Broadening theresearch horizonfor mankind

17th December 20158.00 am - 5.00 pmSchool of Dental SciencesHealth Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia

   

ORAL PRESENTATION (BASIC SCIENCES)  Venue: Auditorium

Poster number University Students Topic Time Page

BS01 USM

Ong Wei Shen, Tan Hong Jin, Wafa’ Zahari,

Saaid Al Shehadat, Azlina Ahmad, Khairul

Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin

Optimisation of PCR protocols for Odontoblast Markers 9.15 am 1

BS02 USM

Amal Mohd Lotfy, Amalina Mohamed

Zakaria, Rabihah Alawi, Sam'an Malik Masudi,

Nor Aidaniza Abd Muttalib

Morphological study of dentine replacement material (SDR) in

comparison to nano-glass (N100) in deep caries management (SEM Study)

9.30 am 1

BS03 USM

Muhammad Amirul Asraf, Ghouthamee Nair

A/P Rajendran, Aung Thu Htun

In vitro effect of application time of fluoride gel and foam on microhardness

and demineralization of enamel in permanent teeth

9.45 am 2

BS04 USM

Yee Tong Seng, Aimi Najwa Pahrol Azman, Nor Aidaniza Abdul

Muttlib, Rabihah Alawi, Zaihan Ariffin

Intracanal adaptation of fiber reinforced post system in comparison to cast metal

post 10.00 am 2

BS05 USM

Safirah Ismail, Shivahami Pubalan,

Huwaina Abd Ghani, Mohd Fadhli Khamis,

Yanti Johari

A Study of gap interface in incisors using cone-beam computed tomography: a

preliminary study 10.15 am 3

BS06 UNPAD Akhyar Dyni Zakyah, Nina Djustiana, Elin

Karlina

Synthesis of zirconia-calcia-silica (ZrO2-CaO-SiO2) particle from Indonesia

natural zircon sand as composite filler using spray pyrolysis

10.30 am 3

BS07 USM

Lim Sue Rin, Nurul Syarafina Mohamad

Shah, Zuryati Ab-Ghani, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Dasmawati

Mohamad, Normastura Abd Rahman

Efficacy, surface hardness and surface roughness of natural tooth after home

bleaching, in-office bleaching and laser in-office bleaching

10.45 am 4

BS08 USM

Kow Hui Xuan, Nor Akmar binti Zamri, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan, Tuan Nadrah Naim Tuan Ismail, Raja Azman Raja

Awang

Screening for potential compounds with antibacterial properties in the pulp extract

of Musa acuminate AA/AAA 11.00 am 4

BS09 USM James Lian Yoon Chen,

Goh Xin Yi, Zaihan Ariffin, Nafij Jamayet

Antimicrobial activity of different types of maxillofacial prosthetic silicone

elastomers 11.15 am 5

BS10 USM

Brenda Chee Sze Ying, Fatin Nabihah Mohd Jamil, Norziah Ghani,

Nur Mohamad Makhatar, Saidi Jaafar

Investigation of craniofacial morphological variations in two strains of

mice 11.30 am 5

    

ORAL PRESENTATION (BASIC SCIENCES)Venue: Auditorium

Posternumber University Students Topic Time Page

BS11 UNHAS Fransiske Tatengkeng The difference of ion Ni released

activity between NiTi archiwires and NiTi with copperarchwires in saliva

artificial: An in vitro study

11.45 am 6

BS12 USM

Adibah Husna Ali, Mas Amira Mustaffa, Nik Yusliyana Binti Nik

Yusoff, Suharni Mohamad, Wan Nazatul Shima

Shahidan

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal

concentration (MBC) of the acetone banana pulp extracts on selective

gram negative bacteria

12.00 am 6

BS13 USM

Tan Han Yann, Nurul Afifah Kamarul Azizi,

Yanti Johari, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Ismail

Ab. Rahman

Evaluation of microleakage of D-Hybridfil using different dentin

adhesive 12.15 am 7

BS14 USM

Tan Well Soon, NurzulikaAqilah Md Aziz, Azlina Ahmad, Khairul Bariah Mohd

Amin Noordin, Muhammad Fuad Hilmi Yusof, Siti Nurnasihah Md

Hashim

The effect of Stichopushorrenscrude extract on the osteogenic genes expressions of human

deciduous teeth stem cells (SHED)

12.30 am 7

BS15 USM

Mohd Amir Fahmi Yahya, Khoo Jia Yen, Ismail Abd Rahman, Dasmawati Mohamad

Influence of polishing materials on the surface roughness of D-Hybridfil

resin composite 2.00 pm 8

BS16 USM

Ting Lee Tong, Akmal Syafi’ Doreyat, Kannan

Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Suharni Mohamad

Antimicrobial properties of cinacanthus nutans 2.15 pm 8

BS17 UNHAS Ridhayani Hatta A probiotic potency of dangke to

reduce streptococcus spp. colonization in dental plaque

2.30 pm 9

BS18 USM

Chan Yunn Yee, Aifa Nadhirah Muhammad Sazri, Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani, Norhayati Luddin,

Ismail Abdul Rahman, Thirumulu Ponnuraj

Kannan

Genotoxic evaluation of locally produced nano-hydroxyapatite silica 2.45 pm 9

BS19 USM

Wong Sim Yang, Norhayati Luddin,

Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed , Siti Suraya

Zulkifli

Cytotoxicity of locally produced Portland cement mixed with

different nano-radiopacifying agents on HPLFs: An in vitro study

3.00 pm 10

BS20 UI

Ayu Salvionita Armadi, Citra

Kusumasari, Endang Suprastiwi

Effect of saliva and blood contamination to shear bond strength

of nanohybrid composite resin to enamel

3.15 pm 11

 

   

ORAL PRESENTATION (PUBLIC HEALTH)  Venue: Lecture Hall 1 

Poster number University Students Topic Time Page

PH01 USM Balqis Hassan, Hafsah

Jauhariah Iskandar, Mon Mon Tin Oo,

Norkhafizah Saddki

Oral Health literacy and self-reported oral health outcomes. 9.15 am 11

PH02 UI Syifa Adinda Thaher, Diah Ayu Maharani,

Anton Rahardjo

Cross adaptation, validity and reliability test of an Indonesian version of Health Literacy in Dentistry Scale (HeLD-ID)

9.30 am 11

PH03 USM Mohammad Majduddin Sulaiman, Chai Rong Yao, Ruhaya Hasan, Norkhafizah Saddki

Social- demographic and psychological factors affecting eating habits among

dental students of USM: a cross-sectional study.

9.45 am 12

PH04 USM

Nurfarah Wahidah Mohd Nor Rasid, Nurul Syafiqah Noh, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Azizah Yusoff, Normastura

Abd. Rahman

Carpal tunnel syndrome and its coping strategies among dental support staff in

HUSM. 10.00 am 12

PH05 UNHAS Andi Ulya Novianti, Dedy Ariwansa

The assumption of tooth extractions in urban and rural society 10.15 am 13

PH06 USM Chew Wei Wern, Lim

Zheng Ru, Nur Karyatee Kassim, Azizah Yusoff, Munirah Mohd Adnan

Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer among Siamese ethnic group in Tumpat

Kelantan. 10.30 am 13

PH07 USM Nur Haneena Abdul

Halim, Lee Vui Chin, Ruhaya Hassan,

Nurulezah Hasbullah

Food choice motive among dental student in School of Dental Sciences

USM. 10.45 am 14

PH08 UNPAD Heidy Stefanie, Eriska Riyanti, Inne Suherna

Sasmita

Correlation between family economic status and dental caries risk aged 0-3

years

11.00 am 14

PH09 USM

Norsyahmila Rahmat, Nur Adibah Mat Zubir,

Zuliani Mahmood , Rozita Hassan,

Basaruddin Ahmad

New prediction equations for mixed dentition analysis in a Malay population:

Validation and comparison to Tanaka and Johnston, and Jaroontham and

Godfrey’s equations

11.15 am 15

PH10 USM

Rehana Nadirah Shaji Khan, Nurul Syazana Ya’acob, Raja Azman

Raja Awang, Noor Huda Ismail

The retention of basic sciences knowledge in qualified dentists 11.30 am 15

 

   

ORAL PRESENTATION (PUBLIC HEALTH)  Venue: Lecture Hall 1 

Posternumber University Students Topic Time Page

PH11 USM

Yang Soraya Mior Azli, Wan Nur

Shazwani Wan Rossly, Azizah Yusoff,

Munirah Mohd Adnan, Normastura Abdul

Rahman

Prevalence of stress and coping strategies among dental support staff

Hospital USM 11.45 am 16

PH12 UI Cicilia Wijawati,

Febriana Setiawati, Risqa Rina Darwita

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in North Kalimantan children and its association

with children’s snacking habit and mother’s education level

12.00 pm 16

PH13 USM Nadeerah Ibrahim , Ng

Rou Enn, Adam Husein

Survey on patients’ perceived satisfaction towards dental treatment

provided by HUSM Dental Clinic 12.15 pm 17

PH14 USM

Shirley Lee Sze Yee, Umi Najwa Basli, Erry

Mochamad Arief, Basaruddin Ahmad,

Fauziah Asmail@Ismail

Relationship between periodontitis and psychosocial factors in adults in

Hospital Universiti Sains - A Pilot Study

12.30 pm 17

PH15 UI Saskia Karenina, Peter

Andreas, Herry Novrinda

Relation between dental students’ service quality and patient satisfaction :

a study from Universitas Indonesia’s dental hospital, Indonesia

2.00 pm 18

PH16 USM

Nadhirah Farhain Mazlan,

Su Lian Tiing, Nurhayu Abdul

Rahman

Prevalence of stress level among patient attending Oral Medicine Clinic

at Hospital USM 2.15 pm 18

PH17 USM

Joel Moh Heng Shu, Khadijah Rustam, Normastura Abdul

Razak, Azizah Yusoff, Munirah Mohd Adnan

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD) experienced by Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia clinical dental support staf and their

coping strategies towards the disorders

2.30 pm 19

 

 

 

   

ORAL PRESENTATION (CLINICAL SCIENCES)  Venue: Lecture Hall 2

Poster number University Students Topic Time Page

CS01 USM

Kunoor Asma Mat Hassan, Shirley Thien

Lee Ting, Ninin Sukminingrum, Mon

Mon Tin Oo

Incidence and associated factors of ventilator associated pneumonia in the

Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

9.15 am 20

CS02 USM

Lau Yong Xin, Mohd Affiq Iskandar Che

Zulkarnain, Roselinda Ab Rahman, Nurhayu

Ab Rahman

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in

Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) – A preliminary study in patients

attending Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

9.30 am 20

CS03 UNPAD Swan Teck Wei, Dede

Hadidjah, Nunung Rusminah

Concentrated black mulberry (Morus Nigra) fruit juice as disclosing agent on

dental plaque 9.45 am 21

CS04 USM

Er Hsien Yin, Siti Khairulnadia Khamis, Norkhafizah Saddki, Norsila Abdul Wahab

Relationship between xerostomia and salivary flow rate among dental

students in Universiti Sains Malaysia 10.00 am 21

CS05 USM

Noor Faezah Iberahim, Nur Hanisah Roszali,

Mohammad Khursheed Alam

Sagittal and vertical occlusal cepalometric analyses of Pancherz

among Malaysia Malay anad Malaysian Chinese. 10.15 am 22

CS06 USM Loh Wei Lek, Tan Zhi Chyi, Sarliza Yasmin

Sanusi

The outcome of space maintainers: A 5 – year retrospective study. 10.30 am 22

CS07 UNHAS Adrian Rustam

The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental age in 8- to 15-

year-old children assessed by Demirjian method

10.45 am 23

CS08 USM

Aliea Fatinah Wan Hamizan, Fathin

Nabilah Fasya Ismar, Shaifulizan Abdul

Rahman

Comparison between 2D and 3D measurement of styloid process length 11.00 am 23

CS09 USM

Melvin Saw Jian Hao, Maisarah Abu Talib,

Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Rehana Basri,

Nor Farid Mohd Noor

Soft tissue cephalometric measurement among Malaysia Malay and Chinese 11.15 am 24

CS10 USM

Lim Shuang Ying, Fateen Nur Ain Mohd Azmi, Wael Ahmed Bayomy Mohamed,

Rozita Hassan

Temporary anchorage device stability ; monocortical versus bicortical

anchorage technique 11.30 am 24

 

 

 

 

 

   

ORAL PRESENTATION (CLINICAL SCIENCES)  Venue: Lecture Hall 2 

Poster number University Students Topic Time Page

CS11 UI Alya Rahmania, Farisza Gita, Ira

Tanti

Maximum mouth opening among students of University of Indonesia 11.45 am 25

CS12 USM

Nurul Amira Husna Abd Rauf, Anis

Nuraini Abd Halim, Ramizu Shaari, Shaifulizan Ab rahman, Akram

Hassan

Photogrammetric analysis of commonly interpreted reference points of Malay

face in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

12.00 pm 25

CS13 USM

Lee Win Nie, Nur Amira Azreen Abdul Halim, Asilah Yusof,

Marzuki Omar

Morphometric analysis of the mandibular canal and its relationship with impacted mandibular third molar

using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

12.15 pm 26

CS14 USM

Chieng Kai Wen, Aqilah Najwa, Marzuki Omar,

Johari Yap

Correlation between size of orbital floor defect and choice of implant material 12.30 pm 26

CS15 UNPAD Mindy Frieda Anissa, Rosiliwati Wihardja,

Sri Tjahajawati

Salivary flow in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the characteristics of the subject

2.00 pm 27

CS16 USM

Karen Lio Su Ying, Hilwa Hanin Abd

Halim , Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Yanti Johari,

Zarina Jaafar

Age estimation based on the tooth post-developmental changes 2.15 pm 27

CS17 USM

Manjitra a/p Sukumarama

Mohamad Yusof Bin Rashid, Zurairah Berahim, Haslina Taib, Yanti Johari

Gingival biotypes identification among Malay subjects : A pilot study 2.30 pm 28

CS18 UI Atikah Amalina

Ghaisani, Rachmita Anne, Corputty

Johan. E. M

Evaluation of permanent teeth extraction indication in the patients attending

dental hospital of Universitas Indonesia 2.45 pm 28

CS 19 USM

Yap Hao Zhi, Che Ku Farah Najwa Che Ku Aziz, Mohammad

Khursheed Alam, Wan Suriana Wan

Ab Rahman

A study of presence/impaction and/or agenesis of third molar tooth germs in relationship with ABO blood group in

orthodontic patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM).

3.00 pm 29

   

POSTER PRESENTATION  Venue: Seminar Room 

Posternumber University Students Topic Time Page

P01 USM

Japsimretjit Kaur Manjit Singh, Masturah Sengut,

Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Zuryati Ab Ghani,

Normastura Abd Rahman

Comparison of efficacy and bleaching safety between

professional home bleaching agent and over-the-counter bleaching agent

on human natural tooth.

9.15 am 30

P02 UNPAD Ayu Galih Permata Dewi

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract of

blood cockle (Anadara granosa) on the growth of streptococcus

sanguinis ATCC 10556

9.30 am 30

P03 USM Ng King Hua, Mohamad

Aiman Mohd Sabri, Sam’an Malik Masudi

Evaluation of microleakage in combined amalgam-composite resin

class II restoration9.45 am 31

P04 USM

Sharon Wong Kah Khei, Nur Fatin Mohamed

Pauzi@Ramli, Akram Hassan, Haslina Taib

Evaluation of different hygiene instruments on titanium implant

fixture 10.00 am 31

P05 USM

Nurulhuda Mohd Noor, Savithri Rajandran,

Dasmawati Mohamad, Fatimah Suhaili Abdul

Rahman

Antibacterial evaluation of GIC incorporated with coumarin

derivatives 10.15 am 32

P06 UI Ariana Maulina Putri, Citra

Kusumasari, Endang Suprastiwi

Effect of saliva and blood contamination after bonding

procedure on shear bond strength of nanohybrid composite resin to

enamel

10.30 am 32

P7 USM

Khairun Nadzirah Khairul Azman, Ida Dahlia Ab Aziz,

Noraini Mohamad, Norkhafizah Saddki

Knowledge, attitude, exposure and future intention of Universiti Sains

Malaysia medical and dental students towards exclusive breastfeeding.

10.45 am 33

P8 USM

Muhammad Ilman A Wahab, Muhammad Izzul Norman,

Mohd Zulkarnain Sinor, Basaruddin Ahmad, Azirrawani Ariffin

Dental attendance among elderly to Hospital USM dental Clinic. 11.00 am 33

P9 USM Goh Sim Ying, Azirrawani Ariffin, Mohd Zulkarnain

Sinor

Oral health profile of complete denture patients treated by USM

undergraduate students.11.15 am 34

P10 UI Dela Medina, Elizhabet

Napitupulu ,Yosi Kusuma Eriwati, Bambang Irawan

Effect of color shade and LED light source distance on diametral tensile

strength of bulk-fill composite restorative material

11.30 am 34

 

 

 

POSTER PRESENTATION  Venue: Seminar Room 

Poster number

University Students Topic Time Page

P11 USM

Fradella Sandy Telasai, Sa’idatul Aklima Salleh,

Md Nazmul Hassan, Mohammad Khursheed

Alam

A 10 years evaluation of removable orthodontic treatment at School of Dental

Sciences, HUSM. 11.45 am 35

P12

UGM

Putri Wulan Sari,Ahmad Ridwan, Nunuk Purwanti, Dedy Kusuma Yulianto,

Anne Handrini Dewi

Characterization of chitosan-gelatin membrane incorporated with

cinnamaldehyde for potential wound healing application in oral cavity

12.00 pm 35

P13 USM

Nadiah Suhaimi, Natasha Kamaruzaman, Haslina

Taib, Wan Majdiah Wan Mohamad, Wan Syamimee

Wan Ghazali

Assessment of periodontal status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A pilot study.

12.15 pm 36

P14 USM

Stefanie Yong E Ping, Zuriana binti Mohd Adirus

@ Mohd Idrus, Rehana Basri, Mohammad Khursheed Alam ,

Shaifulizan Ab. Rahman

Functional ability of masticatory muscle In treated mandibular fracture cases using

Surface Electromyography (sEMG) 12.30 pm 36

P15 UI Annisa Widiandini, Citra

Kusumasari, Endang Suprastiwi

Effect of saliva, blood, and gloves contamination on compressive strength of

nanohybrid composite resin 2.00 pm 37

P16 USM

Nur Kamaliah Tng Mohd Salleh Tng, Tham Yuen

Wern, Nurhafizah Ghani, Masitah Hayati Harun, Nik Aloesnisa Nik Mohd Alwi

Oral mucosal lesions : A 1-year data review of dental patients in Hospital Universiti Sains

Malaysia 2.15 pm 37

P17 USM

Syirrin Faldhira Haziq Mazlan, Nur Shaqira Atiqa

Mohd Saad, Abdullah Pohchi, Roselinda Ab.

Rahman

Vascular anomalies : A 15 year experiences of vascular anomalies in head and neck in HUSM from 1997-2011 – A clinical audit

2.30 pm 38

P18

UI

Ivana Florentina, Harun A. Gunawan, Niniarty Z.

Djamal

Comparison of various preparation and isolation methods on calcium measurement

of dried shrimp (Macrobrachium sp.) 2.45 pm 38

P19

USM

Nurul Husna Abdul Harith, Nur Fathiah Amran, Raja

Azman Raja Awang, Zeehaida Mohamad, Mior

Azrizal M. Ibrahim, Suharni Mohamad

Evaluating the presence of oral protozoa in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with

periodontal disease – A pilot study 3.00 pm 39

P20 UGM

Afina Alfasia, Bayu Anggoro Aji, Mega Denada

Aldila, Hans Kristian Wibowo, Berilla Silsila

Surbakti, Tetiana Haniastuti

Skin frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) extract gel accelerates angiogenesis and collagen synthesis in post extraction wound healing

process: in vivo study

3.15 pm 39

Optimisation of PCR Protocols for Odontoblast Markers

Ong Wei Shen, Tan Hong Jin, Wafa’ Zahari, Saaid Al Shehadat, Azlina Ahmad. Khairul Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

This study aimed to determine the best condition of PCR for amplification of odontoblast markers: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1), Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and Osteoponin (OPN). RNA was extracted from odontoblasts obtained from dental pulps of thirty extracted teeth using innuPREP RNA Mini kit (Analytik Jena, Germany). Informed consent was sought from the individuals prior to tooth extraction. Five selected target factors in enhancing PCR: primer concentration, extension time, number of cycle, annealing time, and annealing temperature, were manipulated to yield the correct size of amplicons. One step reverse transcriptase PCR reactions were performed using MyTaq One-Step RT-PCR kit (Bioline, USA) with a C1000 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad, USA) in a 25 L reaction, keeping the amount of 2 ng/ L RNA, 0.25 L reverse transcriptase, 0.5 L RiboSafe Rnase inhibitor and 1X MyTaq One-Step Mix, constant. The optimal conditions were determined to be: 400nM of primers for DMP1 and DSPP, 200 nM for ALP and OPN; 30 seconds of extension time and 35 PCR cycles for all genes; 10 seconds of annealing time for ALP, DMP1 and DSPP, 7 seconds for OPN. The annealing temperature were 56.4°C for ALP, 58.6°C for DMP1, 52.7°C for DSPP, and 56.3°C for OPN, respectively. The optimised PCR protocols produced the correct size of odontoblast markers.   

Morphological Study of Dentine Replacement Material (SDR) in Comparison toNano‐Glass (N100) in Deep Caries Management  (SEM Study) Amal Mohd Lotfy, Amalina Mohamed Zakaria, Rabihah Alawi, Sam'an Malik Masudi, Nor Aidaniza Abd MuttalibSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Both Smart Dentine Replacement (SDR) and nano-glass ionomer Ketac (N100) are claimed to be a better restorative material by their manufacturers; however there is lack of study on these material for deep caries management. This study aimed to investigate dentinal interface of these two materials when used for treatment of deep caries lesion. In this in vitro study, twelve sound extracted human premolars were selected and immersed in 0.1% thymol solution. Samples were subjected to Class I cavity preparation with measurement of 2mm depth from dentino-enamel junction and 3mm width, filled with hard setting calcium hydroxide lining (Dycal) and then divided into two groups. Group one were packed with (SDR) while group two with Ketac (N100). All samples were then filled with composite resin (CR). Samples were cut longitudinally using Exact Cutting System and sanded with increasing grit sandpaper (#320, #500, #800, #1200) for 30 seconds each and prepared for SEM analysis. The interface was measured at three different points of uniform gaps and the means were calculated and analysed using Mann-Whitney test, whereby P-value <0.05 is significant. The Z score was -2.989, the dentinal interface beween Dycal and KETAC N100 was found to be significantly larger than between Dycal and SDR. In conclusion, smaller gap presence between Dycal and SDR compared to Dycal and Ketac N100 proving SDR is a better base material when used with Dycal for deep caries management.

BS 1BS01

BS02

In Vitro Effect of Application Time of Fluoride Gel and Foam on Microhardness and Demineralization of Enamel in Permanent Teeth 

Muhammad Amirul Asraf, Ghouthamee Nair A/P Rajendran, Aung Thu Htun School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Topical fluoride is recommended for prevention and remineralization of early carious lesions in dentistry. Application time is important in its clinical ulilization. The objective of the study is to assess the effect of application time of fluoridegel and foam on the microhardness of enamel surface of permanent teeth. Fifty enamel blocks and neutral sodium fluoride were used in this cross-sectional study. After measuring baseline Vickers hardness (VH), enamel blocks were randomly assigned into five groups of (1) Control: no fluoride treatment, (2) 1-minute flouride-gel treatment, (3) 4-minute fluoride-gel treatment, (4) 1-minute fluoride-foam treatment, and (5) 4-minute fluoride-foam treatment. The samples were submerged in saliva after fluoride application. Lactic acid gel (pH 4.7) was applied for three hours to simulate carious demineralisaton before measuring final VH. The difference in the hardness values was subjected to a one way ANOVA statistics followed by Bonferroni post hoc test at significance level 0.05. All enamel blocks show a decrease in hardness after lactic acid attack but fluoride-gel treatment groups showed lesser reduction in hardness than fluoride-foam treatment. In both fluoride-gel and fluoride-foam experimental groups, 4-minute application was better than one minute to resist acid attack. Fluoride-foam treatment is not equally good as fluoride-gel to reinforce the enamel hardness if the application time is the same.

Intracanal Adaptation of Fiber Reinforced Post System  in Comparison  to Cast Metal Post   Yee Tong Seng, Aimi Najwa Pahrol Azman, Nor Aidaniza Abdul Muttlib, Rabihah Alawi, Zaihan Ariffin School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

The use of cast metal posts is common nowadays. Nevertheless, they are inferior in aesthetics and more prone to root fracture due to its rigidity. With the advancement of technology, the problems have been improved with the development of fiber-reinforced post system including carbon fiber, quartz fiber and glass fiber. However, little studies have discussed about the adaptation of glass fiber post, everStick. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation of everStick post system and cast metal post. 17 extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated following the standard protocol. 17 everStick posts had been fabricated and adapted to the prepared parallel root canals. A light body impression material was inserted into the root canals followed by the post. A digital scale was used to measure the weight of the remaining material that filled the gap between the post and the canal wall. The adaptation was indicated by the weight difference before and after impression material insertion. The same procedures were repeated with 17 cast metal posts in the same tooth specimens. The mean difference for the weight of the material within the group was statistically significant (P-value <0.001) with the value of 6.1mg(± 2.7mg) for cast metal post and 6.4mg(± 2.7mg) for everStick post system. However, the mean difference was not statistically significant when compared with both group (P-value>0.05). In conclusion, both cast metal post and everStick post system showed similar adaptation to the canal.

BS 4 

BS 4 BS04

BS03

Synthesis  of  zirconia‐calcia‐silica  (ZrO2‐CaO‐SiO2)  particle  from  Indonesia natural zircon sand as composite filler using spray pyrolysis  

Akhyar Dyni Zakyah, Nina Djustiana, Elin Karlina Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung–Sumedang Km.21 Jatinangor–Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Indonesia natural zircon sand is one of the natural resources of Indonesia that has not yet been exploited widely. Consisting mostly of zirconia, silica, titania, and alumina, Indonesia natural zircon sand is obtained from the residu of gold and tin mining or mined directly. Almost all of Indonesia natural zircon sand are exported straight after mined because of the lack of the refinement and processing technology. Zirconia in dentistry is widely known for its high physical properties and biocompatibility. This experiment had successfully synthesised zirconia-calcia-silica from Indonesia natural zircon sand with the spray pyrolysis method. The precursor solutions used for this experiment are zirconyl nitrate (Zr(NO3)2), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), and calcium hidroxide (Ca(OH)2). The furnace reactor temperature was set to 4000C, 4500C, and 5000C with feed rate 6 L/minute and piezoelectric frequency 1.7 MHz. The results were examined using EDS, SEM, and XRD characterization. The experiment result showed that the particle synthesised that was closest to the experiment design was found at 450°C with the zirconia-calcia-silica composition was 1:14:4, size 500-1000 nm, and had the zirconium silicate in tetragonal phase dan dicalcium silicate in monoclinic phase. It can be concluded that the particle resulted from the synthesis at 4500C has the possibility to be used as the composite filler based on SEM and XRD characterization.

A Study of Gap Interface in Incisors using Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography: A Preliminary Study  

Safirah Ismail, Shivahami Pubalan, Huwaina Abd Ghani, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Yanti JohariSchool of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kota Bharu Kelantan

The complexity of the root canal system can influence the root canal preparation and obturation filling. The aim of this research is to study the gap interface of root canal obturation in maxillary and mandibular incisors, filled with Thermafil system obturation technique following rotary instrumentation. Twelve extracted incisors were collected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria which randomly assigned into two groups namely maxillary and mandibular groups.The root canals were prepared using Pro Taper system up to a F3 ProTaper file. Then, the teeth were scanned with Planmeca Promax 3D scanner (Planmeca USA Inc.). All prepared root canals were obturated using Thermafil and AH Plus sealer. The teeth were scanned again. The gap surface was evaluated in multiplane views at the coronal, middle and apical third of root. The gap interface was scored using 0–3 scale. Results showed that the percentage of gap (scales1-3) for maxillary incisors was 25.0% while in mandibular incisors was 19.4%. For coronal section, the gap interface in maxillary incisors was 11.1% and 13.9% in mandibular incisors. For middle section, the gap interface in maxillary incisors was 8.3% and 2.8% in mandibular incisors. For apical section, the gap interface in maxillary incisors was 5.55% and 2.8% in mandibular incisor. In conclusion the findings showed that the gap interface in maxillary incisors were higher in the middle and apical third of incisors than in the mandibular incisors. A further study will analyze statistically the differences in the gap interface distribution between maxillary and mandibular incisors.

BS 5

BS 6BS06

BS05

Efficacy, surface hardness and surface  roughness of natural  tooth after home bleaching, in‐office bleaching and laser in‐office bleaching 

Lim Sue Rin, Nurul Syarafina Mohamad Shah, Zuryati Ab-Ghani, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Dasmawati Mohamad, Normastura Abd Rahman School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Laser bleaching shortens bleaching procedure, however data on its efficacy and safety are conflicting. This study evaluated the effectiveness of home bleaching, in-office bleaching and laser in-office bleaching, and their influence on surface hardness and roughness of discoloured human natural teeth. Forty-eight extracted intact permanent human incisor teeth were mounted on resin blocks, exposing labial side. Baseline colour (CIEL*a*b*), Vickers hardness, and surface roughness were measured, teeth were stained with human blood, and divided into four groups (n=12). Group 0 (control, no bleaching); Group 1 (Opalescence PF 20% CP); Group 2 (Opalescence Boost 40% Hydrogen peroxide (HP)); Group 3 (Laser White 20 46% HP), and were bleached according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Post bleaching colour change, surface hardness and surface roughness were measured. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for colour change ( E) and change in surface roughness ( R), whilst one way ANOVA was used for hardness change ( H), (p< 0.05). Twenty percent CP home bleaching agent gave significant superior colour changes compared to in-office (p=0.006) and laser bleaching (p=0.001). However, there was significant increase in the surface hardness with home bleaching compared to in-office (p=0.008) and laser bleaching (p=0.00). There was also a significance increase in surface roughness in home bleaching compared to laser bleaching (p = 0.008). Home bleaching agent is the most effective but it increases surface hardness and roughness of teeth compared to in-office and laser bleaching.

