Broward Environmental Times Remediation · moth repellents, toilet deodorant blocks, dyes, resins, leather tanning agents and insecticides. 1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene

Also in this Issue...

Finalize Your Plans for Upcoming Conferences Page 2

An Introduction to Saltwater Intrusion in Broward County Page 3

The FDEP Approach to Toxicity of PAHs Page 4

Broward Environmental Remediation

TimesSeptember/October 2006

An Update of Broward County Air Licensing for Remediation Systems

Revisions have been made to Sections 27-176 (c)(1)(a)12.f) and g) of BrowardCounty Code which will simplify air license application requirements prior tothe construction of groundwater remediation systems which include vaporextraction as a component. Specifically, the requirements for a dispersionmodeling analysis and the Minimum Ground Concentration (MGC) isoplethhave been removed. The full text of revisions to Broward County's air qualitycode may be found at http://www.broward.org/air/workshop.htm. The initialapplication to obtain the Broward County Air License is a four-page documentrequiring certification by a Professional Engineer and is entitled, "Groundwaterand Soil Decontamination/Remediation Application to Construct/Operate AirPollution Source." The current revision of this application form is dated August30, 2005.

The referenced Code revision, which became effective on July 3, 2006, removesthe requirement of an Air Quality Impact Analysis which is located on the fourthpage of the August 30, 2005, application. An updated application form,currently under preparation, will be posted on the Broward CountyE n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n D e p a r t m e n t i n t e r n e t s i t e :http://www.broward.org/environment/licenses_apps.htm. Until then, applicantsshould continue to use the first 3 pages of the current application and simplynote on the application that page 4 is no longer applicable. The July 3, 2006revisions did not make any changes to the license renewal requirements.

Questions regarding license application requirements can be directed to Ms. Josie Cisneros at (954) 519-1215. Any questionson this article can be directed to Mr. John J. Gomolka, P.G., at (954) 519-1279 or Mr. Cliff Bittle at (954) 519-1208.

An Official Bimonthly Publication of Broward County’s Environmental Protection Department

BROWARD COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS - An Equal Opportunity Employer and Provider of ServicesJosephus Eggelletion, Jr. Ben Graber Sue Gunzburger Kristin D. Jacobs Ilene Lieberman John E. Rodstrom, Jr. Jim Scott Diana Wasserman-Rubin Lois Wexler

Visit us on the internet: www.broward.org

http://www.broward.org/air/workshop.htm

http://www.broward.org/environment/licenses_apps.htm

http://www.broward.org

Finalize Your Plans for Upcoming Conferences

Autumn not only heralds cooler weather and fall foliage vacations but also is the season for two conferences which are amongthe most anticipated within Florida’s environmental industry: the Florida Brownfields Conference and the FloridaRemediation Conference.

Florida Brownfields Conference & Exhibition

The 9th Annual Florida Brownfields Conference (2006) will be heldOctober 24 - 27, 2006, at the Hyatt Regency Miami in Miami.Presented by the Florida Brownfields Association and sponsored by amyriad of exhibitors and stakeholders, the Florida BrownfieldConference brings together members of the environmental, regulatory,planning, redevelopment, construction, litigation, lender, and real estateindustries.

Attendance fees vary from $250 per attendee in the non-profit sector to $550 in the private sector. Youcan register for the conference on the internet at http://www.floridabrownfields.org/Conference2006/register.htm. A block of rooms has been reserved at the hotel. Please call the Hyatt at305-358-1234 and reference the "Florida Brownfields Conference" to receive the special conference rateof $125 Government and $175 Non-Government. If you need additional information please contactGene Jones at Email: [email protected] or by phone 850-558-0648.

Florida Remediation Conference

The 12th Annual Florida Remediation Conference (2006) will be held November14th and 15th, 2006, at the Radisson WorldGate Resort in Kissimmee. Produced bythe National Technical Communications Co., Inc. (publishers of the FloridaSpecifier), the Conference provides members of the environmental consulting,regulatory, and support service communities with the opportunity to learn aboutemerging treatment technologies and the state of environmental issues and science.

