Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, & Cauliflower

4/13/2021

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DIGGING DEEPER:

Speaker: Jenna Nees, Purdue Extension – Putnam County & Putnam Co. SWCD

Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, & Cauliflower

Purdue Extension Area 5 Ag and Natural Resource Educators

Clay & Owen Co. Bob [email protected]

Greene Co. Sadie Davis [email protected]

Monroe Co.Amy Thompson [email protected]

Parke Co. Kurt Lanzone [email protected]

Putnam Co. Jenna Nees [email protected]

Sullivan Co. Brooke [email protected]

Vermillion Co. Phil Cox [email protected]

Vigo Co. Tabby [email protected]

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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower

What are the similarities?

Brassica oleracea

• Each has been selected for a specific form/feature Cole crops

• Prefer cool temperatures

• Most are prone to the same insect pests and diseases

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Broccoli

Various types

• Annual green, purple “heading”, Romanesco, and sprouting Unopen flower

buds, stems, and young, tender leaves can be eaten

Approximately 3 feet tall

4Photo and art by Erika Lyon, Ohio State University Extension

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Broccoli

Start seeds indoors 5-7 weeks before anticipated planting date

• ¼ to ½ inch deep Transplant outside 4-6 weeks before average last frost date

• Seedlings should have a least 4 pairs of leaves Space 18-24 inches apart with rows 36 inches apart Planting can continue into April & May in the coldest parts

of Indiana Plant in late summer for a fall harvest

• Assume harvest will be on the average first frost date then count back (& add 10 days) to determine planting time

• Can seed directly into garden

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Broccoli

Well-drained, fertile soil

• Avoid sandy or poorly drained soil 6-6.5 pH Starter fertilizer may be used to help establish plants in

the spring Side-dress with 0.1 lb actual N per 100 ft2 3 weeks after

transplanting

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Broccoli

Early Maturity • Leprechaun • Regal • Green Comet • Emperor

Midseason varieties • Green Valiant • Premium Crop • Goliath • Gypsy

Late varieties • Marathon• Triathlon • Arcadia

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Broccoli

Physical Problems

• Bolting

• High summertime temperatures

• Buttons

• Stress induced due to cold temperatures, insects or pathogen pressure, nutrient deficiencies

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Broccoli

Harvest while the buds are tight and before any yellow petals show

Cut the central stem 5-6 inches below the head Side shoots may develop and be harvested at a later date Harvested broccoli can

keep for 10-14 days if stored properly

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Brussels Sprouts

Named after the city Brussels, Belgium Cool season vegetable Long time to reach maturity Grown for the enlarged buds at the

base of the leaves called sprouts

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Brussels Sprouts

Seeds should be ¼ to ½ inch deep Germination within 5 days Transplant seedings after 4-5 weeks Spring plantings not wildly successful in Indiana Fall plantings should occurring in early July in northern

Indiana and by mid-August in southern Indiana Plant 15 to 18 inches apart in rows with about 30 inches

between rows

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Brussels Sprouts

Fertile, well drained, organic soils 6.2-6.8 pH Starter fertilizer needed when planting into cold soil

(spring planting) Needs 1 – 1 ½ inches of water a week Side dress with 0.1 lb actual N per 100 ft2 about 3

weeks after transplanting

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Brussels Sprouts

Jade Cross E.

• Large sprouts

• 90 days to maturity Long Island Improved

• Old-time variety

• 90 days to maturity Prince Marvel

• 90 days to maturity

Valiant

• 90 days to maturity Royal Marvel

• 85 days to maturity

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Brussels Sprouts

Temperature Problems

• Too warm = bitter taste

• Frost = more firm and less bitter

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Brussels Sprouts

Harvest the lowest buds first

• 1 – 2 inches in size

• Remove the leaf below the harvested bud

• Remove sprouts by twisting them off the plant Store harvested Brussel sprouts in the refrigerator or

freeze

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Cabbage

Cultivated for more than 4,000 years High in:

• Dietary fiber

• Iron

• Vitamin C

• Vitamin K

• Folate

• Manganese

• Other important nutrients

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Cabbage

Start seeds indoors for spring harvest plants

• Transplant 2-6 weeks before average last frost date

• Transplants should be stocky with 4-6 true leaves and a stem about the size of a pencil

• Plants should be 12-24 inches apart with rows about 18 inches apart

Fall harvest plants should be transplanted 7-9 weeks before average first frost date

• Seeds can be planted directly into the soil

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Cabbage

Fertile, well-drained, moist soil with plenty of organic matter

6.0-6.8 soil pH Mulching helps keep the ground cool and moist Shallow root system, so avoid tilling near the plants Starter fertilizer useful when planting into cold soil Side-dress with 0.1 lb actual N/100 ft2 about 3 weeks

after transplanting

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Cabbage

Early Maturing

• Stone Head

• Charmant

• Regal Red

Late Maturing

• Bronco

• Blue Pak

• Cheers

• Rio Verde

• Red Acre

• Ruby Perfection

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Cabbage

Physical Problems

• Bolting

• Result of low temperatures for more than 2 weeks

• Splitting

• Result of a dry spell followed by lots of rain or simply when warm weather stimulates rapid growth

• Root damage

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Cabbage

Harvest by cutting the stem immediately under the head, leaving the loose out leaves

Smaller heads (2-4”) may grow at the base of the leaves on the cut stump

Cabbage can be stored in a refrigerator for several weeks or up to 5 months if environment is correct

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Cauliflower

Hardy biennial Nutritious and color Head, called the curd, is made of dormant flower buds Purple and green varieties exist

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Cauliflower

For spring plantings, put transplants in the ground 2-3 weeks before average last frost date

• Start seeds indoors 5-7 weeks earlier

• Transplants should have 3-4 pair of true leaves on them

• Space plants 18-24 inches apart with rows about 24 inches apart

For fall harvest, plant transplants 7-9 weeks before average first frost date

• Place transplants further apart

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Cauliflower

Fertilize, well-drained, moist soil with plenty of organic matter

6.0 to 6.8 soil pH Starter fertilizer useful when planting into cold soil Side-dress with 0.1 lb actual N/100 ft2 about 3 weeks

after transplanting Mulching will help keep the ground cool and moist

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Cauliflower

Early Maturing

• Snow Crown

• Fermont

• Montana

• Early White

• Minuteman

• Cheddar

Midseason

• Snowball

• Andes

• White Sails

• Apex

• Candid Charm

• Snowball Y

• Rushmore

• Amazing

• White Passion

• Violet Queen

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Cauliflower

Physical Problems

• Button

• Any factor that interrupts growth can cause this

• Rough or discolored curd (or not curd formation)

• Result of temperatures above 80⁰F

• Blanching

• Needed to get white curd

• Even self-blanching varieties may need help

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Cauliflower

Harvest after the curd has turned white and reaches mature size

Cut below the head with a sharp knife The cut stump will not produce a second harvest Store in a refrigerator for up to 2 weeks

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Common Insect/Pest Problems

Aphids

• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower

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Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Important Cabbage Worm

• Broccoli, cabbage, & cauliflower

Cabbage Looper

• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower

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Common Insect/Pest Problems

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Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Diamondback Moth

• Broccoli

Slugs

• Cabbage & Cauliflower

Flea Beetles

• Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, & Cauliflower

Cabbage Root Maggot

• Cabbage & Cauliflower

Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org


Common Disease Problems

Blackleg

• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower Black rot

• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower Clubroot

• Broccoli, cabbage, & cauliflower

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Gerald Holmes, Strawberry Center, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org

4/13/2021

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Clay & Owen Co. Bob [email protected]

Greene Co. Sadie Davis [email protected]

Monroe Co.Amy Thompson [email protected]

Parke Co. Kurt Lanzone [email protected]

Putnam Co. Jenna Nees [email protected]

Sullivan Co. Brooke [email protected]

Vermillion Co. Phil Cox [email protected]

Vigo Co. Tabby [email protected]

Purdue Extension Area 5 Ag and Natural Resource Educators

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Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, & Cauliflower