Screening  for  potential  compounds with  antibacterial  properties  in  the  pulp extract of Musa acuminate AA/AAA 

Kow Hui Xuan, Nor Akmar binti Zamri, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan, Tuan Nadrah Naim Tuan Ismail, Raja Azman Raja Awang School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Our previous study on acetone extract from banana pulp of Pisang Berangan (Musa acuminate AA/AAA) has shown an antibacterial effect when tested using agar disc diffusion method. Thus, the aim of the current study was to identify the chemical compounds of the extract that may contribute to this antibacterial effect. Pulps were dried and powdered before Soxhlet apparatus technique was used to extract the crude compounds using acetone as its extraction solvent. Then, rotary evaporation technique was used to remove the solvent yielding the extracted compounds. The volatile compounds of the extract were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. The compounds were characterised by comparison with mass spectra libraries. More than forty individual compounds were identified of which the main compounds were terpenoids group (mainly squalene, 12.02%) and phytosterol group (mainly gamma-sitosterol, 8.26% and stigmasterol, 6.30%). The role of these two compound groups in the antibacterial activities has been reported. In conclusion, the extract of this banana pulp has valuable chemical compounds (terpenoids and phytosterol) that may contribute to the antibacterial effect. Study on antimicrobial properties and their mechanism of action of these main compounds isolated from the pulp extract of Musa acuminate AA/AAA seems beneficial.

BS 7BS07

BS08

Antimicrobial  activity  of  different  types  of  maxillofacial  prosthetic  silicone elastomers. 

James Lian Yoon Chen, Goh Xin Yi, Zaihan Ariffin, Nafij Jamayet School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Maxillofacial prosthetics is the combination of art and science of anatomic, functional or cosmetic rehabilitation to regain the function of a patient with deformities. Silicone elastomers have been used for fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses. However, the porosity of silicone prosthetic materials may also provide a pathway for microbial invasion, contributing to skin infections which may cause the individual to decide against wearing the prosthesis. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial activities of two different types of silicone elastomer materials used in maxillofacial prostheses against three microorganisms. Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus were incubated separately with two types of silicone elastomers (n = 11), A-2000 and A-2006, respectively for 24 hours and 48 hours at 37°C. The zone of inhibition formed around the silicone elastomer pellets were measured using a digital caliper and recorded in millimeters after 24 hours and 48 hours respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA, paired t-test and independent t-test where p<0.05 indicates statistical significance. It was found that the zones of inhibition formed by A-2006 against Streptococcus mutans after both 24 hours (P = 0.037) and 48 hours (P = 0.011) was significantly greater than that of A-2000 while the zones of inhibition formed by A-2006 against Candida albicans after 48 hours was also significantly greater (P = 0.025) than that of A-2000. In conclusion, the findings demonstrated the superior antimicrobial activity of the A-2006 silicone elastomer against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans compared to the A-2000 silicone elastomer.

Investigation of craniofacial morphological variations in two strains of mice   Brenda Chee Sze Yinga, Fatin Nabihah Mohd Jamila, Norziah Ghanib, Nur Mohamad Makhatara, Saidi Jaafar a,b

a School of Dental Sciences, b Animal Research and Service Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

Mouse embryos are extensively used to study craniofacial development because it accurately reflects early stage of human embryogenesis. Variable developmental stages of embryos at a given day of gestation have been noted in different strains of mice. Intra- and inter-litter morphological variations of certain organs exist in inbred embryonic mice. However, morphological variations for facial development have not been documented. Our study focused on the lips morphogenesis to investigate the morphological stage variations at 11.5 dpc embryos in BALB/c and Swiss Albino mice. Standard timed mating of Swiss Albino and BALB/c mice was carried out and the pregnant mice were sacrificed using carbon dioxide and cervical dislocation at 11.5 dpc. The embryos were collected, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and rinsed in phosphate buffer sali e. Photographs of the embryos were taken using stereomicroscope with attached camera system and their craniofacial developmental stages were determined using the Atlas of Mouse Development (Kaufman, 1998). Results showed that all embryos reflected normal development of 11-11.25 dpc and 11.5 dpc in BALB/c and Swiss Albino respectively. There were no intra-litter variations but inter-litter variations were noted in these two different inbred strains. This inter-littercraniofacial morphological variation was due to the strain-specific differences of mating process where BALB/c mice are known to be slower compared to other inbred strains. In conclusion, although no intra-litter variation of lips morphogenesis was detected, consideration should be taken when using BALB/c mice as the morphological stage of their embryos could be slower at a given day of gestation.

BS 9 BS09

BS10

The difference of ion Ni released activity between NiTi archiwires and NiTi with copper archwires in saliva artificial: An in vitro study 

Fransiske Tatengkeng Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Nowadays, fixed orthodontic treatment is well-known and b e c o m e a trend for all ages in society. Orthodontic treatment can be the causes of a certain oral clinical manifestation in the mouth such as glossitis, metal-ish taste, gingivitis, erythema multiforrme or gingival hypertrophy. These manifestations might be triggered from corrosion of orthodontic appliances products which related to the cytotoxicity of these materials. One of the corrosion products is ion Ni from Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires. According to Costa et al., interaction between Nickel –Titanium (Ni-Ti) and saliva presumed can increase ion Ni release on saliva. Nowadays Nickel Titanium with copper is being developed which by added copper into the Nickel- Titanium(Ni-Ti) could maintain the deformation of the archwire. The purpose of this study is to evaluate ion Ni released between Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) archwire and Ni-Ti archwire with additional copper (NiTi-Cu). The study carried out by immersed the Nickel -Titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires and NiTi-Cu archwires on artificial saliva at pH= 7 and incubated on 37°C, with the ratio of the archwire and the saliva was 0.02 gm : 1 ml for 30 days. Average saliva artificial contained ion Ni after immersed of Ni-Ti archwires and NiTi with additional copper (NiTi-Cu) were 0.053 ± 0.022 and 0.0806 ± 0.045 respectively. Activities o f ion Nickel released in Nickel Titanium with additional copper (NiTi-Cu) shown higher concentration than Nickel Titanium archwire (Ni-Ti) in the artificial saliva.

Minimum  inhibitory  concentration  (MIC)  and minimum  bactericidal  concentration (MBC) of the acetone banana pulp extracts on selective gram negative bacteria   

Adibah Husna Ali, Mas Amira Mustaffa, Nik Yusliyana Binti Nik Yusoff, Suharni Mohamad, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Based on the previous study, acetone extract from banana pulp of Pisang Berangan (Musa acuminate AA/AAA) has shown an antibacterial effect when tested using agar disc diffusion method. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the acetone banana pulp extracts, where selected gram-negative bacteria were used. Pulps were dried and powdered before Soxhlet apparatus technique was used to extract the crude compound using acetone as its extraction solvent. Then rotary evaporation technique was used to remove the solvent yielding the extracted compound. MICs of bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were determined using broth macrodilution testing method at the extract concentration of 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml and 62.5 mg/ml. The broth dilution of MIC tests were used determine the MBC by sub-culturing onto Muller-Hinton agar plates using sterile swab stick. The results showed that the MIC of acetone banana pulp extracts were 125 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Eschericia coli respectively while the MBC were 500 mg/ml against both organisms. In conclusion, the banana pulp exhibited antibacterial effect on both bacteria at 500 mg/ml. However, further studies need to be conducted to identify its bioactive components responsible for their antibacterial.

BS11

BS12

Evaluation of microleakage of D‐Hybridfil using different dentin adhesive  

Tan Han Yann, Nurul Afifah Kamarul Azizi, Yanti Johari, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Ismail Ab. RahmanSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian,Kelantan,Malaysia

With improvement in current adhesive technology, problems associated with composites have been largely overcome. However, microleakage due to polymerization shrinkage still remains a challenge. This phenomenon can result in marginal staining, post-operative sensitivity, pulpal pathology and secondary caries. This in vitro study aims to assess the micro-leakage of D-Hybridfil, a newly developed nano-hybrid composite from agriculture biomass, using different dentin adhesives. This study was conducted on 24 extracted permanent molar teeth. Class V cavities measuring 3mmx 2mm x 1.5mm depth were prepared on the buccal surface of the extracted molars. The specimens were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=6): positive control; Single Bond; Magic Bond; and Clearfil. All cavities were restored with D-Hybridfil, and then were subjected to 600 thermocyclers between 5°C and 55°C. Then the teeth were subjected to 24 hours immersion in 2% methylene blue and were sectioned buccolingually into half. Evaluation of the dye microleakage were measured using Hirox (KH-770) and was statistically analysed with one way ANOVA using SPSS 22.0. The positive control validated the microleakage study methods. All specimens exhibited leakage however there is a significant difference among materials (p<0.05). Highest microleakage exhibited by Magic Bond. Clearfil and Single Bond both show similar microleakage (p>0.05) but is significantly less than Magic Bond (p<0.05). Based on the findings, Clearfil and Single Bond demonstrated the best sealing ability, followed by Magic Bond as the dental adhesive for D-Hybridfil.

The effect of Stichopushorrens  crude extract on the osteogenic  genes  expressions of human deciduous teeth stem cells (SHED) 

Tan Well Soon, Nurzulika Aqilah Md Aziz, Azlina Ahmad, Khairul Bariah Mohd Amin Noordin, Muhammad Fuad Hilmi Yusof, Siti Nurnasihah Md Hashim School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are pluripotent stem cells derived from dental pulp and able to be differentiated into odontoblast. StichopusHorrens(S.horrens) or sea cucumber is known to promote tissue repair and wound healing. S.horrenswas used to treat SHED in the current study. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of S. horrens extract on the osteogenic genes expression of SHED. SHED were incubated with 50 and 100 g/ml of S.horrens crude extract. On day 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14, the cells were harvested. Total RNA was extracted from all the cell samples. The RNA was subjected for Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) using specific forwardand reverse primers for Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2), Osteopontin (OPN), -actin and Nestin, respectively. The PCR products were then subjected for electrophoresis on agarose gel. The intensity of the respective gene expressions was analysed using Image Analyzer. Nestin, the stem cell gene marker was consistent expressed in control and treated samples. BMP-2 and RUNX-2, early osteoblast gene markers were moderately expressed similarly to the control.The IL-8 genewas highly expressed on day 1 of treated SHED of both concentration, and the 100 g/ml extract affected SHED comparatively high against both control and 50 g/ml at day 10 and 14. OPN is a protein produced by osteoblast, and its genewas highly expressed in SHED from day 7 onwards, especially the one treated with 100 g/ml. The findings leads to the suggestion that S. horrens extractmay be able to induce osteogenic genes expressions of SHED.