Registration for the 2006 Florida Remediation Conference is $325 (For one day,$195). The Conference registration form and agenda can be found athttp://www.enviro-net.com. The fee includes registration for the conference,conference presentation materials, continental breakfasts, breaks, andluncheon(s). Room rates for attendees are $94 for a standard and $124 for asuite. Room reservations should be made directly with the hotel by calling (407)396-1400 or online at www.worldgateresort.com.

Florida-registered Professional Engineers can earn continuing education creditfor attending the Conference. For general questions about attending the 2006Florida Remediation Conference, call (407) 671-7777, toll-free 1-800-881-6822,or email [email protected].



http://www.floridabrownfields.org/Conference2006/register.htm

mailto: [email protected]

http://www.enviro-net.com

http://www.worldgateresort.com



An Introduction to Saltwater Intrusion in Broward County

Salt water intrusion refers to the influx of salt water from the Atlantic Ocean into the surficial aquifer system which is the watersupply for Broward County. Salt water intrusion is thought to have been initiated in Broward County when the Pompano Canalwas constructed near the turn of the century. This process, in conjunction with the draining of the Everglades in the early 1900'sappears to have established a pressure gradient resulting from the subsequent lowering of the surficial water table after theseevents. Processes thought to be responsible for salt water intrusion include lateral intrusion from the sea, upconing from thelower surficial aquifer caused by wellfield production, and downward leakage from tidally influenced canals. The location ofthe salt water interface may become an important consideration to the environmental professional when determining thepotential use of groundwater on a property, whether for phase I assessment or for risk assessment purposes.

The chloride concentration is used to determine the salinity, or saltiness of the water. A chloride concentration of 250 mg/Lhas been used by several researchers and water resource managers as the potable water threshold as this is the EnvironmentalProtection Agency's Secondary drinking water standard. Studies using specific conductance as a measure of salinity have beenperformed on selected wells to determine the impacts of various stresses on the hydrologic system, provide monitoring of thesalt water interface, and provide data for aquifer modeling.

Movement of the saltwater interface is the net result ofseveral competing phenomenon including a net effect ofcanal structure openings, pumping from municipal wellfields, the total precipitation/evapotranspiration budget,aquifer recharge, sea level rise, and water supplied from theupstream canal system (canal stage). Of these factors, canalstage seems to have the greatest impact on the saltwaterinterface on a long term basis (> 10 years). However, in spiteof the canal stage being maintained near maximum floodlevels on a long term basis, salt water intrusion is stilloccurring.

The approximate location of the salt water interface is shownin the figure shown to the right, modified from USGSScientific Investigations Report 2004-5256. This figureshows the location at the depth of the production wells fromwhich chloride concentrations were obtained, which canrepresent an interval below land surface ranging anywherefrom 50 to 200 feet in depth. Therefore the attached figurealone cannot be conclusively used to determine the salinityconditions that could be expected at any particular site.Furthermore, the transition from potable to salty water is notnormally a sharp line but a diffuse zone estimated to be from30 to 130 feet thick based on specific conductance data. Saltwater intrusion appears to the greatest in the central portionof the county and wells up to 4.5 km (2.8 miles) inland haveshown evidence of tidal influence in that region. As a resultof the forgoing, collection of site specific salinity data wouldbe needed to determine the potential for saltwater impact atthe location of any contaminant plume under consideration.

Questions on this article can be directed to John J. Gomolka,P.G. at (954) 519-1279 or [email protected].







The FDEP Approach to Toxicity of PAHs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, commonly referred to as PAHs, are carcinogenic organic molecules consisting of three ormore rings containing carbon and hydrogen which are a by-product of fossil fuel combustion. PAHs are also by-products ofincomplete burning of organic substances such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. Common sources of PAHs are asphalt forroad construction, crude oil, coal, coal tar pitch, creosote, and roofing tar. PAHs with four benzene rings are considered lightPAHs, while PAHs with more than four rings are considered heavy PAHs, making them more stable and more toxic.

