 15 fofkl=
we;=<;a úh' Tjqkaf.ka 09 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka fyj;a ks, n,fhka m;a
jQfjda fj;s' b;sß 06 fokd ks, fkd ,;a idudðlfhda jQy' hqfrdamShka fjkqfjka
;sfofkla yd isxy," fou<" n¾.¾ hk ck fldgia fjkqfjka tla wfhl= ne.ska
tu 06 fokd f;dard m;a flß‚' ks, fkd ,;a idudðlhka tu iNdjg m;a lsÍfï
n,h o wdKavqldrjrhd fj; mejÍ ;snq‚'
jHjia:dÞhl iNdj
ks, fkd ,;a 06ks, ,;a 09
hqfrdamSh
03
isxy,
01
fou<
01
n¾.¾
01
jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ ks, fkd ,;a idudðlhka m;a lsÍfï § ck j¾.
wkqj ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍu jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh f,i ie,fla' tlS jd¾.sl
ksfhdackh wkd.; jYfhka ,xldjg wys;lr m%;sM, we;s lsÍug fya;= úh'
jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ ks, fkd ,;a msßig jvd ks, ,;a msßi nyq;rh
ùu ksid uyck;dj ksfhdackh l< ks, fkd ,;a msßig tu iNdfõ n,hla
fkd ;snq‚' ks, fkd ,;a idudðlhka m;a lsÍfï n,h wdKavqldrjrhdg mejÍ ;snQ
neúka ;ukag ys;j;a msßila thg m;a lsÍug Tyqg yels úh' fï ksid jHjia:dÞhl
iNdj wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd;S iNdjl iajrEmh .;af;a h'
55fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
is;shu 4'1 - flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK wkqj
Y%S ,xldj m<d;a mylg fn¥ wdldrh
niakdysr m<d;
ol=Kq m<d;
uOHu m<d;
kef.kysr m<d;
W;=re m<d;
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK wkqj
Y%S ,xldj m<d;a
mylg fn¥ wdldrh
N
56fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1833 msysgqjQ úOdhl iNdjg hg;a úð; f,alï" NdKavd.dßl" .KldêldÍ"
ñkqïm;s" fld<U f¾.= whleñ jeks msßia we;=<;a úh hq;= hehs flda,anDDla úiska
ks¾foaY lr ;snq‚' fuu iNdj msysgqùu u.ska uqo,a lghq;= ms<sn| wdKavqldrjrhdg
;snQ wiSñ; n,h iSud lsÍug wfmalaId flßK' tA wkqj wdÞhï yd úhoï ms<sn| ;SrK
.ekSfï § úOdhl iNdj iu. idlÉPd lsÍug wdKavqldrjrhdg kshu flre‚'
tu iNdfõ ;SrK ms<s.ekSug wdKavqldrjrhd ne£ fkd isáh kuq;a úOdhl iNdfõ
Wmfoia fkd ms<s.kakd úg wdKavqldrjhd hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïf.ka tA i|yd
wkque;sh ,nd .; hq;= úh'
hqfrdamSh Woaf>daIK
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, hï hï wxY ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSfï
Woaf>daIKhla uq,a jrg wdrïN lrk ,oafoa furg isá hqfrdamSh jHdmdßlhka
úisks' ,xldfõ isá hqfrdamShka ksfhdackh lsÍug jHia:dÞhlhg ks, fkd ,;a
idudðlhka ;sfofkl= m;a lr ;snq‚' furg j;= j.d lghq;=j, ksr; jQ tlS
hqfrdamShkag wjYH jQfha j;=j.djg wjYH uydud¾." ÿïßh ud¾. yd fjk;a há;,
myiqlï ÈhqKq lr .ekSug h' tfy;a uq,a ld,fha jHjia:dÞhl iNdj ;=<ska tA i|yd
wjYH uqo,a fjka lrjd .ekSu ÿIalr úh' tfia u jHjia:dÞhlfha ks, fkd ,;a
msßi iq`M;rh ùu .ek o Tjqyq wi;=gq jQy'
ks, fkd ,;a msßi Pkao n,fhka m;a fkd lr wdKavqldrjrhd kï lsÍu
ms<sn|j;a Tjqka ;=< wi;=gla ;snqKs' fuu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd hqfrdamSh
jHdmdßlfhda iSñ; Woaf>daIKhla wdrïN l<y' tys § jHjia:dÞhlh ;=< m%Yak
weiSu" fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu" mqj;am;aj,g ,sms iemhSu" Woaf>daIK fufyhùug
ixúOdk msysgqùu wdÈh Tjqkaf.a Woaf>daIK l%u úh' fcda¾Ê fjda,af.a kdhl;ajfhka
hq;=j 1865 j¾Ifha § ,xld ix.uh msysgqùu hqfrdamShhka msysgqjQ ixúOdkj,g
WÞyrKhls' fuu Woaf>daIK ksid 1889 j¾Ifha § jHjia:dÞhlfha ks, fkd ,;a
ixLHdj 08la olajd jeä flßK' uqia,sï ck;dj fjkqfjka yd Wvrg isxy,hka
fjkqfjka kj ksfhdað;hka fofokd f;dard .ekq‚' hqfrdamShkaf.a Woaf>daIKj,
wruqK" md,k n,;, ,dxlslhka w;g m;a lrjd .ekSu fkd jQj;a ,dxlslhkag
wdo¾Y ,nd .ekSug tu Woaf>daIK m%fhdackj;a úh'
4'2 1910 m%;sixialrK yd miqìu
,dxlsl uOHu mka;sfha b,a,Sï
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK ksid 19 jk ishji ;=< furg wd¾Óluh yd
idudðh jYfhka mq`M,a mßj¾;khla isÿ úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 20 jk ishji
wdrïN jk úg mer‚ m%N+ mka;sh wNdjhg f.dia kj ,dxlsl uOHu mka;shla
57fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ìys úh' 1833 j¾Ifha isg .; jQ jir 70l muK ld,fha § rg ;=< we;s jQ wd¾Ól
yd iudc fjkiaùïj,g idfmalaIj foaYmd,k l%ufha fjkila isÿj fkd ;snq‚'
,dxlsl uOHu mka;sh fï .ek wi;=fgka miq jQ neúka 1908 ¡ 1909 ld,fha § Tjqyq
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla furgg wjYH njg mq¿,a f,i b,a,Sï bÈßm;a l<y'
1908 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fÊïia mSßia uy;d úiska ,xldjg
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla wjYH njg úêu;a fm;aiula uq,a jrg hg;a úð; Ndr
f,alï fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,È' wk;=rej ;j;a ixúOdk lsysmhla fun÷ fm;aiï
bÈßm;a lr we;' my; rg ksIamdok ix.uh" y,dj; ix.uh yd hdmk ix.uh
tn÷ ix.ïj,g WÞyrK fõ' tu fm;aiï u.ska Y%S ,dxlslhka b,a,d isá m%Odk
b,a,Sï lsysmhla fufia h'
rEmh 4'1 -¡ fÊïia mSßia uy;d
� jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ ks, fkd,;a idudðl
msßi by< ±óu'
� jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
� m<d;a no ksfhdack l%uh wkqj tA tA m<d;a
fjkqfjka Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka f;dard
.ekSug bv ie,iSu'
� jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ n,;, jeä lsÍu'
tjlg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fykaß uel,ï ,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g
úreoaO úh' fm;aiï bÈßm;a l< mqoa.,hka yd ixúOdk fmdÿ ck;dj ksfhdackh
fkd lrk njg Tyq ;¾l lf<a h' tfy;a wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla wjYH njg
u;= fjñka mej;s ;¾ldkql+, woyia fkd i,ld yeÍug hg;a úð; ld¾hd,hg
yelshdjla fkd ;snq‚' flda,anDDla wdKavql%uh fï jk úg jir 75lg jeä l,la
wdhq f.jd ;snQ neúka kj m%;sixialrKhla wjYH nj hg;a úð; ks,Odßka mjd
ms<s.;a nj fmfka' fï wkqj 1910 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ ui § kj m%;sixialrKhla
,nd fok nj hg;a úð; f,alï úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' tjlg furg
wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fykaß uel,ïf.a ks¾foaY mokï lrf.k hg;a úð; f,alï
lDDõ idñjrhd ie,iqï l< tu wdKavql%uh lDDõ -¡ uel,ï wdKavql%uh f,i
ye¢kafõ'
lDDõ ¡ uel,ï wdKavql%uh 1910
1912 isg l%shd;aul jQ fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ
58fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
idudðl ixLHdj 21 olajd jeä lr ;snq‚' ks, ,;a 11 fofkl= yd ks, fkd ,;a
10 fofkl= thg we;=<;a úh' ks, fkd ,;a 10 fofkdf.ka 06 fofkla jd¾.sl
ksfhdackh wkqj kdulrKfhka m;a flß‚' b;sß 04 fokd hqfrdamShka fjkqfjka
fofofkl=" n¾.¾ wh fjkqfjka tla wfhl= yd W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka tla
wfhl= jYfhka iSñ; Pkao n,fhka f;dard m;a flßK'
1910 m%;sixialrKh
jHjia:dÞhl iNdj
ks, ,;a
11
ks, fkd ,;a
10
Pkao n,fhka
04
kdulrKfhka
06
hqfrdamSh
02
n¾.¾
01
W.;a ,dxlsl
01
lDDõ uel,ï m%;sixialrKfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
� jHjia:dÞhl iNdjg m%:u jrg Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍug
bv ,eîu'
� W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka tla ksfhdað;fhl= tu iNdjg m;a ùu'
� ;jÿrg;a ks, ,;a msßi jHjia:dÞhlfha nyq;rh ùu'
fuu m%;sixialrKh hgf;a jHjia:dÞhlhg ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍfï §
Pkao n,h y÷kajd §u jeo.;a mshjrls' tfy;a Pkao Þhlfhl= ùug úfYaI iqÿiqlï
wjYH jQ neúka Pkao n,h ysñ msßi iSñ; úh' W.;a ,dxlsl uka;%Sjrhd f;dard
.ekSug 1912 mej;s ue;sjrKfhka fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d jHjia:dÞhlhg
f;aÍ m;a úh'
wuoHm jHdmdrh 1912 - 1915
1910 wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka ,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sï bgq ù fkd ;sì‚'
tA ms<sn| uOHu mka;slhka ;=< wm%idohla mej;=‚' tfukaa u 1912 jif¾ § rch
59fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rd ;enEreï msysgqùug wjir foñka kj iqrdnÿ mk;la mekùu ksid wuoHm
Woaf>daIKhla wdrïN úh'
ì%;dkH md,k iufha rg ;=< uoHidr Ndú;h by< hdu ksid wd.ñl
mqkreo jHdmdrh ;=<ska wuoHm jHdmdrhl=;a wdrïN jQ wdldrh ;=kajk mdvfï §
úia;r flßKs' wd.ñl mqkreoh yd ne¢ wuoHm lghq;=j, wruqK jQfha uoHidr
Ndú;fha wksis úmdl ck;djg meyeÈ,s lr § Tjqka bka uqojd .ekSu hs' tfy;a
1912 wuoHm Woaf>daIKh rcfha iqrdnÿ m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj mek ke.=‚' tys
§ uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<a 1910 m%;sixialrKfhka ;u b,a,Sï fkd ,eîu
ksid wi;=gq jQ uOHu mdka;slhka h' fï ksid 1912 wuoHm Woaf>daIKh jvd;a
foaYmd,k keUqrejla iys; jHdmdrhla njg m;a úh' tu wuoHm Woaf>daIKfha
lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� rcfha iqrdnÿ m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj uyck u;hla we;s lsÍug W;aidy ±Íu'
� uOHu mka;sl bx.%Sis W.;=ka yd wd.ñl mqkreofha l%shdldßlhka hk
fofldgi u tl wruqKlska lghq;= lsÍu'
� fld<U uOHu wuoHm iNdjla msysgqjd rg mqrd YdLd wdrïN lr wuoHm
iñ;s cd,hla f.dv ke.Su'
� wuoHm fõÈldfõ § wdKavqfõ lghq;= úfõpkh ùu'
1912 wuoHm Woaf>daIK ksid we;eï m%foaYj, iqrd ie,a jeiS .sh w;r
w¨f;ka iqrd ie,a msysgqùug ia:dk ,nd .ekSug;a ÿIalr jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fufia
wuoHm jHdmdrfha lghq;= id¾:l ùu;a" wuoHm iñ;s yryd ck;dj ixúOdkh
ùu;a wuoHm fõÈldfõ § wdKavqj úfõpkh ùu;a ksid tu jHdmdrh wvmK lr
oeóug wdKavqj wjia:djla fidhñka isáfha h' fï w;r 1915 § uykqjr m%foaYfha
isxy, yd uqia,sï ck;dj w;r .egqula we;s úh' th isxy, ¡ uqia,sï flda,dy,h
f,i ye¢kafõ' .egqu jHdma; ùug bvyeß rch th wjia:djla lrf.k wuoHm
jHdmdrh u¾okh lsÍug fhduq úh' tys § rch wuoHm kdhlhka /ila w;a wvx.=jg
f.k isxy, mqj;a m;a lsysmhla o ;ykï lf<a h' fuu u¾okh yuqfõ wuoHm
jHdmdrfha lghq;= wvmK úh' tfy;a wuoHm lghq;= yryd foaYmd,khg meñKs
t*a' wd¾' fiakdkdhl" ã' tia' fiakdkdhl yd i¾ ã' î ch;s,l jeks kdhlfhda
miqj cd;sl kdhlhka jYfhka kula Èkd .;ay'
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl jHdmdrfha wdNdIh
19 jk ishji wjidkh jk úg ,xldj fuka u bkaÈhdj ;=<;a ì%;dkH
n,h jHdma; ù ;snq‚' fufia ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;aj ;snQ bkaÈhdj ;=<
20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg m%n, cd;sl jHdmdrhla wdrïN úh' 1885 j¾Ifha isg
bkaÈhdkq kdhlfhda Yla;su;a Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhla Èh;a l<y' fuu Woaf>daIK
60fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ksid 1918 jk úg ,xldjg jvd bÈßhg .sh wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK bkaÈhdjg
,nd §ug ì%;dkH md,lfhda lghq;= l<y' iqf¾kaøkd;a nek¾ð" nd,a .x.dOd¾"
;s,la" uy;aud .dkaê" cjy¾,d,a fkare jeks kdhlfhda ì%;dkHhkag úreoaO
Woaf>daIKj,g bkaÈhdkq ck;dj iyNd.s lrjd .ksñka —iajrdcH˜ fyj;a ksoyi
Èkd .ekSfï m%n, igkla l%shd;aul l<y' uy;aud .dkaê" cjy,a,d,a fkare jeks
kdhlfhda ,xldjg meñK furg ck;dj o weu;+y' uy;aud .dkaê;=ud 1927 §
,xldjg meñK Èk lsysmhla u furg /£ isáfha h'
rEmh 4'2 ¡ uy;aud .dkaê;=ud
bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka wdNdih ,xldjg;a
,enqKs' ì%;dkHhg fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍu yd
hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï iu. idlÉPd lsÍu jeks
l%shdud¾. jeo.;a foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK
Èkd .ekSug m%udKj;a fkd jk nj fï
ksid furg kdhlfhda f;areï .;ay' tA wkqj
1915ka miqj jvd ixúOdkd;aulj Woaf>daIK
fufyhùug furg kdhlhka lghq;= l< nj
fmfka'
,xld cd;sl ix.uh
rEmh 4'3 ¡ ã' î' ch;s,l uy;d
1915 j¾Ifha isxy, uqia,sï flda,dy,h
wjia:dfõ hqO kS;sh mekùu u.ska wdKavqj ck;dj
u¾okh lsÍu ksid md,k lghq;=j, § ,dxlslhkag
jeä n,;, ,nd .ekSfï wjYH;dj ;Èka u;= úh'
tfy;a 1919 jk úg;a furg foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK
fufyhùug fmdÿ ixúOdkhla ìysj fkd ;snqKs' fï
jk úg l=vd l=vd ixúOdk /ila ;snqKq kuq;a tu.ska
m%n, y~la ke.sh fkd yels úh' fï ksid tA jk úg
mej;s ixúOdk ish,a, tl;= fldg 1919 foieïn¾
ui ,xld cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjkq ,eî h' 1915ka
miqj furg foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK jHdmdrfha lemS
fmkqKq kdhlfhl= jQ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï
uy;d ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha m%:u iNdm;sjrhd
jYfhka m;a úh' fï jk úg foaYmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| Wkkaÿ jQ ish¨ ixúOdk
cd;sl ix.uh hgf;a tAldnoaO ù foaYmd,k n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,nd .ekSug
Yla;su;a Woaf>daIKhla fufyhùu cd;sl ix.uh msysgqùfï m%Odk wruqKla úh'
fmdÿ wruqKla fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu i|yd isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jeks úúO
ck fldgia ksfhdackh l< ixúOdk /ila ,xld cd;sl ix.uh f,i tl u
ixúOdkhla ;=<g tlai;a ùu furg b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djls'
61fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh ^1920&
lDDõ uel,ï wdKavql%uh .ek iEySug m;a fkd ù ,dxlslhka úiska È.ska
È.g u fufyhjk ,o Woaf>daIK ksid 1920 § ,enqK fï m%;sixialrKh wkqj
jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 37 olajd jeä flßKs' tu msßfika 14
fofkla ks, ,;a wh jQ w;r 23 fofkla ks, fkd ,;a ksfhdað;fhda jQy' ks,
fkd ,;a msßfika 7 fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhd úiska kdulrKfhka m;a lrk
,È' b;sß 16 fokd m<d;ano ksfhdack l%uh wkqj iSñ; Pkao n,fhka f;dard
.;ay' ks, fkd ,;a msßi jHjia:dÞhlfha nyq;rh jqj;a ;SrKd;aul wjia:djl
§ wdKavqldrjrhd kï l< 7 fokd o ks, ,;a 14 fokd iu. tl;= ùfï miqìula
mej;s fyhska jHjia:dÞhlfha wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd; nyq;r Pkaohla ;snqKs'
1920 m%;sixialrKh
ks, ,;a 14
kdulrKfhka 07 Pkao n,fhka 16
ks, fkd ,;a 23
jHjia:dÞhlh 37
1920 wdKavql%ufha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ uq,ajrg ks, fkd ,;a nyq;rhla we;s ùu'
� m<d;ano ksfhdack l%uh y÷kajd §u'
� jd¾.sl ksfhdackh ;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul ùu'
fuu m%;sixialrKfhka jqj o wdKavqldrjrhdg mejreKq n,;, wvq fkd
ù h' ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha b,a,Sï o fkd i,ld yer ;snqKs' fï ksid ,dxlsl
kdhlfhda ;jÿrg;a Woaf>daIKj, ksr; jQy' ,xld cd;sl ix.uh uq, § fuu
m%;sixialrKh m%;slafIam lsÍug mjd ieriqKs' fï ksid flá ld,hlska ;j;a
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok njg ú,shï ueksx wdKavqldrjrhd fmdfrdkaÿ
úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 1924 § ;j;a wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,enqKs' th ueksx
fvfjdkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh f,i o ye¢kafõ'
62fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l%shdldrlu
,xld cd;sl ix.uh ìys ùug n,mE fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'
1924 wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh
fuu m%;sixialrKfhka jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ idudðl msßi 49 olajd jeä
flßKs' tu msßi ks, ,;a 12la yd ks, fkd ,;a 37la jYfhka m;a lsÍug lghq;=
flß‚' ks, fkd,;a 37ka 8 fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhdf.a kdulrKfhka m;a l<
w;r 29 fofkl= Pkao n,fhka m;a lsÍu jeo.;a lreKls' ks, fkd ,;a 12
fokd yd wdKavqldrjrhd m;a l< 8 fokd tl;= jqj o Pkao n,fhka m;a jQ
29 fofkl= isá neúka uyck Pkaofhka m;a jQ msßi tu iNdfõ nyq;rh ùu
fuu m%;sixialrKfha b;d jeo.;a ,laIKhls' wdKavqj mj;ajdf.k hdfï j.lSu
;jÿrg;a wdKavqldrjrhd fj; mejÍ ;snqK o jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ mlaImd;
;SrKd;aul nyq;r Pkaohla Tyqg fkd ;sîu ksid tys n,h uyck ksfhdað;hkag
mejÍ ;snqKs' fï ksid fuu wdKavql%uh n,h yd j.lSu fjka l< wdKavql%uhla
njg m;a jQ w;r wdKavqj mj;ajdf.k hdfï § o ÿIalr;d u;= úh' ú,shï ueksxg
miqj furg wdKavqldr Oqrhg m;aj wd yshq la,sm¾â wdKavqldrjrhd fuu ;;a;ajh
hg;a úð; ld¾hd,hg ±kajQ fyhska ,xldjg meñK furg ;;a;ajh fidhd n,d
m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍu i|yd fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu m;a flßKs'
4'3 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh 1931
fvdkfuda¾ idñjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;= fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu 1927
j¾Ifha § furgg meñK ,dxlslhkaf.a idlals úuid n,d ks¾foaY l< wdKavql%uh
1931 isg l%shd;aul úh' th fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf;la mej;s
úúO wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK w;r ,dxlslhkag ie,lsh hq;= foaYmd,k j.lSula
mejrE m%;sixialrKhla f,i fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' th
ksoyi Èkd .ekSug .uka l< udjf;a jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i o ie,lsh yels
h'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla fláfhka i,ld
n,uq'
63fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a idudðlhka 61 fofkl=f.ka hq;= jHjia:dÞhl
iNdjla msysgqúh' th rdcH uka;%K iNdj f,i ye¢kafõ' thg ksfhdað;hka f;dard
.;a wdldrh my; igyfkka ±lafõ'
rdcH uka;%K iNdj
m<d;a no Pkao
fldÜGdij,ska
50
rdcH ks,Odßka 03 wdKavqldrjrhd kï l<
08
rdcH uka;%K iNdj 61
rdcH f,alï
uqo,a f,alï
kS;s f,alï
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uQ,dikh fydnjk ,oafoa tys idudðlhkaf.a
leu;af;ka f;dard .;a l:dkdhljrfhl= úisks'
i¾jck Pkao n,h
1912 j¾Ifha isg jHjia:dÞhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;aÍfï § Pkao n,h
l%shd;aul jqj;a Pkao ysñ ixLHdj b;d iSñ; úh' tA wkqj Pkao Þhlfhl= ùug
lsishï wdOHdmksl yd foam< iqÿiqlula wjYH úh' fï ksid ÿmam;a ck;djg Pkao
n,h ysñj fkd ;snqKs' 1924 j¾Ih jk úg;a furg Pkao Þhlhka ixLHdj 4]la
;rï iq`M m%;sY;hla ùfuka tu ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia u ia;%Skag Pkao n,h
ysñj fkd ;sìKs' fufia ck.ykfhka wOHdmkh yd j;a fmdfydi;alï we;s
whg muKla Pkao n,h ysñ ùu ksid wvq wdÞhï ,nk ck;djf.a .eg¨ flfrys
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh wju ù we;s nj fvdkfuda¾ fldñifï woyi úh'
tfia u rfÜ fmdÿ ck;djg Pkao n,h fkd ,eîu ksid foaYmd,k lghq;= flfrys
Tjqkaf.a Wkkaÿj wvq ù we;ehs o flduidßiajre fmkajd ÿkay' fï ksid wOHdmk
fyda j;a fmdfydi;alu ms<sn| iqÿiqlïj,ska f;drj jhi wjq 21g jeä ia;%S mqreI
ish¨ mqrjeishkag Pkao n,h ,nd Èh hq;= hehs flduidßiajre ks¾foaY l<y' 1931
j¾Ifha § ,dxlslhkag i¾jck Pkao n,h ,enqfKa tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' th
fmdÿ ck;dj ,enQ úYd, ch.%yKhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh
fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrKj,g fmr jHjia:dÞhlh yd úOdhlh w;r
in|;dj wju ù ;snqKs' tfy;a fuu m%;sixialrK u.ska jHjia:dÞhl fuka u
úOdhl lghq;= ms<sn| n,hla o rdcH uka;%K iNdjg ,enqKs' ue;sjrKhlska miqj
64fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ idudðlhka ldrl iNd 7lg fnÿKs' tu ldrl iNdj,g
wh;a úIh lafIa;% fufia h'
¾ iajfoaY lghq;=
¾ lDIsl¾uh iy bvï
¾ m<d;a md,kh
¾ fi!LH
¾ wOHdmkh
¾ .ukd.ukh yd fmdÿ jev
¾ lïlre l¾udka; yd fjf<|du
tla tla ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd tA tA úIh lafIa;%h Ndr weu;sjrhd njg
m;a úh' fï ksid fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a ,dxlsl weu;sjre 7 fofkla ìys
jQy' tu.ska ,dxlslhkaf.a wjYH;d mßÈ tA tA wud;HdxY fufyhùug weu;sjrekag
yelshdj ,enqKs' rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § f.dú ckmo jHdmdrh" ksoyia
wOHdmkh jeks fmdÿ ck;djg n,mdk jeo.;a fhdackd /ila l%shd;aul lsÍug o
weu;s uKav,hg yelshdj ,eì‚'
wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,OdÍka
óg fmr mej;s wdKavql%u yd ii|k úg fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,h fndfyda ÿrg wvq ù ;snqKs' wdKavqldrjrhd rdcH uka;%K
iNdj yd weu;s uKav,h iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l< hq;= úh' tfy;a rdcH
wdrlaIdj" uqo,a lghq;= yd kS;s lghq;= jeks b;d jeo.;a wxY ;jÿrg;a rdcH
ks,Odßka ;sfokd hg;g m;a lr ;sîu fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufha mej;s ÿ¾j,;djla
úh'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a ,dxlslhkag hï n,hla mejÍ ;snqK;a
wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,Odßkag ;jÿrg;a rdcH md,kfha jeo.;a wxY /il
n,;, mejÍ ;snqKs' fï ksid 1931 isg u wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, iSud lsÍu yd
rdcH ks,Odßkag mjrd ;snQ wud;HdxY ,dxlsl weu;sjrekag mejÍu wjYH njg
Woaf>daIKhla wdrïN úh' tys § rdcH uka;%K iNdj yd weu;sjre b,a,Sï bÈßm;a
lsÍfï § fmruqK f.k lghq;= l<y'
iQßh u,a jHdmdrh
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh lrjd md,k n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,nd
.ekSug weu;s uKav,h" rdcH uka;%K iNdj yd ,xld cd;sl ix.uh wdÈh f.k
4'4 ksoyi i|yd Woaf>daIK
65fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
.sh Woaf>daIKj,g wu;rj furg jdudxYslhka úiska o ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï
Woaf>daIKhla Èh;a lrk ,È' 1935 j¾Ifha § ,xld iuiudc mlaIh msysgqjd.;a
wdpd¾h weka' weï' fmf¾rd" wdpd¾h fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd" jeks jdudxYsl
kdhlfhda ksoyi b,a,d f.k .sh Woaf>daIKj, m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd iQßhu,a
jHdmdrh fhdÞ .;ay'
rEmh 4'3 ¡ wdpd¾h fld,aúka
wd¾ o is,ajd uy;d
rEmh 4'4 ¡ wdpd¾h tka' tï'
fmf¾rd uy;d
iQßhu,a jHdmdrh wdrïN jQfha fmdms u,a jHdmdrhg
m%;súreoaO jYfhks' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufhka wdndê;
ì%;dkH fid,aÞÿjkag yd mjq,aj,g wdOdr tl;= lr .ekSu
i|yd fmdms u,a úlsŒfï jHdmdrh wrïN lr ;snqKs'
fkdjeïn¾ 11 Èk hqoaO iduÞk Èkh f,i i,ld iEu
jirl u tÈkg fmdms u,a úlsŒu isÿ flßKs' Bg wu;rj
tÈk fm<md,s yd W;aij mj;ajd ì%;dkH wêrdcH flfrys
,xldfõ mlaImd;S;ajh fmkaùug o lghq;= flßKs'
fmdmsu,a úlsŒfuka ,efnk uqo,a ì%;dkHhg hjkq ,eî
h' 1926 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõ fiajd uqla; Ng ix.uh úiska
fmdms u,a úlsŒu isÿ l< Èk isg iQßh u,a úlsŒfï
jHdrhlaa o wdrïN lrk ,È' miqj jdudxYsl kdhlfhda
iQßhu,a jHdmdrhg iïnkaO jQy' tfia u iQßh u,a
úlsŒfuka ,efnk uqo,a furg ÿmam;a ck;djf.a Y=N
isoaêhg jeh flß‚' fmdmsu,a úlsŒfuka ,enQ uqo,a
ì%;dkHhg hejqKq neúka" tu u,a ñ, § .ekSu
wêrdcHjdohg mlaImd;s ùula njg m%pdrh l<
jdudxYslfhda iQßhu,a me<£u ksoyia igkg Þhl ùula
f,i m%pdrh l<y' fmdms u,a jy,a nfõ ,l=Kla nj;a"
iQßh u,a ksoyfia i,l=Kla njg;a f.k.sh m%pdr yryd
ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;s úfõpkh úh' fï wkqj iQßhu,a
jHdmdrh ksoyi i|yd f.k .sh Woaf>daIKj, m%pdrl
jHdmdrhla njg m;a úh'
wud;H uKav,h yd cd;sl ix.uh
1939 j¾Ifha § fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN ùu ksid hqoaO wjia:dfõ §
ì%;dkHhkag ,xldfõ iyfhda.h wjYH úh' fuys § weu;s uKav,h ì%;dkHhg
iyh §ug bÈßm;a jqj;a hqoaOh ksu jQ miqj kj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla wjYH
njg Tjqyq lreKq ±lajQy' hqoaO wjia:dfõ § ,xldfõ wdrlaIl lghq;= mj;ajdf.k
hdug úfYaI wdrlaIl uKav,hla m;a l< w;r" tjlg lDIsl¾u wud;H ã' tia'
fiakdkdhl uy;d o tu uKav,hg iyNd.s úh' hqoaOh mej;s ÿIalr wjia:dfõ
§ weu;s uKav,h ,nd ÿka iyh ksid meyeÿKq furg ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd
we;=`M Wiia ks,Odßyq hqoaOh ksu jQ miqj ,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sï bgq jk wdKavql%u
66fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 4'5 ¡ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d
m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok f,i ì%;dkHhg ±kajQy'
tys m%;sM, jYfhka hï hï iSudjkag hg;aj ,xldjg
.e<fmk wdKavql%u jHjia:d flgqïm;la ms<sfh,
lsÍug furg wud;H uKav,hg n,h ,enq‚' 1944
§ weu;s uKav,h ieliQ tu flgqïm; wkqj furg
wNHka;r lghq;= ms<sn| iïmQ¾K n,h ,dxlslhkag
,efnk md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla fhdackd ù
;snq‚'
,xld cd;sl ix.uh o 1942 isg rgg ksoyi
,nd .ekSu ;u m%Odk wruqK njg m;a lrf.k
Woaf>daIKhl ksr; úh' cd;sl ix.uh fï ld,fha §
wud;H uKav,h iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lf<a h'
fida,anß wdKavql%uh
,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sï i,ld n,d weu;s uKav,fha jHjia:d flgqïm; o
ie,ls,a,g f.k kj wdKavql%uhla ms<sn| fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug 1944 j¾Ifha §
fida,anß fldñiu m;a flß‚' 1945 § fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a
jQ w;r md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla tu.ska fhdackd lr ;snq‚'
fida,anß wdKavql%uh fndfyda ÿrg wud;H uKav,h ieliQ flgqïm; yd
iudk úh' 1945 fkdjeïn¾ ui § rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska jeä Pkao ixLHdjlska
fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqu; lsÍu jeo.;a lreKls' fida,anß wdKavql%ufha iajNdjh
yd Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu ms<sn|j yhjk mdvfï § Tng jeämqr bf.kSug
,efí'
l%shdldrlu
my; ud;Dld ms<sn| flá igyka ,shkak'
rdcH uka;%K iNdj" úOdhl ldrl iNd" i¾jck Pkao n,h
67fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
5'1 wd¾Ól fjkiaùï
ye¢kaùu
ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .kakd úg È.= ld,hl
isg úldYkh fjñka wd md,k l%uhla" iudc wd¾Ól l%uh;a yd ixialD;shla
furg mej;=‚' tfy;a 1948 j¾Ifha § furg h<s ksoyi Èkd .kakd úg fï ish¨
wxYhkays m%n, fjkialï isÿj ;snq‚' Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s
iufha § rg ;=< úYd, mßj¾;khla we;s jQ nj fuhska fmfka' 1815 j¾Ih jk
úg furg mej;s idïm%Þhsl rdcdKavq l%uh ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § md¾,sfïka;=
wdKavql%uhla njg úldYkh jQ wdldrh óg by; mdvfï § meyeÈ,s flßK' tu
md,kh hgf;a Èjhsfka iudc wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl wxYhkays we;s jQ fjkialï
ms<sn|j fuu mdvfuka wjOdrKh flf¾'
Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%Þhsl wd¾Ól yd iudc l%uhg yd ixialD;shg moku ilia
jQfha wkqrdOmqr rdcH iuh ;rï wE; ld,hl § h' foajdkïmsh;siai rdcH iufha
isg nqÿ oyfï wdNdih u; f.dvke.=Kq tlS iudc wd¾Ól rgdfõ fjkialï we;s
ùu wdrïN jQfha 16 jk ishjfia mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñŒfuka miqj h' mD;=.SiSka uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, n,h f.dvk.df.k isá ld,fha fjf<|du flfrys jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq lsÍu ksid Tjqka hgf;a mej;s m%foaYj, lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= ;rula wvmK
úh' furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h mej;s iufha ,kafoaiSyq wmkhkh
b,lal lrf.k" l=re÷" .ïñßia wdÈh j.d lsÍfï l%uhla wkq.ukh l<y' tfia
u ,kafoaiSka iq`M l¾udka; lsysmhla wdrïN l< fyhska ksu lrk jev fldgia
wkqj f.ùï lsÍu" jegqmg fiajh lrk lïlre msßila iq`M jYfhka fyda ìysùu
wdÈh o olakg ,efí' tfy;a mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka uqyqÿnv m%foaY wdY%s;j ;u
n,h f.dvk.d f.k isá iufha Èjhsfka úYd, m%foaYhl Wvrg rcOdksfha n,h
jHdma;j mej;s fyhska idïm%Þhsl iudc wd¾Ól rgdfõ mq`M,a fjkila we;s lsÍug
tlS hqfrdamShkag yelshdj fkd ,enq‚'
ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .kakd úg idïm%Þhsl
iudc wd¾Ól l%uh weiqfrka f.dvke.=Kq iudc l%uhla furg mej;=‚' tu
iudch ;=< m%N+ mka;shla isá w;r tu msßi rfÜ ck.ykfhka b;d iq`M msßils'
m%N+ mka;sh fndfyda úg rfÜ mßmd,k lghq;= fufyhjd we;' rfÜ w;snyq;r
ck;dj idudkH ckhd jQ w;r Tjqyq lDIsl¾udka;h u; hemqKy'
ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ
iudc mßj¾;kh 05
68fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
furg idïm%Þhsl ck Ôú;h .u uQ,sl lrf.k ìysj ;snq‚' .fï ck;djg
wjYH wdydr mdk .u ;=< u ksIamdokh l< fyhska th .%dóh iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól
l%uhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' wfkHdakH iyfhda.h yd iyÔjkh iudcfha
mej;=‚' tl, iudcfha jegqmg jev lsÍfï l%uhla olakg fkd ,eì‚' ;ukaf.a
f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g Y%uh jeh l< tla tla whf.a f.dú;eka lghq;= i|yd
wÞ< Èk .Kkaj,g iß,k fia ;u Y%uh ,nd §u fyj;a w;a;ï l%uh hgf;a
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= isÿ úh' fï ksid iudcfha uqo,a Ndú;h wju ù ;snq‚'
.ï jeishkaf.a iq`M iq`M wdrjq,a yd iq`M meñ‚,s úNd. lrk ,oafoa .ï
iNdj úisks' .fï we< fõ,s ieliSu" jeõ wuqKq kv;a;=j" mdrj,a yd fjfyr
úydr ;ekùu jeks fmdÿ lghq;= fufyhùfï § .ï iNdjg jeo.;a ;ekla ,enq‚'
idïm%Þhsl rdcldß Y%u l%uh hgf;a .ï iNdjg wjYH Y%uh ,nd .; yels úh'
miqj .ï iNdj .fï iq`M wêlrK lghq;= úi|k wdh;khlaj mej;=‚'
1815 j¾Ihg fmr mej;s mßmd,k l%uh hgf;a rchg wjYH Y%uh ,nd
.;af;a rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh u.sks' tl, bvï N+la;s rdcldß l%uh yd wksjd¾h fiajd
rdcldß l%uh jYfhka Y%uh iemhSfï l%u folla ;snq‚'
w;S;fha rcqg wjYH fiajd imhk ks,OdÍkag hemSu i|yd bv lvï ,nd §
;sìK' fiajd mrfõ‚ bvï f,i y÷kajk ,o tlS bvï j.d l< wh rcqg wjYH
fiajh iemhQy' ks,OdÍkag ,enqKq fuu bvï j.d lsÍu idudkH ck;djg ,nd
§ ;snqKq w;r tlS bvï j.d lsÍu fjkqfjka fiajh u.ska Y%uh iemhSug tu
j.dlrejkag isÿ úh' th bvï N=la;s rdcldßh f,i ye¢kafõ'
rfÜ jeäysá msßñ ish¨ fokd u jirlg kshñ; Èk .Kkla lsisÿ f.ùulska
f;drj rcqg wjYH Y%uh iemhsh hq;= úh' .ï m%OdkSka yd .ïiNdj hgf;a tu Y%u
l%uh l%shd;aul flß‚' fndfyda úg .fï fmdÿ jevj,g wjYH Y%uh ,enqfKa
fuu wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldßh u.sks'
� flda,anDDla fldñifï wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK
bx.%SiSka furg md,kh lsÍfï § rcfha wdÞhug jvd úhou jeä ùu
flda,anDDla fldñiu tùug ;=vq ÿka m%Odk fya;=j úh' th wd¾Ól lreKla jQ
neúka bx.%SiSkaf.a wruqKqj,g .e<fmk wd¾Ól l%uhla furg ìys jk wdldrfha
m%;sixialrK /ila y÷kajd §ug flda,anDDla mshjr .;a nj fmfka' tjlg
rch uqyqK ÿka wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d uÕyrjd .ekSug kï wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;a jk
wxY flf¾ Okh wdfhdackh l< hq;=j ;sìK' tfy;a rchg tA i|yd uqo,a fkd
;snQ neúka fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhkag Okh wdfhdackh l< yels miqìula furg
69fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
f.dvke.Su flda,anDDla fldñifï wruqK ù ;sìK'
Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jQ idïm%odhsl bvï N+la;s l%uh fm!oa.,sl jHjidfha
ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla hehs ie,l+ neúka rch bvï úlsŒfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul l<
hq;= hehs flda,anDDla ks¾foaY lf<a h' fï wkqj úfoaYslhkag fuka iajfoaYlhkag o
leue;s m%%udKhla bvï ñ, § .ekSug wjia:dj ,eì‚' furg isá isú,a ks,OdÍkag
j;= j.djg wjir Èh hq;= hehs flda,anDDla ks¾foaY l< ksid rcfha bvï ñ, §
.ekSfï wjia:dj Tjqkag o ,enqKs'
bvï ñ, § .;a jHdmdßlhkag tAjd j.d lrùug Y%uh wjYH fõ' idïm%Þhslj
mej;s wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh wkqj rcfha lghq;=j,g Y%uh ,nd.;af;a
uqo,a f.ùulska f;drj h' th fm!oa.,sl ksoyig ndOdjla jQjd fia u fm!oa.,sl
jHjidh l%uhg fkd .e<fmk nj o flda,anDDla ÿgqfõ h' fï ksid wksjd¾h
fiajd rdcldß Y%u l%uh wfydais lsÍug flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h' tA wkqj Y%uh
hkq lsishï uqo,lg ñ, § .; yels fohla njg m;a jQfhka jegqmg fiajh lrk
Y%ñlhka ìys ùug wjYH miqìu f.dvke.sK'
flda,anDDla furgg meñfKk úg mej;s wd¾Ól l%uh wkqj l=re÷ yd
¨Kq fjf<|du rcfha tAldêldrhla jYfhka mej;=‚' fufia rdcH tAldêldrhla
mj;ajdf.k hdu fm!oa.,sl jHjidh l%uh iu. fkd .e<fma' fï ksid l=re÷
yd ¨Kq tAldêldrh wfydais fldg fm!oa.,sl wxYhg;a tu lafIa;%j, jHdmdßl
lghq;=j,g fh§ug bv ie,iSug fhdackd flßK' tl, rcfha wdÞhï ud¾.
