Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D. Scientific Innovations Inc

Brookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryLucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.

Scientific Innovations Inc.Scientific Innovations Inc.Joseph Brondo, CEOJoseph Brondo, CEO

PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Brookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryLucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.

Scientific Innovations Inc.Scientific Innovations Inc.Joseph Brondo, CEOJoseph Brondo, CEO

PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPROPRIETARY INFORMATION

TRIPLE PRONG INSPECTION OF TRIPLE PRONG INSPECTION OF CARGO FOR DETECTION OF CARGO FOR DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR

MATERIALSMATERIALS

TRIPLE PRONG INSPECTION OF TRIPLE PRONG INSPECTION OF CARGO FOR DETECTION OF CARGO FOR DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR

MATERIALSMATERIALS

One of the few living mortals to get past Cerberus was Orpheus who charmed it to sleep with his song during his attempt to rescue Eurydice from death. Fetching Cerberus from the underworld and displaying him to King Eurystheus was the last labor of Heracles .

CERBERUS- is one of the off springs of Typhoeus and Echidna. It is a three headed dog with a snake tail and snake heads protruding from his back. He guards the entrance to the underworld, allowing the dead to enter but, never to leave.

Brookhaven National Laboratory PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPROPRIETARY INFORMATION Scientific Innovations Inc.Brookhaven National Laboratory PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPROPRIETARY INFORMATION Scientific Innovations Inc.

ObjectiveObjective

A full scale demonstration of aA full scale demonstration of a triple prong inspection of large cargotriple prong inspection of large cargocontainers for detection of explosivescontainers for detection of explosives

and nuclear materials using and nuclear materials using Gamma Resonance, Photo-Fission, and Gamma Resonance, Photo-Fission, and

High-Z Detection TechnologyHigh-Z Detection Technology

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End ProductEnd ProductCERBERUSCERBERUS


Basic CharacteristicsBasic Characteristics

• Simultaneous inspection for nuclear materials and explosives• High detection probability (>90%) for explosives

• Specific signature for explosives• Fully automated decision making

• Single source can feed multiple inspection stations

•High throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr/station)

• No residual activation or site contamination• Elemental 3-D imaging capability

• Can inspect small packages and large containers• Low false alarm rate (<5%)

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PrinciplesPrinciples

Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRTis based on resonance interaction of gamma radiation with a specific level in a nucleus of an element of interest, e.g., N, O, Cl, and detection of the transmitted incident radiation or that induced by nuclear fluorescence.

Photo-Fission Technology, PFTPhoto-Fission Technology, PFT is based on nuclear absorption of energetic gamma rays that above threshold energy induce fission in fissile materials, e.g., U-235, Pu-239, Th-232, and subsequent detection of the emitted delayed neutrons.

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High-Z Detection Technology, HZTHigh-Z Detection Technology, HZTis based on attenuation of dual or triple high energy gamma beams and solving simultaneous transmission equations for resolving high- and low-z materials.


InspectedObject

Resonance GammaBeam

System Main ComponentsSystem Main Components

Detectors

Proton Accelerator

~2 MeV, 10 mA

Target

(p,) E4

Recoil DopplerE = (E - E2/Mc2)(1 + (v/c)cos)

E ~10 MeV

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GRT: Proof-of-PrincipleGRT: Proof-of-Principle

Images:

Out of resonance

In resonance

Nitrogenous and

non-nitrogenousobjects placed

in a beam.

Experiments carried outby Nahal Soreq Group

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GRT: Demonstration on LD-3GRT: Demonstration on LD-3

Six explosives were hidden in a LD-3 container loaded with a mixed cargo.NRC Nahal Soreq group carried out these experiments using resonance detectors for nitrogen detection.

Two images are created simultaneously. The upper image shows a regular gamma transmission radiograph. The lower image shows nitrogen image that clearly identifies the explosives.

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Cluster AnalysisCluster Analysis

Resonance Mass Attenuation (σNres) 0.05 cm2/gResonance Count Rate 0.04 pC/sσANon-Resonance Count Rate 0.80 eC/sσA

Experimental Values

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nσ

N’=kN0 N0

Gamma Resonance CountsN0-kN0= n√N0

2n

1-kN0=

k = exp(-μρd)


Scanning Time EstimatesScanning Time Estimates

Estimated scan time based on 3σ probability of detectiona vertical scan 0.75 min for 40’ container

CRp 200 C/s(5mA) * 153x156x163 cm3, Max. 1588 kg, ρ 0.4 g/cc, Att. Factor 4# 8’x8’x20’, 246x246x610 cm3, Max. 20000 kg, ρ 0.54 g/cc, Att. Factor 12

Cont- Explosive Explosive Time/ Scanainer Dimensions Mass Slice Time

cm g s min

LD3* 20x20x0.5 300 8 10LD3 5x5x5 190 1.4 1.75 C# 10x10x10 1500 1.8 3.66a

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(γ,n) - Produces only prompt neutrons.