Out of the more than 100 different PAHs, the Agency for Toxic Substance & Disease Registry has identified the followingPAHs to be considered as a group: acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene,benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene,dibenz(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorine, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. The PAHs listed in thisgroup are well known and readily available, exhibit harmful effects, and were found at hazardous waste sites on the NationalPriority List with the highest concentrations. In addition to the PAHs listed above, the Florida Department of EnvironmentalProtection (FDEP) has included naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene in the "Petroleum Products'Contaminants of Concern" list. Naphthalene is produced during the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal as wellas tobacco and wood. Some common products which contain Naphthalene as an ingredient are polyvinyl chloride plastics,moth repellents, toilet deodorant blocks, dyes, resins, leather tanning agents and insecticides. 1-methylnaphthalene and2-methylnaphthalene are chemical derivatives of naphthalene commonly used to make dyes and resins. However,2-methylnaphthalene is also used to make Vitamin K, which helps against blood clotting and improve bone health.

The Petroleum Contamination Site Cleanup Criteria of Chapter 62-770, Florida Adminsitrative Code (FAC), effective April17, 2005, included a new procedure to determine Direct Exposure Soil Cleanup Target Levels (SCTLs) for: benzo(a)anthracene,benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. The Center forEnvironmental Health & Human Toxicology at the University of Florida, Final Technical Report: Development of CleanupTarget Levels for Chapter 62-777, FAC, dated February 2005, explains how SCTLs were developed for carcinogenic PAHs.In short, toxicity values are derived from primary sources when information is available. However, when toxicity informationis not available, alternative approaches are used to determine CTLs, which include, among other sources, toxicity equivalencyfactors (TEFs).

The TEF approach was chosen to determine SCTLs for: Benzo(a)pyrene, Benz(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene,Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Chrysene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and Indeno(1,2,3cd)pyrene. The TEF approach is defined by theUniversity of Florida Center for Environmental Health & Human Toxicology as the numerical expression of the potencies ofa series of related compounds relative to the potency of a reference or index chemical. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was chosen asthe index chemical because its toxicity is well known as the first discovered chemical carcinogen. BaP concentrations incharbroiled meat can range from 2.60 to 11.20 ug/kg, while the smoke resulting from one cigarette can range from 18 to 50ng/cigarette. BaP is strictly produced during incomplete burning, and as a result has no industrial uses.

Total Equivalency Factors for Carcinogenic PAHs

Contaminant TEF

benzo(a)pyrene 1.0

benzo(a)anthracene 0.1

benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.1

benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.01

chrysene 0.001

dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.0

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.1

See PAHs, continued on Page 5




PAHs, continued from Page 4

Using these TEFs, the FDEP has created a BaP conversion table which is illustrated below but is also available online atwww.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/pcp/pages/pg_documents.htm. The BaP conversion table can be used to calculate directexposure residential or industrial SCTLs. This table must be used when at least one of the carcinogenic PAHs is detected inthe sample at a concentration equal to or higher than the method detection limit (MDL). Total BaP equivalents must becalculated even when the reported concentrations have a "J", "T" or "I" qualifier or no qualifier. The BaP conversion tableoffers instructions for measuring qualifiers.

After the user inputs PAH concentrations into the concentration column of the table, the table will automatically calculatethe total BaP equivalents. If the total BaP equivalent concentration is greater than 0.1 mg/kg, the residential directexposure SCTL is exceeded. The industrial direct exposure SCTL is 0.7 mg/kg.

For more information on this topic:

www.dep.state.fl.us

www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs69.html

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts67.html

www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jan00/green0100.htm



http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/pcp/pages/pg_documents.htm

http://www.dep.state.fl.us

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs69.html

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts67.html

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jan00/green0100.htm


Documents

Broward Environmental Times Remediation · moth repellents, toilet deodorant blocks, dyes, resins, leather tanning agents and insecticides. 1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene