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1
Quiet Pavement & Noise Research in California
Paul Donavan
Bruce Rymer
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/noise/index.htm
TRB ADC40 July 2005
Presented By:Bruce RymerCalifornia Dept. of TransportationDivision of Environmental Analysis1120 N Street, MS27Sacramento, CA 95814Tel: 916/653-6073E-mail: [email protected]
And
Paul DonavanIllingworth & Rodkin, Inc.505 Petaluma Blvd. SouthPetaluma, CA 94952Tel: 707/766-7700E-mail: [email protected]
2
Imperial County, CA 1926
IH-80 at Davis StudyLongest Running
Quiet Pavement Study in the Nation
3
4
I-80 DAVIS OGAC AGING STUDY7th YEAR FINDINGS
At 7 years, the pavement appears to be providing 4.3 dBA reduction when compared with the original AC pavement. The pavement provided about 6 dBA reduction during the first 4 years and has provided a steady ~4.0-4.5 dBA reduction over the last three years.
TNM2.1 modeling results are about 5 dBA higher than measured levels at the Reference Position that is 20 meters from the near travel lane and 3 meters above ground – TNM 2.5 will be evaluated with the current measurement set..
1/3rd octave band spectra show a consistent signature of OGAC conditions for the 7-year aged pavement. This is not only evident at the reference positions, but for the 145-meter distant positions for 1.5- and 4.5-meters above ground. - The signature is even evident under the quiet upwind conditions. Please note that spectra are not normalized for the slight differences that may have occurred under different traffic conditions and they are not corrected in magnitude for variations in the strength of the wind field.
Seasonal trend continues to show a general tendency for higher levels in the colder winter months -Comparisons to original AC are only made for measurements in June when AC baseline levels were measured
SR 138 Project
Contribution of Thin Lift Surface Treatments to
the Abatement of Traffic Noise Over A Period of
Five Years
LA-138 Project
5
LA 138 Test Pavements
DGAC OGAC 75mm OGAC 30mm
RAC (O) BWC
Pass By Method
Statistical Pass By (SPB) ISO 11819-1
Mic Array
Capture other data
6
Mojave Bypass Test Site• 4 lane controlled
access highway• Unopened city
bypass• 3 baseline
textures installed• structure
w/transverse tine• 8 additional
textures applied to baselines
7
Applied Textures to Baseline Surfaces#1 – Grind
#2 – Grind
#3 – Groove#4 – Groove
#5 – Grind
#7 – Groove
#8 – Grind
#6 – Groove & Grind
6 dB QuieterRAC(O)
1 dB Quieter(Ground)
Pavement Rehab Asphalt & Concrete
8
0.1
0.8
1.5
2.2
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.0
5.7
6.4
7.1
7.8
8.5
9.2
9.9
10.6
11.3
12.0
12.7
13.4
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.2
16.9
17.6
18.3
19.0
19.7 400
800
1600
3150
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
Soun
d In
tens
ity, d
BA
Time, sec.
Freq, Hz.
South Bound I-5 Sacramento
80-82 82-8484-86 86-8888-90 90-9292-94 94-9696-98 98-100
PCCRAC(O) Overlay
Joint
9
10
Location of the Seismic Joint
Bridge Deck & Joint Noise Studies
Neighbors protest roar of new spanBy Lisa Vorderbrueggen
CONTRA COSTA TIMESPosted Feb 29, 2004
CROCKETT - The honeymoon is over. The bride, as it turns out, snores.
The lovely new $500 million Carquinez bridge that Crockett welcomed with fireworks and a street fair in November generates a lot more noise than the old one.
State engineers blame its closer proximity, grooved concrete pavement and earthquake safety expansion joints, as well as cars moving faster along the roomier lanes.
The neighbors don't care why. They just want it to stop.