jQ ud`M noao" bvï noao" u;ameka noao wdÈh iDcq jYfhka wh l< nÿ j¾. úh'
WÞyrKhla jYfhka ±lajqjfyd;a w,a,k ,o ud`Mj,ska fldgila nÿ jYfhka
f.ùug isÿ ù ;snq‚' tA tA m%foaYfha nÿ wh lsÍfï whs;sh fjkafoais lr ;snQ
w;r fjkafoaisfhka tu whs;sh ñ, § .;a msßig ud`Mj,ska fldgila nÿ jYfhka
,nd §ug ëjrhkag isÿ úh' fufia w,a,k ,o ud¿j,ska fldgila nÿ jYfhka
,nd .ekSu fjkqjg fndaÜgqj,g n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfuka tu noao jl%j wh lsÍug
fhdackd flß‚' bvï noao o iDcq noaola f,i mej;=‚' nÿ tl;= lsÍfï whs;sh
rch fjkafoaisfha úl=Kd ;snQ w;r tu whs;sh ñ, § .;a msßia bvïj, ksIamdok
øjHj,ska nÿ wh l<y' th wfydais fldg ish¨ bvïj,ska iudk noaola uqo,ska wh
lsÍug flda,anDDla ks¾foaY lf<a h'
Èjhsfka b;sß lsÍfï nexl=jla msysgqúh hq;= nj flda,anDDlaf.a ;j;a
fhdackdjls' j;= j.d lghq;=j,g Okh wdfhdackh lrk jHdmdßlhkag idOdrK
fmd<shlg uqo,a ,nd .ekSug bv i,id §u tys wruqK úh'
70fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
j;= j.dfõ ÈhqKqj
flda,anDDla fldñifï ks¾foaY 1833 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul lsÍu;a iu.
furg mq`M,a wd¾Ól mßj¾;khlg u. ie,isK' fm!oa.,sl jHjidh Èßu;a lsÍu
flda,anDDlaf.a wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKj, wruqK jQj;a tA jk úg úYd, jYfhka
Okh wdfhdackh l< yels Okj;=ka msßila furg fkd isá fyhska úfoaYSh Ok
wdfhdaclhkag wlalr oyia .Kkska bvï ñ, § .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚' fï
;;a;ajh flda,anDDla mjd ±k isáfha h'
,xldjg meñ‚ úfoaYslhka Okh wdfhdackh lf<a úfoaYSh fjf<|dfuka
,dN ,eìh yels jHdmdßl lDIsl¾udka;h flfrys h' fï ksid 19 jk ishji ;=<
j;= j.dfõ YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
fldams j.dj
,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ld,fha § uqyqÿnv m%foaY lsysmhl iq`M jYfhka fldams
jeùu wdrïN jqj;a tl, l=re÷ j.djg m%uqL;ajh ,enqKq ksid fldams j.dj ÈhqKq
fkd ù h' bx.%SiSka Wvrgg meñfKk úg ia:dk lsysmhl f.j;= j.djla f,i
fldams jjd ;snq‚' fldams j.dj j;= j.djla f,i jvd;a ÈhqKq jQfha Tjqkaf.a md,k
iufha § h' 19 jk ishjfia fldams j.dfõ Wkak;shla we;s ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;=
lsysmhla mj;S'
71fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fldams j.dj ÈhqKq ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla
� 1833 flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj úfoaYslhka jeä
jeäfhka fldams j.djg Okh wdfhdackh lsÍu
� hqfrdamd fjf<|fmdf<a fldamsj,g we;s b,a¨u by< hdu
� fldams j.dfjka úYd, jYfhka ,dN ,eìh yels ùu'
� bkaÈhdkq Y%ñlhka f.kajd .ekSu ksid j;= j.djg ,dNÞhs
f,i Y%uh ,nd .; yels ùu'
tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ld,fha § fldamsj,g wh l< wmkhk noao
wvq lsÍu" j;= j.d lghq;=j,g Y%uh iemhQ lïlrejka wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldßfhka
ksoyia lsÍu wdÈh fldams j.dfõ Wkak;shg fya;= úh'
1837 ¡ -1847 j¾I w;r;=r ld,fha Wvrg m%foaYj, fldams j.dj fõ.fhka
me;sß‚' fï ld,fha § fldams j.dfjka úYd, jYfhka ,dN ,eìh yels jQ neúka
rcfha ks,OdÍyq mjd fldams j.d l<y' 1845 j¾Ih jk úg Wvrg m%foaYj, fldams j;=
500la ;rï mej;s nj jd¾;d fõ' fï ksid ÿïnr ñáhdj;" .ïfmd<" fmardfoKsh"
ud;f,a" nÿ,a, yd uOHu m<df;a fndfyda m%foaYj, id¾:lj fldams j.dj isÿ
úh' 1834 § wmkhkh l< fldams fydkavr m%udKh fuka mia .=Khla muK 1844
jirjk úg wmkhkh l< yels úh' tfy;a 1844ka miqj ì%;dkHh wkq.ukh
l< ksoyia fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh ksid ,kavka fjf<|fmdf<a furg fldamsj,g ±ä
;r.hlg uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' tfia u 1848 § muK we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh
o furg fldams j.djg wys;lr f,i n,mEfõ h' fun`ÿ fya;= ksid fldamsj,g
we;s b,a¨u wvq ù 1848 muK jk úg fldams j;=j, jákdlu my< .sfha h' tfy;a
1850ka miqj ld¾hlaIu j;= md,kh ksid ksIamdok ñ, wvq lr .ekSug yels ùu;a
hqfrdamfha fldamsj,g ;snQ b,a¨u h<s by< hdu;a ksid tu j.dj h:d ;;a;ajhg
m;a úh' furg fldams j.dj mßydkshg m;a ùug m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha 1869 isg
fldams fld< frda.hla me;sr hdu hs' fyó,shd fjiag¾á%laia Hemilia Vestatrix& kï
tlS È,Sr frda.h YS>%fhka me;srhdu ksid fldams j.dj msßyq‚'
isxfldakd yd fldfldajd
furg fldams j.dj mßydkshg m;a fjñka mej;s iufha we;eï j.d lrefjda
isxfldakd j.djg yd fldfldajd j.djg fhduq jQy' tfy;a isxfldakd j.dj id¾:lj
l< yels jQfha jvd Wia ìïj, mu‚' isxfldakd hkq laúkska keue;s T!IOh
ksmoùug fhdÞ .;a fnfy;a me<Eáhla jQ fyhska tA i|yd mej;s b,a¨u o iSñ; úh'
fï ksid fldams j.djg úl,amhla jYfhka isxfldakd j.dj id¾:l fkd ù h'
72fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fldams j.dj mßydkshg .sh wjêfha fldfldajd j.djg rcfhka wkq.%yh
,enq‚' fldfldajd id¾:lj j.d lsÍug fijK wjYH jQ ksid tA i|yd wu;r
úhoula ±Íug j.d lrejkag isÿ úh' fldfldajd jvd fyd¢ka j.d l< yels jQfha
o ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha mu‚' fldfldajd j.dj jvd;a id¾:lj mej;s ld,fha
mjd th wlalr 12000lg jeä m%foaYhl me;sr fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid fldamsj,g
úl,amhla f,i fldfldajd j.dj o id¾:l fkd jQ nj fmfka'
f;a j.dj
f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a fldams ñ, jßkajr by< my< hdu ksid Wvrg
m%foaYj, j.djg iqÿiq fjk;a fNda. ms<sn|j o w;ayÞne,Sï isÿ flre‚' f;a j.d
lsÍu ms<sn|j o tn÷ m¾fhaIK lsysmhla isÿ úh' 1867 j¾Ifha § jeú,slrejkaf.a
ix.uh j;=lrejka msßila weiEuhg hjd f;a j.dj .ek jeäÿr yeoEÍula isÿ
lr we;' fï w;r fÊïia fÜ,¾" ¨,al÷r j;af;aa wlalr lsysmhl f;a j.d lrñka
;j;a w;ayÞne,Sula isÿ lf<a h' fuu w;ayÞ ne,Sïj, m%;sM, jYfhka 1875 j¾Ih
jk úg wlalr 500l muK f;a j.dj jHdma; úh' fldams j.dfõ msßySu;a iu.
j.dlrejka fndfyda fofkla f;a j.djg fhduq jQ fyhska tu j.dj YSS>%fhka
me;=ß‚' 1894 j¾Ih muK jk úg furg f;a j.d ìï m%udKh wlalr ,laI 4la
muK ùfuka th meyeÈ,s fõ' Èjhsfka úh<s l,dmh yereKq úg wä 6000 olajd Wi
´kE u m%foaYhl f;a j.d l< yels neúka uOHu" W!j yd inr.uq m<d;a ;=< tu
j.dj me;sre‚' miqj ol=Kq yd niakdysr m<d;aj,;a f;a j.d flßK' 1930 j¾Ih
muK jk úg uOHu yd úYd, m%udKfha f;a j;= 1200la muK furg mej;s nj
jd¾;d fõ'
73fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
74fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fufia j.dfõ jHdma;sh;a iuÕ f;a furg m%Odk wmkhk øjHhla njg
m;a úh' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufhka miqj úYd, jYfhka f;a f;d. fjf<|fmd<g
meñŒu;a 1929 jif¾ we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh;a jeks fya;= ksid tA tA
wjêj, f;aj,ska ,enqKq wdÞhu ;djld,slj wvq jqj;a miqj th h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a
úh'
f;a j.dfõ Wkak;shg n,mE fya;= lsysmhla:
� ,xldfõ f;a i|yd f,dal fj<|fmdf<a fyd| b,a¨ula mej;Su
� úh<s l,dmh yer fiiqq m%foaY fndfyduhl f;a j.djg WÑ;
mßirhla mej;Su
� kùk l¾udka;Yd,d yd hka;% iQ;% Ndú;fhka .=Kd;aul
Ndjfhka by< f;a ksmoùug furg iu;a ùu
� ud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq ùu ksid m%jdyk myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq ùu'
� ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka f.k tAu ksid ,dnÞhs Y%uh ,nd
.; yels ùu'
fmd,a j.dj
fmd,a hkq w;S; ld,fha isg furg mej;s f.j;= j.djls' 1850 j¾Ih
muK jk úg fldams ñ, my< hdu ksid fmd,a j.dj ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla we;s úh'
hqfrdamShhkag jvd iajfoaYslhka fmd,a j.djg fhduq ùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
1880 j¾Ih muK jk úg fmd,a j;= ysñhkaf.ka 65]la muK ,dxlslfhda jQy'
fmd,a j.dj jHdma; jQfha o l÷lr m%foaYj,g jvd úYd, ;eks;,d iys;
m%foaYj, h' l=reKE.," y,dj; yd .ïmy jeks m%foaY tA w;ßka lemS fmfka' 1920
jk úg furg úfoaY úksuh bmehSïj,ska 27]la muK fmd,a ksIamdokj,ska ,enq‚'
fmd,a j.dj jHdma; jk úg ¨Kqú, fmd,a m¾fhaIKd.drhla msysgqjd j.dj ÈhqKq
lsÍug lghq;= flßK' furg fmd,a ksIamdokfhka wvla muK foAYSh mßfNdackhg
fhdÞ .;a fyhska th fjk;a j;= j.d fuka wmkhkh b,lal lr f.k isÿ l<
j.djla fkd jk nj fmfka' fldams yd f;a j.dj ksid l÷lr m%foaYj, uyd ud¾.
yd ÿïßh ud¾. ÈhqKq jQ whqßkaa fmd,a j.dj ksid tlS j.dj mej;s m%foaYj, o ud¾.
ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
75fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
76fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rn¾ j.dj
1877 j¾Ih muK jk úg rn¾ .i furgg y÷kajd fokq ,enQj;a tu
ld,fha jeú,slrejka f;a j.djg fhduq ùu ksid rn¾ j.dj fõ.fhka jHdma;
fkd ù h' 20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h ÈhqKq ù rn¾ ñ,
by< hdu;a Y%S ,xldjg .e<fmk rn¾ j¾. fidhd .ekSu yd ksIamdok Ys,am l%u
jeä ÈhqKq ùu;a" flá ld,Skj f;a ñ, my< hdu;a rn¾ j.dj jHdma; ùug fya;=
jQ nj fmfka' uq,a ld,fha § l`M;r Èia;%slalhg iSud jQ rn¾ j.dj miqj niakdysr"
inr.uqj" ol=K hk m<d;aj, yd uOHu m<df;a we;eï m%foaYj,;a me;sß‚' 1920
j¾Ih muK jk úg furg wmkhk wdÞhfuka 30]la muK rn¾ ksIamdokj,ska
,enq‚' miqj w.,j;a; m%foaYfha rn¾ m¾fhaIK wdh;khla msysgqjd rn¾ j.dj
ÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH mshjr .eksK'
l%shdldrlu
my; m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak'
»' flda,anDDla fldñifï wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK ;=kla ,shkak'
»»' ì%;dkHhka úiska furgg y÷kajd ÿka jd‚c fNdA. y;rla kï lrkak'
»»»' j;= j.dj furg jHdma; lsÍu i|yd .kq ,enQ mshjr folla meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
»¼' j;= j.dj ksid furg wd¾Ólhg isÿ jQ jdis yd wjdis fol ne.ska
i|yka lrkak
77fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
78fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
5'2 iudc fjkiaùï
uOHu mka;shla ìysùu
ì%;dkH md,k ld,h ;=< furg isÿ jQ iudc fjkiaùï w;r mer‚ m%N+
mka;sh wNdjhg f.dia kj uOHu mka;shla ìysùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
mer‚ m%N+ mka;sh hkq wd¾Ól
;;a;ajh" iudc ;;a;ajh yd
foaYmd,k n,h w;ska fiiq
ck;djg jvd úfYaIfhka lemS
fmkqKq msßils' ie,lsh hq;=
bvï ysñlula ;snQ Tjqyq by<
wdÞhula ,enQ w;r mj;akd
md,khg mlaImd;Sj lghq;=
lsÍfuka rcfha ks, ;, ±rE
msßila o jQy'
fï ;;a;ajh ksid
iudcuh jYfhka Tjqyq fiiq
ck;djf.a f.!rjhg yd
ie,ls,a,g ,la jQy' mdrïmßl
m%N+ mka;sh f,i ie,lsh yels
fuu msßi ro,hka jYfhka o
y÷kajkq ,efí'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska furg Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uhlg moku
ieliqKq neúka idïm%odhsl Ofkdamdhk ud¾. fjkqjg Okh Wmhd.; yels
w¨;a ud¾. /ila újD; úh' j;= j.dj uq,a lrf.k ìys jQ fuu wd¾Ól l%uh
yuqfõ j;=lrhg wjYH foa imhk fldka;%d;alrejka f,i lghq;= lsÍu" wrlal=
ksIamdokh yd fnÞ yeÍu fyj;a wrlal= f¾kao lghq;=" ñksrka l¾udka;h" f;d.
yd is,a,r fjf<|du" m%jdyk lghq;= yd fmd,a j.dj wd§ iajfoaYslhkag o Okh
wdfhdackh l< yels jHdmdr ìys úh' fï ksid 20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg by;
jHdmdrj,g uqo,a fhdojd Okh Wmhd.;a iajfoaYSh Okj;a;= msßila ìys jQy' fuu
Okj;a mka;sh ;u ¥ orejkag furg § fuka u úfoaYhkays o Wiia wOHdmkhla
,nd §ug Okh jeh l<y' ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § kS;S{ ffjoH" bxðfkare"
ñkskafodare" ,smsldr" isú,a fiajh jeks w¨;a /lshd wjia:d cks; ù ;snq‚' bx.%Sis
rcfha Èidm;sjrfhla yd Wvrg m%OdkSka
kj uOHu mka;slhka msßila
79fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wOHdmkh u.ska fun÷ /lshdjkag we;=`M ù Wiia Ôjk ;;a;ajhla fuka u by<
iudc ms<s.ekSula o ,nd .; yels úh' fï ksid th uOHu mka;shg we;=`M ùfï
;j;a fÞrgqjla njg m;aj ;sì‚'
ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha újD; jQ w¨;a Ofkdamdhk ud¾.j,ska uqo,a Wmhd.;a
jHdmdßl msßila fuka u bx.%Sis wOHdmkfhka rcfha ;k;=re ,nd.;a W.;a;=
msßila o ìys jQy' fuu msßi wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh w;ska fiiq ck;dj w;r fjfiiska
lemS fmkqKq fldgila neúka Tjqka uOHu mka;sh jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí' 20
jk ishji wdrïN jk úg fï uOHu mka;sh ìys ùu;a iu. mer‚ m%N+ mka;sh
wNdjhg .sfha h'
w¨f;ka ìys jQ uOHu mka;sfha isá W.;a;= foaYmd,k jYfhka o l%shdldÍ
fldgila njg m;a jQy' 20 jk ishjfia furg foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj, fmruqK
.kakd ,oafoa Tjqka úisks' W.;a uOHu mka;sh jYfhka y÷kajk fuu msßi ngysr
wOHdmkh ;=<ska hï iudc ;;a;ajhla ,nd .;a wh fõ' tneúka Tjqyq ngysr
ixialD;sh wkq.ukh lrk Okj;a k.r jeishka msßila njg m;a jQy'
lïlre mka;shla ìys ùu
ì%;dkH md,k iuh ;=< we;s jQ wd¾Ól fjkialï ksid furg lïlre
mka;shla ìysùu o lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' furg mej;s idïm%Þhsl md,kh
hgf;a rcfha fmdÿ lghq;= i|yd wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wkqj Y%uh ,nd
.;a neúka jegqmg jev lrk msßila ìys fkd jq‚' tfy;a ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha
Wvrg m%foaYj, j;= j.dj wdrïN jQ fyhska j;=j, fiajh lsÍug lïlrejka wjYH
úh' fï wjêh jk úg bkaÈhdj o ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s neúka b;d wju
jegqmlg ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka lïlrejka f.kajd .ekSu jvd;a ,dNÞhs úh' tneúka
j;= md,lhka úiska oyia .Kkska ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka furgg f.kajk
,È' fï ksid Wvrg m%foaYh wdY%s;j lïlre ck;djla ìys ùug u. ie,iq‚'
w¨f;ka we;s jQ wd¾Ól fjkialï ksid fld<U" .d,a," uykqjr jeks k.r
wdY%s;j nvq nEu" megùu" frÈ fia§u" lr;a; u.ska NdKav m%jdykh" uxudj;a yd
ÿïßh ud¾. ;ekSu jeks fiajd i|yd Y%ñlhka wjYH úh' fï ksid bkaÈhdkq j;=
lïlrejkag wu;rj kd.ßl m%foaY wdY%s;j iajfoaYSh lïlre msßila o ìys úh'
uq,a ld,fha § lïlrejkag ysñ jQfha b;d wju jegqmls' jev lrk meh .Kk
o ksYaÑ; fkd ù h' lïlre rlaIK" jkaÈ l%u fyda fjk;a Y=N idOk lghq;=
o fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid kd.ßl lïlrefjda jD;a;Sh ix.ï msysgqjd .ksñka ;u
whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSug ixúOdkh jkakg jQy' tfia u tA tA lafIa;%j, lïlrejka
w;r tluq;=lula f.dvkef.kakg jQ fyhska ;u ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lr .ekSug
80fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
Tjqyq jevj¾ck lsÍug;a fm<UqKy' uqøK lïlre jev j¾ckh" fld<U frÈ
fidaokakkaf.a jev j¾ckh" lr;a;lrejkaf.a jev j¾ckh wdÈh 20 jk ishji
wdrïNfha we;s jQ lïlre igkaj,g WÞdyrK fõ'
20 jk ishjfia f;jk oYlh jk úg lïlrefjda jvd fyd¢ka ixúOdkh
jkakg jQy' tA' B' .=Kisxy uy;d kd.ßl lïlrejka tfia ixúOdkh lsÍug
fjfyiqKq wfhls' 1922 j¾Ifha isg 1935 muK f;la fyf;u furg lemS fmfkk
lïlre kdhlhd úh' 1922 § .=Kisxy uy;df.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka ,xld lïlre
ix.uh msysgqùu furg jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrfha lemS fmfkk wjia:djls'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh mej;s ld,fha § ,xld iuiudc mlaIfha kdhlfhda
jD;a;Sh ix.ï msysgqjñka lïlre whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï igkaj,g kdhl;ajh
ÿkay' fï ld,fha § furg j;= lïlrejka w;r o jD;a;Sh ix.ï msysgqùug
kdhl;ajh imhk ,oafoa kfâi whsh¾ uy;d úisks'
ixialD;sl fjkiaùï
ì%;dkH md,k ld,h ;=< iudc fjkiaùïj,g iu.dój furg ixialD;sl
lafIa;%fha o fjkialï /ila isÿ úh' ngysr ixialD;sh rg ;=< me;srhdu tA
w;ßka lemS fmfka' flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj bx.%Sis NdId wOHhkh
yd ngysr wOHdmkh fõ.fhka jHdma; úh' fndfyda úg ñIkdß mdi,a yd rcfha
wkq.%yh ,enQ mdi,aj, úIh ks¾foaY ieliqfõ yd b.ekaùï lghq;=j, ksr; jQfha
o úfoaYslhka h' fï ksid tn÷ mdi,a ;=<ska o ngysr ixialD;sh me;srhdug u.
ie,isKs' wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd úfoaY.; jQjka u.ska o ngysr ixialD;sfha we;eï
wx. furg me;sß‚'
19 jk ishji ;=< j;= j.d jHdma;sh" fjf<|du ÈhqKq ùu" .ukd.uk
lghq;= yd ikaksfõok lghq;=j, we;s jQ ÈhqKqj ksid hqfrdamShfhda jeä jeäfhka
furgg meñKshy' fï ksid Tjqkaf.a iudc Yd,d" ksjdvq ksfla;k wdÈh ìys jQ
w;r tn÷ fya;= o ngysr ixialD;sh rg ;=< me;sr hdug bjy,a úh' fufia úúO
idOlj, n,mEu ksid ngysr we÷ï me,÷ï" isß;a úß;a" wdpdr iudpdr úê" ngysr
.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh" wdydr mdk" furg ixialD;sh iu. ñY% úh'
l%shdldrlu
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg ixialD;shg tl;= jQ kj wx. ms<sn|
,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
81fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
5'3 ì%;dkH md,kh ksid Wreu jQ m%fhdackj;a wx.
Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s ld,fha § furg foaYmd,kh yd
wd¾Ól lghq;= uq`Mukska u yiqrejk ,oafoa wêrdcHjd§kag jdis ,nd .; yels jk
wdldrfhks' fï ksid jir 133l muK ld,hla ,xldj ì%;dkHhkaf.a iQrdlEug
,la úh' tu ld,h ;=< furáka bmehQ w;súYd, OkialkaOhla ì%;dkHhka úiska
;u rgg f.k hk ,o w;r Èjhsfka iïm;a ish,a, o Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgq lr
.ekSu fjkqfjka lem flßKs' tn÷ miqìula hgf;a jqj o ì%;dkH md,kh ksid
Wreu jQ hym;a wx. lssysmhla mj;sk nj o i|yka l< hq;= fõ' Bg WÞyrK
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� cd;Hka;r NdIdjla jk bx.%Sis NdId ±kqu rg ;=< me;sÍu
� .ukd.uk lghq;= yd ikaksfõok lghq;= ÈhqKq ùu
� wmkhk jeú,s fNda. y÷kajd §u
� ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu furgg ,eîu
� md¾,sfïka;= wdKavq l%uh
5'4 wys;lr n,mEï
ì%;dkH md,kh ksid m%fhdackj;a wx. lsysmhla furgg Wreu jqj;a jir
133l muK ld,hla fkd lvjd úfoaY wêrdcHhl iQrd lEug ,la jQ cd;shla
jYfhka ksoyi Èkd .kakd úg rg ;=< .eg¨ /ila Woa.;j ;snq‚' fuu ld,h
;=< foaYSh Okj;=ka iq`M msßila ìys jQj;a ksoyi Èkd .kakd úg rfÜ w;snyq;r
ck;dj ÿmam;=ka njg m;aj ;snq‚' fufia wdÞhu fn§ hdfï m%n, úIu;djla
mej;s w;r uy ck;djf.a fmdÿ fiajd yd Y+N idOk lghq;= by< kexùfï ±ä
wjYH;djla o u;=j ;sì‚' wêrdcHjd§ md,khlg hg;aj ;sîu ksid Wreu jQ
;j;a wx. lsysmhla WÞyrK jYfhka my; ±lafõ'
� ngysr ixialD;sl wx. rg ;=< me;sÍu yd idïm%Þhsl ixialD;sl ,laIKj,
hï msßySula we;s ùu'
� uoHidr Ndú;h rg mqrd jHdma; ùu
� bvï wysñ ck;djla ìys ùu
� idïm%Þhsl iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh ì| jeàu yd foaYSh ±kqu fndfyda
fihska wNdjhg hdu
� .ï iNd jeks m%fhdackj;a wdh;k úkdY ùu'
82fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu06
ye¢kaùu
1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu furg b;sydifha jeo.;a
ixêia:dkhls' tA iuÕ u md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uhla ,enqKq neúka
ksfhdað; m%cd;ka;%jdoh u.ska foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ùfï wjia:dj
,dxlslhkag ysñ úh' 1972 yd 1978 hk jirj, kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d y÷kajd§u
u.ska foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha ;j;a fjkialï /ila isÿ úh' ksoyfika miqj f.jqKq
oYl lsysmh ;=< furg foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk ,laIK fuka u
wd¾Ól yd iudÔh lafIa;%j, isÿ jQ j¾Okhka ms<sn|j jeä ÿr f;dr;=re o fuu
mdvfuka wjOdkhg ,laa flf¾'
6'1 fida,anß m%;sixialrK yd ksoyi ,eîu
Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<sn| fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY
bÈßm;a lsÍug ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska m;a lrk ,o fida,anß fldñifï
idudðlfhda 1944 foieïn¾ ui Èjhskg meñ‚hy' 1945 j¾Ifha iema;eïn¾ ui
fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a flreKq w;r rfÜ wNHka;r lghq;=
ms<sn| mQ¾K n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,efnk wdKavql%uhla tu.ska ks¾foaY lr
;snq‚' tu jd¾;dfõ lreKq we;=<;a Oj, m;%sldj furg rdcH uka;%K iNdj
úiska ms<s.kq ,eîfuka miq fida,anß wdKavql%uh ms<sn| rdcd×j 1946 uehs udifha
§ ì%;dkH úiska ksl=;a lrk ,È' fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a meje;aúh hq;= m%:u
md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh 1947 jir ueo meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snqKq kuq;a ,xldjg
ksoyi ,nd §u .ek tf;la ì%;dkHfhda lsis ÿ m%ldYhla isÿ fkd l<y' fï ksid
ksoyi ,nd .ekSug ,dxlslhkag we;s whs;sh ms<sn| ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d
we;=`M furg kdhlfhda ì%;dkHhg ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq bÈßm;a l<y' tA wkqj
ue;sjrKhg udi follg fmr úfYaI m%ldYhla l< hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïjrhd
ì%;dkH fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h we;=<; ksoyia rgl ;;a;ajh ,xldjg ,nd fok
nj ksfõokh lf<a h' fï jk úg ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska tlai;a cd;sl
mlaIh msysgqjd ;snq‚' 1947 wf.daia;= ui mej;s m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfha
m%;sM,h my; ±lafõ'
83fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1947 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,
foaYmd,k mlaIh ch.%yKh l< wdik ixLHdj
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh 42
,xld iuiudc mlaIh 10
øúv ix.uh 07
,xld bkaÈhdkq ix.uh 06
fnd,afIúla f,kska mlaIh 05
,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh 03
lïlre mlaIh 01
iajdëkj ;r. l< wfmalaIlhka 21
tl;=j 95
fuu ue;sjrKfhka tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh md¾,sfïka;=fõ jeä wdik
ixLHdjla Èkd .;a neúka iajdëk wfmalaIlhka /ilf.a iydh ,nd .;a ã' tia'
fiakdkdhl uy;d wdKavqjla msysgqùug lghq;= lf<a h' 1946 j¾Ifha isg u furg
wNHka;r lghq;= ms<sn| md,k j.lSu ,dxlslhkag mjrd §ug ì%;dkH wdKavqj
leu;s jqj;a úfoaY lghq;= ;jÿrg;a ;uka w; u mj;ajd .ekSfï iQÞkula Tjqkag
;snq‚' Èjhsfka N+f.da,Sh msysàu" wdrlaIl yd hqoaO lghq;= w;ska jeo.;a jQ fyhska
furg iuÕ mej;s in|;d iïmQ¾Kfhka u ì| ±óug ì%;dkH wdKavqj wlue;s
ùu thg fya;= úh' ì%;dkHfha fuu wNs,dIh f;areï .;a kj w.ue;s ã' tia'
fiakdkdhl uy;d" 1947 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § ì%;dkH wdKavqj iu. wdrlaIl yd
ndysr lghq;= ms<sn| .súiqï folla w;aika ;eîug lghq;= lf<a h'
wdrlaIl .súiqu wkqj wjYH wjia:dj, § ì%;dkHfha kdúl" .=jka yd fiiq
hqoaO lghq;=j,g furg N=ñh Ndú; lsÍug bv ,nd §ug tlÕ úh' ndysr lghq;=
ms<sn| .súiqu wkqj ksoyia rgla jYfhka ,xldj cd;Hka;r in|;d w¨f;ka
f.dvk.d .ekSfï § ì%;dkHfha iydh furgg ,nd§ug leue;a; m%ldY úh'
wk;=rej furgg ksoyi ,nd §u ms<sn| lreKq we;=<;a ,xld iajdëk;d mk;
ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lrk ,È' tu mk; l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|
úêúOdk we;=<;a ,xld iajdëk;d rdcd×j 1947 foieïn¾ 19 Èk ksl=;a flre‚'
1948 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 04 Èk isg tlS úê úOdk l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. Y%S ,xldjg
kej; jrla ksoyi ,enq‚' tA wkqj Y%S ,xldj fjkqfjka kS;s mekùug yd furg
md,k lghq;= f.k hdug ì%;dkH wdKavqjg ;snQ n,h wjika ù tu n,;, ,xld
wdKavqjg ,enq‚' 1948 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 10 Èk kj md¾,sfïka;=j W;aijdldrfhka
újD; flreKq w;r w.ue;s ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska bx.%Sis Och my;
fy<d h<s isxy Och Tijk ,È' fï wkqj fmnrjdß 04 Èk" Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyia
Èkh njg m;a úh'
84fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fida,anß wdKavql%uh
1931 j¾Ifha isg 1947 olajd mej;s fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufhka miqj fida,anß
wdKqvql%uh l%shd;aul úh' 1972 ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj olajd th mej;=‚'
fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a rcfha lghq;= f.k hdu i|yd w.%dKavqldr Oqrh"
w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,h" md¾,sfïka;=j yd wêlrKh jYfhka wdh;k
y;rla y÷kajd § ;sfí'
w.%dKavqldrjrhd
tf;la mej;s wdKavqldr ;k;=r wfydais fldg tx.,ka; lsÍgh ksfhdackh
ùu ms‚i w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r ia:dmkh flßK' kj wdKavql%uh hgf;a jqj o
ì%;dkH /ðk ;j ÿrg;a ,xldfõ kdhsldj jYfhka ms<s.;a neúka /ðkf.a furg
ksfhdað;hd jYfhka wd.%dKavqldrjrhd lghq;= lf<a h' w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r
uq`Mukska u kduud;% úOdhl ;k;=rla jQ w;r Tyq ish lghq;= fufyhùfï § yeu
úg u w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ l%shd l< hq;= úh'
md¾,sfïka;=j
fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqj jHjia:dÞhl lghq;= i|yd uyck uka;%S
uKav,h yd fifkÜ iNdjlska hq;= oaúuKav, md¾,sfïka;=jla msysgqjkq ,eì‚'
uyck uka;%S uKav,h fyj;a ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h 101 fofkl=f.ka iukaú;
úh' tu msßfika 95 fofkl= Pkao fldÜGdi moku wkqj uyck Pkaofhka
f;dard .;a w;r ksfhdackh fkdjQ iq`M cd;Ska fjkqfjka w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg
wd.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska b;sß 6 fokd m;a lrk ,È' md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h
jir 5la úh'
fifkÜ iNdj jYfhka ye¢kajQ W;a;r uka;S% uKav,h fyj;a fojk uka;%S
uKav,hg idudðlfhda 30 fofkla wh;a jQy' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h úiska
15 fofkl= m;a lrk ,o w;r w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska
b;sß 15 fokd m;a lrk ,È'
w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,h
w.ue;sjrhd leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odkshd úh' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha
uka;%Skaf.a nyq;r iyfhda.h ,efnk ;eke;a;d w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.ue;s
;k;=rg m;a lrk ,È' fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a úOdhl lghq;= leìkÜ uKav,hg
mejß‚' wdrlaIl yd úfoaY lghq;=" w.ue;sjrhd hgf;a mej;sh hq;= úh' weu;s
uKav,h m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk ,È'
85fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wêlrK weu;s ;k;=r iy ;j;a tla weu;s ;k;=rla j;a fifkÜ iNd
idudðlhkaf.ka m;a l< hq;=j ;sìK' tx.,ka; md¾,sfïka;= iïm%Þh wkqj
leìkÜ uKav,h iduQyslj md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lSug ne£ isáfha h'
wêlrK lghq;=
fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqj fY%aIaGdêlrKh we;==`M wêlrK moaO;shla u.ska
wêlrK lghq;= meje;aúh hq;= úh' w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.% úksYaphldrjrhd
we;=`M fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaphlrejka m;a lrk ,È' w.% úksYaphldrjrhd m%uqL
wêlrK fiajd fldñiu u.ska wêlrKhg iïnkaO úksYaphlrejkaf.a md,k
lghq;= fufyhúh hq;= úh'
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh
foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh hkq md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;kak%jdoh mj;sk iEu rgl
u ±lsh yels wksjd¾h ,laIKhls' tx.,ka;h" weußldj jeks rgj, uq,a ld,fha
±lsh yels jQfha m%Odk mlaI folla mu‚' tfia m%n, foaYmd,k mlaI folla
mej;Su oaúmlaI l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' m%xYh" c¾uksh jeks hqfrdamd rgj, fuka
u bkaÈhdj" Y%S ,xldj jeks wdishd;sl rgj, foaYmd,k mlaI /ila olakg ,efí'
tfia mlaI rdYshla mej;Su nyq mlaI l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ'
foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh ksid tA tA mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s u; ck;dj
ixúOdkh lsÍu yd mlaIfha u;h ck;dj w;rg f.khdu myiq ù we;' tfia
u md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh uyck ksfhdað;hka u.ska f.k hk md,khla
neúka foaYmd,k{hka yd Pkao Þhlhka w;r in|;dj f.dvke.Sug o mlaI l%uh
wjYH fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI msysgqùu wdrïN jQfha ì%;dkH md,k iufha
§ h' 1931 j¾Ifha § furgg i¾jck Pkao n,h ,enqKq kuq;a 1947 jk f;la u
ue;sjrKj, § mlaI l%uh ie,ls,a,g fkd .ekq‚' furg ue;sjrKhl § uq,ajrg
mlaI l%uh Ndú; jQfha 1947 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhl § h' tu ue;sjrKh jk
úg ,xld iuiudc mlaIh" tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh" ,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh" øúv
ix.uh jeks mlaI /ila ìysj ;snq‚'
,xld iuiudc mlaIh
,xld iuiudc mlaIh hkq furg jvd;a mer‚ u foaYmd,k mlaIhla
f,i ie,lsh yels h' ì%;dkH md,k iufha § wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd úfoaY .; jQ
wdpd¾h weka' weï' fmf¾rd" wdpd¾h fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd" ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok jeks
kdhlfhda úfoaYj, § jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha wdNdih ,nd tu woyia furgg
.e<fmk fia l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd 1935 j¾Ifha § ,xld iuiudc mlaIh msysgqjd
.;ay' jdudxYsl foaYmd,k u;jdo wkqj Y%S ,xldj ;=< iudcjd§ iudchla ks¾udKh
86fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
lsÍu i|yd wjYH foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu iuiudc mlaIh msysgqùfï uQ,sl
wruqKla úh' miqj tu mlaIfhka leã .sh msßila úiska fÞia;r tia' tA' úl%uisxy
uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka 1943 j¾Ifha § ,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh msysgqjk ,È'
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh
1946 j¾Ih jk úg jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mlaI lsysmhla yd iq`M ck mlaI
lsysmhla ìysj ;snqK;a furg uOHia: foaYmd,k{hka i|yd mlaIhla ìysj fkd
;snq‚' 1947 § m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh o meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snQ neúka
ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka 1946 j¾Ifha § tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh
msysgqù h' tjlg mej;s ,xld cd;sl ix.uh yd tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl
uy;d msysgqjd ;snQ isxy, uyd iNdfõ idudðlfhda /ila tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg
tl;= jQy' fï ksid tu mlaIh wdrïNfha isg u Yla;su;a foaYmd,k mlaIhla
njg m;aj ;snq‚' 1947 ue;sjrKhg wfmalaIlhka 95 fofkla bÈßm;a fldg wdik
42la ch .ekSug tu mlaIh iu;a úh' wk;=rej 1952 § mej;s fojk md¾,sfïka;=
ue;sjrKfha § o wdik 54la Èkd wdKavq n,h ,nd .ekSug tu mlaIhg yelshdj
,enq‚'
Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh
tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfhka bj;aj
1951 § Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh msysgqù h' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg jvd idudkH
ck;djf.a wjYH;d .ek ie,ls,a,la ±lajQ fuu mlaIhg iajNdId W.;=ka" NslaIQka
jykafia,d yd foaYSh;ajh w.h l< msßiaj, iydh ,enq‚' 1952 ue;sjrKhg
bÈßm;aj md¾,sfïka;= wdik 9la Èkd.;a tu mlaIh ;j;a foaYmd,k lKavdhï
/ila tl;= lrf.k uyck tlai;a fmruqK kñka 1956 ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a
ù wdik 51la Èkd wdKavqjla msysgqùug iu;a úh' tA wkqj 1956 isg 1959 olajd
nKavdrkdhl uy;d furg w.ue;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= lf<a h' 1959 j¾Ifha §
nKavdrkdhl uy;d >d;kh ùfuka miqj t;=udf.a ìß| isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl
ue;s‚h mlaI kdhsldj njg m;a jQjd h'
fjk;a foaYmd,k mlaI
rg mqrd u ue;sjrKj,g wfmalaIlhka bÈßm;a l< by; i|yka mlaI
yereKq úg ksoyig fmr wjêfha § mjd ;j;a iq`M mlaI lsysmhla msysgqjd ;snq‚'
tA' B' .=Kisxy uy;d msysgqjd ;snQ lïlre mlaIh" Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;d
msysgqjd ;snQ øúv ix.uh tn÷ mlaIj,g WÞyrK fõ' fï w;ßka 1956 ue;sjrKh
olajd øúv ix.uh tA w;r lemS fmfkk mlaIhla úh' furg fou< ck;djf.a
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| oeä Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ tu mlaIhg 1947 ue;sjrKfhka wdik
87fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
07la ,enq‚' 1949 j¾Ifha § tia' fÊ' ù fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d fmvr,a mlaIh
msysgqùu;a iuÕ øúv ix.uhg ,enqKq ck;d iydh wvq jQ nj fmfka'
,xldfõ mj;sk foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh wkqj tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yd Y%S
,xld ksoyia mlaIh keu;s m%Odk mlaI folg wu;rj ;j;a iq`M mlaI /ila mj;sk
neúka md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKj, § tla mlaIhlg fyda nyq;r wdik ixLHdjla Èkd
.; fkd yels wjia:djka ;sfí' fï ksid mlaI lsysmhla tl;= ù ixOdk ìys lr
.ekSu yd tu.ska iNd. wdKavq msysgqùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
1956 ue;sjrK yd iudc fmr<sh
ksoyfika miqj wLKavj n,fha isá tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh mrojd 1956
j¾Ifha § tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã nKavdrkdhl uy;d hgf;a w¨;a wdKavqjla n,hg
m;a úh' kj n,fõ. /ila nKavdrkdhl uy;d jgd tAlrdYS ù ;sîu;a foaYSh
NdIdj wd.u yd ixialD;sh w.h l< m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu;a tf;la
fkd úi÷k iudc wd¾Ól .eg¨ /ilg úi÷ï §ug m%h;ak ±Íu;a jeks fya;= ksid
tu rch hgf;a iudc fmr<shla isÿ úKehs u;hla ;sfí'
1947 ue;sjrKfhka n,hg m;a w.ue;s ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d 1952
ud¾;= udifha ñh .sh fyhska Tyqf.a mq;a vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg
m;a úh' 1952 ue;sjrKfhka kej; jrla tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh md¾,sfïka;=fõ
jeä wdik ixLHdjla Èkd .;a fyhska vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d h<s;a w.ue;s
;k;=rg m;a úh' tfy;a iy,a yd wdydr øjHj, ñ, by< hdu fya;=fjka 1953
wf.daia;= udifha § jdudxYsl mlaI úiska fufyhjk ,o y¾;d,a jHdmdrhla ksid
vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=frka b,a,d wia úh' fuu wjia:dfõ §
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha fcHaIaG idudðlfhl= jQ fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;d w.ue;s
;k;=rg m;a úh' kshñ; md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh 1957 uehs udifha § meje;aúh
hq;= jqj;a w.ue;s fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;df.a Wmfoia mßÈ w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska
1956 fmnrjdß udifha § md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yßk ,È' fï ksid ue;sjrKhlg
wjia:dj WÞ úh'
1956 ue;sjrKfha § tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ;ks mlaIhla jYfhka ;r. l<
w;r Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh ;j;a mlaI lsysmhla iu. tl;= ù uyck tlai;a
fmruqK jYfhka ;r. lf<a h' tA wkqj Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh" ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok
uy;d kdhl;ajh ±rE úma,jldÍ iuiudc mlaIh" úchdkkao oykdhl uy;d
msysgqjd ;snQ NdId fmruqK yd whs' tï' wd¾' tA' Bßhf.d,a, uy;d we;=`M iajdëk
wfmalaIlhka msßila jYfhka mlaI lsysmhla yd iajdëk mqoa.,hka tl;= ù uyck
tlai;a fmruqK msysgqjdf.k ;snq‚' uyck tlai;a fmruqK ,xld iuiudc mlaIh
iu. ks;r. .súiqula we;s lrf.k ;sîu tu mlaI folg u jdishla úh'
88fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1956 ue;sjrK fõÈldfõ m%Odk ud;Dldjla njg m;a jQfha isxy, NdIdj
rdcH NdIdj lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh hs' ksoyfika miqj jqj o bx.%Sis NdIdjg úfYaI
;ekla ,eîu ksid iajNdId W.;a;= fndfyda .eg¨j,g uqyqK ÿkay' fï ksid
uyck tlai;a fmruqK jgd tl;= jQ n,fõ. ue;sjrKhg fmr isg u isxy, rdcH
NdIdj úh hq;= hehs m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka ms<sf.k ;snq‚' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh o
ue;sjrKh wdikakfha § tu m%;sm;a;shg tlÕ úh'
ue;sjrKfha § iÕ" fjo" .=re" f.dú" lïlre hk mxpuyd n,fõ.j,
jeä iydh uyck tlai;a fmruqKg ,eîu;a mlaI lsysmhla tl;= ù fmruqKla
jYfhka ;r. lsÍu;a jdudxYsl mlaI iu. ks;r. .súiqula we;s lrf.k ;sîu;a
jeks fya;= ksid uyck tlai;a fmruqKg myiq ch.%yKhla ,enq‚' by; i|yka
l< mßÈ tu fmruqKg wdik 51la ,enqKq w;r ,xld iuiudc mlaIhg wdik 14la
ysñ úh' fuys § tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg ,nd .; yels jQfha md¾,sfïka;= wdik 08la
mu‚' fmvr,a mlaIh wdik 10lska ch .ekSug iu;a úh'
uyck tlai;a fmruqfKa ch.%yKh;a iuÕ tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã'
nKavdrkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a úh' t;=ud w.ue;s Oqrh ±rE ld,h
furg b;sydifha lemS fmfkk wjêhls' tu ld,fha § wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s
yd y÷kajd ÿka m%;sixialrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
rEmh 6'2 nKavdrkdhl uy;df.a leìkÜ uKav,h
89fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
� isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj njg m;a lsÍu
� ì%;dkHh iuÕ 1947 w;aika fldg ;snQ wdrlaIl yd ndysr lghq;=
ms<sn| .súiqï wfydais lsÍu
� f,dalfha n, l|jqrej,g fkd ne÷Kq uOHia: úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla
wkq.ukh lsÍu
� jrdh yd nia cki;= lsÍu m%uqL cki;= jHdmdr
� foaYSh l¾udka; yd lDIsl¾uh ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
� Wiia wOHdmkfha Wkak;sh i|yd úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka
úYajúoHd, njg m;a lsÍu
nKavdrkdhl uy;d l%shd;aul l< ue;sjrK jHdmdrh ksid furg
idudkH ck;dj w;ßka ìys jQ kdhlhka /ilg ue;sjrKfhka ch.%yKh fldg
md¾,sfïka;=jg msúiSug wjia:dj ,enq‚' tfia u t;=udf.a md,k ld,fha §
foaYSh;ajh w.h l< m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu;a tf;la fkd úi÷Kq fmdÿ ck
.eg¨ flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu;a lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
1972 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldj ckrchla njg m;a ùu
1948 j¾Ifha isg 1972 olajd jQ ld,fha § fida,anß wdKavql%uh furg
l%shd;aul úh' tu wdKavql%uh hgf;a ì%;dkH /ðk kdñlj furg rdcH kdhlhd
ùu;a kS;s mekùfï § md¾,sfïka;=j wkq.ukh l< hq;= hï hï iSudjka olajd
;sîu;a jeks fya;= ksid furg ,enQ ksoyi wx. iïmQ¾K ù fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid
fida,anß wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul jQ wjêfha isg u tu wdKavql%uh fjkia fldg kj
wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh l< hq;= hehs woyia u;= fjñka ;snq‚' tfy;a
fï ms<sn| M,Þhs l%shdud¾.hla wdrïN jQfha 1970 ue;sjrKh;a iu.sks'
1970 ue;sjrKhg uqyqK §ug Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh" ,xld iuiudc
mlaIh yd ,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh tlaj iu.s fmruqKla msysgqjdf.k ;snq‚'
tu mlaI ks;r. .súiqula hgf;a iu.s fmruqKla jYfhka ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a
úh' ue;sjrKfhka f;aÍ m;a jk uka;%Sjrekag jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hla
jYfhka /iaj kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍug iu.s fmruqK
ksl=;a l< ue;sjrK m%ldYkfhka ck jrula b,a,d ;snq‚' fuu ue;sjrKfhka
md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r wdik ixLHdjla Èkd .;a iu.s fmruqK kj wdKavqjla
msysgqùh' tA wkqj isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;s‚h w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a jQjd h'
by; lS ck jru wkqj lghq;= l< tu wdKavqj úiska 1972 uehs 22 Èk kj
wdKavql%u jHjia:djla y÷kajd fok ,È' th 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj jYfhka
ye¢kafõ'
90fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1972 wdKavql%u jHia:dfõ uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla
� tf;la ,xldj hkqfjka ye¢kajQ furg Y%S ,xldj hk kdufhka ye¢kaùu
� ì%;dkH wêrdcH iu. mej;s jHjia:dkql+, ne£ï wjika lsÍu
� Y%S ,xldj tAlSh ckrchla nj ms<s.ekSu
� ck;djf.a uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; lsÍu
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 18 jk j.ka;sfha uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï yd
kka jeoEreï ksoyi .ek i|yka fõ' tys i|yka lreKq lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� kS;sh mis|,Su" l%shd;aul lsÍu yd kS;sfha /ljrKh i¾j idOdrK
úh hq;= h'
� kS;shg wkql+,j ñi mqoa.,fhl=f.a m%dKhg" ksoyig fyda
iqrlaIs;Ndjhg ydks fkd l< hq;= h'
� iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u is;Sfï ksoyig" yDo idlaIHfha ksoyig yd
wd.ñl ksoyig whs;sh ;sfí'
� mqrjeishkag iduldój /iaùug yd woyia m%ldY lsÍug ksoyi ;sfí'
fufia uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka u ms<s.ekSu
jeo.;a lreKls'
ckdêm;s ;k;=r
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a mej;s
w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r fjkqjg kj jHjia:dfjka
kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;s ;k;=r y÷kajd
ÿkafka h' ckdêm;sjrhd m;a lsÍfï n,h
w.ue;sjrhdg ysñ úh' tf;la mej;s
wdKavql%uh hgf;a w.%dKavqldrjrhdg ysñ
jQ n,;, kj jHjia:dfjka ckdêm;sjrhdg
,enq‚' tjlg w.%dKavqldrjrhd jYfhka
lghq;= l< ú,shï f.dm,a,j uy;d furg
m%:u kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;a
flßK' rEmh 6'3 Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u kdñl úOdhl
ckdêm;s ú,shï f.dm,a,j
91fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
cd;sl rdcH iNdj
1972g fmr md¾,sfïka;=j hkqfjka ye¢kajQ jHjia:dÞhl iNdj fjkqjg
kj jHjia:dfjka cd;sl rdcH iNdj ia:dms; flß‚' cd;sl rdcH iNdj uyck
Pkaofhka m;a jQ ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; úh' ck;dj i;= jHia:dÞhl n,h
fuu iNdj u.ska l%shd;aul flß‚' Y%S ,xldj i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï mQ¾K
n,h cd;sl rdcH iNdj i;= úh' cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ ks, ld,h jir 6ls'
w.ue;s iy wud;H uKav,h
fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a úOdhl n,h l%shd;aul lsÍu wud;H uKav,h
fyj;a leìkÜ uKav,h fj; mejßK' wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd w.ue;sjrhd
úh' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska w.ue;sjrhd m;a lrk ,o w;r w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fiiq weu;sjreka m;a l< hq;= úh'
wêlrKh
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a hqla;sh mis|,Sfï lghq;= i|yd wêlrK
moaO;shla msysgqù h'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh
uydêlrKh
Èid wêlrKh
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh
fuu wêlrK moaO;sfha m%Odk u wdh;k fol jQfha fY%aIaGdêlKh yd
uydêlrKh hs' tA tA Èia;%slalj, isú,a kvq úi£u Èid wêlrKj,g mejre‚'
wmrdO kvq úksYaph lsÍug tA tA ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKj,g mjrd ;snq‚' wêlrK
fiajfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId jk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wêlrK fiajd WmfoaYl