(γ,fission) - Occurs only in fissile materials producing prompt and delayed neutrons.

Threshold Energies in MeV

Isotope (γ,n) (γ,fission) Pu-239 5.6 5.6U-235 5.3 5.8U-238 6.1 5.8Th-232 6.4 6.0

CERBERUSCERBERUS PFT: Threshold EnergiesPFT: Threshold Energies

100 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Photon energy (MeV)

-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

Target parameters

Foil:

Beam filter = 2.86 cm A

2 MeV

3 MeV

4 MeV

5 MeV

6 MeV

7 MeV

8 MeV

9 MeV

10 MeV

11 MeV

12 MeV

13 MeV

14 MeV

15 MeV

16 MeV

17 MeV

18 MeV

19 MeV

20 MeV

; = 2.7 g/cm

0.0127 cm Au + 0.0254 cm W

averageZ average

18.9 g/cm3

3

75

01-GA50651-03

Gamma Flux > 6 MeV ~1%


PFT: Proof-of-PrinciplePFT: Proof-of-Principle

Nuclear material present

No nuclear material present

Time after pulse

AcceleratorPulses

Region of

Interest

Experiments carried out at INEEL

PC with AcquisitionProgram

Analysis Program

MCS

3He NeutronDetector

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PFT YieldPFT Yield

Emax

n = ∫dr3 ∫Φ(E,x)N(x,t)σ(E)dE Ethres

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 5 10 15 20

Photon Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

U-235

U-238

Th-232

Pu-239

Φ(E,x) Φ(x)

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En = Ephoton - Ethres


HZT: FormulationHZT: FormulationCERBERUSCERBERUS

ln = (iL i Li)IIo

LE

ln = (iH i Li)IIo

HE

10 25 40 55 70 85 100

Atomic Number (z)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Mas

s A

tten

uat

ion

(cm

2 /g)

Total Mass Attenuation Coefficient in cm2/g

1 MeV

10 MeV

5 MeV

15 MeV


HZT L/H RatioHZT L/H RatioCERBERUSCERBERUS

R = exp[(H - L)x)]IH

IL =

For: x=0.5 cm, R=1.09, CR=333c/s5mA, @ 3

IL=

IL = 1320 counts. This will require 3.96 s/slice.

31 – 1/R

2

0 2 4 6 8 10

Thickness (cm)

0.5

3.5

6.5

9.5

12.5

15.5

I L/I

H

Transmission Ratios for U, Pb, Fe, and H2O

at 5/10 an 5/15 MeV

H2O Fe

Pb (5/10)

Pb (5/15)

U (5/10)

U (5/15)


Low- High-Z SeparationLow- High-Z SeparationCERBERUSCERBERUS

H2O Fe Pb U

T (cm)

@ 5 MeV

5x5 58.75 7.15 3.68 2.12

10x10 14.72 1.79 0.923 0.53

A=exp

(-OT)

5x5 0.169

10x10 0.640

A @ 10 MeV

5x5 0.272 0.185 0.129 0.129

10x10 0.722 0.656 0.598 0.599

A @ 15 MeV

5x5 0.325 0.178 0.099 0.094

10x10 0.755 0.648 0.559 0.554

Ratio 5/10 MeV

5x5 0.621 0.914 1.31 1.31

10x10 0.886 0.976 1.07 1.07

Ratio 5/15 MeV

5x5 0.52 0.949 1.72 1.79

10x10 0.848 0.988 1.14 1.15

Materials with the same optical thickness at 5 MeV can be separated at higher energies


ApplicationsApplications

A configuration of a system in an airport feeding simultaneously two

inspection stations for bags.

A possible configuration for scanning large containers

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Alternative implementationsof the Resonance Technology

Stand off use of the system in a fluorescence

(backscattering) mode

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Can be engineered into a transportable,

readily deployable system



Single system feeds simultaneouslyfour inspection stations at one location.

Single system feeds alternativelythree inspection locations.

Each detection station can process 1600 bags/hr, 24 LD-3 containers/hr, 4 conveyors simultaneously

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StackedContainers

Detectors

Resonance Gamma

Beam

36’8’

18’

Target

21’

Using four ramps may inspect simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity.(Times extrapolated from experiments)

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Compact Accelerator FootprintCompact Accelerator Footprint

Two compact accelerators (can beexpanded to four) attached to a single power supply occupy a verysmall footprint. With a flexible cablethey can be placed in any arbitraryconfiguration.