 

BS13

BS14

Influence  of  polishing  materials  on  the  surface  roughness  of  D‐Hybridfil  resin composite   

Mohd Amir Fahmi Yahya, Khoo Jia Yen, Ismail Abd Rahman, Dasmawati Mohamad School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The influence of polishing materials on the surface roughness of D-hybridfil resin composite from rice husk developed at School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia was carried out. This study aimed to compare surface roughness of D-hybridfil with commercial composites Filtek™ Z250 and Filtek™ Z350 after polishing with Sof Lex Discs. A total of 30 specimens were prepared on perspex mould measured 5mm in diameter x 2mm in thickness and assigned to three groups: Group A was filled with D-hybridfil, Group B filled with Filtek™Z250, Group C filled with Filtek™Z350 and subdivided into Sof Lex Discs and mylar group (n=5). Mylar group was the control group. All the specimens were covered with mylar strip and light cured for 40 seconds. Then, Sof Lex Discs groups were polished. All the specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 hours. One specimen from each composite in both groups was evaluated under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The mean surface roughness, Ra, for each group of specimen was measured using AFM and profilometer. The results were analysed by one-way ANOVA and there were significant difference of the surface roughness between the groups. In conclusion, Ra for D-hybridfil after being polished (61.92 nm) is comparable to Z250™ (61.73 nm) and superior than Z350™ (86.42 nm). The results were supported by SEM evaluation.

Antimicrobial properties of cinacanthus nutans

Ting Lee Tong, Akmal Syafi’ Doreyat, Kannan Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Suharni Mohamad School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is a valuable herb native to tropical Asia known for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of C. nutans using agar diffusion test. This is an in vitroexperimental study carried out in the Craniofacial Science Laboratory, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Four types of microbes commonly found in the oral cavity were selected, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus salivarius were subcultured on Blood Agar at 37ºC for 24 hours while Candida albicans was subcultured on Saboraud Dextrose Agar for 48 hours. C. nutans extract was mixed with 50% DMSO and diluted using serial dilution method to achieve a concentration of 1600, 800 and 400mg/ml after which 20µl of each concentration of extract was impregnated on 6mm diameter sterile empty disc. This was placed on culture media and incubated for 48 hours. The diameter of zone of growth inhibition was measured using digital calliper in mm. 0.5% chlorhexidine was used as the positive control for antibacterial testing while Tystatin (Nystatin 100,000units) was employed for the antifungal testing. 50% DMSO was used as the negative control for both the tests. The tests were done in triplicates and data analysed using SPSS version 22.0. C. nutans did not show any zone of inhibition at the different concentrations tested. C. nutans did not demonstrate any antimicrobial effect against the tested microbes.

BS15

BS16

A probiotic potency of dangke to reduce streptococcus spp. colonization in dental plaque

Ridhayani Hatta Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Dangke is a traditional dairy product from Enrekang district, South Sulawesi. The making process of Dangke uses papain enzyme as a coagulant for the milk proteins coagulation by utilizing bacteria to lysis the lactose into lactic acid. Utilization of these bacteria called probiotics, microbes which contained in foods that provide a good influence for the host. The study conducted by Nur et al. showed the probiotic of dangke were Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum which capable to prevent growth of cariogenic bacteria. Streptococcus spp. is a cariogenic bacteria in the dental plaque. The objective of this study is to determine the probiotics potential of dangke to reduce colonization of Streptococcus spp. in dental plaque. Clinical trial study with cross-over design w a s performed on 15 subjects who met the inclusion criteria by simple random sampling method. The study group consists of test group (Dangke), positive control (cheddar cheese), and negative control (no intervention), dental plaque taken twice in each group: before (T0) and two hours after dairy products consumption (T1) thus obtained 30 samples of plaque in each group. The evaluation number of Streptococcus spp. in dental plaque was in Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University. The result showed the average number of Streptococcus spp. colony in dangke, cheddar cheese, and control group at baseline (T0) was 14.00 CFU/ml while the T1 were 2.13, 22.27, 19.07 CFU/ml, respectively, which statistically significant (p <0.05). Probiotics in dangke had potential to reduce Streptococcus spp. colonization in dental plaque.

Genotoxic evaluation of locally produced nano-hydroxyapatite silica

Chan Yunn Yee, Aifa Nadhirah Muhammad Sazri, Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani, Norhayati Luddin, Ismail Abdul Rahman, Thirumulu Ponnuraj KannanSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The growth of nanotechnology in dentistry over the years has precipitated the vast variety of production and applications of biomaterials in nano-scale. Hydoxyapatite (HA) has a marvellous biological behaviour and its application in restorative dentistry has shown promising advantages in terms of strength, polishability, aesthetics and radiopacity compared to the conventional ones. Researchers in School of Dental Sciences, University Science of Malaysia have developed this nano-hydroxyapatite-silica which present improved and refined properties compared to the conventional ones. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate genotoxicity of locally produced nano-hydroxyapatite-silica using bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test). In Ames test, five Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 were incubated with nano-hydroxyapatite-silica in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9) at five different concentrations (0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/plate) along with appropriate positive and negative controls. Assessment of the results were based on the number of revertant colonies in each plate and the results was regarded as mutagenic when the number of revertant colonies was more than two-fold of the negative control. There was no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies corresponding to the increase in the concentrations of the test substance for all the five bacterial strains treated with or without S9. In conclusion, the results deducted that the locally produced nano-hydroxyapatite-silica are non-genotoxic and have no mutagenic potential under these present test conditions.

BS17

BS18

Cytotoxicity  of  locally  produced  Portland  cement  mixed  with  different  nano‐radiopacifying agents on HPLFs: An in vitro study 

Wong Sim Yang, Norhayati Luddin, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Siti Suraya Zulkifli School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Portland cement (PC) has been proposed as an alternative to MTA due to its similar chemical composition and physical properties, good availability and low cost. However, PC has insufficient radiopacity, hence, a suitable radiopacifier need to be added to allow the cement to be detected radiographically. This study aims to compare the cytotoxicity of Malaysian white PC (MWPC) with those mixed with different nano-radiopacifying agents, nano-bismuth oxide (nBiO2) and nano-zirconium oxide (nZrO2) on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). Upon mixing with 300µl distilled water, 1g of MWPC is used as a control group, while 0.2g of nBiO2 and nZrO2 were added to 0.8g of MWPC, respectively, act as experimental groups. After mixing, the set cement capsules were then added into prepared -MEM and incubated for seven days. After HPLFs seeding, the material extracts were added at seven concentrations and incubated for 48 hours. The cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay and the data was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann Whitney test (P<0.05). At 200 and 100mg/ml concentration, nBiO2 group showed significantly less cytotoxicity compared to the nZrO2 group and control. At 50 and 25mg/ml concentration, the control and nBiO2 group has lower cytotoxicity compared to nZrO2 and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). At lower concentration, nZrO2 is significantly more cytotoxic compared to nBiO2 and the control. In conclusion, MWPC mixed with nano-bismuth oxide exhibits more favourable cell viability compared to those mixed with nano-zirconium oxide.

Effect  of  Saliva  and  Blood  Contamination  to  Shear Bond  Strength    of Nanohybrid Composite Resin to Enamel   Ayu Salvionita Armadi, Citra Kusumasari, Endang Suprastiwi Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia

Composite resin is a direct restorative material with highly sensitive application technique. This study aimed to analyze the effect of saliva and blood contamination during application procedure to shear bond strength between composite resin and enamel. Twenty five samples of enamel (n=25) were etched using phosphoric acid 17% for 15 seconds, then rinsed and dried. Divided into three group: Group 1 as control group (n=5) were bonded and applied composite resin. Group 2 (n=10) after saliva contamination procedure, 5 samples were rinsed by water, and 5 samples were re-etched then bonded and applied composite resin. Group 3 (n=10) had same intervention as Group 2, but the contamination was using blood. All samples were incubated in incubator at 370C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength of all samples were tested using a Universal Testing Machine with load cell 50kgF and test-speed 0.5mm/minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 with One-way ANOVA statistical test followed by Post Hoc test. When saliva and blood contamination occured after etching procedure, shear bond strength was significantly reduced. The adhesive strength (MPa) mean values were: Group 1= 16.10±0.99; Group 2a= 12.05±1.16; Group 2b= 10.53±0.36; Group 3a= 8.26±0.98; Group 3b= 6.59±1.18 (Post Hoc test showed the differences each group statistically, P<0.05). Between control group and all contamination group were significantly different. Water rinsing and re-etching method did not affect to restore shear bond strength. In conclusion, saliva and blood contamination can cause decreasing shear bond strength between composite resin and enamel.

BS19

BS20

Cross  adaptation,  validity  and  reliability  test  of  an  Indonesian  version  of  Health Literacy in Dentistry Scale (HeLD‐ID)  Syifa Adinda Thaher, Diah Ayu Maharani, Anton RahardjoFaculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, 10430 Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia

The aims of this study were to develop an Indonesian version of Health Literacy in Dentistry (HeLD) instrument and to analyze its validity and reliability among 12-14 years old in Jakarta, Indonesia. HeLD questionnaire was forward-backward translated into Indonesian. This study design is cross sectional with correlative and comparative analysis. The questions of the HeLD scale were used to assess the components of oral health literacy. The test and retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity of HeLD were also evaluated. 462 students completed the self-administered questionnaire. The mean total HeLD score was 3.45±0.02. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were 0.75 and Cronbach’s alpha=0.77. The convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed by HeLD scores being significantly associated with last dental visit (p<0.001). The Indonesian version of HeLD suggested that is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring oral health literacy in children ages 12-14 years old.

Oral Health literacy and self‐reported oral health outcomes.