uKav,h yd wêlrK fiajd úkh uKav,hla msysgqjd ;snq‚' lïlre Widú tu
uKav, u.ska l%shd;aul úh'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn| .eg¨ ksrdlrKh yd md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a
flfrk mk;a flgqïm;a wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkql+, ±hs mÍlaId lsÍu wdÈh
i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrK msysgqjd ;snq‚'
92fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1978 kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
1977 j¾Ifha cQ,s udifha mej;s ue;sjrKfhka cd;sl
rdcH iNdfõ uka;%S wdik 168ka 140la u Èkd .ekSug
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh iu;a úh' fuu ue;sjrKfhka
øúv tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqKg wdik 18la ,enqKq
w;r Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIhg ,nd .; yels jQ wdik
ixLHdj 08la úh' Bg wu;rj ,xld lïlre ix.uhg
tla wdikhla yd iajdëk uka;%Sjrhl=g tla wdikhla
,enq‚' fufia tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg ;=fkka follg;a
jeä nyq;r wdik .Kkla ,enqKq neúka tys kdhl fÊ'
wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d ld,hl isg wfmalaId l< mßÈ
úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh iys; wdKavql%u jHjia:djla
iïmdokh lsÍug wjia:dj ,enq‚' 1978 j¾Ifha isg
tu kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj l%shd;aul úh'
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj Y%S ,xldj" Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§
ckrch hkqfjka ye|skafjk w;r th talSh rdcHhla nj oelafõ' jHjia:dj
wdrïNfha § u ck;d mrudêm;Hh .ek i|yka fldg we;' ck;dj i;=
jHjia:dÞhl n,h" uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jk uka;%Sjreka úiska o cku;
úpdrKhl § ck;dj úiska o l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí'
ck;dj i;= úOdhl n,h" ck;dj úiska f;dard m;a lrkq ,nk
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí'
ck;djf.a wêlrK n,h" jHjia:dj wkqj msysgqjd we;s wêlrK moaO;sh
u.ska l%shd;aul fõ'
fuu jHjia:dfõ lemS fmfkk wxY lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 30 jk j.ka;sh wkqj Y%S ,xld ckrcfha
ckdêm;sjrhd rcfha m%Odkshd o úOdhlfha m%Odkshd o wdKavqfõ m%Odkshd o
ikakoaO fiajdjkays fiakdêkdhlhd o fõ' fï wkqj ckdêm;s Oqrh mQ¾K úOdhl
n,;, iys; rcfha by< u úOdhl ;k;=r njg m;aj ;sfí' fuu jHjia:dj wkqj
ckdêm;sjrhd" ckdêm;sjrK Pkao úuiSul § ck;d Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a fõ'
ckdêm;sjrhdf.a Oqr ld,h jir yhls'
rEmh 6'4 fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok
uy;d
93fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ckdêm;sjrhd i;= n,;,
md¾,sfïka;=j le|ùu" jdrdjidk lsÍu" uy ue;sjrKhlska miqj
meje;afjk ux., md¾,sfïka;= /iaùfï uq,iqk ±Íu" wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh
bÈßm;a lsÍu yd md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍu i|yd ckdêm;sjrhdg n,h ;sfí'
fï wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl= fkd jQj;a jHjia:dÞhlh yd
iïnkaO n,;, lsysmhla Tyqg ysñj we;'
w.ue;sjrhd m;a lsÍu" weu;sjreka m;a lsÍu" weu;sjrekag úIh yd ld¾h
mejÍu we;=¿ wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu ckdêm;sg mejÍ
we;' fï wkqj úOdhlfha kdhlhd ckdêm;s fõ'
w.% úksYaphldr;=ud we;=`M fY%aIaGdêlrKh yd wNshdpkdêlrKfha
úksYAphldrjreka m;a lsÍu" wêlrKhlska jrolre l< ;eke;af;l=g iudj §u"
o~qjï ,sys,a lsÍu jeks wêlrK lafIa;%fha n,;, m%udKhla o ckdêm;s i;= h'
rdcH kdhlhd jYfhka o ckdêm;sjrhdg n,;, /ila ysñj we;' hqoaOh
yd iduh m%ldY lsÍu" rdcH W;aijj, uq,iqk ±Íu" cd;Hka;r jYfhka ckrch
ksfhdackh lsÍu" rdcH uqødj Ndrfha ;nd .ekSu" tn÷ n,;,j,g WÞyrK fõ'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj ckdêm;sjrhdg úreoaOj ljr lreKla fyda
iïnkaOfhka wêlrKhl kvq mejÍu l< fkd yels h' th ckdêm;s Oqrh i;=
úfYaI jrm%idohls'
w.ue;s yd wud;H uKav,h
� md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjreka w;=ßka wud;H uKav,h m;a lsÍu ckdêm;s i;=
n,hls'
� 1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a w.ue;s i;= jQ n,;," fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a" weu;s
uKav,fha kdhlhd jk ckdêm;s i;= fõ'
� wud;H uKav,h iduQyslj md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsj hq;= h'
� wud;H uKav,hg mejreKq ksYaÑ; ld¾hhka mej;Su' WÞyrK (-
� md¾,sfïka;=j úiska mkjk ,o kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu'
� tA tA wud;HdxYj, wh jeh weia;fïka;= yd w;=re wh
jeh ieliSu'
� wud;Hjrekag mejreKq tA tA úIh Ndrj lghq;= lsÍu'
94fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
md¾,sfïka;=j
1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a cd;sl rdcH iNdj jYfhka ye¢kajQ jHjia:dÞhl
uKav,h fjkqjg fuu jHjia:dj u.ska md¾,sfïka;=j ia:dms; flßK'
md¾,sfïka;=j uka;S%jreka 225 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fõ' uka;%Sjre 196 fofkl=
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh wkqj uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jk w;r tA tA mlaI
,enQ Pkao ixLHdfõ wkqmd;h wkqj b;sß 29 fokd cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard m;a
lr .efka' md¾,sfïka;=j i;= n,;, lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� kS;s mekùu
� uqo,a mßmd,kh
� wh jeh ilia lsÍu
� ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh
wêlrKh
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj iajdëk wêlrK moaO;shla y÷kajd§ug
wjYH mshjr f.k we;' wêlrK wdh;k ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh
wNshdpkdêlrKh
uydêlrKh
Èid wêlrKh
mjq,a wêlrKh
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
m%d:ñl wêlrKh
wêlrK moaO;sh wkqj Èjhsfka W;a;Í;r yd wjidk wêlrK n,h ysñ
Widúh fY%aIaGdêlrKh fõ' fY%aIaGdêlrKfha m%Odkshd jk w.%úksYaphldrjrhd
yd tu wêlrKfha ish¨ úksYaphlrejka o wNshdpkdêlrKfha úksYaphldrjreka
o ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| kvq úi£u"
ckdêm;sg tfrysj md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a flfrk fodaIdNsfhda. ms<sn| mÍlaId
lsÍu" md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido lvlsÍï ms<sn| fpdaokd úuiSu" Pkao fm;aiï ms<sn|
wêlrK lghq;= lsÍu wdÈh fY%aIaGdêlrKhg wh;a ld¾hhka iuyrls' my<
wêlrKj,ska ,ndfok ;Skaÿj,g tfrysj bÈßm;a jk wNshdpkd kvq úi£fï
n,h wNshdpkdêlrKh i;= fõ'
95fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh
/flk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍug
yd úksYaphldrjrekaf.a
wmlaImd;S;ajh /l .ekSu
i|yd wêlrK fiajd
fldñIka iNdjla msysgqjd
we;' w.% úksYaphldr;=ud
tys iNdm;s;ajh ork
w;r fY%aIaGdêlrKfha ;j
úksiqrefjda fofofkla
o tys idudðl;ajh
or;s' uydêlrKfha
úksYaphlrejkaf.a ia:dkudre
lsÍfï n,h" wêlrK
ks,Orhkaf.a mqyqKqùï" Wiia lsÍï we;=`M úkh md,k lghq;= wêlrK fiajd
fldñIka iNdjg mejÍ we;'
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ;=kajeks mßÉfþofha uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
úia;r fõ' 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| mq`M,aj yd
úia;rd;aulj ú.%y lr ;sîu fuys úfYaI ,laIKhls'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ms<sf.k we;s uQ,sl whs;Ska w;r kS;sh bÈßfha
iudk;ajfhka ie,lSfï ksoyi" l:d lsÍfï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi" jO
ysxidj,ska ñ§ isàfï ksoyi" leu;s wd.ula" ,íêhla fyda úYajdihla ±Ífï ksoyi"
leu;s jD;a;shla" /lshdjla lsÍfï ksoyi wdÈh we;=<;a fõ'
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd bÈßhg hñka 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 126
jeks j.ka;s m%ldrj tlS uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd kka jeoEreï ksoyi W,a,x>khùu
fyda lvùug wdikak wjia:djl udihla we;=<; hful=g fY%aIaGdêlrKhg
fm;aiula f.dkq l< yels nj úia;r fõ' fulS whs;sjdislï lv ù we;s kï
fY%aIaGdêlrKh tA ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg iqÿiq ;SrKj,g t<fò'
rdcH fiajfha kshq;= ks<OdrSka úiska isÿlrKq ,nk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>kh lsÍu yd fjk;a widOdrK l%shdldrlï .ek md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia
fyj;a Tïnqâiaukajrhd fj; meñ‚,a,la bÈßm;a lrñka iyk ,nd .ekSug o
jHjia:dfjka m%;smdok i,id we;'
rEmh 6'5 fY%aIaGdêlrKh
96fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ i|yka Pkao úuiSï l%u
ckdêm;sjrKh
ckdêm;sjrKhl § Y%S ,xldj u tl u Pkao fldÜGdihla njg m;a fõ'
m%ldYs; Pkao ixLHdfjka ksh; nyq;rhla fyj;a 50] blaujQ Pkao m%udKhla ,nd
.kakd wfmalaIlhd ch.%yKh lrhs'
1978 jk úg w.ue;s Oqrfha isá fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d furg m%:u
úOdhl ckm;s f,i kï flßK' bka miqj ckdêm;sjrKhla mj;ajk ,oafoa 1982
§ h' tu ckdêm;sjrKfhka fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d kej; jrla ckdêm;s Oqrhg
f;aÍ m;a úh' jHjia:djg wkqj jir yhl Oqr ld,fhka jir y;rla .;jQ miqj
kej; fojk jrula b,a,d ckdêm;sjrKhlg fhduq úh yels nj 1978 wdKavql%u
jHjia:djg lrk ,o fojeks ixfYdaOkh u.ska y÷kajd ÿKs' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok
uy;dg miqj ms<sfj,ska rKisxy fm%auÞi" ã' î' úfÊ;=x. ^ckdêm;sjrKhlska m;a
fkd ú‚& pkaøsld l=udr;=x." uyskao rdcmlaI yd ffu;%smd, isßfiak hk uy;au
uy;aóyq úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrhg m;a jQy'
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hkq 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka y÷kajd
ÿka ;j;a kjdx.hls' md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka" m<d;a iNd uka;%Sjreka yd m<d;a
md,k wdh;k i|yd ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;a lr .kq ,nk ish¨ ue;sjrKj, §
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh fhdÞ .efka'
fuu ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj wfmalaIlhka lKavdhï jYfhka bÈßm;a fõ'
úúO Pkao fldÜGdi i|yd f;dard .kakd uka;%Sjreka .Kk ue;sjrKhg fmr
m%ldY flfrk w;r Pkao Þhlhka Pkaoh Ndú; lsÍfï § wÞ< mlaIhg Pkaoh
,nd § bÈßm;a lr we;s wfmalaIlhdg ukdmh igyka l< hq;= h' tys § tA tA mlaI
,nd .;a Pkao ixLHdjg wkqmd;slj mlaIhg ysñ wdik .Kk ;SrKh jk w;r
wfmalaIlhka ,nd .;a ukdm m%udKh wkqj tA tA wfmalaIlhdg ch.%yKh ysñ fõ'
cku; úpdrKh
cd;sl jeo.;alulska hq;= lreKla iïnkaOfhka iDcqj u uyck u;h
,nd .kakd l%uhla f,i cku; úpdrKh ye¢kaúh yels h' 1978 jHjia:dj u.ska
uq,ajrg cku; úpdrK l%uh furgg y÷kajd § we;'
fuys § tla kshñ; lreKla i|yd ;u wNsu;h zTõZ fyda zke;Z f,i m%ldY
flfrk m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu isÿ fõ' 1982 § furg cku; úpdrKhla
97fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
meje;aùfï w;a±lSu ,o w;r th fuf;la mej;s tl u cku; úpdrKh fõ'
tf;la mej;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld, iSudj §¾> lr .ekSu i|yd tu cku;
úpdrKh meje;aú‚'
cku; úpdrKhlg bÈßm;a flfrk lreKla ck;dj úiska wkqu; lrk
,o nj ms<s.ekSug kï fok ,o j,x.= Pkao ixLHdfjka 50]lg jeä Pkao ixLHdjla
,nd .; hq;= h'
6'2 ksoyfika miq ixj¾Ok lghq;=
1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,enqKq fyhska tf;la l,a ì%;dkH
wêrdcHjd§kaf.a hym; fjkqfjka yiqrejd ;snQ furg wd¾Ólh" rfÜ ck;djf.a
wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka yeisrùfï j.lSu furg foaYmd,k{hka fj;g mejre‚'
ksoyfika miqj f.jqKq oYl y;r ;=< furg m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol jk
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yd Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh l,ska l, n,fha isá w;r tA
iEu wdKavqjla u rfÜ wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lr we;' fuys § rfÜ
lDIsl¾udka;h yd l¾udka; lafIa;%h ÈhqKq lsÍug yd wOHdmk ;;a;ajh by<
kexùug wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾. lssysmhla ms<sn| fidhd n,uq'
lDIsl¾udka; ixj¾Okh
w;S;fha isg u furg lDIsld¾ñl rgla jQ neúka ck;djg wjYH wdydrmdk
rg ;=< u ksIamdokh lsÍu isÿ úh' tfy;a jir 133la ;=< mej;s ì%;dkH md,k
ld,fha § j;= j.djg m%uqL;ajh ,enqKq fyhska foaYSh hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h ÈhqKq
lsÍu flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq fkd ù h' tu hq.fha § furgg wjYH
wdydr øjH úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍug bx.%SiSyq lghq;= l<y' tys m%;sM, jYfhka
ksoyi ,efnk úg furg wdydr øjH ksIamdokh ÈhqKq lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;=j
;snq‚' fï ksid iEu wdKavqjlg u ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr
.ekSug isÿ úh'
ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu
m<uqjk f,dal ix.%du ld,fha wdydr øjH wdkhkh ÿIalr ùu;a 1929
we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh fya;=fjka wdydr øjHj, ñ, by< hdu;a jeks
fya;= ksid furg ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu flfrys ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha wjidk
wjêfha § u wjOdkh fhduq úh' tfy;a fï i|yd jvd;a M,Þhs l%shdud¾. wdrïN
jQfha rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § h' 1931 - 1947 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a
lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYh ,dxlsl weu;sjrekag ,eîu;a lDIsl¾uh ÈhqKq lsÍug uy;a
Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d tu wud;HdxYfha weu;sjrhd njg m;a
ùu;a rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § ù j.dfõ ÈhqKqjg fya;=jla úh'
98fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ù j.djg jvd;a .e<fmk idrj;a mi iys; ;eks;,d ìï mj;skqfha furg
úh<s l,dmfha neúka wdydr ksIamdokh by< kexùug kï úh<s l,dmh kej;
ù j.djg fhdÞ .; hq;=j ;sìK' fï ksid ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska úh<s
l,dmfha f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrk ,È'
f.dú ckmo msysgqùu
úh<s l,dmfha f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï wruqKq lsysmhla ;snq‚'
� f;;a l,dmfha by< hñka mj;sk ck.yk ;onoh yd /lshd ysÕh wvq
lsÍu'
� rfÜ wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu'
� úh<s l,dmfha mer‚ jeõ yd jdßud¾. w¨;ajeähd fldg tys bvï
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg fhdÞ .ekSu'
� f;;a l,dmfha mj;sk bvï ysÕh wvq fldg bvï ysñ ;Dma;su;a f.dú
mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu'
w;S;fha rg iy,ska iajhxfmdaIs; jQfha úh<s l,dmh úYd, jYfhka ù
j.djg fhdÞ .ekSu ksid h' tys § u;= jk m%Odk .eg¨j jQ c, ysÕhg ms<shula
jYfhka w;S; uq;=ka ñ;af;da jeõ wuqKq moaO;shla yd jdß ud¾. cd,hla ;kjd
;sfí' tfy;a ld,sx. ud>f.a wdl%uKfhka miqj úh<s l,dmh w;yer ck;dj
jeä jYfhka f;;a l,dmhg ixl%uKh ù ;snq‚' fufia w;yer oud ;snQ úh<s
l,dmh jir y;aishhlg muK miq h<s wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg fhdÞ .ekSu" furg
ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍfï b;d jeo.;a mshjrls'
kj f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï § yd mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ rch uqyqKÿka wNsfhda. /ila
;snq‚'
� f;;a l,dmfha ck;dj f;dard f.k úh<s l,dmhg le|jdf.k f.dia
bvï ,nd § ksjdi ;kjd mÈxÑ lrùu'
� ld,dka;rhla jk.;j mej;s ìï lDIsl¾uhg iqÿiq mßÈ ieliSug
Wmldr lsÍu yd jdß ud¾. myiqlï iemhSu'
� m%:u wiajekak fk<k f;la cdkmÈlhkag wdOdr uqo,la ,nd §u
� ck;djf.a fi!LH" wOHdmkh we;=`M myiqlï we;s lsÍu
� ksIamdok øjH wf,ú lsÍu i|yd wf,ú ixj¾Ok fiajd msysgqùu'
fuu wNsfhda. ch .ekSug wjYH kS;s Í;s ilia lrf.k ie,iqï iy.;j
lghq;= lsÍu ksid ksoyi ,eîug fmr § u f.dúckmo lsysmhla msysgqùug yelshdj
,enq‚' ñkafkaßh" ld.u" kdÉp¥j" fnr.u" ñksfma" mrdl%u iuqøh" ߧ ne¢ we<"
99fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
is;shu 6'1 f.dú ckmo
100fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ix.s,slkordj" WksÉphs wdÈh tn÷ ckmoj,g WÞyrK fõ' ksoyi ,eîfuka miqj
1953 j¾Ih olajd ld,fha § ;j;a f.dú ckmo 15la muK msysgqúh' n;aueä,a,"
foajyQj" .sß;f,a" mdkshkalvj," brKuvq" .,a Th" lka;f,a" fidrfndrjej wdÈh
tn÷ ckmo fõ'
kj f.dú ckmo msysgqùu;a iuÕ mer‚ jeõ wuqKq m%;sixialrKh yd jdß
ud¾. ;ekùu flfrys rg ;=< m%n, Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' .,a Th ixj¾Ok fhdackd
l%uh kj jdßud¾. ;ekùu ms<sn`o WÞyrKhls' fuh furg wdrïN l< m<uqjk
nyqld¾h ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh fjhs'
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh
ksoyfika miqj furg wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd wkq.ukh l<
l%shdud¾. w;r uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uhg úfYaI jeo.;alula ,efí' w;=
.x.d /ilska fmdaIKh ,nk uyje,s .Õ uOHu l÷lrfha ngysr fldgfika
wdrïN ù ÿïnr ñáhdj; Tiafia .,d f.dia ;%sl=Kdu,h wi,ska uqyqog jefÜ'
fuu .x.d moaO;sh rfÜ wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj i|yd fhdÞ .ekSu ms‚i uyje,s ixj¾Ok
fhdackd l%uh wdrïN úh'
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh u.ska wfmalaId l< wruqKq lsysmhla ;snq‚'
� úh<s l,dmfha f.dú ìï M,Þhs f,i lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g fhdÞ
.ekSug wjYH ks;H c, myiqlï iemhSu'
� by< hk úÿ,s n, b,a¨u i|yd úÿ,s n,h ksIamdokh lsÍu'
� c, iïmdokh ksid kj ckdjdi ìys lsÍfuka bvï ke;s ck;djg bvï
imhd § wdydr fNda. j.dj jHdma; lsÍu'
uyje,s jHdmdrfhka wfmalaIs; fuu m%Odk wruqKqj,g wu;rj /lshd
yd lDIsl¾udka; wjia:d ìys lsÍu" .xj;=r md,kh yd ñßÈh uiqka fnda lsÍu
jeks ;j;a M,Þhs m%;sM, lsysmhla wfmalaId flß‚' fï wkqj uyje,s ixj¾Ok
jHdmdrh tla wruqKlg jvd jeä ld¾hhka /ila bgq lr .; yels nyq ld¾h
fhdackd l%uhla úh'
uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrfha m<uq wÈhr jQfha fmd,af.d,af, § uyje,s .Õ
yryd úYd, neïula ;kjd Wu.la yryd iqÿ .Õg c,h ,nd f.k fndaj;ekak
c,dYh yryd rcrg úh<s l,dmhg c,h f.k hdu úh' tu.ska l,d jej" kdÉp¥j
jej" kqjr jej" ;sid jej yd ;j;a jeõ lsysmhlg c,h ,nd .ekSug ie,iqï
flß‚' fuu m<uqjk wÈhf¾ lghq;= 1970 j¾Ifha § wdrïN flreKq w;r 1977
101fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
j¾Ih jk úg wfmalaIs; jev fldgi iïmQ¾K lsÍug yelshdj ,enq‚' uyje,s
jHdmdrfha b;sß wÈhr jYfhka ;j;a c,dY lsysmhla" wuqKq yd we< ud¾. /ila o
bÈ l< hq;= j ;sì‚' tfy;a tu lghq;= jir 30la we;=<; iïmQ¾K lsÍug uq, §
ie,iqï flre‚'
rEmh 6'6 fmd,af.d,a, wuqK
1977 j¾Ifha § n,hg m;a fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;=
rch uyje,s jHdmdrfha lghq;= jir yhlska ksu lsÍug ;SrKh fldg läkï jev
ms<sfj,la iïmdokh lf<a h' tA wkqj tf;la mej;s uyje,s ixj¾Ok uKav,h
fjkqjg 1978 j¾Ifha § uyje,s ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh msysgqjd tu wud;HdxYfha
lghq;= .dñŒ Èidkdhl weu;s;=udg mejÍ h' uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrfha lghq;=
fufyhùug jeä n,;, iys; md,kdêldrhla wjYH jQ neúka 1979 j¾Ifha §
uyje,s wêldßh msysgqù h'
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh hgf;a fld;auf,a" úlafgdaßhd" rkafo‚.,"
rkagefò" W,aysáh" r;als| yd udÿre Th c,dY bÈ lsÍu o r;a ls|" udÿre Th WuÕ
we;=`M Wux lsysmhla fuka u ñksfma wuqK jeks wuqKq yd c, yerjqï uOHia:dk
lsysmhla bÈ lsÍug o lghq;= flre‚'
102fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fld;auf,a c,dYh
uyje,s .fÕa
m%Odk w;= .x.djla jk
fld;auf,a Th lvfÞr
kï ia:dkfha § yrialr
fõ,a,la ne| fld;auf,a
c,dYh ;ekù h' iaùvka
rcfhka fï i|yd wdOdr
,enq‚'
úlafgdaßhd c,dYh
uyje,s .fÕa
fmd,af.d,a, neïug
my<ska fõ,a,la ne|
fuu úYd, c,dYh
;kjd we;' úÿ,sn,h
ckkh lsÍu fuys
m%Odk wruqKls'
ì%;dkH rch fï i|yd
wdOdr uqo,a ,nd ÿ‚'
103fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rkafo‚., fõ,a,
úlafgdaßhd
c,dYhg my<ska
ñksfma wuqKg by<ska
m%foaYfha rkafo‚.,
c,dYh bÈ lr we;'
úÿ,s n,h ksmoùu yd
jdß ud¾.j,g c,h
,nd .ekSu fuhska isÿ
flf¾' fï i|yd ngysr
c¾uksfhka wdOdr
,enq‚'
is;shu 6'2 läkï uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrh hgf;a c, iïmdok jHdmD;s
104fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
uyje,s c,h kj c,dYj,g /ia fldg h<s h<s;a úÿ,s n,h ksmoùug
o fhdÞ f.k wk;=rej úh<s l,dmhg ,nd §u u.ska tf;la j.d l< ìïj,g
fuka u w¨;a j.d ìï i|yd o c,h ,nd .; yels úh' läkï uyje,s ixj¾Ok
jHdmdrh u.ska úÿ,s n,h ksmoùu yd lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd c,h imhd §ug
wu;rj ck;dj mÈxÑ lrùu" kj k.r yd ux udj;a bÈ lsÍu jeks lghq;= /ila
o isÿ flre‚'
ù j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍug wkq.ukh l< fjk;a l%shdud¾. lsysmhla(
� 1943 § ù i|yd iy;sl ñ, l%uhla y÷kajd §u'
� ù m¾fhaIK wdh;k msysgqùu yd kj ù m%fNao y÷kajd §u - n;,f.dv
ù wNsckk uOHia:dkh WÞyKhls'
� f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dk msysgqùu'
� rcfha nexl= u.ska f.dúhkag Kh wdOdr ,nd§ug mshjr .ekSu'
jHdmdßl lDIsl¾udka;h
ì%;dkHhka úiska y÷kajd fok ,o f;a" rn¾ yd idïm%Þhslj mej;s fmd,a
j.dj wdY%s; ksIamdok ksoyfika miqj o oYl ;=kla muK jk f;la furg m%Odk
wmkhk øjH jYfhka mej;=‚' fuu j.djka ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd 1948 j¾Ifhka miqj
l%shdud¾. /ila wkq.ukh lr we;' WÞyrK jYfhka tn÷ l%shdud¾. lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
1972 bvï m%;sixialrK kS;sh u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl=g whs;sfha ;nd.; yels
ksYAÑ; bvï m%udKhla kshu flß‚' fï wkqj tla mqoa.,fhl=g whs;slr.; yels
bvï m%udKh ù j.dj i|yd fylaghd¾ 10la ^wlalr 25& o fjk;a fNda. j.djka
i|yd fylaghd¾ 20la ^wlalr 50la& o jYfhka iSud flre‚'
1975 bvï m%;sixialrKh u.ska jHdmdßl j;= j.dfõ fhÿKq fmdÿ iud.ï
i;= bvï cki;= flß‚' fuu m%;sixialrK ksid uyd mßudK j;= j.dj hgf;a
fmdÿ iud.ï i;= jQ bvïj,ska 62]la muK rdcH wxYhg whs;s úh' rdcH wxYh i;=
jQ bvïj,ska 10]la muK l=vd ìï fldgia f,i f.dúhka w;r fnÞ §u ksid l=vd
j;= ysñhka msßilg ìys ùug yels úh'
1975 bvï m%;sixialrKh u.ska fmdÿ iud.ï i;= úYd, bvï rdcH wxYhg
,eîu ksid úYd, bvï ms<sn| whs;sh fm!oa.,sl wxYfhka rdcH wxYhg udre úh'
105fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ksoyfika miqj rdcH wxYh i;= jQ bvï l<uKdlrKh i|yd wdh;k
lsysmhla msysgqjk ,È'
� 1958 § rdcH jeú,s ixia:dj msysgqùu'
� 1976 § Wvrg j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'
� 1976 § ck;d j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'
tfia msysgqjk ,o rdcH wdh;kj,g WÞyrK fõ'
1952 j¾Ifha § Ök iuQydKavqj iu. Y%S ,xldj we;s lr .;a oaùmd¾Yaúl
.súiqula ksid ,xldfõ rn¾ ksIamdok Ökhg wmkhkh lsÍug yels úh' fï ksid
furg rn¾j,g ia:djr fjf<|fmd<la ,enq‚'
1977 j¾Ifha isg rch úiska rn¾ kej; w¨f;ka j.d lsÍu i|yd bvï
ysñhkag wdOdr ,nd §fï jevms<sfj<la Èh;a lrk ,È' fuys § rn¾ me< yd
fmdfydr ,nd §ug o mshjr .eksK' miqj f;a j.dj i|yd o fuh l%shd;aul
flßK'
ksoyfika miqj rch wkq.ukh l< bvï fnÞ §fï m%;sm;a;s ksid furg
l=vd bvï ysñhka msßila ìysùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' fï ksid niakdysr
m<d;" ol=Kq m<d; yd inr.uq m<d; ;=< wlalr 1-10 m%udKfha l=vd rn¾ j;=
yd f;a j;= ysñfhda msßila ìys jQy' tu.ska m%Odk wmkhk fNda. wdYs%;j .eñ
ck;djf.a wdÞhï ;;a;ajh o by< .sfha h'
iq`M wmkhk fNda. j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍu
f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks m%Odk wmkhk fNda.j,g wu;rj" fldams" fldfldajd"
lrouqx.=" lrdnq keá" idÈlald" .ïñßia" l=re÷ jeks iq¿ wmkhk fNda. j.dj o
ÈhqKq lsÍug ksoyfika miqj úúO mshjr wkq.ukh flre‚'
1968 f;a fldñIka jd¾;dj wkqj f;a bvïj, w;=re j.djla jYfhka we;eï
iq¿ wmkhk fNda. j.d lsÍu" ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .eksKs'
1972 § ud;f,a m%foaYfha iq¿ wmkhk m¾fhaIK wdh;khla wdrïN flß‚'
wk;=rej l=Kavid," ±,amsáh" kdrïu, jeks m%foaYj, ;j;a tn÷ wdh;k msysgqjkq
,eî h'
1972 isg iq¿ wmkhk fNda. j.dj jHdma; lsÍug ;j;a mshjr /ila y÷kajd
106fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
§ we;' j.dj i|yd Wmfoia ,nd §u" fmdfydr ,nd §u wf,ú m%j¾Ok lghq;= lsÍu
thg WÞyrK fõ'
ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh
bx.%SiSkaf.a md,k ld,fha § ì%;dkHfha ksIamdokh flfrk NdKav wf,ú
lsÍfï fjf<|fmd<la jYfhka ,xldj mj;ajdf.k hdu ksid furg l¾udka;
lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjla isÿ fkd ù h' fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK hgf;a lïlre" l¾udka;
yd fjf<|du ms<sn| wud;HdxYh ,dxlsl wud;Hjrekag ,eîu ksid l¾udka;
lafIa;%h flfrys hï Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' 1934 j¾Ifha § furg l¾udka; ;;a;ajh
ms<sn| úu¾Ykhl fhÿKq Y%S ,xld nexl= fldñiu iajfoaYSh fjf<|fmd<g wjYH
ld¾ñl ksIamdok iemhSug l¾udka; wdrïN l< hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lr ;snq‚'
1939 j¾Ifha § wdrïN jQ fojk f,dal ix.%duh ksid hqoaO ld,fha § furgg
úfoaYSh NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug ndOd we;s úh' tu ld,fha § weisála weisâ"
msÕka NdKav" lvÞis" inka yd iqj| ú<jqka wdÈh ksIamdokh lrk l¾udka;
furg ìys jQ w;r tAjdfha ksIamdokj,g fyd| b,a¨ula o ;snq‚' tfy;a f,dal
ix.%duh ksu ùfuka miqj kej; úfoaY NdKav wdkhkhg uÕ újr jQ fyhska
úfoaY ksIamdok iu. ;r. lsÍug wmyiq ùu ksid by; lS l¾udka; wvmK
ù .sfha h'
1952 j¾Ifha § furgg meñ‚ f,dal nexl= ksfhdað; lKavdhula rcfha
ueÈy;aùu u; uOHu iy iq¿ mßudKfha l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍfï jeo.;alu
fmkajd ÿKs' tu jd¾;dj ksl=;a ùfuka miq 1955 jif¾ § Oj, m;%sldjla u.ska
úfoaYSh yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack flfrys rcfha m%;sm;a;sh meyeÈ,s lsÍu ksid
l¾udka;j,g uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu flfrys kej; Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' wk;=rej
1959 § m%:u ld¾ñl ckmoh tAl, msysgqùu fuka u 1960 § r;au,dk ld¾ñl
ckmoh msysgqùu ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sfha ;j;a lemS fmfkk wjia:djls'
1960 j¾Ifhka miqj furg ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha we;s jQ lemS fmfkk ,laIK
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
• 1961 § uyck nexl=j msysgqùu yd l=vd l¾udka;lrejkag Kh myiqlï i,id
§u'
• 1966 § foaYSh ld¾ñl ksIamdokj, m%ñ;sh ;SrKh lsÍug m%ñ;s ld¾hdxYhla
msysgqùu'
• rcfha ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s ksid 1960ka miqj furgg wjYH mdßfNda.sl øjH
ksIamdokh lsÍfï l¾udka;j, ÈhqKqjla we;s ùu'
107fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
• 1970-¡1977 ld,fha rch wkq.ukh l< wdhd; wdfoaYl m%;sm;a;sh ksid foaYSh
.Dyia: l¾udka; yd iq¿ l¾udka; ÈhqKq ùu'
úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lrk NdKav fjkqjg Bg iudk wdfoaYl foaYSh jYfhka
ksIamdokh lr .ekSu wdhd; wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
• ksoyi ,eî .; jQ oYl ;=k ;=< wuqøjH úYd, f,i fhdÞ .ksñka úYd,
l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< f;d. jYfhka NdKav ksIamdokh flfrk uyd mßudK
l¾udka; mj;ajdf.k hdu fndfyda úg rcfha ueÈy;aùfuka isÿ úh' isfuka;s"
hlv yd jdfka" ;=kS ,E,s" iSks wdÈ l¾udka; Bg WÞyrK fõ'
• 1977 j¾Ifhka miqj wmkhk wdY%s; l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh Ok
wdfhdaclhka le|jd .ekSu yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èßu;a lsÍu ms‚i wkq.ukh
l< m%;sm;a;s ksid weÕ¿ï l¾udka;h we;=¿ wmkhk wdY%s; l¾udka;j, YS>%
ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' 1978 § uy fld<U wd¾Ól fldñiu msysgqùu" tu j¾Ifha §
u lgqkdhl wmkhk ieliqï l,dmh msysgqùu" miqj ìh.u yd fld.a., ;j;a
wmkhk ieliqï l,dm msysgqùu ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha Wkak;shg fya;= úh'
wOHdmkh
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg wOHdmk lghq;=j, l%udKql+, ÈhqKqjla we;s
úh' wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreo jHdmdrh mej;s ld,fha § isxy," fou< yd uqia,sï
ck;dj ;=< wOHdmk lghq;= ms<sn| úfYaI Wkkaÿjla mej;s fyhska rg mqrd mdi,a
ixLHdj o fõ.fhka by< .sfha h' tfy;a Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd .ekSfï § uqo,a
jeh lsÍug isÿ jQ fyhska uqo,a ÿIalr;d mej;s foudmshkaf.a ¥ orejkag wOHdmk
m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels jQfha u| jYfhks' fï ksid rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha
wOHdmk weu;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= l< iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r uy;df.a
fhdackdjla mßÈ ish¨ YsIH YsIHdjkag nd,dxYfha isg úYajúoHd,h olajd rch
u.ska fkdñf,a wOHdmkh ,nd §u fyj;a ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul
flß‚' ksoyfika miqj furg n,hg m;a jQ iEu rchla u ksoyia wOHdmk
m%;sm;a;sh wkqj wOHdmk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr f.k we;' 1948 j¾Ifhka
miqj .; jQ oYl ;=kl ld,fha § we;s jQ furg wOHdmk lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk
,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
• rch mdi,a msysgqùu yd wOHdmk jHdma;shg uqo,a fhoùu
ksid rg mqrd mdi,a ixLHdj by< hdu'
• úIhud,d ixj¾Okh yd .=re mqyqKq lghq;= kùlrKh ùu'
• úoHd.dr myiqlï yd mdi,a mqia;ld, myiqlï jHdma; ùu'
108fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
• Èjd wdydrh" mdi,a fmd;a" ffjoH yd oka; ffjoH fiajd iy mdi,a ks,
we÷ï wdÈh fkdñ,fha ,nd §u;a iykÞhS .ukd.uk myiqlï ,nd §u;a
u.ska YsIH Y=NidOk fiajd yd Wmldrl lghq;= jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'
• wOHdmk mßmd,k rgdj ld,hg .e<fmk f,i fjkia lsÍu'
• jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;k msysgqjñka tlS wOHdmk lghq;= mq¿,a lsÍu'
• kj úYajúoHd, msysgqjñka Wiia wOHdmk lghq;= jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'
• 1942 j¾Ifha § ,xld úYajúoHd,h fld<U msysgqùu'
• 1952 j¾Ifha § ,xld úYajúoHd,h fmardfo‚hg f.k hdu'
• úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka úYajúoHd, njg m;a lsÍu' miqj fuu
úYajúoHd, fol ms<sfj<ska Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h yd le,‚h
úYajúoHd,h f,i kï flß‚'
• 1972 § fudrgqj lgqneoao úYajúoHd,h yd 1974 § hdmk úYajúoHd,h msysgqùu
o Wiia wOHdmk lafIa;%fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqjg WÞyrK fõ'
6'3 iudc Y=NidOkh
1931 j¾Ifha § furg mqrjeishkag i¾j ck Pkaon,h ,eîu ksid wd¾Ól
jYfhka j;a fmdfydi;alï fkd;snQ ck;djg mjd foaYmd,k jákdlula
wdfrdamKh úh' fufia Pkao n,h" foaYmd,k n,h ,nd .ekSfï m%Odk idOlhla
njg m;a jQfhka fmdÿ ck;djf.a wjYH;d flfrys foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh
fhduq ùug th m%n, fya;=jla úh' tfia u ,xldj È.= l,la hg;a úð;hla jYfhka
mej;Su ksid fmdÿ ck;djg wys;lr iudc" wd¾Ól .eg¨ /ila ks¾udKh ù
;snq‚' fï ksid Wreuhka njg m;a ù ;snQ tlS iudc ÿla.ekú,sj,g ms<shï
fhdoñka wiudk;djka ÿre fldg iudc idOdrK;ajh ,efnk f,i lghq;= lsÍu
ksoyfika miqj rdcH m%;sm;a;sfha lemS fmfkk wx.hla úh' 1948 j¾Ifhka miqj
iudc idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu yd wd¾Ól jYfhka ÿn, fldgiaj,g bÈßhg tAug
bv lv i,id §u ms‚i wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.j,g WÞyrK lsysmhla ±laúh
yels h'
• .%dóh m%foaYj, wOHdmk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu'
• /lshd ,nd .ekSfï § olaI;djg uq,a ;ek §u yd ;r. úNd. l%u fhdÞ
.ekSu'
• ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï jeks ixl,am jHjia:d.;
lsÍu'
• lDIsl¾uh yd ëjr lghq;= wdÈhg Kh myiqlï yd iykdOdr imhñka
rdcH wkq.%yh ,nd §u'
109fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fi!LH fiajh
ksoyi ,eîug fmr mjd fkdñ,fha fi!LH myiqlï ,nd .ekSug bv
i,id ;snQ kuq;a tys m%;s,dN jeä jYfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj,g muKla iSud ù
;snq‚' fï ksid ksoyfika miqj .%dóh m%foaYj, fi!LH fiajd ÈhqKq lsÍug úfYaI
wjOdkhla fhduq flß‚' fi!LH wud;HdxYh hgf;a .%dóh m%foaYj, frday,a
msysgqùu" úkakUq" ud;D yd <ud fi!LH fiajd ÈhqKq lsÍu" m%;sYla;SlrK tkak;a
,nd §u" ffjoH idhk meje;aùu yd foaYSh ffjoH l%uh ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
hkdÈh .%dóh fi!LH myiqlï by< kexùug .;a l%shdud¾.j,g WÞyrK fõ' fï
ksid WK ikaksmd;h" nrjd" uef,aßhd" laIh frda.h" nd,l mlaI.d; frda.h jeks
frda. je<f|k msßi ie,lsh hq;= ;rulska wju lr .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚'
fjk;a Y==NidOk lghq;=
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg uyd ud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. ;ekùu ksid
m%jdykh yd .ukd.uk lghq;=j, ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' ksoyfika miqj tys m%;s,dN
.%dóh ck;djg;a ,nd .; yels jk mßÈ .ïno m%foaYj, ud¾. ;ekùu yd
.ukduk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .ekq‚' fï ksid .u yd k.rh w;r mej;s
ÿria nj wvq ù tf;la k.rj,g muKla iSud ù ;snQ c,h" úÿ,sh" m‚jqv yqjudrej
jeks fmdÿ myiqlï .%dóh m%foaYj,g;a ,enq‚'
fojk f,dal ix.%duh mej;s iufha § kdúl .ukd.ukhg mej;s ndOl
ksid wdydr øjH wdkhkh iSud lsÍug isÿ úh' fï ksid rch úiska wdydr iykdOdr
,nd §fï jev ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lrk ,È' fufia ld,hla iykdOdr l%uhkag
ck;dj yqreùu;a wvq wdÞhu" bvï ysÕh yd wvq M,ÞhS;dj jeks fya;= ksid;a
ksoyfika miqj o oßø;dj wju lsÍfï jev ms<sfj<la jYfhka wdydr iykdOdr
,nd §u wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdug rchg isÿ úh' fuys § iy,a iykdOdrh ,nd
§ug m%uqL ;ekla ,enq‚' iy,a iykdOdrh jvd;a úêu;a lsÍu i|yd iykdOdr
,efnk iEu whl=g u l+mka fmd;la miqj ksl=;a flß‚' th yd,a fmd; kñka
m%p,s; úh' 1977 j¾Ifhka miqj iy,a l+mka fmd; fjkqjg wdydr øjH ,nd
.ekSug wdydr uqoaor l%uhla l%shd;aul flß‚'
rcfha iykdOdr ,enQ ck;dj uqyqKÿka ;j;a m%Odk .eg¨jla jQfha ksjdi
m%Yakh hs' fï ksid kd.ßl m%foaYj, fuka u .%dóh m%foaYj, o mej;s ksjdi
m%Yakh úi£u i|yd ksoyfika miqj úúO jevigyka l%shd;aul flß‚' kd.ßl
m%foaYj, ;Ügq ksjdi bÈlsÍug yd ksjdi ixlS¾K ;ekùug rch lghq;= l<
w;r .%dóh m%foaYj, úúO ksjdi fhdackd l%u u.ska ksjdi bÈ lr .ekSug rcfha
wdOdr ,nd ÿKs' fufia ksoyi ,eîfuka miqj rch wLKavj l%shd;aul l< úúO
Y=NidOl fhdackd l%u u.ska ck;dj iún, .ekaùu ksid jeo.;a ch.%yK /ila
rgg ,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,eì‚'
110fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ye¢kaùu
lsishï lafIa;%hla ;=< flá ld,hl § we;s jk m%n, fjkiaùula ye¢kaùu
i|yd úma,jh hk moh fhfoa' ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fun÷ fjkiaùula
ld¾ñl úma,jh jYfhka y÷kajhs' hqfrdamfha mqkreo iufha wd.ñl lafIa;%fha
we;s jQ fjkiaùu wd.ñl úma,jh f,i ie,ls‚' foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha o fun÷
úma,j .Kkdjla we;s úh' weußlka ksoyia igk fyj;a wefußlka úma,jh" m%xY
úma,jh yd reishdkq úma,jh tn÷ úma,jj,g WÞyrK fõ' tn÷ foaYmd,k úma,j
ms<sn|j fuu mdvfuka ;jÿrg;a lreKq úia;r flf¾'
7'1 wefußlka ksoyia igk
ye¢kaùu
wefußlka ckmojdiSka ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSu i|yd
f.k .sh igk wefußlka ksoyia igk jYfhka y÷kajhs' 1492 j¾Ifha §
ls%iafgdam¾ fldf<dïnia leßìhka uqyqfoa nyudia Èjhskaj,g f.dvneiSfuka
miqj ;ud meñ‚fha bkaÈhdjg hehs úYajdi lf<a h' tA wkqj tjlg weußldfõ
jdih l< iajfoaYslhka bkaÈhdkq jeishka f,i y÷kajd we;' ifï meyeh wkqj
W;=re wefußldkq m%foaYj, isá iajfoaYslhka r;= bkaÈhdkqjka f,i o y÷kajkq
,eî h' fuu m%foaY bkaÈhdj ke;fyd;a wishdfõ kef.kysr m%foaY fkdj fjk u
N+ñNd.hla f,i m<uqjrg m%ldY lf<a .fõIlfhl= jQ weußf.da fjiamqÑ úisks'
tu fidhd.ekSug .relsßula f,i c¾uka cd;sl N+f.da, úoHd{fhl= tu m%foaY
ye`Èkaùug weußldj hk ku fh§ h' iïm;a nyq, ireidr úYd, rgla jQ wefußldj
ms<sn| weiQ hqfrdamShfhda weußldj w;a m;a lrf.k lKavdhï jYfhka f.dia tys
ckmo msysgqùug lghq;= l<y' mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h" ´,kaoh" m%xYh iy ì%;dkH
hk rgj,a tfia wefußldfõ ckmo msysgqjQ hqfrdamSh rgj,a fõ' hqfrdamShhka
wefußldfõ ckmo msysgqùug n, mE fya;= lsysmhls' tAjd my; mßÈ h'
� hqfrdamd rgj, mej;s frdaudkq lf;da,sl yd frmrudÿ wd.ñl .egqï ksid
wd.ñl ksoyi m;d kj m%foaY fj; hqfrdamSh ckhd we§ hdu'
� kj m%foaYj, bvlvï w;am;a lr .ekSfuka ck Ôú;h fi!Nd.Hj;a lr
.ekSug hqfrdamshhka fhduq ùu'
f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j 07
111fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
� lS¾;sh yd Okh j¾Okh lr .ekSfï wruqfKka hqfrdamd rgj, md,lhka
kj m%foaY fidhd ckdjdi msysgqjd .ekSug ,nd ÿka ffO¾hh yd Wkkaÿj'
ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqùu
fldf<dïniaf.a meñŒfuka miq .; jQ Y;j¾I tlyudrl muK ld,fha §
úúO hqfrdamd cd;Syq wefußldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' tys § iamd[a[jreka
yd mD;=.SiSka ol=Kq wefußlka m%foaYj, kj ckdjdi msysgqùug mshjr .;a w;r
ì%;dkHfhda yd m%xYjre W;=re wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' miqj wefußld
tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ìys jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re wefußlka m%foaYj,
msysgqjk ,o ckmo wdY%fhks'
1607 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka úiska j¾ðkshd ckmoh msysgqùfuka wdrïN
jQ W;=re wefußldfõ ì%;dkH ckmolrKh" Y;j¾Ihla ;rï ld,hla mej;=‚'
fuu ld,fha § ì%;dkH rcfha iDcq ueÈy;aùug jvd trg iud.ï" mqoa.,hka fyda
mqoa., lKavdhï úiska wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjkq ,eîu lemS fmfkk
,laIKhls' ì%;dkH rcfhka fuu ckmolrK lghq;= i|yd wjYH wkque;sh yd
iydh ,enq‚' fufia jßka jr ì%;dkHfha isg W;=re wefußldjg .sh msßia 1733
j¾Ih jk úg ckmo oy;=kla msysgqjd ;snq‚' tu ckmo oy;=fkys kï by;ska
olajd we;'
1' j¾ðkshd 7' frdaâ Èjhsk
2' ueipqfiÜia 8' fv,fjhd¾
3' ksõfhda¾la 9' W;=re lefrd,skd
4' ksõyeïIh¾ 10' ksõ c¾is
5' fïß,kaâ 11' ol=Kq lefrd,skd
6' lfkalaálÜ 12' fmkais,afõkshd
13' fcda¾ðhd
111fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
� lS¾;sh yd Okh j¾Okh lr .ekSfï wruqfKka hqfrdamd rgj, md,lhka
kj m%foaY fidhd ckdjdi msysgqjd .ekSug ,nd ÿka ffO¾hh yd Wkkaÿj'
ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqùu
fldf<dïniaf.a meñŒfuka miq .; jQ Y;j¾I tlyudrl muK ld,fha §
úúO hqfrdamd cd;Syq wefußldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' tys § iamd[a[jreka
yd mD;=.SiSka ol=Kq wefußlka m%foaYj, kj ckdjdi msysgqùug mshjr .;a w;r
ì%;dkHfhda yd m%xYjre W;=re wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' miqj wefußld
tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ìys jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re wefußldkq m%foaYj,
msysgqjk ,o ckmo wdY%fhks'
1607 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka j¾ðkshd ckmoh msysgqùfuka wdrïN jQ W;=re wefußldfõ
ì%;dkH ckmolrKh" Y;j¾Ihla ;rï ld,hla mej;=‚' fuu ld,fha § ì%;dkH
rcfha iDcq ueÈy;aùug jvd trg iud.ï" mqoa.,hka fyda mqoa., lKavdhï úiska
wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjkq ,eîu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' ì%;dkH rcfhka
fuu ckmolrK lghq;= i|yd wjYH wkque;sh yd iydh ,enq‚' fufia jßka jr
ì%;dkHfha isg W;=re wefußldjg .sh msßia 1733 j¾Ih jk úg ckmo oy;=kla
msysgqjd ;snq‚' tu ckmo oy;=fkys kï by;ska olajd we;'
1' j¾ðkshd 7' frdaä Èjhsk
2' ueijqfiÜia 8' fv,fjhd¾
3' ksõfhda¾la 9' W;=re lefrd,skd
4' ksõyeïIh¾ 10' ksõ c¾is
5' fïß,kaâ 11' ol=Kq lefrd,skd
6' lfkalaálÜ 12' fmkais,afõksh
13' fcd¾ðhd
rEmh 7'1 - ì%;dkHhka úiska wefußldfõ
msysgqjd .;a ckmo
112fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fuu ckmo oy;=fkka fÞ<yla wdrïN jQfha l%sia;= j¾I 1607 ¡- 1682 w;r
ld,fha § h' W;=re wefußldfõ ì%;dkH ckmo oy;=k w;=frka wjika ckmoh
fcda¾ðhdj fõ' th 1733 j¾Ifha § msysgqjk ,È' uq,a ckmoj, iajNdjh foi n,k
úg tAjd tlúg wdrïN jQ tAjd fkd jk nj fmfka' tfuka u tlS ckmo msysgqùug
n,mE fya;=ka o úúO úh' hqfrdamfha wd.ñl ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï wfmalaIdj fuka u
jd‚cuh m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSfï wruqK o ckmo /ila msysgqùug n,mE fya;=jla
úh' ck.yk ixhq;sh" Ôjk l%uh yd wd¾Ól lghq;= w;ska o fulS ckmo w;r
fjkialï mej;=‚' fun÷ úIu;d mej;s kuq;a 18 jk ishji ueo jk úg bx.%Sis
NdIdj l:d l< tu ixialD;shg wkqj yev.eiqKq fjk u ck fldgila f,i fuu
ckmojdiSyq biau;= ùug mgka .;ay'
wefußlka ckmo yd ì%;dkH md,kh
W;=re wefußldkq m%foaYj, ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqjQfha ì%;dkH iud.ï yd
úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a ueÈy;aùu u; nj by; i|yka flß‚' fufia ckmo msysgqùug
uQ,sl jQfjda tA i|yd ì%;dkH rcfhka wjir m;% ,nd .;ay' tys § fldkafoais
lsysmhl tlÕ;dj we;sj ckmo msysgqjQy' ì%;dkH rcfha wdêm;Hh ms<s.; hq;=
nj;a uõ rfÜ kS;sh kj ckmoj, o wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj;a tu fldkafoaisj,g
we;=<;a úh' ckmoj, md,kh fufyhjk ,oafoa tla tla ckmohg m;a l<
wdKavqldrjrfhl= úisks' Tyqf.a iydhg tA tA ckmofhka f;dard .;a jHjia:dÞhl
iNdjla mej;sK' ì%;dkHh yd wefußldj w;r mej;s wêl ÿr m%udKh;a ÈhqKq
m‚úv yqjudre l%u tl, fkd ;sîu;a ksid iajlSh lghq;= lrf.k hdfï §
ckmojdiSyq ;rula ksoyia md,khla mj;ajdf.k .shy' uõrgg wE;ska msysáu;a
hqfrdamfha § úúO igkaj,g ueÈ ù isáu;a ksid ì%;dkHhg ckmoj, lghq;=
flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq l< fkdyels ùu Bg uq,a úh' 1763 j¾Ih
muK jk f;la wefußldkq ckmo iïnkaOj ì%;dkH foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;sh b;d
,sys,aj mej;s nj fmfka' tu ;;a;ajh ckmojdiSka ;=< ksoyi ms<sn| wdl,amh
j¾Okh ùug o n,mE lreKla úh' tfy;a ckmojdiSka uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ ksid
Tjqkag ì%;dkH iydh o wjYH úh'
1763 j¾Ihg fmr wdrËdj iïnkaOfhka wefußlka ckmojdiSka
uqyqKÿka .eg¨ folla ;snq‚' m%xYjrekaf.a ;¾ckh m<uq jekak hs' ì%;dkH
ckmoj,g W;=ßka m%xY n,h jHdma;j mej;s fyhska o Tjqka ;u n,h me;srùug
W;aidy l< fyhska o ckmojdiSkag ì%;dkHfha wdrlaIdj wjYH ù ;snq‚' l%sia;=
j¾I 1756 ¡ 1763 ld,fha m%xYh yd ì%;dkHh w;r hqoaOhla mej;=‚' th y;a wjqreÿ
hqoaOh kñka ye¢kafõ' fuu hqoaOfhka m%xYh mrdchg m;a úh' wk;=rej ì%;dkHh
yd m%xYh w;r idu .súiqula w;aika lsÍu ksid ckmojdiSkag ;snQ m%xY ;¾ck o
wjika úh' wefußldkq ckmo ngysrg jHdma; ùug mej;s m%Odk ndOlh jQfha
r;= bkaÈhdkq ;¾ck fõ' m%xYjre n,j;aj isá ld,fha § ì%;dkHhkag úreoaOj
m%xY cd;slhka iuÕ in|;d mj;ajdf.k hdug r;= bkaÈhdkqjkag yelshdj ;snq‚'
113fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
tfy;a m%xYfha mrdch;a iu. tu ;;a;ajh fjkia úh' wk;=rej ì%;dkHh úiska
l%shd;aul l< m%;sm;a;s ksid r;= bkaÈhdkq ;¾ck o wju úh'
fufia y;a wjqreÿ hqoaOfhka m%xYh mrdch ù W;=re wefußldfõ m%xY n,h
ì| jeàu;a wk;=rej ls%hd;aul l< wdrlaIl Wmdh ud¾.;a tu.ska r;= bkaÈhdkq
;¾ck wvq ù hdu;a ksid ckmoj, wdrlaIdj iïnkaOfhka weußldkq ckmo
jdiSkag ì%;dkH iydh ;jÿrg;a w;HjYH lreKla fkd ù h'
ksoyia igkg n,mE fya;=
wefußlka ckmo iïnkaO ì%;dkH wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh yd fjf<| lghq;=
uõ rgg jdis ,efnk wdldrfhka l%shd;aul flßK' tA wkqj ì%;dkHfha ksIamdokh
lrk øjH weußlka ckmo ;=< ksmoùu ;ykï úh' ta yefrkakg ckmoj,
ksmojk ,o ÿïfld<" iSks" lmq" ó bá" ;sßÕ=" ;U jeks øjH ì%;dkHhg muKla ,nd
Èh hq;= úh' tfia kï fldg ;snQ NdKav yer fiiq øjH jqj o wmkhkh l< yels
jQfha tAjd ì%;dkHhg hjd tA yryd wÞ< rgg heùfuks' tfia u ksIamdok lghq;=
fyda fjf<|du w;ska fuu ckmo uõ rg iu. ;r. fkd l< hq;= hehs o kshuhla
;snq‚' fuu m%;sm;a;sj,ska ckmojdiSkag wd¾Ól jYfhka mdvq isÿ jQj;a ì%;dkH
ksid Tjqkag ia:djr fjf<|fmd<la ,eî ;snq‚' tfia u uq,a ld,fha § ì%;dkHh kS;s
Í;s hg;a m%foaYj, ±ä f,i l%shd;aul fkd jQ neúka isÿ jk mdvq wju lr .ekSug
fjk;a cd;Ska iu. fydr fjf<|dïj, ksr; ùug yelshdj ,eìK' fun÷ lreKq
ksid 1763 j¾Ih muK jk f;la ì%;dkH wd¾Ól ms<sfj; yd kS;s Í;sj,g tfrysj
wefußlka ckmoj,ska m%n, úfrdaOhla u;= jQfha ke;' tfy;a 1763 j¾Ifhka miqj
ì%;dkHh úiska y÷kajd ÿka kj kS;s Í;s ksid ckmojdiSka yd uõ wdKavqj w;r u;
.egqï we;s úh' th ksoyi ms<sn| yeÕSï j¾Okh ùug n,mE lreKls'
y;a wjqreÿ hqoaOh i|yd ì%;dkHhg úYd, úhoula ±Íug isÿ jQ fyhska trg
Kh nr by< .sfha h' tu Kh yd fmd<sh i|yd uqo,a imhd .ekSfï § wefußlka
ckmo úiska o fldgila ±ßh hq;= nj ì%;dkHfha wdl,amh úh' fï ksid ì%;dkH
w.ue;s fcda¾Ê .%ekaú,a" wefußlka ckmoj,ska wh l< ;Sre nÿ l%udkql+,j wh
lr .ekSug mshjr .;af;a h' ckmoj, fydr fjf<|du k;r lsÍu i|yd kdúl
uqr fiajd o ;r lf<a h' óg wu;rj wdÞhu jeä lr .ekSu i|yd kj nÿ mk;a
lsysmhla mekùug o .%ekaú,a l%shd lf<a h' 1764 ¡-1765 j¾I w;r;=r ld,fha mekjQ
tn÷ mk;a ;=kls'
1' iSks mk;
2' uqo,a fkdaÜgq mk;
3' uqoaor mk;'
iSks mk; wkqj fydr fjf<|du k;r lsÍug ì%;dkH kdjql yuqÞ fmrg
jvd fjr<nv m%foaYj,g hejQ fyhska ckmojdiSka iu. .egqï we;s úh' uqo,a
114fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fkdaÜgq mk; wkqj Kh f.ùu i|yd ckmoj,g uqo,a fkdaÜgq ksl=;a lsÍu ;ykï
flßK' fï ksid ߧ fyda r;arkaj,ska tu uqo,a f.ùug ckmojdiSkag isÿ úh'
ckmo jeishka fuu mk;aj,g úfrdaOh olajk w;r;=r u 1765 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkH
úiska uqoaor mk;la o mkjk ,È' fï mk; wkqj ish¨ kS;suh ,shú,s" n,m;%"
Tmamq yd fjk;a uqøs; f,aLkj,ska uqoaor noaola wh lsÍug kshu úh' uqoaor noao
wefußlka iudcfha fjf<÷ka" kS;S{hka" uqøKlrejka jeks by< ;;a;ajhka biqÆ
mqoa.,hkag;a n,mE fyhska Tjqyq úfrdaO;d ixúOdkh lsÍug bÈßm;a jQy' fï
mk;g tfrysj m%n, úfrdaOhla u;= jQ w;r wefußlka ck;dj uqoaor j¾ckh
lsÍug o fm<Uq‚' fuu úfrdaO;d ixúOdkh lsÍfï § ckmo w;r tlai;alula
we;s ùu;a lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' ì%;dkHh by; i|yka nÿj,g wu;rj f;a"
ùÿre" lvÞis wdÈh i|yd ;Sre .dia;= wh lsÍu ms<sn| j;a wefußldj ;=< úfrdaO;d
u;= úh' ì%;dkHhka úiska mkjk ,o ;j;a mk;la wkqj wefußldfõ isá ì%;dkH
fiakdxlj,g jdiia:dk iemhSu" uQ,H m%;smdok ,nd §u we;=`M myiqlï iemhSu
ckmoj,g mejßK' fuu kS;s Í;sj,g tfrysj ckmojdiSka Woaf>daIKh lrk
úg tAjd u¾okh lsÍug we;eï ckmoj, jHjia:dÞhl iNd úiqrejd yeÍu jeks
u¾okldÍ l%shd o ì%;dkHh úiska Èh;a lrk ,È' fï ksid wefußlka ck;dj
ì%;dkHfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka ixúOdkh ùug yd igka lsÍug
fm<UqKy' fuu ;;a;ajhka iudf,dapkh lr n,k úg wefußlka úma,jhg ;=vq
ÿka fya;= lsysmhla fufia fláfhka ±laúh yels h'
ksoyia igk
1763 j¾Ifhka miqj ì%;dkHh úiska y÷kajd fok ,o kj wK mk;a yd
nÿ j¾.j,g tfrysj we;s jQ úfrdaO;dj,ska ckmojdiSka ;=< ksoyia igk i|yd
fm<Uùula we;s jQ nj fmfka' kj mk;a w;=ßka m%n,;u úfrdaOhla u;= jQfha
uqoaor mk; iïnkaOfhks' tys § uqoaor muKla fkd j ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh
lsÍu olajd o úfrdaO;d j¾Okh úh' tjlg ì%;dkHfha mej;s iïm%Þh wkqj nÿ
mekùfï n,h ysñ jQfha uyck ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ieÿï,;a md¾,sfïka;=j fj;g h'
weußlka úma,hg ;=vq ÿka fya;= (-
¾ wefußlka ckmojdiSka ld,hla ;siafia ì%;dkHh ueÈy;aùu wvq
jYfhka mej;s md,khlg yqre ù isáu
¾ ì%;dkHh wkq.ukh l< ;u rgg jdis Þhl wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh
¾ ckmojdiSkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï yd wdl,am ì%;dkH md,lhka úiska ksis
f,i wjfndaO lrf.k fkd isàu
¾ 1763ka miqj mekjQ wK mk;a yd kj nÿ j¾.
¾ ckmojdiSkaf.a idOdrK igka u¾okh lsÍug ì%;dkHh lghq;= lsÍu
¾ ksoyi ms<sn| ckmo jeishka ;=< we;s jQ Wkkaÿj
115fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
tfy;a wefußlka ckmo fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hka iyNd.s fkd jQ neúka ;u rg
fjkqfjka nÿ mekùug ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg n,hla fkdue;s hehs ckmo
jeishka w;r u;hla we;s úh' fuu u;h wefußlka ckmo mqrd m%pdrh jQ w;r
tu.ska ksfhdackhla ke;akï nÿ;a ke; hk igka mdGh ìys úh' th wefußlka
ksoyia igfka igka mdGh njg m;a úh' fï wkqj wd¾Ól lreKq u; we;s jQ
úfrdaO;d foaYmd,k m%Yakhla njg fmr<sK'
uqoaor mk;g tfrysj we;s jQ m%n, úfrdaO;d ksid ì%;dkH rch úiska th
wj,x.= lrk ,È' tfy;a wefußldkq ckmo iïnkaOfhka kS;s mekùug ì%;dkH
md¾,sfïka;=jg n,h we;s nj m%ldYhg m;a flßK' uqoaor nÿ jeks Rcq nÿj,g
wefußlka ck;dj úreoaO nj f;areï .;a ì%;dkH rch ;u wdÞhu ;r lr .ekSu
i|yd 1767 j¾Ifha ;Sre nÿ j¾. lsysmhla mekù h' fï wkqj wefußldjg wdkhkh
l< ùÿre" Bhï" lvÞis yd f;a jeks NdKavj,g ;Sre .dia;= kshu flre‚' fuu
;Sre nÿ tl;= lr .ekSug ì%;dkH rch ±rE W;aidyh;a ckmojdiSka Bg tfrysj
±lajQ úfrdaO;dj;aa ksid fomlaIh w;r .egqï lsysmhla we;s úh' fndiagkays §
ckmojdiSka ±lajQ úfrdaO;djlg ì%;dkH yuqÞ fjä ;eîfuka mia fofkla ñh
.shy' fun÷ l%shd ksid wefußlka ck;dj ;=< ì%;dkH úfrdaë yeÕSï j¾Okh
úh' ckmojdiSka ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lsÍu ksid by; ±lajqKq ;Sre nÿj,ska
,enqKq wdÞhug jvd lsysm .=Khl mdvqjla ,eîug ì%;dkHhg isÿ úh' fï ksid
1770 j¾Ifha § f;a noao yer b;sß ;Sre nÿ ish,a, wfydais flßK' f;a noao
;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul lf<a ,dNhla ,eîug jvd wefußldj fjkqfjka nÿ mekùug
ì%;dkHhg we;s whs;sh fmkaùu i|yd mu‚'
1773 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHh mekjQ ;j;a mk;lska wefußlka ckmoj,g f;a
iemhSu ms<sn| ;ks whs;sh tla iud.ulg muKla mejß‚' fï ksid wefußlka
fjf<÷kaf.a idïm%Þhsl f;a fjf<|dug myr jeÿ‚' fuu.ska l=ms; jQ we;eï
wefußldkqfjda ì%;dkH fjf<| iud.ï úiska wefußldjg f;a f.dvnEu o wjysr
l<y'
1773 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fndiagka jrdfha kj;d ;snQ f;a kejlg
fjiaj,df.k we;=`M jQ fndiagka jeishka msßila tys ;snQ f;a fmÜá 342la uqyqog
úis lr ±uQy' fndiagka f;a idoh kñka m%p,s; fuu isÿùu wefußlka úma,jfha
wdrïNh f,i ie,fla' fuhg m%;spdr jYfhka f;aj, jkaÈh f.jk f;la fndiagka
jrdh jid ±óug ì%;dkHfhda lghq;= l<y' Bg wu;rj úúO kS;s Í;s mkjñka
ckmojdiSkaf.a woyia fkd ;ld ueipqfiÜia yd fcda¾ðhd jeks ckmoj, md,k
m%;sixúOdkh lsÍug o mshjr .ekq‚' ì%;dkHh wkq.ukh l< fuu u¾okldÍ
ms<sfj; ksid fldamhg m;a ckmojdiSyq 1774 j¾Ifha § ms,fv,amshd k.rhg
/iaj iïfï,khla meje;ajQy' wefußldkq úma,jh ms<sn| b;sydifha th m%:u
uydoaùmsl iïfï,kh f,i o ye¢kafõ'
116fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ms,fv,amshd iïfï,kh wefußlka ksoyia igfka jeo.;a wjia:djls'
ckmo 12l ksfhdað;hka iyNd.S jQ fuu iuq`Mfõ § wefußlka ckmo fjkqfjka
kS;s mekùug fyda nÿ wh lsÍug ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg n,hla ke;ehs m%ldY
úh' tfia u ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lsÍug;a wdrlaIdj m;d ckmojdiSka ikakoaO
úh hq;= njg;a fuys § fhdackd iïu; lr .eksK' fuhska miqj ì%;dkH rch yd
wefußlka ckmo w;r igk l%ufhka W.% w;g yeßK' 1775 j¾Ifha § wefußldfõ
f,laiskagka k.rfha § fomlaIfha yuqÞ w;r wú .egqula we;s ù urK /ila isÿ
úh' wk;=rej ms,fv,amshd k.rhg kej;;a /ia jQ ckmoj, ksfhdað;fhda ^ckmo
Nghka& uydoaùmsl yuqÞjla f,i ixúOdkh lsÍug ;SrKh fldg tu yuqÞfõ
wKfok ks,Odß ;k;=rg fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka m;a lr .;ay' wefußlka ksoyia
igkg úfoaY wdOdr ,nd .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lsÍug o tys § lñgqjla m;a lr
.eksK'
ì%;dkH yuqÞjg uqyqK §ug wjYH miqìu ilia lr .ekSfuka miq ckmoj,
tAldnoaO ksfhdað; iNdj úiska 1776 j¾Ifha cq,s 04 Èk wefußlka ksoyia m%ldYh
ksl=;a lrk ,È' Wm;ska u ñksid i;= wysñ l< fkd yels whs;sjdislï /ila
mj;sk nj;a tAjd wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd ñksid wdKavq msysgqjk nj;a i|yka
l< tu ,shú,a, u.ska wefußldj ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka fjka jQ ksoyia rdcHhla
nj m%ldYhg m;a flßK' óg tlÕ fkd jQ ì%;dkHfhda wefußld ckmoj,g
tfrysj igka wdrïN l<y' tu .egqu jir lsysmhla mej;=‚' igka wdrïN ù
uq,a jir fol ;=< ì%;dkH yuqÞj ch.%yK lsysmhla ,enQ kuq;a miqj fndfyda
úg ì%;dkH igka wid¾:l úh' ie;mqï oyia .Kkla ÿr kqyqre kqmqreÿ m%foaYhl
igka lsÍug isÿ jQ neúka ì%;dkH yuqÞfjda ±ä ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK ÿkay' fuu
fomlaIh w;r igkaj, § m%xYh wefußlka yuqÞjg iydh ,nd §ug bÈßm;a úh'
miqj iamd[a[h yd ,kaoh o ì%;dkH úfrdaë ms,g tl;= úh' fï ksid wefußlka
ksoyia igk ì%;dkHhg wjdisÞhl ;;a;ajhg fmr<sK' wefußldj we;=<; isÿ jQ
rEmh 7'2 - fndiagka f;a idoh
117fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
igka lsysmhlska u ;uka mrdchg m;aùu ksid 1783 j¾Ih jk úg ì%;dkHh
idu idlÉPdj,g fhduq úh' idlÉPd wjidkfha 1783 § w;aika l< meßia idu
.súiqfuka wefußldj ksoyia iajdëk rdcHhla f,i ì%;dkHh úiska ms<s .kakd
,È' fufia wefußlka iajdëk;dj cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.ekSfuka miqj 1789
j¾Ifha § wefußld tlai;a ckmojdiSyq kj jHjia:djla iïu; lr .;ay' tA wkqj
fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka tys m%:u ckdêm;sjrhd úh'
7'2 m%%xY úma,jh
1789 j¾Ifha § m%xY rdcdKavqjg tfrysj ke.S isá trg ck;dj rdcdKavqj
ì| oud kj md,khla msysgqjd .ekSu m%xY úma,jh kñka ye¢kafõ' m%%xY úma,jfha
m%;sM,hla f,i ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%xYh ;=< m%n, wjOdkhla fhduq jQ
w;r miqj th f,dalfha fiiq rgj,aj,g o n,mEfõ h'
oy wgjk ishji jk úg m%xYh hqfrdamfha lemS fmfkk rgla úh' úfoaY
fjf<|du yd ld¾ólrKh w;ska o m%xYh ie,lsh hq;= ÈhqKqjla ,nd ;snq‚' fjk;a
rgj,g jvd m%xY f.dùkaf.a ;;a;ajh o hym;a úh' nqoaêuh w;ska yd iudc pdß;%
jdß;% w;ska o m%xYh hqfrdamfha lemS fmfkk rgla njg m;a ù ;snq‚' tfy;a
m%xYfha md,lhkaf.a ÿ¾j,;d u; foaYmd,k" iudc yd wd¾Ól m%Yak /ila Woa.;j
;snq‚' m%xYfha rc l< 16 jk ¨ù rcq trg mßydkshg j.lsj hq;a;ka w;=ßka tla
m%Odk mqoa.,fhl= úh' fuu md,lhdf.a ¥Is; md,khg tfrysj bka mSvdjg m;a
idudkH ck;dj — ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj iy ifydaor;ajh˜ hk ixl,am mokï
ksoyia igfka m%;sM,
ì%;dkH rch hgf;a fjkaj md,kh jQ ckmo oy;=kla tlai;aj igka
lsÍfuka ksoyi Èkd .ekSu f,dal b;sydifha jeo.;a isÿùuls' tu wjêh
jk úg wdishd yd wefußld uyoaùm ;=< hqfrdamd rgj, hg;a úð; jYfhka
mej;s ;j;a rgj,a /ila ;snq‚' wefußld ksoyia igk tu hg;a úð;j,g o
lsishï wdo¾Yhla iemhS h' wefußlka úma,jh ksid we;s jQ m%;sM, lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
� wefußld tlai;a ckmoh kï iajdëk rdcHh ìys ùu'
� iuia; udkj ixy;shg u ksoyfia w.h fmkajd ÿka wjia:djla ùu
� uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,dj mqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu'
� f,dalfha m%:u ,sÅ; ikaëh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ìys ùu'
118fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
lr f.k ;u whs;ska b,a,d igka jeÿ‚' m%xY ck;dj fufia 1789 j¾Ifha §
rdcdKavq md,khg tfrysj ke.S isáfha tu md,kfhka Tjqka ±ä mSvdjlg m;aj
isá neú‚' m%xYh ;=< tn÷ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ùug n,mE fya;= /ila mj;S'
úma,jhg fmr m%xYfha mej;sfha rdcdKavq
l%uhls' úma,j iuh jk úg m%xYh md,kh lrk
,oafoa nq¾fndaka rdc jxYh úisks' Þy;rjk ¨ù
rcq yd oyihjk ¨ù rcq tu rdc jxYfha lemS
fmfkk md,lhka fofofkls' trg rcjre
;ukag tu moúh foaj jrñka ,enqKq tlla
fia i,ld lghq;= l<y' rcq jgd jHjia:dÞhl
úOdhl yd wêlrK n,;, ish,a, flakaø.;j
;snq‚' wiSñ; n,fhka hq;= jQ Þy;rjk ¨ù rcq
—rdcHh kï uu hs˜ hkqfjka m%ldY lf<a h'
—ud wfmalaId lrk ´kE u fohla kS;Hdkql+,
hs˜ hkqfjka o Tyq m%ldY lr we;' lsisÿ kvq
úNd.hlska f;drj ´kE u wfhla w;awvx.=jg
f.k Ôú;dka;h olajd isr.; lr ;eîug rcqg
n,h ;snq‚' tfia isr .; lsÍu iïnkaO wiSñ;
n,h m%xY ck;djf.a buy;a wm%idohg ,la
úh' rcq fuu n,h fm!oa.,sl yd foaYmd,k
i;=rka ueéug fhdÞ .;a w;r Tjqka isr lr
;nk ,oafoa neiaà,a kï nkaOkd.drfha h' fï
ksid rdcdKavq l%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ ¥Is; md,kfha ixfla;hla n÷ jQ neiaà,a
nkaOkd.drhg m%xY úma,jfha uq,a u m%ydrh t,a, úh'
rcq .; l< wê iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h" ck;d wm%idohg n÷ka jQ ;j;a
lreKla úh' rcq jdih l< j¾fi,aia kï ud,s.h wlalr .Kkla mqrd úysÿK
úYd, tlls' th c,dY" c, WoHdk" u,a WoHdk yd w,xldrhg fh¥ úúO ks¾udK
wdÈfhka iukaú; úh' rcqf.a ud,s.h foi ne,Sfuka rcq .; l< wêl iqfLdamfNda.S
Ôú;h ms<sn| lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels h'
rEmh 7'3 - oyihjk ¨ù rcq
m%xY úma,jhg n,mE foaYmd,k fya;=
119fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 7'4 - j¾fi,aia ud,s.h
rEmh 7'6 - ud,s.fha we;=< rEmh 7'7 - ud,s.fha ksok ldurhla
rEmh 7'5 - ud,s.fha WoHdkh
fufia fjk u iqfLdamfNda.s ud,s.hl ;udg u úfYaI jQ jgmsgdjl
l,a f.jQ neúka fmdÿ ck;dj yd rcq w;r in|;dj fndfyda ÿria ù ;snq‚'
ud,s.hg we;=`M ùu i|yd idudkH ck;djg wjir fkd ;snQ w;r tys hdug yels
jQfha mQcljrekag yd ro,hkag mu‚' rcq rfÜ f;dr;=re ±k .;af;a ro,hka u.sks'
ro,hska rg yd ck;dj ms<sn| rcq bÈßfha ujd mEfõ fndfyda úg jerÈ Ñ;%hls'
rEmh 7'8 - j¾fi,aia ud,s.fha bÈßmi f.aÜgqj
120fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fufia rcq yd idudkH ck;dj w;r iïnkaO;dj ÿriaùu ck;djf.a
l,lsÍug;a th úma,jhla olajd j¾Okh ùug;a fya;= úh'
rcq m%uqL WmfoaYl uKav,hla yd tu uKav,fha Wmfoia u; l%shd;aul
jQ wud;H uKav,hlska m%xY rdcdKavqj iukaú; úh' fuu rdcdKavqj w;sYhska
u ¥Is; úh' ro,hka w; mej;s m%foaYSh md,kh w;sYhska u wld¾hlaIu úh' tu
ksid rch úiska m%foaYSh md,kh i|yd —bkafgkavdkaܘ kï ks,Odß msßila m;a
lrkq ,en isáhy' tfy;a ro,jreka yd kj ks,Odßka w;r jQ .egqfuka md,kfha
tAldnoaO;dj ì£ f.dia idudkH ck;dj jvd;a mSvdjg m;a úh'
fl;rï ÿIalr;djg m;a jqj o rcqf.a tAldêm;s n,;,j,g yd rdcdKavqfõ
md,khg úreoaO ùug fyda ;u ÿla .ekú,s mejiSug fyda wjia:djla uyck;djg
fkd ù h'
ck;d ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; —iafÜÜia ckr,a iNdj˜ kï uKav,hla
m%xYfha mej;s kuq;a th 1614 isg jir 175l muK ld,hlska le|jd fkd ;sìKs'
fï ksid rdcdKavqfõ ;snQ wld¾hlaIu yd ¥Is; md,kh m%xYh ;=< úma,jldÍ
;;a;ajhla we;s ùug fya;= jQ nj fmfka'
udß wekafgdhskÜ ìij b;d wyxldr ldka;djla jQjd h'
weh rcqf.a wêl n,h yd ÿ¾j,lï m%fhdackhg f.k
md,k lghq;=j,g o weÕss,s .id we;'
rEmh 7'9 - udß wekafgdhskÜ ìij
121fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
úma,j iuh jk úg m%xYfha meje;sfha jevjiï ,laIK iys; iudc
l%uhls' jevjiï l%uh hgf;a úYd, jYfhka bvï whs;s lrf.k isá ro,jrekaf.a
iyfhda.fhka rdcdKavq md,k l%uhla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eî h'
úma,jdikak iuh jk úg m%xY iudcfha rc mjq, yereKq úg mQclhka"
ro,hka yd idudkH ck;dj jYfhka iudc ia:r ;=kla olakg ,enq‚' mQcljre
yd ro,fhda m%xY iudcfha jrm%ido ,;a msßila jQy' idudkH ck;dj w;r uOHu
mka;sh" f.dú ck;dj yd lïlre ck;dj jYfhka fldgia ;=kla olakg ,enq‚'
ro,jreka yd mQcl msßi uq¿ ck.ykfhka iq`M;rh jQ w;r nyq;rh idudkH
ck;dj úh' uOHu mka;sh hkq fjf<|du yd fjk;a jHdmdßl lghq;=j,ska Okj;a
jQ msßils' tfy;a Tjqkag foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;alula ,eî fkd ;sì‚'
ì%;dkHh jeks rgj, fï wjêh jk úg uOHu mka;shg foaYmd,k
n,;, ,eî ;snq‚' tfy;a m%xYfha ro,hka i;= jQ wêm;sjd§ n,;, ksid uOHu
mdka;slfhdaa l,lsÍ isáhy'
nÿ f.ùfuka ksoyia jQ mQcljre idudkH ck;djf.ka nÿ ,nk msßila
jQy' fï ksid fndfyda mQcljre b;d Okj;aj isáhy' m%xYfha bvïj,ska jeä
m%udKhla ro,hkaa i;= úh' ro,hka N=la;s ú¢ jrm%idoj,ska lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� rfÜ ´kE u ia:dkhl ovhï lsÍug Tjqkag whs;shla ;snq‚'
� ro,hka i;= OdkH weUqreïy,a" jhska fmrk hka;%" fmdarKq wdÈfhka
f.dúhka ish wjYH;d bgq lr .; hq;= jQ w;r tA i|yd wêl .dia;= wh
lsÍfuka ro,hkag úYd, wdÞhula ,enq‚'
� f.dùkaf.a bvïj,ska nÿ wh lr .ekSfï whs;sh ro,hka i;= úh'
� rchg nÿ f.ùfuka ro,fhda ksoyia jQy'
m%xY iudcfha Okfhka yd W.;alñka bÈßfhka isá msßi jQfha uOHu
mka;sh hs' tfy;a tu uÜgu wkqj iudcfha ;ekla Tjqkg ysñ fkd ù h' W.;alñka
by< uÜgul isáh o rcfha ks,;, Tjqkg ysñ fkd jQ w;r tAjd ro,hkag iSud ù
mej;=Ks' flfkl=f.a ;;a;ajh ueksh hq;af;a Wm; wkqj fkd j yelshdj u; h"
hk woyi we;s jQfha fï ksid h' m%xY úma,j iufha iudkd;au;dj hkafkka
woyia lrk ,oafoa fuh hs'
m%xY úma,jhg n,mE iudc fya;=
122fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
m%xYfha jrm%ido wysñ idudkH ck;dj w;ßka uy;a mSvdjg m;a msßi jQfha
f.dú ck;dj hs' Tjqyq m%xY ck.ykfhka 92]la ksfhdackh lf<da h' Tjqkag
ro,hka fj; widOdrK f,i fndfyda nÿ f.ùug isÿ úh' nÿ nr yd Ôj;aùu hk
.eg¨j,ska Tjqyq ±ä mSvdjg m;aj isáhy'
úma,j iuh jk úg m%xY NdKavd.drh iïmQ¾Kfhka u nxfldf,d;a ù
;snq‚' Bg n,mE fya;= lsysmhla fumßÈ h'
¾ rcqf.a iy rc mjqf,a iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h i|yd jeh jQ wêl úhoï
¾ wkjYH hqO úhoï
ì%;dkH" m%xY i;a wjqreÿ hqoaOhg iyNd.S ù mrdchg m;aúu iy wefußlka
ksoyia igkg iyfhda.h §u ksid m%xYhg wd¾Ól jYfhka mdvq ú§ug isÿ úh'
¾ widOdrK nÿ l%uh
m%xYfha mej;s wêl nÿ nr m%xY úma,jhg n,mE ;j;a m%Odk fya;=jla
úh' m%xYfha idudkH jeishka ;u wdÞhfuka 60]la muK nÿ jYfhka f.úh hq;=
úh' uyck;dj mSvdjg m;a l< nÿ j¾. /ila m%xYfha mej;=‚' fÜ,a" .efn,a yd
lemsfÜIka hk nÿ j¾. ;=k Bg WÞyrK fõ'
fÜ,a ¡ idudkH ck;djf.a ksjdi yd bvïj,ska wh l< noaols' fuu nÿ
j¾.h m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh' ,sfhdaka meßia jeks k.r fuu
noafoka ksoyia lr ;snq‚'
.efn,a ¡ ¨Kqj,ska wh l< noaols' iEu jeäysá wfhla u jirlg ¨Kq
rd;a;,a y;la ñ, § .; hq;= úh' ¨Kq ñ, m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh'
fï ksid ñ, wvq m%foaYj, isg ñ, jeä m%foaYj,g fydfrka ¨Kq m%jdykh
flßK' ¨Kq úlsŒu rcfha tAldêldrhla jQ neúka fydfrka ¨Kq m%jdykh
l< oyia .Kka msßia nkaOkd.dr .; lr ;snq‚'
lemsfÜIka ¡ iEu fofkl=f.ka u wh lrk noaola f,i 1695 § y÷kajd
§ ;snq‚' tfy;a l%shd;aul ùfï § tu nÿ nr o idudkH ck;dj msg u
mejßK'
m%xYfha meje;s m%foaY mokï lr.;a md,k l%uh ksid m<df;ka m<d;g
l%shd;aul jQ kS;s Í;s" nÿ l%u fjkia úh' fï ;;a;ajh m%xYfha wNHka;r yd ndysr
fjf<`Þug o" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg o úYd, ndOdjla úh' fjf<| lghq;=j, ksr;
jQ uOHu mdka;slhkag fï kS;s Í;s yd nÿ ksid wêl nÿ uqo,la f.ùug isÿ úh'
ol=Kq m%xYfha isg meÍishg jhska mgjdf.k .sh c, hd;%djlg ia:dk y;<syl §
nÿ f.ùug isÿ jQ w;r tA i|yd úhoug wu;rj i;s foll ld,hla .; jQ nj o
m%xY úma,jhg n,mE wd¾Ól fya;=
123fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
jd¾;d fõ' rdcH NdKavd.drh nxfldf,d;a ùu ksid uOHu mka;slhka wdfhdackh
l< uqo,a i|yd iqrlaIs; njla o fkd ù h' fuh uOHu mka;sfha ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla
úh' ks¾ndOjd§ ^rcfha ueÈy;aùu wvq& wd¾Ól l%uhla uOHu mka;sfha wfmalaIdj
úh' tfy;a uOHu mka;sh wfmalaId l< l%shdYS,S md,kh fyda wd¾Ól iqrlaIs;Ndjh
fyda ,nd §ug m%xY rdcdKavqj wfmdfydi;a úh' uOHu mka;sh úma,jhg kdhl;ajh
§ug bÈßm;a jQfha fun÷ lreKq ksid h'
m%xY úma,jhg n,mE Þ¾Yksl u;jdo
f.dvkef.ñka ;snQ rdcdKavq úfrdaë
ye`.Sïj,g m%xY Þ¾Yksl u;jdoj,ska kj Ôjhla
,enq‚' fudkafgialHq" fjda,afghd¾ iy rEfida
hk Þ¾Ykslhkaf.a woyia úma,jh Èßu;a lrk
Ñka;khka iemhS h'
fudkafgialHq —kS;sfha idrh˜ kï ;u lD;sh
u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl= jgd n,h tAlrdYS ùu kqiqÿiq
nj;a" bka tAldêm;s md,khla f.dvkef.k
nj;a m%ldY lf<a h' tksid n,h jHjia:dÞhl"
úOdhl yd wêlrK f,i wxY ;=klg fnÈh
hq;= nj;a tu.ska tAldêm;s md,khla f.dvke.Su
je,elafjk nj;a fyf;u fmkajd ÿkafka h'
fjd,afghd¾ iajdëk u; m%%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh ms<sn|j woyia ±laù h' Tyq
rdcdKavqfõ yd m,a,sfha tAldêldrh ±äj úfõpkh lf<a h'
rEfida —iudc iïuq;sh˜ kï ish .%ka:h u.ska ck;d
iajdêm;Hh ms<sn`o ixl,amh bÈßm;a lf<a h' rcq
uyck;djf.a Y=N isoaêh i|yd lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a
tfia fkd jk md,lhka m,jd yeÍfï whs;sh ck;dj
i;= nj;a fyf;u m%ldY lf<a h' Tyqf.a fuu woyia
iudkd;au;dj iy ck;d mrudêm;H hk ixl,amj,
moku úh'
óg wu;rj wefußlka ksoyia igkg iyfhda.h
§u i|yd .sh m%xY fid,aÞÿjka tu igk u.ska ksoyi
ms<sn| ixl,amh y÷kd.ekSu yd th m%xYh ;=< l%shd;aul
lsÍug tl;= ùu;a m%xY úma,jh i|yd n,mEfõ h'
rEmh 7'11 - rEfidA
rEmh 7'10 - fudkafgialHq
124fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
úma,jh
1789 j¾Ih jk úg rdcdKavqjg tfrysj úfrdaO;djka f.dvkef.ñka ;snQ
m%xYfha úma,jhg wdikak fya;=j jQfha wdKavqfõ uqo,a w¾nqoh ksid Woa.; jQ
;;a;ajh hs' tu ;;a;ajhg ms<shï jYfhka nÿ m%;sixialrKhla isÿ l< hq;= úh'
tA i|yd iafÜÜia fckr,a iNdj kï uka;%K iNdj le|ùug ;SrKh flf<a h'
fuu iNdj jir 175la muK ld,hla ;siafia le|jd fkd ;snQ neúka iNdjdrh
meje;aùu ms<sn| .eg¨ mek ke.=‚' ro, mka;sh" mQcl mka;sh yd idudkH ck;dj
ksfhdackh l< msßia fuu iNdjg wh;a jQ w;r ro, mka;sh yd mQcl mka;sh by<
iNdjla ^W;a;r uKav,hla& f,i fjk u /ia úh hq;= hehs ro,fhda m%ldY l<y'
ro,hkaf.a wruqK jQfha ro, mQcl fomsßi tl;= ù ;=kajk mka;sfha fhdackd
mrdch lsÍu hs' rc;=ud ro,hkaf.a u;hg mlaI jQ w;r ;=kajk mka;sh thg
úreoaO úh' fuu w¾nqoh ksid idudkH ck;dj ksfhdackh l< ;=kajk mka;sfha
ksfhdað;fhda fjk u /ia jQy'
rEmh 7'12 - neiaà,a nkaOkd.drhg myr §u
125fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ro,hkaf.a n,mEu u; Tjqka /ia jQ Yd,dj jid ±óug rcq lghq;= lsÍu
ksid cd;sl uKav,h f,i y÷kajd .;a tu msßi .Dyia: fgksia msáhlg /ia ù
m%xYhg kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla ilia lr ñila úisr fkd hk njg Èjqreï
ÿkay' fuh fgksia msáfha Èjqreu f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu msßig m%xY uy ck;djf.a
iydh ,enq‚' rdcdKavqj flf¾ l,lsÍ isá meÍisfha ck;dj wú wdhqO f.k
k.rhg frdla jQy' 1789 cQ,s 14 Èk m%xY rdcdKavqfõ widOdrKlïj, ixfla;hla
f,i ÈiajqK neiaà,a kï nkaOkd.drhg myr ÿka Tjqyq tys isá isrlrejka ksoyia
l<y' th m%xY úma,jfha wdrïNh úh'
meÍisfha we;s jQ ler,sldr ;;a;ajh rg mqrd me;sßK' 16 jk ¨ù rcqg fuu
;;a;ajh md,kh lr .; fkdyels úh' fï ksid rcqf.a n,h ì| jeà uOH md,kh
fuka u m%foaYSh md,kh o úma,jjd§ka w;g m;a úh' úma,jjd§yq ,*dfhÜ kï
kdhlhd hgf;a cd;sl wdrlaIl yuqÞjla msysgqjdf.k rg mqrd úma,jjd§ lñgq msysgq
jQy' úma,jjd§kaf.a md,kh hgf;a 16 jk ¨ù rcqg yd udß wekafgdhskÜ ìijg
tfrysj kvq úNd.hla mj;ajd tu fofokdg u urK o~qju ,nd fokq ,eî h'
m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM,
m%xY úma,jh ksid m%xYfha foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd iudÔh wxYj, fjkialï
/ila isÿ úh' wiydh rdcdKavq l%uhlg yd widOdrK iudc ¡ wd¾Ól l%uhlg
tfrysj uyck;dj ke.S isá tu úma,jh fya;=fjka f,dal foaYmd,k lafIa;%hg
úYd, w;a±lSï yd wdo¾Y /ila ,enq‚' tu úma,jfha m%;sM, lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
Û uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,dj mqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu'
m%xY úma,jjd§ka úiska 1791 j¾Ifha § udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%ldYkhla
t<s olajk ,È' uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï hkq iajNdjfhka u ñksidg ysñ úh hq;=
whs;Ska úkd md,lhka ,nd Èh hq;= fohla fkd jk njg tu.ska w¾: ±laúK'
udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| tu m%ldYkfha i|yka jQ woyia lsysmhla fufia h'
iEu ñksfil= u ksoyia mqoa.,fhl= f,i Wm; ,nk neúka Tjqka ish¨
fokdg iudk whs;sjdislï ysñ úh hq;= h'
� iEu rgjeisfhl=g u kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï ld¾hhg iïnkaO ùug
whs;shla ;sfí'
� iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u ksoyfia woyia m%ldY lsÍug yd leu;s wd.ula
weoySug whs;sh ;sìh hq;= h'
126fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
m%xY úma,jfha m%Odk igka mdG jQ ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj yd ifydaor;ajh hk
ixl,amj,g by; i|yka ñksia whs;sjdislï m%ldYkfha Wmqgk ;=k u.ska
ms<s.ekSula ,eìK' f,dj mqrd iudc widOdrKlïj,ska mSvkhg m;aj isá ck;djg
fuu.ska uy;a wdYs¾jdohla ,eìK' tneúka miqj f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a uQ,sl
ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ixl,am" wdKavql%u jHjia:d u.ska u kS;s .; lsÍug
fm<ôK'
m%xY úma,jh ksid m%xYh ;=< o fjkialï /ila isÿ úh' tAjd o úma,jfha
m%;sM, f,i ie,lsh yels h' tn÷ fjkialï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
� m%xY rdcdKavql%uh ì| jeàu
� m%xY f.dú ck;djg iyk ,eîu
� m%xYfha wia:djr foaYmd,k l%uhla ìys ùu
m%xY úma,jhg kdhl;ajh ÿka msßia úúO foaYmd,k u; ±rE wh jQ fyhska
úma,jfhka miqj úáka úg wdKavq udreùï lsysmhla isÿ úh' 1789 isg 1799 olajd
j¾Ij, tu ;;a;ajh mej;=‚' fuu wia:djr foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ksid 1799 j¾Ifha
§ yuqÞ ks,Odßfhl= jQ kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ m%xYfha n,h w,a,d .;af;a h' t;eka
isg m%xYfha ìys jQfha w¨;a foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhls'
l%shdldrlu
m%xYjdiSka Èkd.;a udkj whs;sjdislï hk ud;Dldj hgf;a rpkdjla
,shkak'
7'3 reishdkq úma,jh
úisjk ishji wdrïN jk úg reishdj f,dalfha f.dvìï N+ñ m%udKfhka
yfhka tll muK me;sÍ .sh úYd, wêrdcHhla úh' fuu úYd, wêrdcHh md,kh
lsÍu i`oyd l%uj;a ixúOdkhla wjYH ù ;snq‚' tjlg isá reishdkq md,lfhda
yuqodj" fmd,Sish iy ryia fmd,Sish fhdod fuu úYd, wêrdcHh ;=< ±ä md,khla
f.k .sfhda h' fuu md,khg reishdfõ l%sia;shdks m,a,sfhka o uy;a msájy,la
,eìKs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a reishdkq md,lhka jQ id¾jre taldêm;shka jYfhka
lghq;= l<y' reishdfõ meje;s jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól l%uh ;=< ck.ykfhka
w;súYd, msßi jQ f.dú ck;dj o oykj jk ishjfia ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj ksid ìys
jQ lïlre mka;sh o md,lhkaf.a m,a,sfha iy jxYdêm;sjrhdf.a o ±ä .%yKhg
127fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
,laj isáhy' reishdj m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu ksid ck;dj ;j ;j;a
mSvdjg m;a úh' fï ksid úma,jfha f;audj jQfha iduh" bvï yd wdydr hkak hs'
fuu f;aud hgf;a 1917 ud¾;= yd Tlaf;daïn¾ hk udij, úma,j folla we;s úh'
iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvke.Sfï wruqKska j¾Okh jQ fuu úma,jh ms<sn`o fidhd
n,uq'
úma,jhg n,mE fya;=
úisjk ishji wdrïN jk úg m%xYfha fuka reishdfõ o meje;sfha ¥Is;
taldêm;s rdcdKavq l%uhls' reishdfõ rc l< id¾ kñka ye`ÈkajQ rcjre ;uka .ek
muKla is;d b;d ¥Is; md,khla f.k .shy; rcfha wdodhï jeä lr .ekSu i`oyd
ck;dj fm<ñka nÿ wh l<y; wd.u flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< kuq;a
ck;djf.a wd¾Ól yd iudÔh m%Yak úi`§fuys ,d Wkkaÿ fkd jQy'
reishdfõ wd¾Ól yd iudc rgdj foi n,k úg tys mej;sfha jevjiï
iudc l%uh mokï lr .;a lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ól rgdjla nj fmfka' mdrïmßlj
bvï whs;sh ro,jreka i;= úh' rfÜ idudkH jeishka jQ f.dúfhda m%fõ‚odihka
f,i j.d lghq;= l<y' ro,jreka Okj;=ka jQ w;r m%fõ‚odihka Tjqkaf.a foam<la
f,i ie,lsK' ro,jrekaf.a bvï j.d lsÍu fjkqfjka wiajekafkka fldgila nÿ
jYfhka rchg" m,a,shg iy ro,hkag f.ùug isÿ ùu ksid f.dùyQ úúO wd¾Ól
.eg¨j,g uqyqK ÿkay' 19 jk ishji jk úg reishdfõ me;sr .sh ld¾ólrKh
ksid lïlre msßila o ìysj isáhy' lïlrejkaf.a ;;a;ajh f.dúhkag jvd i;=gq
odhl úh' tfy;a Tjqka b;d iq`M msßils' uOHu mka;sh o iq`M msßilf.ka iukaú;
jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a jeä fokd rcfha fiajlfhda jqy' reishdfõ fuu ;;a;ajh mj;soa§
1904 ¡ 1905 w;r;=r ld,fha § cmdkh iu. hqoaOfhka reishdj mrdchg m;a úh'
th 1905 § rdcH úfrdaë le/,a,la we;s ùug wdikak u fya;=jla úh' f.dú ler,s
yd lïlre j¾ck jYfhka 1905 § we;s jQ fuu rdcH úfrdaë igkg kdúl yuqodfõ
ler,slrefjda o tl;= jQy' fuu igk ch .ekSug ler,slrejkag fkd yels jqj;a
th rdcH úfrdaê igkla i`oyd fmrksñ;a;la úh'
ck;dj rchg tfrysj fm< .efik nj f;areï .;a id¾ md,lfhda
foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK lsysmhla ,nd ÿka kuq;a bka ;Dma;su;a fkd jQ ck;dj
kej; úfrdaO;d olajkakg mgka .;ay' tys § rcq m%;sixialrK fkd ;ld yer ±ä
u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<a h' tneúka tu ler,s fufyhjQ f,kskaf.a
kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnda,afIúla mlaIh vqudj kï uka;%K iNdfjka bj;aj ish
jev lghq;= ryis.;j lrf.k hdug mgka .;af;a h' fï w;r 1914 § m<uqjk
f,dal uyd ix.%duh werô‚' reishdj ñ;% md¾Yajfha kdhlfhl= jYfhka m<uq
jk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO úh' fï ksid reishdjg fndfyda ydks isÿ úh' tys
§ reishdkq f.dùka yd lïlrejka úYd, jYfhka yuqodjg n|jd.ekSu isÿ úh'
th Tjqkaf.a leue;af;ka isÿ jQjla fkd ù h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka f.dú;eka
128fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
lsÍug mqyqKq f.dúhka ysÕ jQ neúka f.dú;eka lghq;= wvd< úh' fï wjia:dfõ
l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska jeä m%udKhla wú wdhqO ksmoùug fhdod .;a neúka" wdydr"
fnfy;a" fmdfydr wdÈ w;HjYH foa ksmoùu wvd< úh' fï ksid rg mqrd W.% wdydr
ysÕhla we;s ù NdKavj, ñ, fkdis;+ ;rï by< .sfha h' ck;dj jvd;a mSvdjg
m;a lf<a mdka ñ, by< hdu hs' fï ksid rfÜ ck;dj b;d mSvdjg m;aj isáhy'
th mqmqrdhdu 1917 § isÿ úh'
1917 ud¾;= úma,jh
1917 ud¾;= úma,jh wdrïN jQfha frÈ lïy,l we;s jQ jev j¾ckhlsks'
th Èk ;=kla hk úg uyd jev j¾ckhla olajd j¾Okh úh' mSä; lKavdhï
ish,af,da u ta i`oyd tla jQy' ùÓ mqrd mdka b,a,ñka ck;d Woaf>daIK meje;aúK'
id¾ md,kfha yuqodfjda o Woaf>daIKhg tla jQy' fï ksid rchg ck;d úfrdaOh
md,kh l< fkd yels jQ w;r 1917 ud¾;= udifha § rcqg isyiqk w;ayeÍug isÿ úh'
id¾ md,kh ì`o jeàfuka miq md,k n,h flfrkaials kï kdhlhdf.a igkaldó
n,fõ. w;g m;a úh' tA hgf;a ;djld,sl wdKavqjla msysgqjk ,È' tfy;a tu
md,lhkag rfÜ wjYH;d i`oyd úi`ÿï fkd ù h'
rfÜ w;HjYH oE jQfha f.dùkag bvï" hqO Nghkag iduh yd rfÜ ish,a,kag
u wdydr hkak hs' fï ksid f.dùyq bvï .sks ;nñka" uxfld,a,lñka yd tAjdfha
ysñlrejka úkdY lrñka ;%ia; l%shdj, ksr; jQy' tfia u kj rcfha md,lfhda
OkjdÈka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍfuka ks¾Okhkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=
wysñ l<y' tu rch hqoaO lghq;= È.g u mj;ajdf.k hdfuka fid,aodÿjkaf.a o
n,dfmdfrd;a;= ì`o jegqKs'
1917 Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh
fï w;r f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnd,afIúlajre fidaúhÜ
uKav, kï ixúOdk rg mqrd msysgqjñka f.dú lïlre rchla msysgqjd .ekSfï
wruqKska lghq;= l<y' reishdkq úma,jh wdrïN jk wjêfha fukafIúlajreka
yd fnd,afIúlajreka hkqfjka foaYmd,k lKavdhï folla ìysj ;snq‚' hï hï
m%;sixialrK u.ska ck;d m%Yak úi¢h yels hehs l,amkd l< iq`M;r msßi
fukafIúlajreka f,i ye¢kafõ' fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh ms<s.;a fnd,afIúlajre;a
nyq;rh jQy' Okjd§ w¾: l%uh ì| oud fldñhqksiaÜ woyia u; mka;s rys; iudchla
ìys lsÍu fnd,afIúlajrekaf.a wruqK úh' f,kska yd fg%dÜials kdhl;ajh ÿka
tu ixúOdkhg lïlrejka" f.dùka" fid,aodÿjka we;=¿ mSä; ck fldgiaj,
iydh ksrdhdifhka u ,enq‚' ud¾;= úma,jfhka miqj msysgqjQ ;djld,sl wdKavqj
uyck;djf.a ±fjk m%Yak úi£ug wfmdfydi;a jQ neúka flá ld,hlska u th
129fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
uyck wm%idohg ,la úh' ;djld,sl wdKavqjg tfrysj ke.S tk uyck úfrdaOh
ÿgq ù' whs' f,kska —fï wjia:dfõ wms n,h w,a,d fkd .; fyd;a b;sydih wmg
iudj fkdfokq we;ehs˜ m%ldY lf<a h' ta wkqj 1917 Tlaf;dïn¾ ui úma,jh
werôK' ikakoaO Ng lKavdhï rcfha m%Odk uOHia:dk w,a,d .;ay' ÿïßh" nexl="
;eme,a ld¾hd,& ùÈ mqrd ler,s lrefjda iduh" bvï" wdydr b,a,d Woaf>daIKh
l<y'
;ukag rcfhka wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s nj ±k.;a uOHu mka;sh yd yuqod
Ngfhda Woaf>daIlhkag úfrdaO;djla fkd ±lajQy' fuu úma,jhg md,lhka yer
fiiq fndfyda fokdf.a iyfhda.h ,enqKs' fï jk úg fidaúhÜ ck;djf.a mSvkh
fl;rï W.%j ;snqfKa o hkak thska meyeÈ,s fjhs' n,j;a igklska f;drj
úma,jh ch .ekSug yels jQfha tneúks' fuu úma,jh f,dal iïu; Èk o¾Ykh
wkqj fkdjeïn¾ ui § isÿ jqj o ta jk úg reishdfõ Ndú; jQ merKs Èk o¾Ykhg
wkqj th Tlaf;dan¾ udih úh' tksid fuu úma,jh m%isoaO jQfha 1917 Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jh jYfhks'
úma,jfha m%;sM,
flfrkaialsf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a rch fmr<d oud f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka
hq;a fnd,afIúlajreka rchla msysgqùu fï úma,jfha m%Odk m%;sM,h hs' fnd,afIúla
mlaIh miqj fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh njg m;a úh' f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a kj
rch c¾uksh iu. meje;s hqoaOh wjika lr iduh we;s lsÍug iu;a úh' ta wkqj
reishdjg iduh Wod úh' th fid,aodÿjkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j úh' f,kskaf.a
kdhl;ajfhka hq;= kj wdKavqj úiska fm!oa.,sl bvï whs;sh wfydais lrk ,È'
rch fj; mjrd .;a tu bvï uq, § f.dùkag l=vd f.dúfmd<j,a jYfhka j.d
rEmh 7'14 - - ù' whs' f,kska uy;drEmh 7'15 - ,sfhdaka fg%dÜials uy;d
130fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
lsÍug wjir § ;snq kuq;a miqj tajd úYd, iuQy f.dúfmd<j,a njg m;a lsÍug
mshjr .ekq‚' ta wkqj f.dùfhda iuQy whs;sh hgf;a j.d lsÍu isÿ l<y' fï
wkqj f.dùka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ bvï Tjqkag ,enqKs' fldñhqksiaÜ md,kh hgf;a
reishdfõ jQ ish¨ l¾udka;Yd,d ck i;= l< w;r tys md,kh fldñhqksiaÜ
mlaIfha u. fmkaùu hgf;a lïlrejkaf.ka iukaú; fidaúhÜ uKav,j,g
mejßKs' óg wu;rj nexl=" .ukd.ukh hkdÈh o cki;= flßK'
id¾ md,kh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ì`o oud ta fjkqjg lïlrejkaf.a iy
f.dùkaf.a ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; fidaúhÜ iNd mokula u; f;dard .;a
w¨;a ks,Odß msßila ;k;=rej,g m;a flß‚' úma,jfhka miqj reishdj y`ÿkajkq
,enqfõ fidaúhÜ iudcjd§ iuQydKavq ix.uh hk kñks' ta wkqj reishdj iudcjd§
o¾Ykh ms<s.;a rgla njg m;a úh'
iudcjd§ o¾Ykh
iudcjdoh hkq fldñhqksiaÜjd§ o¾Ykh wkqj iudch i;= Ok iïm;a
ms<sn`o fmdÿ whs;sh ms<s.ekSu" iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u ;u l=i,;d by< kxjd .ekSug
iudk bvla ,nd §u" ksIamdok M, ish¨ fokdg u iudkj fn§hdu hk uQ,O¾u
ms<s.;a foaYmd,k o¾Ykhls'
ta wkqj"
mqoa., wjYH;dj,g jvd fmdÿ ÈhqKqjg yd fmdÿ wjYH;dj,g
m%uqL;ajh §u'
iudc widOdrKlï yd wiudk;d ke;s lsÍu'
iudcfha mka;s úIu;d ke;s lr ish¨ fokdg ifydaor;ajfhka
i,lk Wiia udkj iudchla f.dvke.Su wdÈh iudcjd§ o¾Ykfha
lemS fmfkk ,laIK fõ'
reishdkq úma,jfha ;j;a m%;sM,hla f,i iudcjd§ o¾Ykh f,dj mqrd
jHdma; ùu olakg ,efí' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dalfha m%Odk n,fõ.