11
New Bridge Deck
New Viaduct Span
New At-Grade Approach
Expansion Joints
Bridge Joint
End Joint
Mid Span Joint
Viaduct Surface Texture
Direction of Travel
12
Sound Intensity vs. Location
99100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116
-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Distance, meters
A-W
eigh
ted
Tire
Inte
nsity
Lev
el, d
BTrailing Edge
Leading Edge
Bridge Deck
Viaduct(496m)
On-Grade Long. Tine PCC
Expansion Joint at Bridge Hinge
Expansion Joint at Hinge D3-2
Expansion Joint at Hinge D3-1
End of Viaduct
Potential Tire Noise Reduction
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
SR 58 Te
xture
Grind (
0.105
")
WB B
ridge
Dec
k
AZ 202 L
ongit
udina
l Tine
I-280
New
Textu
red
SR 58 Te
xture
Grind (
0.120
")
WB on
Grad
e -Lo
ng Ti
ne
58 B
ypas
s Brid
ge D
eck
58 B
ypas
s Lon
g. Tin
e
AZ 202 U
niform
Tran
s Tine
WB V
iaduc
t -Tran
s Tine
SCL 87 S
B #3
Southb
ound
I-5 R
eddin
g
SCL 87 S
B #5
AZ 202 R
ando
m Tran
s Tine
SCL 87 S
B #1
SCL 87 S
B #2
Northb
ound
I-5 R
eddin
g
Soun
d In
tens
ity L
evel
, dB
13
3½ dBReduction
58 dB - 3dB Reduction
14
General very positive response:
“Significant effect on reducing the noise”
Joint slap still there
“Grinding improved the situation”
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
Soun
d In
tens
ity L
evel
, dB
A
OG/RAC Pavements
PCC Pavements
DGA Pavements
Caltrans State-Wide Data Base
*
*
* Arizona Pavements
*
15
Pavement/Tire Sound Intensity
Noise Level at 50 Feet **
(Sound Pressure Level)
(Avg dBA) (dBA)
AZ Marc 10 ARFC 96.6 67 CA Sac Test Track DGAC 96.7 67 CA SM 280 OGAC SB Shoulder 96.8 67 CA LA 138 OGAC 75 mm 96.9 67 CA SM 280 RAC(Type O) 97.2 67 CA LA 138 RAC(Type O) 97.2 67 AZ Marc 202 ARFC Best Condition 97.4 67 CA LA 138 OGAC 30mm 97.4 67 CA Fre 5 RAC(Type O) High Binder 97.8 68 CA LA 138 DGAC 98.3 68 CA SBd 40 RAC(Type O) High Binder 98.4 68 AZ Marc 10 P-ACFC 98.7 69 CA LA 138 DGAC Existing 99.0 69 AZ Marc 10 SMA Stone Matrix Asphalt 99.6 70 CA LA 138 BWC New 99.9 70 AZ Marc 10 ARFC 100.0 70 CA SBd 40 DGAC Exist 100.1 70 AZ Marc 10 Permeable European Mix. OG 100.6 71 CA LA 138 DGAC Reference Section 101.1 71 CA SM 280 PCC Ground 101.2 71 AZ Marc 202 ARFC Poor Condition 101.4 71 CA Ker 58 PCC New Burlap Longitudinal 101.5 71 CA Yub 70 OGAC Aged 101.6 72 CA Yol 80 OGAC 101.7 72 CA SCl 85 PCC New Longitudinal Tine 101.7 72 CA Sol 80 DGAC 101.7 72 CA Ker 58 PCC New Broom Longitudinal 101.8 72 AZ Marc 202 PCCP Longitudinal Tine 102.0 72 CA Sac 5 PCC Aged Longitudinal Tine 102.2 72 CA SM 280 PCC Texture Grind (var. 8mm/0.1km) 102.3 72 CA Sha 5 PCC NB Bridge Deck Longitudinal Grind 102.3 72 CA SM 280 PCC Grind (var. 19mm/0.1km) 102.6 73 CA LA 14 PCC Fair Condition Longitudinal Tine 103.1 73 CA Ker 58 PCC New Longitudinal Tine 103.5 73 CA SM 280 PCC Aged Longitudinal Tine 103.8 74 CA Sol 80 PCC Aged Longitudinal Tine 104.1 74 CA SM 84 Chip Seal New 105.0 75 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Tranverse Tine 107.1 77 CA Sha 5 PCC SB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (Aged) 108.1 78 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Random Tranverse Tine 109.2 79CA Sha 5 PCC NB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (New) 112.4 82
AC or
PCCState - County - Route - Material - DescriptionPavement Noise
Index
Pavement Noise Index
Pavement/Tire Sound Intensity
Noise Level at 50 Feet **
(Sound Pressure Level)
(Avg dBA) (dBA)
AZ Marc 10 ARFC 96.6 67 CA Sac Test Track DGAC 96.7 67 CA SM 280 OGAC SB Shoulder 96.8 67 CA LA 138 OGAC 75 mm 96.9 67