Balqis Hassan, Hafsah Jauhariah Iskandar, Mon Mon Tin Oo, Norkhafizah Saddki School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Individuals with inadequate oral health literacy are at high risk for poor access to care and poor health outcomes. This study aims to determine the association between oral health literacy and self-reported oral health among adult Malaysian patients attending Medical Outpatient Department of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A cross-sectional study was carried out using structured self-administrated questionnaire. The questions consisted information on the socio-demographic background, frequency of dental visits, and self-reported oral health problems. Oral health literacy was measured with a validated “Oral Health Literacy Instrument – Malay version” (OHLI-M). Informed consents were obtained from all participants. A One-Way ANOVA and independent t test were used to determine the association between OHLI-M scores and variables. Of 262 respondents, 36.3% were male and 63.7% were female. Fifty-five percent of respondents had adequate oral health literacy. Fair oral health status was reported by 43.9% and 36.6% claimed that they had last dental visit more than 2 years ago. Less than half of the respondents (45.8%) had two or more self-reported oral health problems, cavitated tooth and toothache (61% and 30.9% respectively). Malay ethnic group had lower oral health literacy score than other group (P= 0.005). Oral health literacy score differed significantly across the oral health status (P=0.002). Higher oral health literacy score was found in respondents with tertiary education (P=0.045). Dental visit, self-reported oral health problems were not associated with oral health literacy score. In conclusion, low oral health literacy was associated with ethnicity, education attainment, and perceived oral health status .

PH02

PH01

Social‐ demographic and psychological  factors affecting eating habits among dental students of USM: a cross‐sectional study.Mohammad Majduddin Sulaiman, Chai Rong Yao, Ruhaya Hasan, Norkhafizah SaddkiSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Poor eating habits among young adults including university students is one of major public health concern. This poor behaviour can cause nutritional problems that have important implications for general health and well-being. This study aimed to assess the pattern of eating habits and its association with socio-demographic and psychological factors among dental students. This was a cross-sectional study. All the dental undergraduate students of academic year 2014/2015 at School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia were selected as participants. Data were obtained through self-administered questionnaire which included questions on socio-demographic, eating habits and psychological factors. Anthropometric measurements of weight and height among respondents were taken. The respondents comprised 73.1% female, 49.4% Malay with the mean age of respondents being 22.15 ± 1.60 years old. Most of them (74.1%) had normal BMI. About 85.8% had regular meals and about half of them took daily breakfast (51.1%). 52.4% consumed fruits less than 3 times per week, majority (74.7%) consumed fried foods for 3 or more times per week and 78.1% drank water less than 2 litres daily. The eating habits score between Malay and Chinese group was significantly different (p<0.05). There was also significant association of eating habit score between students who stayed in hostel and stayed out campus (p<0.05). Only one psychological factor “eat because of feeling lonely” was significantly associated with eating habits score (p<0.05). In conclusion, the study demonstrated that ethnicity, residence and psychological factor of “eat because of feeling lonely” were significantly associated with eating habits among dental students.

Carpal  tunnel  syndrome  and  its  coping  strategies  among  dental  support  staff  in HUSM.  Nurfarah Wahidah Mohd Nor Rasid, Nurul Syafiqah Noh, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Azizah Yusoff, Normastura Abd. Rahman School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common musculoskeletal disorders, after back pain due to ergonomic problems among dental personnel. Prolonged work with highly repetitious flexion and extension of wrist and forceful grip task were shown to increase the risk to develop CTS. The objectives of the study were to determine prevalence, work-related and psychosocial risk factors and their coping strategies among clinical dental supporting staffs (CDSS) in HUSM. A cross sectional study was conducted among CDSS i.e. dental staff nurses (DSN), dental technologists (DT), dental surgery assistants (DSA) and healthcare assistants (HA). The respondents were selected using simple random sampling. Those with less than 6 months working experience were excluded. A set of self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic status, work-related and psychosocial risk factors and coping strategies (Brief COPE) questionnaire was distributed. Ninety-five CDSS completed and returned the questionnaire with a response rate of 80.5%. Majority of the respondents were female (66.3%). The mean age was 35.1(SD8.23). The prevalence of probable CTS was 38.9%, highest among DSA (40.5%) followed by DT (29.7%). There was no significant association between work-related or psychosocial risk factors with CTS (p>0.05). Most of the respondents prefer religion as the coping mechanism, mean 7.11 (SD1.13). The least common coping strategies was substance use, mean 2.11 (SD0.66). The prevalence of probable CTS among DSA was relatively high. There was no significant association of either psychosocial or work-related risk factors with CTS. Awareness training should be emphasized among CDSS on CTS and its prevention.

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The assumption of tooth extractions in urban and rural society 

Andi Ulya Novianti, Dedy Ariwansa Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

There are various types of dental health care, one of which is tooth extraction. People’s perception of one care of tooth extractions is at a level quite satisfied, not very satisfied attained. Most of them are satisfied with the revocation yet many are not opting for tooth extractions because they think it is better to keep the teeth rather that extracting them. Half of the respondents said they often do care of tooth extractions. The reason they chose revocation care because of the cost that is affordable, saves time, and on the advice of a doctor or dental nurse. Their view on care repeal is quite positive. They are satisfied and often do care of tooth extractions. This study aimed to describe people’s perception on tooth extraction services at health centers. This study used a cross-sectional analytic survey, with univariate and bivariate analyses. Population studied were patients (n=160) who had been treated at rural and urban health centres, aged over 17 years, using questionnaire. The results showed that characteristics such as age and occupation influence the public perception of care repeal, while no effect of age and education was found. Patient behavior such as knowledge and attitudes influence the public perception of care tooth extractions, while the action has no effect. Thus it can be seen lifting of people’s perception of care is good enough.

Awareness  and  knowledge of oral  cancer  among  Siamese  ethnic  group  in  Tumpat Kelantan 

Chew Wei Wern, Lim Zheng Ru, Nur Karyatee Kassim, Azizah Yusoff, Munirah Mohd Adnan School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Oral cancer is one of the life-threatening diseases. Lack of public awareness is a potent barrier for early detection of oral cancer, especially the high risk population. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of signs, symptoms and risk factors of oral cancer among Siamese ethnic group in Tumpat, Kelantan. A cross sectional study was conducted using a guided questionnaire on socio-demography, habits, awareness and knowledge of oral cancer on signs, symptoms and risk factor. Individuals under 18-year-old and who had been diagnosed with oral cancer were excluded from the study. A total of 195 respondents participated, 61.5% were female while 38.5% were male. The mean age was 46 (SD 1.64) range from 18 to 85-year-old. About 41% of respondents had received secondary education and 35.4% were illiterate. Most respondents were self-employed (21.5%), work as farmer (19.5%) and housewife (20%). Most of the respondents (76.9%) were below the poverty level of RM830 in monthly income. Among them, 22.6% had habit of smoking, 25.6% consumed alcohol, 8.2% were betel quid chewer and 2.6% chew tobacco. Out of 195, 13 respondents (6.7%) were aware about oral cancer. 33 respondents (16.9%) correctly answered the questions for signs and symptoms of oral cancer and only 8 respondents (4.1%) knew the risk factors of oral cancer. In conclusion, it reveals the uncertainty and ignorance of the Siamese ethnic group of awareness and knowledge of oral cancer. In view of indulgence in high risk habits, future and effective health promotion programmes should be emphasised.

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Food choice motive among dental student in School of Dental Sciences USM.

Nur Haneena Bt Abdul Halim, Lee Vui Chin, Ruhaya Bt Hassan, Nurulezah Hasbullah School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Dental students are exposed to the knowledge and awareness of oral health which might affect their food choice motive especially when they are in the clinical years. This study aim was to investigate the food choice motive among dental students in School of Dental Science, USM, to compare the differences in food choice motive between preclinical and clinical dental student and also in between gender. This cross-sectional study was conducted in all undergraduate dental students of USM. A self-administered Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) that was adopted with permission, from Crossley ML et al. (2002) was used. It is consisted of 10 factors namely health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, ethical concern and oral health. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 by descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test. There were 244 respondents, 95 of them were from preclinical group and 149 were from clinical group. The differences were found in 5 out of the 10 factors in the FCQ: mood, sensory appeal, price, familiarity, and ethical concern. Preclinical year students choose mood as the most important factors whereas clinical year students rated health as food selection. Comparisons between gender with regard to their mean scores showed differences in health factor. Both gender ranked health factors as the most important factor. This study presents a preliminary investigation into the factors that affects students’ food motivations. The differences in food choice motivation were found between students at different clinical years (p=0.001) and between different gender (p=0.03).

Correlation between family economic status and dental caries risk aged 0-3 years

Heidy Stefanie, Eriska Riyanti, Inne Suherna SasmitaFaculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.

Family economic status is an important indicator to determine dental caries in children, especially in their younger age, or 0-3 years. This study aimed to see the correlation between family economic status and dental caries risk in children aged 0-3 years. This analytic correlational study used multistage random sampling technique. Family economic status and dental caries risk were measured in 109 children aged 0-3 years, which had been registered in 5 Integrated Health Service Posts (Posyandu) Bandung City, using scale, based on Nielsen Media Research and American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry’s Caries-risk Assessment Tool. The correlation of variables was analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The result showed that children with low family economic status have high dental caries risk. Statistic calculation using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with = 5% showed coefficient correlation Z = -8,315, with significance p-value = 0.000. The conclusion of this study showed that there is correlation between family economic status and dental caries risk aged 0-3 years, which is, the lower the family economic status, the higher the dental caries risk.

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New prediction equations for mixed dentition analysis in a Malay population: Validation and comparison to Tanaka and Johnston, and Jaroontham and Godfrey’s equations

Norsyahmila Rahmat, Nur Adibah Mat Zubir, Zuliani Mahmood, Rozita Hassan, Basaruddin Ahmad School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Mixed dentition analysis is a valuable tool in preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment planning. This study aimed to validate the new equations by Ahmed et. al. (2012) and compare it with Tanaka and Johnston, and Jaroontham and Godfrey’s equations. A total of 57 orthodontic study models of Malay subjects (n=57); 10 males and 47 females age ranged between 13 to 20 years old were selected. Mesio-distal widths of canines, premolars, mandibular incisors and maxillary first molars were measured using Absolute™ Digimatic Caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Predicted values were calculated for each prediction models by Ahmed et al. (2012), Tanaka and Johnston (1974), and Jaroontham and Godfrey (2000) and compared to the actual values using paired t-test. Ahmed’s et al. equations significantly underestimated the actual measurements in both maxilla and mandible (mean difference= -0.89mm, p=0.04; -1.24mm, p=0.01) in males and in the mandible for females (-0.63mm, p<0.001). The maxilla in females was overestimated (1.03mm, p<0.001). For males, the predictions by Tanaka and Johnston were not significantly different from the actual measurement in both arches and; by Jaroontham and Godfrey, in the mandible. However, none of the equations satisfactorily predicted the data for females (p<0.001). In conclusion, the newly predicted model requires a revision on the development of the prediction equation. 

The retention of basic sciences knowledge in qualified dentists.

Rehana Nadirah Shaji Khan, Nurul Syazana Ya’acob, Raja Azman Raja Awang, Noor Huda IsmailSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the degree to which qualified dentists retained basic science knowledge that would have been taught to them as undergraduate dental students. A questionnaire was devised that aimed to cover the subject areas of the pre-dental science curriculum in School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Advice was also taken, from the UK experience pre-clinical teachers, concerning the composition of each question. Ten questions were finally selected and each contained a question stem and five answer options, with only one being correct. The questionnaire was completed on an anonymous, but supervised, basis. A total of 52 dentists attending short courses or workshops in School of Dental Sciences, USM comprised the study group. As a comparator group, 77 senior undergraduate clinical dental students attending School of Dental Sciences, USM were surveyed. Statistical analysis of the results used the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. The results show that there was a statistically difference (p<0.05) between the student and dentist group. The median score for the undergraduate group was 5/10 and for the dentists 3/10. There was also a significant reduction (p<0.05) in score the further away from graduation the qualified dentists were. In conclusion, many dentists retain surprisingly little basic science knowledge, at least by the measures employed in this study. It is also of note that the further away a dentist is from graduation there appears to be an even greater reduction in basic science knowledge.

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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in North Kalimantan children and its association with children’s snacking habit and mother’s education level

Cicilia Wijawati, Febriana Setiawati, Risqa Rina Darwita Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia

North Kalimantan seceded from East Kalimantan in 2012 and has become the newest province in Indonesia. According to Indonesian Health Research 2013, North Kalimantan does not have data on caries prevalence. This study aimed to analyse risk factor of Early Childhood Caries status of children age 36-71 months in Pembeliangan and Mansalong village, North Kalimantan. This was a cross-sectional study of 172 children. Clinical oral examinations were done by the University of Indonesia final year dental students to obtain data on decayed, extracted and filled teeth (deft). A deft score of ≥ 1 was considered as having ECC. Frequency of dietary cariogenic snacking habit (candy, chocolate, chewing gum, and sweetened tea) of the children and the mothers’ level of education were assessed using a questionnaire. The mean deft score was 7.76±6,46. 113 of the children have ECC. Nine children of 27 mothers with high level of education have ECC, 76 children of 111 mothers with middle level of education have ECC, and 28 children of 34 mothers with low level of education have ECC. The association between ECC and mother’s level of education was significant (p<0,05). Seventy-one children with high risk diet (≥4 times exposures to cariogenic snack/day) have ECC, 29 children with moderate risk diet have ECC, and only 7 children with low risk diet have ECC. Snacking habit of the children was significantly associated with ECC (p<0.05). In conclusion, 65,7% of the children in Pembeliangan and Mansalong village, North Kalimantan have ECC. The mean deft was high and the occurrence of ECC was associated with children’s snacking habit and the mothers’ education level.

Prevalence of stress and coping strategies among dental support staff Hospital USM.

Yang Soraya Mior Azli, Wan Nur Shazwani Wan Rossly, Azizah Yusoff, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Normastura Abdul Rahman School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

Job stress plays an important role in some chronic health problems. Hence, it is important to understand how workplace causes stress and types of coping methods adopted. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of stress and its association with work characteristics and psychosocial job factors among clinical dental support staff (CDSS), and the coping strategies to manage stress. A cross sectional study was conducted among CDSS at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) using simple random sampling. A set of self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demography, work characteristics, psychosocial factors (JCQ), DASS-21, and coping strategies (Brief Cope) were distributed to those who had more than one year working experience. Data were analysed using SPSS 22. A total of 100 CDSS participated in the study, where 27 were dental staff nurses (DSN), 26 dental technicians (DT), 37 dental surgery assistants (DSA), and 10 healthcare assistants (HCA). The highest prevalence of stress was among DSN (22.2%) followed by DSA (21.6%). The least was among DT (11.5%). Mann-Whitney test showed no significant association between work characteristics or psychosocial job factors and CDSS (p>0.05). The most frequent coping strategy adopted by CDSS was religion. Prevalence of stress among CDSS was highest among DSN and DSA. There was no work related or psychosocial risk factors associated with job stress. Coping strategies used by CDSS were positive coping skills. Further research needs to be done to follow through these cohorts to ensure minimal stress working environment with positive coping strategies.

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Survey on patients’ perceived satisfaction towards dental treatment provided by HUSM Dental Clinic

Nadeerah binti Ibrahim, Ng Rou Enn, Adam Husein School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Patients’ satisfaction towards dental treatment provided by HUSM Dental Clinic has never been reported before. This study aimed to evaluate patients’ perceived satisfaction towards dental treatment provided by HUSM Dental Clinic and to investigate the factors influencing patients’ perceived satisfaction regarding the treatment received. Besides that this survey also aimed to collect suggestions for improvement of dental services in HUSM Dental Clinic. This is a cross-sectional study targeting dental patients who seek dental treatment in HUSM Dental Clinic. Two hundred patients were interviewed by using a structured, interviewer-guided, adapted questionnaires. About 48% of the subjects were between 18-25 age group and 59.5% of all subjects earned <RM1000 per month. Generally about 78.5% were satisfied with the dental treatment provided in which 53% were satisfied and 21.5% were very satisfied. About 7.0 % of the respondents were dissatisfied. Dental specialists, dental officers, post graduate students and undergraduate students produced 1.0%, 9.7%, 0% and 4.1% of dissatisfaction respectively. The major causes of satisfaction were friendly clinic’s staff (46.0%), competent operator (39.5%) and low cost treatment (31.0%). As for patient dissatisfaction, the major causes were long waiting time (40.0%), failure of operator to complete treatment on time (25.0%) and poor service of clinic’s staff (15.0%). In general, majority of the respondents were satisfied with the treatment received. However, improvements are needed in some areas.

Relationship between periodontitis and psychosocial factors in adults in Hospital Universiti Sains - A Pilot Study

Shirley Lee Sze Yeea, Umi Najwa Baslia, Erry Mochamad Ariefa, Basaruddin Ahmada, Fauziah Asmail@Ismailb

aSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. b KKM

Periodontal diseases are among the most common oral diseases in human populations. The main aetiology is microbial plaque but other factor like psychosocial factors also can contribute to periodontal diseases. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and psychosocial factors in adults who attend the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan within the period of study. 1111A cross sectional study was carried out and 53 selected participants were classified as having no periodontitis, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis based on criteria defined by Bassani et al. The psychosocial factors was assessed using DASS 21 questionnaires and Brief COPE scale. Data from this study showed that there was no relationship between depression, anxiety trait, depression trait and methods of coping with severity of periodontitis (p>0.05). In conclusion, there is no evidence to support the hypotheses that there is a relationship between periodontitis and psychosocial factors in adults in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

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Relation between dental students’ service quality and patient satisfaction : a study from Universitas Indonesia’s dental hospital, Indonesia

Saskia Karenina, Peter Andreas, Herry NovrindaFaculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia

Patient satisfaction is one of the indicators of health service success. Only few studies have been conducted concerning dental students’ service qualities in Indonesia, despite having 26 dentistry schools all over the country. The information can help other dental students and hospital managements to improve service qualities for learning hospitals. The objectives of this study were to analyze the level of patients’ satisfaction and to know the relationship between dental students’ service qualities and patient satisfaction. Cross sectional study was done during the period of June 2015 with 80 patients age 17-60 from Universitas Indonesia’s dental hospital. With the SERVQUAL method, a 20-item questionnaire that states patients’ expectations and assesses students’ health service performance were given. Based on the importance performance analysis, it is found that tangibility had the most contribution to patient satisfaction level with 74 respondents (92,5%) satisfied. Results from chi square tests found that reliability, assurance, and responsiveness show significant relationship with patient satisfaction level (p<0.05), while tangible and empathy did not show any significant. Patients with high expectations show lower satisfaction level. This indicates the importance of managing patient’s expectation other than just students’ performance.

Prevalence of stress level among patient attending Oral Medicine Clinic at Hospital USM

Nadhirah Farhain Mazlan, Su Lian Tiing, Nurhayu Abdul Rahman School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Stress is well documented factor associated with chronicity and relapse of disease symptoms. Our objectives were to assess the level of stress, possible correlation between stress level and disease symptom and the prevalence of crenated tongue among the patient who attends Oral Medicine Clinic. Two groups (n=18), each comprised of patients suffering from chronic disease and normal subjects within the age range 18 to 75 years old were recruited. A modified and validated questionnaire was distributed and clinical examination was carried out in the test group. The gender distribution ratio of female to male patients attending the clinic was 3:1. Two respondents (10.6%), who were diagnosed with chronic orofacial pain, suffered from very significant stress level (>8 total score). More than half of respondents in this group also experienced stomach problem or headache and claimed to have less energy compared to 27.8% of respondents in control group. None in the control group suffers from very significant stress level. In the significant stress level category (5-8), nearly equal distribution noted for both groups. Crenated tongue was found in 11 patients who attended the clinic and 8 (72.7%) of them were diagnosed with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Our findings showed that individuals with chronic disease tend to suffer from higher level of stress compared to their normal counterpart, hence the symptoms and clinical signs that are associated with it. Psychological management, combined with physical treatment might be beneficial for these patients to help improve their condition.

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Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD) experienced by Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia clinical dental support staf and their coping strategies towards the disorders

Joel Moh Heng Shu, Khadijah Rustam, Normastura Abdul Razak, Azizah Yusoff, Munirah Mohd Adnan School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are one of the important occupational issues. This study aimed to determine WMSDs experienced by clinical dental support staff (CDSS) at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) and their coping strategies towards this disorder. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 82 CDSS using a set of questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic profiles, NORDIC musculoskeletal pain and coping strategies. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. CDSS consisted of dental staff nurses (30.5%), dental surgery assistants (40.2%), dental technologists (18.3%) and healthcare assistants (11.0%). Their age ranged between 31.0–35.3 years old. The most prevalent WMSD related to problem (ache, pain and discomfort) around the neck at any time during the last 12 months was at 54.9% (CI: 44.0%, 66.0%). The common reported cases that affect normal work were those who experienced lower back pain (34.1%) and ankle or feet pain (34.1%), at any time during last 12 months. On the other hand, highest cases reported for having problem at any time during the last 7 days were at the area such as neck (36.6%), lower back (36.6%) and ankle or feet (36.6%). The highest coping strategies score among the staff were religion, 3.69(SD2.15) followed by active coping and acceptance at 3.13(SD 0.68). The prevalence of WMSD among CDSS at the neck region is considered high. Coping strategies used were mainly religion. Awareness on the prevention of this problem among the clinical dental support staff need to be strengthened.