njg m;a jQfha iudcjd§ o¾Ykh yd Okjd§ o¾Ykh hs' ta wkqj f,dalfha reishdjg
ys;j;a fndfyda rgj,a iudcjd§ o¾Ykfha we;eï wx. ;u wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g
we;=`M lr .;af;a h'
Wod ( Ökh" kef.kysr c¾uksh" lshqndj bka lsysmhls'
fuu mdvu wdrïNfha § i|yka l< wefußlka úma,jfhka miqj wefußld
tlai;a ckmoh hk n,j;a rdcHh ks¾udKh ù trg uq,a lr .;a Okjd§ w¾:
l%uh ms<s.;a l|jqrla f,dalfha ìys úh'
131fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
by; i|yka reishdkq úma,jfhka miqj reishdj uQ,sl lr.;a iudcjd§
l|jqrla o f,dalfha ìys úh' tu l|jqre folg u wh;a fkd jQ rgj,a /ila fkd
ne¢ cd;Ska njg m;a úh' Y%S ,xldj o fkd ne¢ cd;Skaf.a m%;sm;a;s .re lrk rgls'
l%shdldrlu
iudcjd§ o¾Ykfha hym;a ,laIK uefhka rpkdjla ,shkak'
132fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
f,dal uyd ix.%du yd iïuq;Ska08
8'1 is;shu - m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh me;sreKq wdldrh
8'1 m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh
ye¢kaùu
úisjk ishjfia m%:u Nd.fha § iuia; f,dalhg u n,mE uyd ix.%du
folla we;s úh' fuu ix.%du fol u hqfrdamfhka wdrïN ù miqj fiiq uydoaùm lrd
me;=re‚' f,dj n,j;a rgj,a /ila fuu hqoaOj,g iïnkaO ù iuia; f,dalhg u
n,mEï we;s l< ksid tAjd f,dal uyd ix.%du f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu hqoaOj,ska
isÿ jQ jHikh ksid u kej; f,dal uyd ix.%duhla we;sùu j,lajd .ekSu ms‚i
f,dal kdhlfhda úúO iïuq;s we;s lr .;ay' fuu mdvfï § f,dal uyd ix.%duj,g
;=vqÿka fya;=" f,dal uyd ix.%duj, iajNdjh" m%;sM, fuka u tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ix.uh yd tys jeo.;alu ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
W;=re uqyqo
ì%;dkH
fvkaud¾lh
reishdkq wêrdcH
fnd,aála uqyqo
frdfïkshdj
l`t uqyqo
;=¾lsh
ì%;dkH ihsm%ih
ì%;dkH Bcsma;=j
isis,sh
fld¾isldb;d,sh
m%xY gekaidkshdj
m%xY we,acSrshdj
m%xY fudfrdlafldaj
we,afíkshdj
tacshka uqyqo
uOHOrKs uqyqo
i¾ìhdjn,af.aßhdj
c¾udkq wêrdcH
Tiafg%da--ykaf.arshdkq
wêrdcHw;a,dka;sla
id.rh
mD;=.d,hne,rsla ¥m;
m%xYh
uOH n,j;=ka
c¾uksh
Tiafg%da - ykaf.aßhdj
n,af.aßhd
;=¾lsh
ñ;% n,j;=ka
ì%;dkHh refïkshdj
m%xYh .%Sish
reishdj
b;d,sh
133fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1914-1918 ld,fha f,dj mqrd me;sÍ .sh hqoaOh m<uq jk f,dal uyd ix.%duh
kñka ye|skafõ' óg fmr f,dalfha iEu uydoaùmhl u jHdma; jQ hqoaOhla .ek
b;sydifha i|yka fkd fõ' fuu hqoaOh hqfrdamfhka wdrïN ù" miqj hqfrdamd
cd;Ska f.dvk.df.k ;snQ hg;a úð;j,g;a me;sr .sfha h' wjidkfha § weußld
tlai;a ckmoh;a hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùfuka ish¨ uyoaùm lrd jHdma; jQ f,dal uyd
ix.%duhla we;s úh'
m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duhg n,mE fya;=
� c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍfï jHdmdrfha §" m%xYh yd c¾uksh i;=rka njg m;a
ùu'
19 jk ishji wdrïNfha § c¾uka ni
l;d l< jeishkaf.ka hq;= l=vd rdcHhka
350lg jeä ixLHdjla mej;sh;a c¾uksh hkqfjka
ye¢kaúh yels rgla fkd ;snq‚' tn÷ miqìula
;sìh § by; lS l=vd rdcHhka tl;= fldg c¾uksh
hkqfjka rgla ìys lrk ,oafoa Tfgda¡fjdaka
ìiaud¾la kï olaI kdhlhd úisks' ìiaud¾la 1870
j¾Ifha § c¾uksh tlai;a fldg th n,j;a rgla
lsÍu i|yd m%xYh iuÕ hqoaOhlg meg,s‚' tu
hqoaOfhka m%xYh wka; mrdchla ,eî h' t;eka
isg wi,ajeis rgj,a folla jQ m%xYh yd c¾uksh
tlsfklg i;=re rgj,a folla njg m;a úh'
� c¾uka wêrdchd jQ fojk ú,shïf.a
l%shd l,dmh
c¾uksfha ks¾ud;Djrhd jQ ìiaud¾la
tlai;a iy Yla;su;a c¾ukshla msysgqùfuka
;Dma;shg m;a úh' c¾ukshg ndysr hg;a úð;
msysgqjd .ekSu flfrys ìiaud¾la Wkkaÿjla
fkd ±laù h' tfy;a 1887 j¾Ifha § c¾uka
wêrdchd ^lhsi¾& jQ fojk ú,shï rcq c¾uka
m%foaY ;=<ska muKla ;Dma;su;a jQfjl= fkd ù
h' ìiaud¾laf.a wruqKqj,g mgyeksj hñka
c¾ukshg hg;a úð; msysgqjd c¾uka wêrdcHhla
msysgqùu tu rcqf.a wruqK úh' tys § c¾uksfha
rEmh 8'1 ¡ Tfgda¡fjdka ìiaud¾la
rEmh 8'2 ¡ fojk ú,shï wêrdcHhd
134fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh f,dalfha fiiq rgj, ielhg Ndck úh' c¾uka wêrdcHhla
msysgqùu i|yd c¾uka yuqÞ Yla;sh jeä lsÍug lghq;= flß‚' thska lkiai,a,g
m;a ì%;dkHh o c¾ukshg ;r.ldÍj ;u yuqÞ Yla;sh jeä lf<a h' fï ksid
hqfrdamh ;=< hqOldó jd;djrKhla l%ufhka f.dvke.=‚'
� hg;a úð; i|yd jQ ;r.h
19 jk ishji ueo jk úg hqfrdamfha n,j;a rgj,a wdishdfõ yd wm%sldfõ
hg;a úð; msysgqùu i|yd ;r.hlg wj;S¾K jQ iajNdjhla olakg ,eìK' fuys
§ jeä u hg;a úð; ysñlrejd jQfha ì%;dkHh hs' m%xYh" fn,aðhu" mD;=.d,h"
iamd[a[h yd ´,kaoh hk rgj,g B<Õ ia:dk ysñ úh' tlai;a c¾ukshla ìys
ùfuka miq YS>% ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla w;a lr.;a c¾ukshg ish ksñøjH wf,ú lr
.ekSu i|yd fjf<|fmd< fidhd.ekSu w;HjYH úh' wdishd" wm%sld m%foaY fj;
c¾uksh fufia meñŒu .ek fiiq cd;Syq ìhg m;a jQy' úfYaIfhka tf;la n,j;d
jYfhka isá ì%;dkHh fuh uy;a ;¾ckhla f,i ie,lS h' fufia hg;a úð;
i|yd jQ ;r.h m%;súreoaO n,j;=kaf.a úreoAOjd§ woyia fmdaIKh ùug fnfyúka
n,mEfõ h'
� wú ;r.h yd cd;sjdoh j¾Okh ùu'
19 jk ishji w.Nd.fha mgka hqfrdamfha iEu m%n, rgla u ^c¾uksh"
ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" reishdj& ;ukaf.a n,h j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd wú wdhqO w;ska
ikakoaOj isàu flfrys jeä úYajdihla ;eî h' —wú wdhqO n,fhka jir myl §
,nd .;a foa wdrlaId lr .ekSug ;j;a jir 50la ikakoaOj isáh hq;=˜ hehs c¾uka
fikam;sfhl= jQ fjdka fjda,ala mjid we;' wú n,h flfrys c¾uksh ;=< mej;s
úYajdih fuu m%ldYfhka meyeÈ,s fõ' fufia tla tla rgj,a wú wdhqO flfrys
úYajdih ;eîu ksid n,j;a hqfrdamSh rgj,a w;r wú ;r.hla ks¾udKh úh'
tfuka u b;d,sfha yd c¾uksfha cd;sljdoh ;=<ska tu rgj,a tlai;a lsÍu;a
iu. hqfrdamfha cd;sljd§ m%jK;dj j¾Okh úh' fuys úfYaI ,laIKh jQfha
;ukaf.a rgg wdorh lsÍu;a fiiq rgj,a fy<d ±lSu;a h' fuu ;;a;ajh cd;Ska
w;r .egqï we;s ùug iqÿiq miqìula ks¾udKh lf<a h'
� m%xYh hqfrdamh ;=< ;ks lsÍug ìiaud¾la wkq.ukh l< úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh
1870 j¾Ifha § m%xYh mrdch l< c¾uksfha ìiaud¾la" m%xYh i;=j ;snQ
we,aidia iy f,df¾ka keu;s idrj;a m%foaY fol meyer .;af;a h' fï ksid
wkd.;fha lsishï Èfkl m%xYh c¾uksfhka m<s .ekSug hqoaO lrkq we;ehs
o" we,aidia yd f,df¾ka m%foaY h<s ,nd .kq we;ehs o c¾ukshg ìhla ;sì‚'
fï ksid hqfrdamfha n,j;a rgj,a iu. c¾uksh ñ;%% in|;d we;s lr .ekSu;a
m%xYhg hqfrdamfha ñ;=rka ke;s lsÍu;a 1870ka miq c¾uksfha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh
135fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
úh' fuys § ;ks jQ m%xYh hqfrdamfha ñ;=rka fidhd hdu ksid c¾uksh yd m%xYh
uq,a lr .;a l|jqre folla f.dvke.=‚' fuys m%;sM, jYfhka c¾uksh" Tiaá%hdj"
b;d,sh we;=<;a l|jqrla yd ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" reishdj we;=<;a l|jqrla jYfhka
l|jqre folla ks¾udKh úh' fuys § c¾uksh we;=<;a l|jqr uOHu n,j;=ka f,i
ye¢kajQ w;r m%xYh we;=<;a l|jqr ñ;% n,j;=ka f,i yÿkajk ,È' fiiq rgj,a o
Tjqfkdjqkaf.a wjYH;d u; tu l|jqre foflka tllg tl;= úh' t;eka isg 1914
jk f;la fuu ms,a fol w;r jd.a ix.%duhla isÿ úh'
� Tiaá%hdfõ Tgqkak ysñ l=ureka >d;kh lsÍu'
by; i|yka l< wdldrhg hqoaOh i|yd hqfrdamh ;=< oeä hqo WKqiqula
mj;soa§" Tiaá%hdfõ Tgqkak ysñ l=urd jQ m%dkaia
*¾äkkaâ yd Tyqf.a ìß| fndiakshdfõ w.kqjr
jQ irdðfjda ^irdfhfjda& k.rfha ixpdrh
lrñka isáh §" >d;kh flß‚' fuu >d;kh
isÿ lf<a i¾ìhdkq cd;slhka fofofkl= úisks'
Tiaá%hdj fuu isoaêh ;ukag úreoaOj lrk ,o
l=uka;%Khla jYfhka i,ld fldkafoais lsysmhla
bÈßm;a fldg i¾ìhdfjka jkaÈ b,a,d isáfha h'
i¾ìhdj th m%;slafIam lsÍu ksid l%s' j' 1914 cQ,s
ui 28 jk Èk Tiaá%hdj i¾ìhdjg úreoaOj hqO
m%ldY lf<a h' irfhafjda isoaêh kñka y÷kajk
fuu isÿùu" m<uq f,dal uyd ix.%duh wdrïN
ùug n,mE wdikak ;u fya;=j f,i ie,fla'
rEmh 8'4 - m%dkaia m¾äkkaâ l=ure
rEmh 8'3 m%dkaia m¾äkkaâ yd Tyqf.a ìß| >d;kh lsÍu ±lafjk is;=jula
yd Tjqka .uka .;a r:h
136fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ñ;% msf,a rgj,a uOHu n,j;=kaf.a rgj,a
m%xYh" uyd ì%;dkHh" reishdj" weußld
tlai;a ckmoh
c¾uksh" Tiaá%%hdj" ;=¾lsh" n,af.aßhdj"
yxf.aßhdj
m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufha jHdma;sh
irfhafjda isoaêfha § Tiaá%hdj i¾ìhdjg tfrysj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu"
Tiaá%hdfõ ñ;=re rgla jQ c¾uksh o wkqu; lf<a h' tA wkqj Tiaá%hdj fuka u
i¾ìhdj o hqoaOh i|yd ;u ñ;=rkaf.ka wdOdr ,nd .ekSfï ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh
úh' Tiaá%hdfõ hqO n,hg ìh jQ i¾ìhdj reishdfjka wdOdr b,a,S h' reishdj tA
i|yd wdOdr ,nd §ug iQÞkï úh'
tys § Tiaá%hdjg ys;j;aj lghq;= l< c¾uksh i¾ìhdjg wOdr fkd lrk
f,i reishdfjka b,a,d isáh;a th bgq fkd ú‚' fï ksid Tiaá%hdjg mlaI rgla
f,i c¾uksh o hqoaOhg wj;S¾K úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 1914 wf.daia;= m<uqjeks
Èk c¾uksh reishdjg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lf<a h'
fï jk úg reishdj yd m%xYh w;r ñ;%;ajhla mej;s neúka c¾uksh reishdjg
myr fok úg m%xYh reishdjg Woõ lrkq we;ehs is;+ c¾uksh fojrla fkd is;d
m%xYhg úreoaOj o hqoaOh m%ldY lf<a h' c¾uksh tlai;a l< wjêfha isg c¾uksh
yd m%xYh w;r ffjrhla ;snq‚' fï ksid m%xYh hqoaOhg wj;S¾K ùug fmr wehg
myr §ug is;+ c¾uksh fn,aðhug lvd je§ fn,aðhu yryd m%xYhg myr §ug
mgka .;af;a h' c¾uksfha fuu ys;=jlaldß l%shd ms<sfj; ì%;dkHfha wdrlaIdjg
;¾ckhla jQ neúka o ì%;dkHh yd m%xYh w;r ñ;%;ajhla mej;s neúka o ì%;dkHh
c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lrñka m%xYfha iyhg bÈßm;a úh' ì%;dkHh hkq tA
jk úg;a f,dj mqrd hg;a úð; /ila ysñ lr f.k isá rgls' tneúka ì%;dkHh
hqoaOhg wj;S¾K ùu;a iuÕ tu hg;a úð; lrd o hqoaOfha n,mEu me;sßKs'
fomd¾Yajh w;r f.dvìï igka fuka u uqyqÿ igka o we;s úh' w;skùk
hqoaOdhqO m%fhdackhg .ksñka §¾> igka l%shd;aul úh' c¾uksh È.ska È.g u
iíueÍka m%ydr t,a, lf<a h' ta wkqj ì%;dkH jrdfhka msg;a jk iEu keõ
y;frka tlla u jdf.a c¾uka iíueÍka m%ydrhkag f.dÿre úh'
m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO jQ rgj,a
137fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
weußld tlai;a ckmoh hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu
fï jk úg n,j;a rdcHhla njg m;a ù isá weußld tlai;a ckmoh
uq, § uOHia:j isáfha h' weußldkq cd;slhka /.;a ¨isgdkshd kï u.S kej
c¾uka iíueßkhla u.ska .s,ajd oeóu ksid weußld tlai;a ckmoh o hqoaOhg
wj;s¾K úh' weußld tlai;a ckmoh ñ;% ikaOdkhg tlaùu c¾uksfha mrdchg
n,mE m%n, u fya;=jla úh' trg i;=j meje;s úYd, wdydr f;d. hqoaOfha § b;d
m%fhdackj;a jQ w;r ñ,shk folla muK jQ mdn, yd kdjql yuqodj iy w;skùk
hqoaOdhqO i;=re ms,g m%n, ;¾ckhla t,a, lsÍug iu;a úh'
uq, § uOHu n,j;=kaf.a md¾Yajfha isá b;d,sh" ryia .súiqula u.ska ñ;%
mdlaIslhkag tlaj c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lsÍu úfYaI isÿùuls' b;d,sfha
fuu l%shd l,dmh ksid c¾uksh yd Tiaá%hdj w;r meje;s hqO ryia" i;=rka w;g
m;aùu c¾ukshg wjdis iy.; úh'
rEmh 8'5 ¨isgdkshd kej
ñ;% msf,a rgj,a È.ska È.g u t,a, l< m%ydr ksid c¾uksfha fiakd Yla;sh
ySk ù hqoaO n,h ÿ¾j, úh' rg ;=< wdydr w¾nqohla we;s jQ w;r th yuqodj,
fkdikaiqka;djla we;s lsÍug n,mEfõ h' tfia u uyck le<öï we;s ù" rg mqrd
l,n,ldß ;;a;ajhla Woa.; úh' c¾uksfha kdjql yuqodj ler,s .id wêrdchd
fkrmSug Woaf>daIKh l< fyhska Tyq isyiqk w;ayeÍu c¾uksfha mrdch fõ.j;a
lf<a h' fufia 1914- isg 1918 olajd meje;s m<uq jeks f,dal uyd ix.%duh wjika
jQfha c¾uksh m%uqL uOHu n,j;=kag mrdch w;a lr foñks'
138fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%dufha m%;sM,
� uOHu n,j;=ka mrdchg m;a ù ñ;% n,j;=ka ch .ekSu hqoaOfha jeo.;a u
m%;sM,h hs'
� .sks wú Ndú; lsÍu fya;=fjka w;súYd, Ôú; yd foam, ydkshla isÿ jQ w;r
,laI ixLHd; ck ixLHdjla wdndê; ;;a;ajhg m;a jQy'
� j¾fi,aia .súiqu we;s ùu
hqoaOh wjidkfha idu .súiqula we;s lr .ekSu i|yd 1919 ckjdß udifha
m%xYfha meßia kqjr mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdj,g rgj,a .Kkdjl u
ksfhdað;fhda iyNd.s jQy'
tu kdhlhkaf.a kï my; ±lafõ
weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s -jqâfrda ú,aika
ì%;dkH w.ue;s -f,dhsâ fcda¾Ê
m%xY w.ue;s -laf,ukafIda
b;d,sfha w.ue;s -úfgdaßfhda ´,ekafvda
fuu idu idlÉPdj, m%;sM, jYfhka mrdð; md¾Yaj iu. .súiqï
lsysmhla we;s lr .ekq‚' fï w;r c¾uksh iu. w;aika l< j¾fi,aia .súiqu o
fõ' hqoaOfha pQÈ;hd jYfhka c¾ukshg j¾fi,aia .súiqfuka oeä o`vqjï muqKqjkq
,eî h'
j¾fi,aia .súiqfuka c¾ukshg oeä o~qjï meñKjQ wdldrh
� ch.%dyS rgj,g úYd, jkaÈ uqo,la f.ùug c¾ukshg isÿ ùu'
� yuqod ;nd .ekSu yd wú wdhqO ksIamdokh i|yd
c¾ukshg iSud meñKùu'
� c¾uksh m%xYfhka w,a,df.k ;snQ we,aidia yd f,df¾ka hk
m%foaY h<s m%xYhg mjrd §u'
� hqfrdamfhka msg; c¾uksh i;= jQ hg;a úcs; ch.%dyS cd;Ska
w;r fnod .ekSu'
� hqfrdamfha meje;s tAldêm;s rdcdKavq ì| jeàu' m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOh ksid
c¾uka wêrdcHh" Tiaá%hd yxf.aßhd wêrdcH" ;=¾ls wêrdcHh jeks tAldêm;s
rdcdKavq ì| jeáKs' tys m%;sM, f,i úúO ck j¾. mokï lrf.k ksoyia
139fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rdcH lsysmhla fuu m%foaYj, we;s úh'
Wod- ( *ska,ka;h" fmda,ka;h" fpfldiaf,dajelshdj
� wd¾Ól w;ska ì| jeà ksIamdok Yla;sh ÿ¾j, ùfuka yd NdKavj, ñ,
by< hdfuka iuia; hqfrdamh u wd¾Ól mßydkshlg uqyqK mEfõ h' hqoaOh
wjidkfha weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd ì%;dkHh f,dal n,j;=ka f,i lemS
fmkq‚' ì%;dkH kdjql yuqod Yla;sh biau;= jQ w;r Tjqkag wh;a hg;a úð;
ixLHdj o jeä úh'
� wkd.;fha § fujeks jHikhlska f,dalh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd cd;Skaf.a
ix.uh kñka cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla msysgqjd .ekSug úêúOdk fhdok ,È'
8'2 cd;Skaf.a ix.uh
1919 meje;ajQ" meßia idu idlÉPdj, §" f,dal iduh yd wdrlaIdj mj;ajd
.ekSu yd kej; fun÷ hqoaOhla we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSu ms‚i cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla
msysgqjd .ekSfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh flß‚' weußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s
jqâfrda ú,aika uy;d ta i|yd uq,a ù l%shd lf<a h' 1920 ckjdß 10 Èk cd;Skaf.a
ix.uh ìys jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' wdrïNfha § fuu ixúOdkhg rgj,a
42laa iïnkaO úh'
cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï wruqKq
� rgj,a w;r we;s jk jdo fNao iduldój úi|Su
� wkd.;fha f,dal hqoaO we;sùu je,elaùu
� cd;Hka;r wjfndaOh yd iyfhda.h f.dvke.Su
� l=vd rdcHhkaf.a ksoyi yd iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu
� úYaj iduQysl;ajh u.ska f,dal iduh iqrlaIs; lsÍu'
cd;Skaf.a ix.uh iduh i|yd ±rE m%h;ak
cd;skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfuka miq jir 20la muK ld,hla hqoaO we;sùu
j,lajd .ekSug tu ix.uh iu;a úh' ix.uh msysgqjQ uq,a ld,fha § l=vd rdcHhka
fuka u úYd, rdcHhka o ish w¾nqo úi|Sfï §" cd;Skaf.a ix.uh .kq ,enQ
;SrKj,g f.!rjkSh f,i wjk; ùu thg fya;= úh' tf,i cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha
140fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
lghq;= id¾:l jQ wjia:d lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
¾ iaùvkh yd mska,ka;h" c¾uksh yd fmda,ka;h" .%Sish yd n,af.aßhdj"
brdkh yd ;=¾lsh jeks rgj,a w;r we;s jQ hqo .egqï je,elaùu'
¾ irKd.;hkaa mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd ueÈy;aj lghq;= lsÍu'
¾ m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha Ndrldr;ajhg m;a
fldg ;snQ hg;a úð; ms<sn| wëlaIK lghq;= id¾:lj isÿ lsÍu'
¾ ks;s úfrdaë jy,a fjf<|du yd u;aøjH fjf<|du wvmK lsÍug wjYH
lghq;= lsÍu'
cd;skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l ùug fya;=
cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï uQQ,sl wruqKla jQfha f,dal iduh wdrlaId lr
.ekSu yd kej; hqoaOhla we;sùu j<lajd.ekSu hs' tfy;a ix.uh msysgqjd jir
20la .; ùug;a fmr m<uqjk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN lsÍfï jrolre f,i i,lk
,o c¾uksfha u uQ,sl;ajfhka fojk f,dal ix.%duh we;s úh' kej; hqoaOhla
je<elaùfï cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha wruqK ì| jegqKq nj bka meyeÈ,s h' fufia
cd;Skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla ±lsh yels h'
� f,dalfha Okj;a rgla fuka u hqoaO n,jf;l= jQ weußld tlai;a
ckmoh cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ,nd fkd .ekSu tys wid¾:l;ajh
i|yd n,mEfõ h' cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðl rgj, wjYH;dj u; ieliQ
ix.ufha we;eï m%;sm;a;s ms<s.ekSug weußldkq fifkÜ iNdj wlue;s úh' fï
ksid n,j;a rgla jQ wefußldj cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðlfhl= fkd ùfuka tys
m%;sm;a;s wdrlaId lsÍug o ne£ fkd isáfha h' fuh;a ix.ufha wid¾:l;ajhg
fya;= úh' tfia u f,dalfha ;j;a n,jf;l= jQ reishdj cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka wE;a
lr ;eîu o tys ÿ¾j,;ajhg fya;= úh'
� cd;Skaf.a ix.uh .kq ,enQ ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd idudðlhka
fmd<Ujd .ekSfï § ix.uh wid¾:l úh' fuhg m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha ix.ufha
;SrK idudðlhka ,jd bgq lrjd .ekSug wjYH n,hla thg fkd ;sîu hs' fï
i|yd fhdÞ .; yels yuqÞjla ix.uhg fkd isàu yd lsishï idu yuqÞjla fhdÞ
.ekSug wjYH fmdÿ tlÕ;djla we;s fkd ùu tys § lemS fmfka'
� cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ,nd isá n,j;a rgj,a w;r tluq;=lula
fkd ;sîu;a lsishï lreKl § Tjqka fmdÿ wjYH;djg uq,a ;ek § ;ukaf.a wruqKq
miqmig .ekSug fkd fm<öu;a ix.uh uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda.hla úh' fojk f,dal
hqoaOhg fmr c¾uksh cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka bj;a jQ úg ix.ufha idudðl rgj,aa
t;rï Wkkaÿjla fkd ±laù h' Bg fya;=jla jQfha c¾uksh úiska fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh
u¾okh lsÍu .ek wfkl=;a ngysr rgj,a i;=gq ùu hs'
141fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
� f,dal iduh lv jQ we;eï wjia:dj, § tu rgj,g úreoaOj lghq;=
lsÍug ix.uh wfmdfydi;a úh'
-b;d,sh úiska weìiskshdj wdl%uKh lrkq ,enQ wjia:dfõ § b;d,shg úreoaOj
wd¾Ól iïndOl mekù h' tfy;a tajd yßyeá ls%hd;aul lsÍug ix.uh wfmdfydi;a
úh'
� cmdkh uexpQßhdj wdl%uKh l< wjia:dfõ cmdkhg úreoaOj lsis ÿ
l%shdud¾.hla fkd .ekSu óg ;j;a WÞyrKhls'
fufia cd;Skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l ùfï m%;sM,h jQfha kej; jrla f,dal
ix.%duhla we;s ùu hs' th fojk f,dal ix.%duh hs'
8'3 fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh
l%s' j' 1918 jk úg m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh wjika jQ nj wms by; §
bf.k .;af;uq' m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh wjika ù oYl folla .; jk úg
kej;;a f,dalfha hqo .sksoe,a weúf,k miqìula ielfiñka ;snq‚' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i kej; f,dal uyd ix.%duhla we;s úh' 1939 iema;eïn¾ ui isg 1945 wf.daia;=
olajd mqrd jir yhl muK ld,hla f,dj mqrd meje;s fuu ìysiqKq ix.%duh
fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh f,i ye|skafõ'
fojk f,dal ix.%duhg ;=vq ÿka fya;=
fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN jQfha 1939 § jqj;a th laI‚lj we;s jQ isÿ
ùula fkd ù h' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%duh wjika ù oYlhla muK .; jk úg
hqfrdamfha we;eï rgj, l%shdldß;ajh iy n,j;a rgj,a w;r ;snQ ;r.ldß;ajh
kej;;a hqoaOhlg miqìu ks¾udKh lf<a h' fï ;;a;ajh foi mßlaIdldÍj n,k
úg fojk f,dal ix.%duhg ;=vq ÿka fya;= lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h' tu fya;=
tlsfkl úuid n,uq'
l%shdldrlu
1' m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO jQ rgj,a is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'
2' m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg ;=vq ÿka fya;= ;=kla úia;r lrkak'
3' f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM, i|yka lrkak
142fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
01' c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ n,j;aùu yd Tyqf.a l%shd l,dmh
rEmh 8'6 --¡ wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾
m<uqfjks f,dal ix.%dufhka miq ngysr rgj,a
ueÈy;a ùfuka c¾uksfha kj wdKavqjla msysgqjQ w;r th
ffjud¾ iuQydKavqj f,i ye¢kafõ' iuld,Skj c¾uksh
uqyqK ÿka m%Yakj,g úi÷ï ,nd§ug ffjud¾ iuQydKavqj
wiu;a ùu ksid c¾uksh ;=< ysÜ,¾ jekafkl=g n,h
,nd .; yels ;;a;ajhla ilia úh' j¾fi,aia .súiqu
wkqj c¾ukshg úYd, hqO jkaÈhla f.ùug isÿ úh' 1920
j¾Ifhka miq c¾uksfha m%d.aOkh iïmQ¾Kfhka hqO
jkaÈ f.ùug jeh ùu ksid ffjud¾ iuQydKavqj YS>%fhka
uqo,a wÉpq .eiSug fm<Uq‚' fï ksid uqof,a w.h YS>%fhka
my; jeà rg ;=< by< WoaOukhla ks¾udKh úh' rfÜ
NdKav ñ, b;d wêl f,i by< .sh w;r ú/lshdj o
w;súYd, úh' ysÜ,¾f.a wkq.dñlfhda fuu ;;a;ajh ;u jdishg yrjd .;ay' 1929
j¾Ifha § we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh c¾ukshg o ;Èka n,mEfõ h' fï ksid
c¾uksfha /lshd ysÕh by< .sh w;r NdKav ñ, o jeä úh' we;eï k.rj,
lïlre jevj¾ck mjd we;s úh' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a fuu wd¾Ól mßydkshg
uqyqK ÿka kuq;a ysÜ,¾f.a wkq.dñlfhda m%cd;ka;%jd§ ffjud¾ rchg m%Yak úi¢h
fkd yels nj yqjd ±lajQy'
wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾ hkq Tiaá%hka cd;slfhls' m<uq jk f,dal ix.%dufha §
Tyq c¾uksh fjkqfjka igka lf<a h' ffjud¾ wdKavq iufha § rchg úreoaOj
l=uka;%Khla lsÍu ksid Tyq isr.; úh' isr Ôú;h .; lrk w;r u Tyq ;u
m%isoaO lD;sh jk uf.a igk kue;s lD;sh ,sù h' tu lD;sfhka c¾uka kÜissjdoh
ms<sn|j Tyq ;u woyia bÈßm;a lf<a h' ysfrka ksoyia jQ miq c¾uksh ;=< Wu;=
cd;sjdohla m;=rjñka isá ysÜ,¾ 1933 § trg md¾,sfïka;=fõ ^ßIagd.a& n,h
w,a,df.k c¾uka pdkaia,¾jrhd njg m;a úh' ysÜ,¾f.a mlaIh cd;sl iudcjd§
mlaIh f,i ye¢kafõ'
kÜisjdoh
• m%cd;ka;%jdohg fldñhqksiaÜjdohg fuka u Okjdohg úreoaO
o¾Ykhla jQ kÜisjdofhys uq,sl b.ekaùu jQfha c¾uka cd;sh ks¾u,
wd¾hkaf.ka mej; tk f,dj W;=ï u cd;sh nj hs'
• hqfoõjka fy<d oelSu kÜisjdofha úfYaI ,laIKhls'
• ysÜ,¾ úiska rpkd lrk ,o uhska ldï*a ^uf.a igk& kï lD;sfha
kÜisjdoh úia;r fldg we;'
• kÜisjdoh hkq mlaIfha tAldêm;s;ajh mokï lr .;a foaYmd,k
l%uhls'
143fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ysÜ,¾ ;ukaf.a WmfoaYlhka bÈßfha l:d mj;ajñka ck;djf.a is;a weo
ne| .kakd f,i ck;dj weu;Sug fmrmqyqKqùï mjd isÿ l< nj jd¾;d fõ'
ysÜ,¾ 1933 § n,hg m;a jQfha trg md¾,sfïka;=fõ ;j;a uka;%Sjrekaf.a iyh
,nd.ksñks' tfy;a l%ufhka ;u n,h ia:djr lr .;a fyf;u tAldêm;s n,;,
/ia lrkakg úh' Tyq c¾uksfha pdkai,¾ Oqrhg m;a jk úg fjdka yskafvkan¾.a
c¾uksfha ckdêm;s jrhd f,i lghq;= lf<a h' uy¨ ckdêm;s yskafvkan¾.aa ál
l,lska ñh .sh w;r ysÜ,¾ úiska ckdêm;sf.a n,;, ;uka fj; mjrd .kakd
,È' ue;sjrKhla wdikakj ;sìh § wkq.dñlhka ,jd c¾uka md¾,sfïka;=
f.dvke.s,a,g .sks ;eínjQ fyf;u tys jro fldñhqksiaÜjreka fj; mejÍ h'
wk;=rej Tyq ish¨ foaYmd,k mlaI ;ykï fldg fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka yd hqfoõjka
jeks úreoaOjd§ka ixydrh lsÍug mgka .;af;a h' fuys § ysÜ,¾f.a tia tia yuqÞj
yd f.iagdfmda keu;s ryia fmd,Sish ïf,aÉP >d;kj, fhÿ‚' ysÜ,¾ hkq ck
udOH Wmßu uÜgñka ;ukag jdis Þhl whqßka fhdÞ .;a wfhls' Tyqf.a udOH
lghq;= Ndrj isá f.dfn,aia weu;sjrhd udOH idrO¾u W,a,x>kh lrñka ysÜ,¾g
mlaImd;S ck u;hla we;s lsÍug ck udOH fhdÞ .;af;a h' ysÜ,¾ úiska c¾uksh
;=< m%cd;ka;%jd§ ksoyi iïmQ¾Kfhka u wyqrd ouk ,È' mqj;am;a ksoyi" /iaùï
meje;a ùfï ksoyi" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi ;ykï flß‚' ysÜ,¾ fmdfrdkaÿ
jQ W;=ï c¾uksh f.dvke.Su fjkqfjka iuld,Sk c¾udkqfjda fun÷ foa bjid
isáhy' ysÜ,¾ c¾uksh ;=< fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka u¾okh lrkq ÿgq ngysr Okjd§
rgj,a fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh úkdY lsÍfuka ;Dma;su;a ù ysÜ,¾g tfrysj lghq;=
lsÍfuka je,l=‚' fï ksid ysÜ,¾ ;j;a uqrKavq jQ nj fmfka'
1934 j¾Ifha § cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka bj;a jQ ysÜ,¾ c¾uksh kej; hqoaOhla
lrd fufyhúh' 1938 § wi,ajeis Tiaá%hdj wdl%uKh l< ysÜ,¾ th c¾ukshg wE|d
f.k tys kÜisjd§ md,khla wdrïN lf<a h' wk;=rej fpfldiaf,dajelshdj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< ysÜ,¾ tys isá fpfldiaf,dajelshdkq yd c¾uka cd;slhka fjka
lrñka iqfvgka,ka;h hkqfjka fjk u tallhla msysgqùug Woõ lf<a h' wk;=rej
iqfvkagka,ka;h muKla fkdj fpfldiaf,dajelshdj o wdl%uKh l< ysÜ,¾ trg
c¾uka n,hg hg;a lf<a h' ysÜ,¾ fmda,ka;h wdl%uKh lrk f;la ngysr rgj,ska
Tyqg ie,lsh hq;= úfrdaOhla u;= fkd jq‚' tfy;a ysÜ,¾f.a fmda,ka; wdl%uKh;a
iu. ì%;dkHh iy m%xYh jeks rgj,a ysÜ,¾g úreoaOj igkg meñKqKs' th fojk
f,dal ix.%dufha wdrïNh úh' 1933 j¾Ifha § n,hg meñ‚ ysÜ,¾ jir 6la ;=<
c¾uksh n,j;a fldg fojk f,dal ix.%duh werUQ w;r ysÜ,¾ mrdch fldg
c¾uka kÜisjdoh f,dfjka w;=.d ±óug wefußldj" tx.,ka;h" reishdj we;=M
ñ;% cd;Skag jir yhla ysÜ,¾ iu. igka lsÍug isÿ úh'
fï ld,fha § ysÜ,¾ úiska jO l|jqre msysgqjd wysxil hqfoõjka yd
reishdkqjka ,laI .Kkska >d;kh lrjkq ,eîh' wjqÜúÜia" n¾.¾ fn,aika"
fn,afI.a" fidñfnd¾ tjeks l|jqrej,g WÞyrK fõ' fufia ysÜ,¾ yd kÜis
jd§ kdhlhka f.k .sh wdl%uKldÍ m%;sm;a;Ska ksid fojk f,dal ix.%dufha §
144fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
iuia; f,dal jdiSkag u ÿla ú£ug isÿ úh' uq`M f,dalfha u m%uqL wjOdkh hqoaOhg
fhduq ùu fya;=fjka iuia; f,dalfha ixj¾Okh jir .Kklska miq mig .sfha
h' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufhka miq isÿ jQ úYd, u úkdYh fojk f,dal ix.%du
ld,fha § isÿ úh'
rEmh 8'7 kdis jo l|jqrl § >d;kh jQ msßilf.a uqÿ yd mdjyka
rEmh 8'8 kdis >d;k l|jqrej,g .d,a lr isá
wysxil <ud isrlrejka
145fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh 8'9 fnkSfgda uqfida,skS
02' b;d,sfha uqfida,skSf.a l%shdl,dmh
m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfha §" b;d,sh ch.%dyS
msf<a isá kuq;a hqoaOfhka miq we;s lr.;a idu
.súiqï trgg jdis iy.; fkd ù h' fuu .súiqï
uÕska trg wfmalaId l< ;rï hg;a úð; ,nd
.ekSug yelshdj fkd ,enq‚' ta ksid b;d,sh ;=<
hqoaOfhka miq ú/lshdj" wdydr ysÕh jeks wd¾Ól
.eg¨ /ila mek ke.=Ks' tfia u rg ;=< lïlre
m%Yak W.%% ù jevj¾ck /,a,la me;sre‚' b;d,sfha
meje;s fuu wia:djr ;;a;ajfhka m%fhdack .;a
fnkSfgda uqfida,skS 1922 j¾Ifha § meisiaÜjd§
foaYmd,k mlaIh yryd b;d,sfha foaYmd,k n,h
w,a,d .;af;a h' uqfida,kSf.a foaYmd,k l%uh
meisiaÜjdoh f,i ye¢kafõ' meisiaÜjdoh hkq
ysÜ,¾f.a kdisjdoh fuka ;ks mlaIfha tAldêm;s
md,k l%uhls' b;d,sfha n,h ,nd .;a uqfida,skS
l`M lñi yuqÞj kï ikakoaO Nghka fhdÞ f.k
meisiaÜjdohg tfrys msßia úkdY lsÍug lghq;= lf<a h' fufia tAldêm;s md,kh
u.ska uqfida,skS b;d,sfha wd¾Ólh ;rula Yla;su;a l< kuq;a 1929 j¾Ifha § f,dal
wd¾Ól mßydksfha wksis n,mEï bÈßfha Tyqf.a m%h;akh wid¾:l úh' wNHka;r
foaYmd,k n,h yeu wxYhlska u ;uka w;g f.dkq lr .;a uqfida,skS wk;=rej
b;d,s n,h úfoaYSh jYfhka me;srùfï jHdmdrhlg w; .eiS h' c¾uksh fuka
u b;d,sh o tlai;a rgla njg m;a jQfha 1870 j¾Ifha § h' tA jk úg f,dalfha
fndfyda idrj;a m%foaY fiiq hqfrdamd cd;slfhda w,a,df.k ;snq‚' fï ksid b;d,sh
hg;a úð; msysgqùug hdfï § hqfrdamd rgj,a w;r .egqï we;s úh yels miqìula
;snq‚' 1936 j¾Ifha § uqfida,skS wm%sldfõ weîiSkshdj fyj;a j¾;udk b;sfhdamshdj
wdl%uKh fldg w,a,d .;af;a h' miqj ysÜ,¾ iu. tl;= jQ uqfida,skS meisiaÜ
n,h ;jÿrg;a jHdma; lr .ekSfï wruq‚ka fojk f,dal ix.%duhg iïnkaO úh'
tys § kÜisjd§ yd meisiaÜjd§ n, l|jqr tx.,ka;h" reishdj" wefußldj m%uqL
rgj,g tfrysj igka jeÈ‚' f,dal ix.%duh wjidk wjêfha § w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ
uqfida,skS Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.ù h'
03' cmdkfha l%shdl,dmh
19 jk ishji w. Nd.fha isg wdishdfõ rgj,a w;ßka cmdkh ÈhqKq rgla
f,i bÈßhg meñK ;sfí' trg wd¾Ól lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdfï § ksIamdok
lghq;= i|yd wjYH wuqøjH ,nd .ekSug fuka u iajlSSh ksIamdok wf,ú lsÍu
i|yd o fjf<|m<j,a fidhd .ekSfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' tfy;a tA jk úg
wdishdfõ fndfyda m%foaY hqfrdamd cd;Skaf.a hg;a úð; njg m;aj ;snq‚' tneúka
146fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
is;shu 8'2
cmdkfha by; lS wd¾Ól wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § fyj;a wdishdfõ
cmka wêrdcHhla f.dvke.Sfï § wksjd¾hfhka u hqfrdamd rgj,a iu. .egqï we;s
ùfï miqìula ks¾udKh fjñka ;snq‚' 1934 § cmdkh W;=re Ökfha uekapQßhdj
wdl%uKh fldg th hg;a lr .;af;a h' cmdkfha wdl%uKldß ms<sfj; cd;Skaf.a
ix.ufha idlÉPdjg Ndck jQ w;r tlS wdl%uKh ms<sn| cd;Skaf.a ix.uh bÈßfha
cmdkh jerÈlre njg o m;a úh' fï wjia:dfõ § cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka bj;a jQ
cmdkh Ökfha jeo.;a jrdhka yd k.r lsysmhla w,a,d .ksñka ;u wdl%uKldÍ
ms<sfj; È.g u mj;ajdf.k .sfha h' ysÜ,¾f.a yd uqfida,skSf.a lghq;= hqfrdamhg
uq,È n,mEjd fia cmdkfha l%shdl,dmh wdishdj flfrys n,mEfõ h' fï ksid
fojk f,dal hqoaOh werfUk wjêh jk úg cmdkh wdishdkq rgj, wdl%u‚lhd
njg m;a úh' fumßoafoka hqo .sks±,a wdishdjg meñŒu blauka ùug cmdkfha
l%shdldß;ajh n,mEfõ h'
04' cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha ÿ¾j,;d
cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï uQ,sl wruqK jQfha f,dal iduh wdrlaId lr .ekSu yd
h<s hqoaOhla we;sùu je<elaùu nj by; § meyeÈ,s flß‚' tfy;a hqoaOhla j,lajd .ekSu
ms‚i wjYH n,h fyda Yla;sh tu ix.uh i;=j fkd ;snq‚'
f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd iduqyslj msysgqjd .;a cd;Skaf.a ix.uh tu ld¾hh
lsÍug wiu;a ùu ksid úúO rgj,a ñ;% .súiqïj,g t<Uq‚' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i n,j;a
cd;Syq ;u lKavdhfï wdrlaIdj i|yd wdhqO ikakoaO ùug mgka .;ay' fufia úúO rgj,g
fn§ wdhqO ikakoaO ùu u.ska hqoaOh i|yd miqìula ks¾udKh úh'
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha md¾Yajlrejka
fidúhÜ reishdj
m%xYhb;d,sh
ì%;dkHfpfldiaf,dajelshdjfmda,ka;h
weußld tlai;a ckmoh
ñ;% n,j;=ka
weußld tlai;a ckmoh
m%xYh
ì%;dkH
reishdj
wlaI n,j;=ka
c¾uksh
b;d,sh
cmdkh
fojk f,dal hqoaO wjêfha md¾Yajlrejkaf.a odhl;ajh
c¾uksh
cmdkh
147fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ñ;% n,j;=ka ¡ ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh we;=`M ngysr
,snr,a jd§ rgj,a fndfyduhla fuu ñ;% n,j;=kaf.a mlaIhg we;=`M úh'
fldñhqksiaÜjd§ reishdj o ñ;% mlaIhg wh;a úh'
c¾uksh yd b;d,sh hk hqfrdamSh rgj,a fol 1937 j¾Ifha § cmdkh iu.