Omitted for this slide
CA SM 84 Chip Seal New 105.0 75 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Tranverse Tine 107.1 77 CA Sha 5 PCC SB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (Aged) 108.1 78 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Random Tranverse Tine 109.2 79 CA Sha 5 PCC NB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (New) 112.4 82
2004 Pavement Noise Level Index*
AC or
PCCState - County - Route - Material - Description
16
Tire/Pavement Noise Intensity Testing in Europe
A Report of the NITE Project
Truck Tire/Pavement Noise Measurements
Probe
17
Localizing Truck
Noise Sources
or
Noise Mapping
• Improve Traffic Noise Model
• Determine Quiet Pavement impact on heavy truck noise levels
• Improve roadside design of noise mitigation features
AASHTO/FHWA Develop Specification -Standard Practice for Measurement of
Tire-Pavement Noise Using the On-Board Sound Intensity Method
Sound Intensity Vector
I = pU
18
Localizing Truck Noise Sources
19
Truck Noise Reduced Less by Pavement Changes
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tire Noise Test CarPassby
Average ofCars
MediumTrucks
Heavy Trucks
Red
uctio
n in
Noi
se L
evel
, dB
Truck Noise Reduced Less by Pavement Changes
Possible Reasons:
– Truck tires behave differently than passenger car tires
– Contribution of noise sources different for cars & trucks
20
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
FirestoneSteer
GoodyearRetread
CooperDrive
FirestoneMulti
Soun
d In
tens
ity L
evel
, dB
A
Pavement Average Results for Truck Tires (2002)
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
AquatredCar
Zig ZagRib Truck
Mich XDAHT Truck
FirestoneFS 560
Soun
d In
tens
ity L
evel
, dB
A
4 Pavement Averages for Truck & Car Tires (2005)
21
Zig Zag Rib & XDA HT Truck Tires
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000
1/3 Octave Band Center Frequency, Hz
Soun
d Pr
essu
re L
evel
, dB
AN5 - Fine DGAN13 - SMAW8 - OGACS1 - SMAS4 - Coarse OGAC
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000
1/3 Octave Band Center Frequency, Hz
Soun
d Pr
essu
re L
evel
, dB
A
N5 - Fine DGAN13 - SMAW8 - OGACS1 - SMAS4 - Coarse OGAC
Zig-Zag 5 Rib Tire
Cooper Drive Axle Tire
Summary• Significant difference in truck tire/pavement
noise depending on tire design• Initial indication that larger element tread
designs maybe less sensitive to pavement differences
• Further work:– Analyze 2005 results for wider range of pavement
types– Additional tests with more aggressive tread designs– Determine if relative noise performance of
pavements depends on truck tire design parameters
22
Truck Noise Reduced Less by Pavement Changes
Possible Reasons:
– Truck tires behave differently than passenger car tires
– Contribution of noise sources different for cars & trucks
Light Vehicle Source Height – FHWA Distribution
96% at 0 ft
4% at 5 ft
Microphone
23
Truck Source Height – FHWA Distribution
51% at 12 ft
49% at 0 ft
Microphone
Truck Noise Source Localization Project
Concept• Apply latest technology to obtain “acoustic
pictures” of truck noise sources• Deploy acoustic array to measure passing
trucksApproach• Initial technology demonstration project• Later expand to actual roadway and more
cases
24
Beamforming Applied to Trucks
25
Speaker on Idling Truck
1k 1.5k 2k 2.5k 3k 3.5k 4k[Hz]
30
40
50
60
[dB/20u Pa] Cursor valuesX: 4.48k HzY: 38.33 dB/20u PaDelta CursorStart :944 HzStop :4.3k HzCentre :2.62k HzWidth :3.36k Hz