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Accelerator ConfigurationsAccelerator Configurations

Alpha Prototype Beta Prototype

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Accelerator ConfigurationsAccelerator Configurations

Single Stage Accelerator

with two acceleration columns

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Rotating Target SystemRotating Target System

Rotating target exploded view One C-13 target wasconstructed and tested

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Rotating Target SystemRotating Target SystemGRFTGRFT

Mixed layer

Multi Layer

Strobe

Single layer

13C Target hasbeen constructed

and heat tested for 10 mA


Targets For O and ClTargets For O and Cl

Layered Targets

• CS2 – Enriched in 13C and 34S for detection of N and Cl.

• BN (Boron Nitrate enriched with 13C) 13C; 11B; 15N; with Ep @ 1.75; 1.1; 0.6; MeV respectively, we can measure N; C; and O, simultaneously.

Composite Target of 26Mg & 30Si

At Ep 1.94 & 1.91 MeV respectively to detect 14N, 16O, and 35Cl

27Al @ θ~40o 7.117 MeV 16O

26Mg (p,γ) & 30Si (p,γ) @ θ~117o 9.082 MeV 35Cl

31P @ θ~86o 9.173 MeV 14N

By using different target material or a combination of materials elements other than nitrogen can also be investigated

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Targets For O and ClTargets For O and ClCERBERUSCERBERUS

Rotating target allows a better heat absorption and to be layered with different elements or compounds.

For example:

Target E Ep /p

13C 9.17 1.75 5.50E-9 7Li 17.6 0.44 8.22E-911B 12.8, 4.4 1.39 2.14E-819F 6.13 1.37 6.24E-7 26Mg 9.37 2.02 4.87E-9


Multiple Uses of the Basic SystemMultiple Uses of the Basic System

NFD

NFD -Nuclear Fluorescence Detectors

Future expansion of the basic unit by adding various detectionsystems and accelerators to the same high voltage generator

NRDNRD

NRD -Non-Resonance Detectors

High VoltageGenerator

Proton Accelerator

Proton Accelerator

Container #1

Container #4

Container #3

Container #2

RD

RD -Resonance Detectors

ND

ND -Neutron Detectors

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Multiple Uses of the Basic SystemMultiple Uses of the Basic System

Resonance detectors are used for specific detection and imaging of nitrogen contained in high explosives using gamma resonance interaction. They measure simultaneously gamma resonance and total attenuation thus providing dual information at gamma energy of 9.17 MeV.

Regular detectors (NaI, BGO) for dual or triple high monoenergetic gamma ray detection. Proposed energies in the range from 4 to about 17 MeV.

Neutron detectors for detection of prompt and delayed neutrons resulting from photo-neutron reactions, in the cargo materials, and photofission in fissionable materials, respectively.


Proposed Test SiteProposed Test Site

BNL test site for a container scanning system

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ParticipantsParticipantsCERBERUSCERBERUS

Scientific Innovations Inc.Joseph Brondo

SCIENTIFIC• BNL

Peter ThiebergerJim AlessiIstvan DioszegiMike TodosowAlbert L HansonHans Luudewig

NRC SoreqDavid VartskyMark B. Goldberg

Scientific Innovations Inc.Joseph Brondo

COMMERCIAL• Accelerator

Manufacturers (2)

• Commercial Productionand Deployment (4)(Boeing, Lockheed,L-3, Northrop

Grumman,…)


OrganizationOrganization

BNLR&D

SIICommercialization

Field System Design &

Manufacturing

CRADA

FEDERAL

COMMERCIAL

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Time TableTime Table

Documentation

Scanning System

System Engineering

Detectors

Targets

Single Stage Accelerator

System Integration

&Evaluation

4 12 16 Month80

Experiments &

Demonstration

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BNL BudgetBNL Budget

Accelerator:Rental, delivery, and installation $750,000

Detectors:Resonance Detectors and electronics $250,000

Target:Rotating target $200,000

Miscellaneous:Shielding, materials,… $200,000

Labor:3FTE (Eqv.) $800,000

Total $2,000,000

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• The cost of a final systems is estimated at about $ 2.5-The cost of a final systems is estimated at about $ 2.5-3.0M (2 headed accelerator ~ $1.7M, 150 3.0M (2 headed accelerator ~ $1.7M, 150 detectors, target, system engineering ~ $0.8M).detectors, target, system engineering ~ $0.8M).

SummarySummary

• Cerberus is a multi prong technology that fills in an Cerberus is a multi prong technology that fills in an existing critical security gap. existing critical security gap. It is novel, compact, flexible, adaptable to newIt is novel, compact, flexible, adaptable to newapplications. applications.

• A full scale cargo inspection prototype test facility canA full scale cargo inspection prototype test facility canbe ready in about one year.be ready in about one year.

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Documents

Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D. Scientific Innovations Inc