ryis.; .súiqulg t<Uq‚' tys § rgj,a ;=fka u w.kqjrj, kï wkqj fï msßi
n¾,ska frdau fgdalsfhda wlaIh kñka ye¢kaú‚' miqj fuu rgj,a ;=k ye¢kaùug
wlaI n,j;=ka hk moh Ndú; úh'
rEmh 8'10 c¾uka m%ydrl iíueßkhla
rEmh 8'11 hqfoõjka yd hqoaOfha § w,a,d .;a isrlrejka
úkdY lsÍug ysÜ,¾ úiska fhdÞ .;a .Eia Wÿka
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha jHdma;sh
c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ l%s' j' 1939 iema;eïn¾ 01 Èk fmda,ka;h wdl%uKh lsÍu;a
iuÕ fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN úh' fmda,ka;h wdrlaId lsÍug .súif.k
isá ì%;dkHh yd m%xYh c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lrñka fojk f,dal uyd
ix.%duhg wj;S¾K úh' c¾uksh i;s y;rla we;=<; fmda,ka;h mrdchg m;a
148fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
lf<a h' ish rKldó ms<sfj; bÈßhg f.k hñka ysÜ,¾ úiska fkdaa¾fõ" fvkaud¾lh
´,kaoh" fn,aðhu hk
rgj,a w,a,d .kakd ,È'
1940 cQks udifha § m%xYhg
myr § ysÜ,¾ tys w.kqjr
jQ meÍish w,a,d .;af;a h'
c¾uka fiakd
meÍishg we;=¿ ùu;a
iu. uqfida,skS o hqoaOhg
iïnkaO fjñka b;d,s
foaY isud foiska ish
fiakd m%xYfha úúO m%foaY
wdl%uKh lsÍu i|yd
fufyhù h' fufia c¾uka
b;d,s yuqÞ m%xYh hg;a
lsÍfuka miq we;s lr .;a
rEmh 8'13 úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a
m%xYfha mrdch ì%;dkHhg t,a, l< n,j;a myrla
f,i ie,l+ ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a"
bÈßfha we;s úh yels wka;rdhkag uqyqK §u i|yd
Wml%uYS,Sj lghq;= lsßfï jeo.;alu jgyd .;af;a
h' p;=r l:slfhl= fuka u olaI kdhlfhl= o jQ
p¾Ñ,a uq`Muy;a ì%;dkH ck;dj u kÜis úfrdaë
igkg fm<Uùug iu;a úh' tfuka u Tyq ì%;dkH
wêrdcHhg wh;a lekvdj" TiafÜ%,shdj"
kjiS,ka;h" ol=Kq wm%sldj" bkaÈhdj" ,xldj wd§
rgj,a iyNd.s fldg .ksñka c¾ukshg úreoaO hqO
fmruqKla f.dvk.d .;af;a h' óg wu;rj weußld
tlai;a ckmofhka ì%;dkHhg úYd, iyhla ,enqKs'
weußld tlai;a ckmoh hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu
c¾uksh yd b;d,sh hqfrdamd rgj,a w;am;a lr .ksñka isá wjêfha §
cmdkh o wdishdfõ wêrdcHhla f.dvkxjd .ekSug wdl%uK wdrïN lsÍu ms<sn|j
by;ska idlÉPd lf<uq' fuys § fmrÈ. hg;a úð; jeä jYfhka ;snQ ì%;dkHh"
m%xYh" weußld tlai;a ckmoh wd§ rgj,a iu. cmdkhg .efgkakg isÿ úh'
fuu igkaj, § m¾,a jrdfha yuqod l|jqr cmdkhg m%Odk jYfhka ndOdjla úh'
tneúka 1941 fkdjeïn¾ 07 Èk cmdkh m¾,a jrdfha weußldkq kdjql l|jqrg
fndaïn fy<d úkdY lf<a h' fuu isÿùu u; weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s
rEmh 8'12 ì%;dkH m%ydrl .=jka hdkd
149fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
*a?kala,ska rEiafj,aÜ cmdkhg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lf<a h' tA wkqj cmdkh yd
tl;= ù isá c¾uksh yd b;d,sh weußldjg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lr we;' fï wkqj
1941 wjidkh f;la u hqfrdamhg muKla isud ù ;snQ hqoaOh f,dal uyd ix.%duhla
njg m;a úh'
c¾uksfha ó<Õ b,lalh jQfha ì%;dkHh hs' ysÜ,¾ .=jka yuqodj u.ska
ì%;dkHh wdl%uKh lsÍug ;SrKh lf<a h' bkamiq c¾uka .=jka yuqodj ì%;dkH
.=jkaf;dgqm<j,g yd k.rj,g fndaïn fy<S h' ì%;dkHhg m%n, kdjql yd .=jka
n,hla ;sì‚' ì%;dkHh o tu Yla;sh fhdodf.k i;=re .=jka hdkd úkdY lsÍu
i|yd m%ydrl .=jka hdkd fhoù h' 1940 iema;eïn¾ ui 14 Èk fomd¾Yajh w;r
b;d oreKq .=jka igka isÿ úh' tys § ì%;dkH .-=jka yuqÞj úiska c¾uka .=jka hdkd
56la muK ìu fy<k ,±hs jd¾;d fõ' ;uka is;=jdg jvd ì%;dkH hqO Yla;sh
fndfyda bÈßfhka isák nj;a tys m%n, ld¾h Y+r;ajh;a jgyd .;a ysÜ,¾ ì%;dkHg
myr §u kj;d ±ó h'
c¾uksh reishdj wdl%uKh lsÍu
wk;=rej ysÜ,¾ úiska lsis ÿ meyeÈ,s fya;=jla fkd olajd reishdj wdl%uKh
lrk ,È' wmyiq;djlska f;drj reishdj w,a,d .; yels fj;ehs ysÜ,¾ l,amkd
lf<a h' m%xY uyd wêrdchd jQ kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ óg fmr reishdj wdl%uKh
fldg wka; mrdchla ,nd oi oyia .Kkla ;=jd<lrejka iu. miq nei .sfha
h' jir 125lg miq ysÜ,¾ o tn÷ mrdchla wNsuqjg meñ‚fha h' fidaúhÜ yuqÞj
rEmh 8'14 m¾,a jrdhg myr §u
150fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l,a;shdu c¾uksh iu. fun÷ igklg iQÞkïj isáfha h' tneúka fuys § i;=rd
uq,d lsÍug wjYH ish¨ Wmdhka fhdok ,È' ±ä iS; iD;=j t<fUk f;la c¾uka
yuqÞj r|jd .ekSu reishdj wkq.ukh l< tn÷ Wmdhls' tÞ kefmda,shka yuqÞj iS;
iD;=fõ § uqyqK ÿka brKug kÜis yuqÞjg o uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' c¾uka yuqÞj È.
iS; iD;=jlg iQÞkïj isáfha ke;' fï ksid wêl iS;," wdydr ysÕh" f,v frda.
wdÈh w;súYd, jYfhka c¾uka yuqÞ ñh hdug fya;=jla úh' WmdhYS,sj ;u yuqÞ
miqmig .ekSug ;rï úplaIK Ndjhla ysÜ,¾ ;=< fkd ;snq‚' reishka N+ñfha §
;u yuqÞ uqyqK § we;s ienE ÿIalr;dj ms<sn| wkjfndaOfhka miq jQ ysÜ,¾ ish
yuqÞ bÈßhg u fufyhùug wK ÿkafka h' tys § c¾uka yuqÞ oreKq mrdchlg ,la
lsÍug reishdfõ r;= yuqÞjg yelshdj ,enq‚'
c¾uksh hg;a ùu
reishdj igk bÈßhg f.k hñka kef.kysr hqfrdamfha kÜis md,kh
hgf;a meje;s m%foaY uqod f.k c¾uksh foig meñ‚fha h' fï w;r;=r m%xY
yd weußldkq fiakd ngysr foiska m%ydr t,a, l<y' 1945 ud¾;= udih jk úg
c¾ukshg meñKs ñ;% fiakd uehs ui jk úg n¾,ska kqjrg <Õd jQy' mrdch w;
<Õ nj wjfndaO lr.;a ysÜ,¾ we;=`M Tyqf.a wK fok ks,Odßyq rdYshla u ish Èú
kid .;ay' ta wkqj 1945 uehs udifha § c¾uksh fldkafoais úrys;j hg;a úh'
cmdkh hg;a ùu
rEmh 8'15 ysfrdaIsudjg
fy<k ,o mrudKq
fndaïnh
cmdkh ish hqO Yla;sh fufyhjñka isx.mamQrej" u,hdishdj" nqreuh"
fydxfldx wdÈ ì%;dkH hg;a úð; w,a,d .;af;a h' wk;=rej fnda¾ksfhda" cdjd"
iqud;%d" ms,smSkh wdÈ rgj,a o w,a,d .;af;a h' fuf,i l%s' j' 1942 jk úg ,xldj
yd bkaoshdj yer uq`M ol=Kq iy w.aksÈ. wdishdj u hg;a jQ nj fmfkkakg ;snqKs'
151fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l%s' j' 1942 wfm%a,a 05 od fld<Ug o wfm%a,a 07 od ;%sl=Kdu,hg o cmdkh
úiska fndaïn fy<k ,È' fï ksid cmka yuqodj Y%Ss ,xldj wdl%uKh lrkq we;ehs
is;+ ì%;dkHhka ;u fiakdxl lsysmhla u ,xldfõ ia:dk.; lf<a h' tfy;a
fomd¾Yajh w;r lsis ÿ .egqula ,xldj ;=< isÿ fkd ù h'
cmdkh yd ñ;% mdlaIsl yuqod w;r oreKq igka we;s jQ w;r tu igkaj,ska
cmdkh mrdchg m;a úh' mrdchg m;a fjñka isá cmdkhg ñ;% mlaIh úiska
lrk ,o wjika ksfõokh o m%;slafIam lsÍu ksid l%s' j' 1945 wf.daia;= 06 od
ysfrdaIsudjg o" wf.daia;= 09 od kd.idls k.rhg o weußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska
mrudKq fndaïn fy<k ,È' ;;amr lsysmhla ;=< k.r fol úkdY jQ w;r ,laIhlg
wêl msßila ñh .shy' Bg jvd úYd, msßila ;=jd< ,enQy' úlsrK n,mEu ksid
fndfyda msßila mrïmrd.; frda.ska njg m;a jQy' fuu oreKq úkdYh ÿgq cmdkfha
ysfrdaysf;da wêrdchd 1945 wf.daia;= 14 Èk fldkafoais úrys;j hg;a ùug tlÕ
ùu;a iuÕ fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh ksudjg m;a úh'
fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufha m%;sM,
� fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka c¾uksh" b;d,sh yd cmdkh wh;a jQ wlaI
ms, mrdchg m;a úh'
� tu hqoaOh f,dal b;sydifha fuf;la we;s jQ ìysiqKq u ix.%duh úh' fuu
ix.%dufha § ñksia Ôú; ñ,shk 50lg jvd úkdY jQ nj ie,fla' foam, yd
Ok úkdYh .Kkh l< fkd yels ;rï h'
� hqfoõjka >d;kh lsÍfï ysÜ,¾f.a jev ms<sfj< wkqj c¾uksh" fmda,ka;h"
yxf.aßhdj jeks c¾uka n,h me;sreKq rgj, hqfoõjka ñ,shk .Kkla
kÜis yuqÞj úiska jo l|jqrej,g .d,a lr urd ouk ,È'
rEmh 8'16 ysfrdaIsud úkdYh
152fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
� mrudKq fndaïnh hqO wúhla f,i Ndú; lrk ,o w;r bka we;s jQ ìysiqKq
úkdYfhka mrdchg m;a jQfjda muKla fkd j ch ,enqfjda o uy;a lïmkhg
m;a jQy' mrudKq fndaïn fy<Sfuka ta wjia:dfõ úYd, Ôú; m%udKhla
úkdY jqjd muKla fkdj tys Nhdkl m%;sM, wkd.; mrïmrdj flfrys
o we;s úh'
� fuf;la f,dal n,j;=ka jYfhka isá m%xYhg yd ì%;dkHhg tu ia:dk wysñ
ù .sh w;r Tjqkaf.a wêrdcHjd§ ixl,am ì| jegq‚' fï ksid ì%;dkHh
yd m%xYh i;=j meje;s Y%S ,xldj" bkaÈhdj yd bkaÿ Ökh we;=`M hg;a
úð; /ilg ksoyi ,eìKs'
� úkdYhg m;a jQ hqfrdamfha mrdð; rgj,a k.d isgqùu i|yd weußld tlai;a
ckmoh bÈßm;a úh' fuu wdOdr jevms<sfj< tjl weußld tlai;a ckmo
rdcH f,alï Oqrh oerE fcdaka ud¾I,af.a kñka ud¾I,a ie,eiau f,i
y÷kajkq ,eî h'
� f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka miqj weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd fidaúhÜ reishdj
f,dal n,j;=ka f,i ke.S isáhy' weußld tlai;a ckmoh m%cd;ka;%jdofha
wdrlaIlhd njg m;a jQ w;r fidaúhÜ reishdj iudcjdofha wdrlaIlhd njg
m;a úh' fuu n,j;=ka fofokd uq,a fldgf.k f,dalfha ;j;a rgj,a /ila
n, l|jqre follg fnÿKs' weußld tlai;a ckmoh m%uqL rgj,a Okjd§
l|jqr f,i o fidaúhÜ reishdj m%uqL rgj,a- iudcjd§ l|jqr f,i o ye¢kafõ'
rEmh 8'17 ysÜ,¾f.a yuqodj úiska úkdY lrk ,o .ul ñh
.sh orejka isys lsÍug ;ekQ iaudrlhla
153fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj f,dalh fufia n, l|jqre follg fn§ wú
wdhqO Ndú; fkd fldg jqj;a ;u l|jqr ch.%dyS lr.ekSu i|yd úúO Wml%u
fhdod .ksñka igkla f.k .shy' fuh iS;, hqoaOh fyj;a ksrú hqoaOh f,i
y÷kajhs' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq oYl y;rla muK hk;=re fuh mej;=Ks' fï
i|yd Tjqka Ndú; l< m%Odk Wml%u jQfha"
� ryia T;a;= fiajd fhdÞ .ekSu
� ixúOdk msysgqjd .ekSu
� wdOdr jevms<sfj< Èh;a lsÍu wdÈh hs'
fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka miq wdishd" wm%sld rgj,g hg;a úð;
;;a;ajfhka ñ§ iajdëk;ajh ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ,enq‚' tu rgj, iudc
wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh f.dv ke.Su ms‚i wdOdr ,nd §ug weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd
fidaúhÜ reishdj bÈßm;a úh' tuÕska Tjqka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha tu rgj,a ;u
n, l|jqr fj;g kïujd .ekSu hs' tys § wdOdr ,ndfok mlaIhg iDcqj fyda
jl%j mlaImd;S ùug isÿ ùu fï rgj, iajdëk;ajhg .eg¨jla úh' fï ksid lsis
ÿ n, l|jqrlg fkd ne|S lghq;= lsÍu wruqKq lr .ksñka l%s' j' 1961 § fkd ne¢
cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j msysgqjd we;' ysgmq bkaÈhdkq w.ue;s cjy¾,d,a fkare;=ud fuys
mqfrda.dó kdhlfhls'
tjlg hqf.daiaf,daúhdkq ckdêm;s ud¾I,a áfgda yd Bðma;= ckdêm;s wíÿ,a .ud,a
kid¾ hk kdhlhka o fï i|yd úYd, iydhla olajd we;'
l%shdldrlu
my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
fojk f,dal
ix.%duhg ;=vq ÿka
fya;=
fojk f,dal
ix.%dufha m%;sM,
8'4 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
fojk f,dal ix.%duh mj;sk w;r;=r u ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a yd
wefußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s *a?kala,ska rEiafj,aÜ 1941 j¾Ifha wf.daia;=
ui —w;a,dka;sla m%{ma;sh˜ w;aika l<y' ñ;% cd;Ska hqoaOhg wj;s¾K ù we;af;a
154fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
l=ula i|yd ±hs meyeÈ,s l< fuu ,shú,af,ka iduh Wfoid cd;Hka;r iyfhda.h
,nd .ekSu" cd;Skaf.a iajdëk;dj yd iajdêm;Hh wdrlaId lsÍu .ek wjOdkh
fhduq lr we;' fuu tlÕ;dj mokï lr .ekSfuka 1942 j¾Ifha ckjdß ui
fjdIskagka k.rfha § wlaI n,j;=kag tfrysj igka lrk cd;Ska 26lf.a kï
m%ldYhg m;a flre‚' tys § fuu cd;Ska ye¢kaùug tlai;a cd;Ska hk kduh uq,a
jrg Ndú; úh' wk;=rej 1943 Tlaf;dan¾ ui reishdj" ì%;dkH" wefußldj yd Ökh
hk rgj, úfoaY weu;sjreka fudialõ kqjr meje;ajQ idlÉPdjl § f,dal iduh
we;s lr .ekSu i|yd wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhla msysgqùu ms<sn|j idlÉPd l<y'
rEmh 8'19 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ks,
,dxPkhrEmh 8'18 ksõfhdalays msysá tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a uQ,ia:dk f.dvke.s,a,
l%s' j' 1943 foieïn¾ udifha fgfyrdka kqjrÈ
³ weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s m%Ekala,ska rEiafj,aÜ
³ ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a
³ reishdkq kdhl fcdaYma iagd,ska
hk f,dal n,j;a;= ;sfokd fï ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a idlÉPdjla meje;ajQy'
f,dal iduh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd c.;a ixúOdkhla msysgqúh hq;= h" hk fhdackdj
fuys § by; kdhlfhda ms<s.;ay' ta wkqj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ìys ùug
mokï jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd 1945 cQks udifha §
weußld tlai;a ckmofha ieka m%ekaisiaflda kqjr § idlÉPdjla meje;aù h' fï
i|yd rgj,a 50l ksfhdað;fhda iyNd.S jQy' iuq¿jg iyNd.S fkd jQ fmda,ka;h
o miqj m%{ma;shg w;aika ;eî h' ta wkqj wdrïNl idudðl ixLHdj 51la úh'
1945 Tlaf;dan¾ 24 jkod m%{ma;sh ks, jYfhka wkqu; lrk ,ÿj ixúOdkh ks,
jYfhka msysgqù h' tfyhska Tlaf;dan¾ 24 Èk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a Èkh f,i i,lkq
,efí'
155fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï wruqKq
� cd;Hka;r iduh yd wdrlaIdj mj;ajdf.k hdu'
� cd;ska w;r ñ;% iïnkaO;d j¾Okh lsÍu'
� udkj whs;sjdislï yd uQ,sl ksoyi ;yjqre lsÍfuys ,d cd;Hka;r
iyfhda.h idlaId;a lr .ekSu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha jHqyh'
tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh m%Odk wdh;k yhlska iukaú; h
1' uyd uKav,h
2' wdrlaIl uKav,h
3' wd¾:sl yd iudÔh uKav,h
4' Ndrldr uKav,h
5' cd;Hka;r wêlrKh
6' uyf,alï ld¾hd,h
uyd uKav,h
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ish¨
idudðl rgj, ksfhdað;hka
tla ùfuka fuh ks¾udKh fõ'
fuys idudðl ixLHdj 193ls' iEu
wjqreoaol u iema;eïn¾ udifha fuu
iNdfõ ks;H ieisjdrh meje;afõ'
fuu uKav,fha ish¨ u idudðlhka
ksfhdackh jkafka iudk mokula
u; hs' iEu idudðl rglg u tl
Pkaoh ne.ska ysñ fõ' uyd uKav,fha
m%Odk ld¾hhka yd n,;, my; mßÈ
oelaúh yels h'
wka;¾cd;sl iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg wod< ´kE u m%Yakhla idlÉPd lsÍu
yd ta ms<sn|j ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu" -idudðl rdcHhkaf.a wd¾:sl" fi!LHh"
udkj whs;sjdislï wdÈ lafIa;%j, m%j¾Okh Wfoid fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wh jeh i,ld n,d wkqu; lsÍu yd idudðl rgj,a úiska
f.úh hq;= odhl uqo,a m%udKh i,ld ne,su'
wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY u; uyf,alï m;a lsÍu" wka;¾cd;sl
wêlrKhg úksYaphlrejka m;a lsÍu iy kj idudðlhka ixúOdkhg
n|jd .ekSu'
rEmh 8'20 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,
/iaùï Yd,dj
156fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wdrlaIl uKav,h
rEmh 8'21 wdrlaIl uKav,fha idudðlhka Pkaoh Ndú; lrk wjia:djla
fuu uKav,h idudðl rgj,a 15lska iukaú; h' weußld tlai;a ckmoh" fidaúhÜ ix.uh" tlai;a rdcOdksh" m%xYh yd Ökh hk rgj,a my fuys ks;H idudðlhka fõ' fiiq idudcslhka 10 fokdf.a idudðl;ajh jir follg isud fõ' wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks;H idudðlhka mia fokdg ksfIaO n,h ysñ fõ' ksfIaO n,h hkq" ´kEu fhdackdjlg úmlaIj Pkaoh § tu fhdackdj ksIam%N lsÍug ks;H idudðlhkag we;s n,h hs' wdrlaIl uKav,fha ;SrK ms<sf.k l%shd;aul lsÍug tlai;a cd;skaf.a ish¨ idudcslfhda m%{ma;sfhka ne|S isá;s'
cd;Hka;r iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckh úh yels .egqï ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg n,d tajd iduldój úi|Su i|yd ks¾foaY bosßm;a lsÍu wdrlaIl uKav,fha m%Odk ld¾h hs' lsishï wdl%uKslfhl=g úreoaOj wd¾:sl iïndOl mekùu yd wjYH kï hqO n,h fhoùu jeks l%shdud¾. .ekSu fuu uKav,fha jeo.;a ld¾hhka fõ'
wd¾Ól yd iudÔh uKav,h
fuu uKav,fha idudðl ixLHdj 54ls' Tjqkaf.a idudðl;aj ld,h wjqreÿ ;=kls' wkaa;¾cd;sl iyfhda.fhka f,dal m%cdjf.a wd¾Ól" idudðl" ixialD;sl" wdOHdmksl yd fi!LH wxY jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu fuys m%Odk wruqKq fõ' fuu uKav,h ish lghq;= lrf.k hdu i|yd wkqnoaO wdh;k rdYshla Wmfhda.S lr .kshs'
cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh (ILO)" wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh (FAO)"tlai;a cd;skaf.a wdOHdmksl" úoHd;aul yd ixialD;sl ixúOdkh (UNESCO)" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, (IMF)" f,dal fi!LHh ixúOdkh (WHO)" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud wruqo, (UNICEF) wdÈh ta w;r jeo.;a fõ'
rEmh 8'22 wd¾Ól yd iudc lghq;= uKav,fha /iaùï
wjia:djla
157fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
Ndrldr uKav,h
fuu uKav,h i;= jQ m%Odk ld¾hh jQfha tlai;a cd;Skaf.a Ndrldr l%uh hg;g .kq ,enQ m%foaY md,kh lsÍu hs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh msysgqjQ wjêfha Ndrldr rdcH 11la úh' 1994 jk úg ish¨ Ndrldr m%foaY iajdëk;ajh ysñ lr .kq ,eî h' t;eka isg fuu uKav,h wl%Shj mej;=Ks' uyf,alïjrhdf.a ks¾foaY mßÈ Ndrldr;aj uKav,h wfydais lsÍug 2005 f,dal kdhl iuqMj ;SrKh lr we;'
cd;Hka;r wêlrKh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%Odk wêlrKh cd;Hka;r wêlrKh fõ' fko¾,ka;fha fya.a kqjr th msysgqjd we;' idudðl rgj," wêlrK lafIa;%j, by< u ;k;=re oerEjka yd wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ms<sn| úfYaI{hka w;ßka úksYaphlrejka f;dard.kq ,efí'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úúO wdh;kj,g wjYH kS;s Wmfoia ,nd§u cd;Hka;r wêlrKfha m%Odk ld¾hh fõ' tfia u idudðl rgj,a w;r mek k.sk wdrjq,la iïnkaOj ks;Suh úi÷ula ,nd .ekSu i|yd o fuu wêlrKfha msysg me;sh yels h'
uyf,alï ld¾hd,h
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%Odk mßmd,k ld¾hd,h uyf,alï ld¾hd,h hs' weußld tlai;a ckmofha ksõfhda¾la kqjr fuh msysgqjd ;sfí' wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY wkqj uyd uKav,h úiska wjqreÿ myl ld, iSudjlg f;dard m;a lr .kakd uyf,alïjrhd fuu ld¾hd,fha m%Odk ks,Odßhd h' cd;Hka;r iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ydks fõ hehs is;k ´kE u m%Yakhla wdrlaIl uKav,hg bÈßm;A lsÍug uyf,alïjrhdg n,h we;'
fuu ld¾hd,hg wh;a ld¾hhka i|yd f,dj mqrd ld¾hd, /ila mj;ajdf.k hhs' tajdfha ks,OdÍka ixLHdj kjoyilg wdikak fõ'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh f,dal iduh /lSu i|yd .;a m%h;ak
wkd.; mrïmrdj úkdYldß hqO ìfhka uqojd.ekSfï mrud¾:h we;sj msysgqjQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ish lghq;= wdrïN lf<a mrudKq n,Yla;s fldñiu msysgqùfuks' fojk f,dal ix.%dufha § mrudKq fndaïnfhka isÿ jQ úkdYh ksid mrudKq n,h md,kh lsÍfï wjYH;dj oeäj f,djg lshd mEu i|yd wdrïNfha § u fujeks ld¾hhlg fhduq jkakg we;'
fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh ksu ùfuka miqj wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd reishdj hk rgj,a fol m%uqL fldg f,dalfha l|jqre folla ks¾udKh jQ neúka ;u ;u n, l|jqfrys ch.%yKh ;ld WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= lsÍug n,j;a rgj,a fm<Uq‚' wú wdhqO Ndú;fhka f;drj f.k .sh fï ;;a;ajh iS;, hqoaOh fyj;a ksrú hqoaOh jYfhka ye¢kafõ' tu ;;a;ajh hgf;a .egqï we;s ùug .sh wjia:d lsysmhla tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ueÈy;a ùfuka .egqïj,ska f;drj úi|d .ekSug yels úh' thg WÞyrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
rEmh 8'23 fyA.a k.rfha msysá wka;¾cd;sl
wêlrKh
158fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
• iqjia w¾nqoh
ñir ckdêm;s wíÿ,a .ud,a kid¾ iudcjd§ wd¾:sl ms<sfj; w.hñka iQjia we< cki;= lf<a h' ñka m%xY iud.ï wmyiq;djg m;a ùu ksid BY%dh," ì%;dkH iy m%xY yuqod iQjia m%foaYh fj; tjk ,È' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka fuh
iu:hlg m;a lsÍug yels úh'
• .,a*a w¾nqoh
brdlh iy l+fõgh w;r foaY iSudfõ msysá f;,a ksêhla uq,alrf.k fuu .egqu we;súh' fï ksid brdlh úiska l=fõgh wdl%uKh lrk ,È' fuu hqoaOh ksid úYd, úkdYhla isÿ úh' miqj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka fuu w¾nqoh úi|d .ekSug yels úh'
• lshqndkq ñihs, w¾nqoh
lshqndkq úma,jh wjia:dfõ tráka tlai;a ckmohg m,d.sh msßia tlai;a ckmofha hqO mqyqKqj ,en msfo,a leiaf;%daf.a iudcjd§ rchg tfrysj wdhqO ikakOj meñKshy' ler,slrejkag tlai;a ckmofha wdOdr ,ndÿka neúka trgg myr Èh yels ñihs, reishdj úsiska lshqndfõ iú lrk ,È' fï ksid weußldj úsiska lshqndj jg,k ,o w;r reishdjg t,a, fldg ;=¾lsfha o ñihs, r|jk ,È' fuu .eg¨j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka úi|k ,È'
j¾;udk f,dal iduh /lSu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .; yels
l%shdud¾.
fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq rgj,a w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo .Kkdjla tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ueÈy;a ùfuka iu:hlg m;a l< wdlrh wms by;ska ÿgqfjuq' rgj,a w;r we;s jk w¾nqo iu:hlg m;a fldg f,dal iduh /l .ekSu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhla ;sfí' f,dal iduhg ;¾ckhla úh yels wjia:dj, fndfyda úg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha wdrlaIl uKav,fha ueÈy;a ùfuka .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug W;aidy flf¾' wka;¾ cd;sl iduh yd wdrlaIdj mj;ajd .ekSfï uQ,sl j.lSu wdrlaIl uKav,h fj; mejÍ ;sîu Bg fya;= fõ'
wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY mßÈ f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ;SrKj,g tfrysj lghq;= lrk rgj,g wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu u.ska tlS ;SrK l%shd;aul lrùug" wÞ< rgj,a fmd<Ujd .; yels h'
kHIaál wú ;ekSu iSud lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu
we;eï rgj,a w¨f;ka kHIaál wú ;kk njg f;dr;=re ,enqKq úg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldñika iNd u`.ska tajd mÍlaId flf¾' W;=re fldßhdfõ iy brdkfha kHIaál wú msßlaiSug tjeks fldñika m;a flß‚'
idu idOl yuqÞj fhoùu
fomd¾Yajhla w;r oreKq hqo .egqï we;s úh yels wjia:dj, ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a idu idOl yuqÞj fhdojkq ,efí'