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Incidence and associated factors of ventilator associated pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. 

Kunoor Asma Mat Hassan, Shirley Thien Lee Ting, Ninin Sukminingrum, Mon Mon Tin Oo School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is pneumonia that develops 48 hours or longer after mechanical ventilation is given by means of endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. The aim of the study was to describe the incidence, mortality and survival rate, as well as associated factors and characteristics of VAP in patients admitted to ICU of HUSM in 2013. This study also determines type of microorganism isolated from endotracheal tube (ETT) sample. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 297 medical records and ETT results of adult age ≥18 year-old who were admitted to ICU in 2013. Based on the records, patients were categorized into VAP patient and Non-VAP patient. Student’s t test was used to compare the numerical variables, while chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the categorical variables between groups. The incidence of VAP for ICU patient was 34.68%. The mortality and survival rate of VAP were 43.69% and 56.31% respectively. The significant associated factors of VAP were age, patient with respiratory failure, surgical history, tracheostomy, bronchoscopy, tube thoracoscopy, enteral feeding, reintubation, use of antibiotics and inotropic drugs. Acinetobacter species was the organism most cultured among VAP patient while MRSA was the most among non-VAP patient. In conclusion, the incidence of VAP in ICU HUSM in 2013 was considerably high, as well as mortality rate. Most of the invasive procedures were associated with VAP occurrence.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Temporomandibular Disorders(TMDs) – A preliminary study in patients attending Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia 

Lau Yong Xin, Mohd Affiq Iskandar Bin Che Zulkarnain, Roselinda Ab Rahman, Nurhayu Ab RahmanSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Pharmacological therapy and physical therapy are the common treatment modalities in managing patient with Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) while transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is commonly used as a noninvasive treatment for general musculoskeletal pain. It is not widely used as an adjunct for the TMDs treatment. This study is done to investigate the effectiveness of TENS as an adjunct physical therapy for patient suffering from TMDs. Six patients diagnosed with TMDs attending Oral Medicine Clinic Hospital USM, Kelantan were subjected to the clinical intervention study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, control group (pharmacological therapy only) and experimental group (TENS and pharmacological therapy). Assessment of the pain intensity and quality of life were done before and after the intervention using VAS and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The mean VAS score for the experimental group improved from 3.67 to 1.67 with differences of 2.00 while for the control group there is slight improvement of mean score of 0.33. Generally there is an increase in mean score in all the domains in the control group that ranges from 2.00 to 14.33. Experimental group also showed mean score improvement in all the domains with physical health domain recorded the largest leap of mean score (39.33). In conclusion, overall QoL and VAS of patient subjected to TENS were improved compared to control group with a marked increased in QoL in the physical health domain. A larger sample size should be conducted to assess the outcome using TENS in treating TMDs patient.

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Concentrated black mulberry (Morus Nigra) fruit  juice as disclosing agent on dental plaque 

Swan Teck Wei, Dede Hadidjah, Nunung Rusminah School of Dental Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia.

Black mulberry (Morus Nigra) fruit is rich in anthocyanin which is a natural colorant that gives fruits in red to purple color and has been used for food colorant. Black mulberry fruit has strong staining property and a nice flavor with juicy and acidic characteristics. The study aimed to investigate the staining activity of the natural colorant derived from black mulberry fruit as an alternative to the use of synthetic erythrosine disclosing agent in staining dental plaque. This study was using experimental method. There were twenty-four subjects (n=24) with total number of ninety-six teeth with dental plaque were tested with four different groups of solutions which were control group disclosing agent containing erythrosine and three other groups that were concentrated fruit juice at concentration of 50%, 75%, and 100% on four selected maxillary teeth. The colors of plaque stained were compared with the color chart of The Royal Horticultural Society. The data were recorded and analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney U Test with p<0.05 indicates statistical significance. Results showed that all the concentrated black mulberry fruit juice (50%, 75% and, 100% concentrate) had the significant mean values of color code (p=0.000) which stained the dental plaque with good red color if compared to control group of erythrosine. Conclusion, the concentrated black mulberry fruit juice was suggested to be used as a dental plaque disclosing agent in daily plaque removal alternative to the conventional dental plaque disclosing agent containing synthetics colorant erythrosine. The findings also demonstrated the taste of concentrated black mulberry fruit juice were likeable and pleasant to the subjects if compared to the erythrosine.

Relationship between  xerostomia  and  salivary  flow  rate  among dental  students  in Universiti Sains Malaysia 

Er Hsien Yin, Siti Khairulnadia Khamis, Norkhafizah Saddki, Norsila Abdul Wahab School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Xerostomia is a subjective feeling of oral dryness that may or may not be associated with a decreased quantity of saliva. The aims of this study were to determine the degree of severity of xerostomia, measure stimulated salivary flow rate, and assess the relationship between xerostomia and salivary flow rate among dental students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 dental students in USM. A self-administered Shortened Xerostomia Index (SXI) questionnaire was used to evaluate the xerostomic condition of the students followed by collection of saliva during gum chewing for 2 minutes to measure the stimulated salivary flow rate. There were 58 third year students, 53 fourth year, and 39 fifth year dental students who completed the questionnaire and gave their saliva samples. The degree of severity of xerostomia as indicated by the SXI score and salivary flow rate of the students were determined. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between xerostomia and salivary flow rate. The mean salivary flow rate was 1.95 g/min (SD 0.84) and the mean SXI score was 8.01 (SD 1.82). No significant correlation was found between the salivary flow rate and SXI score of the students (r=0.118, P value = 0.151). In conclusion, the degree of severity of xerostomia among dental students in USM was not associated with their salivary flow rate.

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The outcome of space maintainers: A 5 – year retrospective study. 

Loh Wei Lek, Tan Zhi Chyi, Sarliza Yasmin SanusiSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Space maintainers are fixed or removable appliances used to preserve arch length following premature loss or elective extraction of tooth. In the clinical training of dental undergraduates at Universiti Sains Malaysia, the construction and issue of space maintainers to patients constitutes part of their clinical requirements. However, the longevity of these appliances has never been studied. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the longevity of space maintainers issued by the Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. This cross-sectional study involved the folders review of 205 paediatric patients involving 285 units of space maintainers issued between 2009 and 2015. The failure rate of space maintainers was 38.2%. 11.6% failed due to dislodgement from cement failure and 7.7% was due to broken appliances. The mean survival time of space maintainers was 8.14 (8.15) months. Reverse crown and loop has the longest survival rate of 11.29 (10.55) months, while removable appliances have the shortest survival rate of 6.0 (8.05) months. Redo cases showed significant increase in failure rate of 80.6% compared to new cases with failure rate of 55.3% (p=0.009). Arch location showed significant difference influencing failure rate of space maintainers. Mandibular arch showed 64.5% failure rate, compared to 50.0% of the maxillary arch (p=0.059). Variables such as age, gender, type of appliances, pre-treatment assessment, and type of radiographs did not show significant changes to success or failure of space maintainers.

Sagittal  and  vertical  occlusal  cepalometric  analyses  of  Pancherz  among Malaysia Malay anad Malaysian Chinese. 

Noor Faezah Iberahim, Nur Hanisah Roszali, Mohammad Khursheed AlamSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The aim of this study was to analyze sagittal and vertical occlusal cephalometric analyses of Pancherz among Malaysian Malay and Malaysian Chinese. Further comparisons of each area of interest are needed to know the differences between them. This is a cross sectional study of secondary data of sagittal and vertical occlusal cephalometric analyses of Pancherz among Malaysian Malay and Malaysian Chinese. The total number of lateral cephalometric x-rays 640 (Malay=407,Chinese=233) which were selected randomly among orthodontic patients. All sagittal and vertical occlusal cephalometric parameters of Pancherz were measured digitally using Planmeca software. Descriptive statistics, gender, and racial dimorphism were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0. Data were analysed using independent t-test. Statistically significant disparities were found in the Malaysian Malay population between males and female for 1 of 11 parameters in the sagittal occlusal analysis, and 1 of 10 in the vertical occlusal analysis. In the Malaysian Chinese population, there were statistically significant disparities between males and females for five parameters in the vertical occlusal analysis but there were no significant disparities found in sagittal occlusal analysis between gender. Statistically significant disparities were found between Malaysian Malay and Malaysian Chinese population for 6 of 11 parameters in sagittal occlusal analysis and 3 of 11 parameters in vertical occlusal analysis. In conclusion, there were significant disparities between Malaysian Malay and Malaysian Chinese in general and also between genders of each race seen using cephalometric analyses of Pancherz.

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The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental age in 8‐ to 15‐year‐old children assessed by Demirjian method 

Adrian Rustam Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

This research aims to determine if a relationship exists between body mass index and dental age in 8- to 15-year-old children. The dental age of 48 samples (25 male, 23 female) were estimated using Demirjian method and panoramic radiographs. Body Mass Index was calculated using BMI formula based on age. BMI value will then be grouped according to classification established by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The relationship between body mass index and dental age analyzed through Pearson correlation test. Statistical tests (p<0.05) showed a significant positive correlation between BMI and dental age based on age and gender. BMI value of women reached 17.77 followed by dental age of 10.60, whereas in men, the BMI value was only 17.02 followed by dental age of 10.57. In the age group 8-10 years, BMI value was16.08 with an average dental age of 8.97 years. In the age group 10-12 years, BMI value reached 17.79 with average dental age of 10.84 years. In the age group 12-15 years, the BMI value was 19.70 with average dental age reached 13.63. Overall, the BMI value was 17.38 with average dental age of 10.58. In conclusion, significant positive correlation exists between body mass index and dental age after adjusting for age and gender. The coefficient correlation and determination explains that i n overall, higher BMI values, will be followed by an accelerated dental age of 44.6%. Women have a higher dental age and BMI value than males.

Comparison between 2D and 3D measurement of styloid process length 

Aliea Fatinah Wan Hamizan , Fathin Nabilah Fasya Ismar , Shaifulizan Abdul RahmanSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia;

Elongated styloid process is associated with ambiguous orofacial pain termed as Eagle’s syndrome. This study was carried out to evaluate the mean radiographic length of styloid process on ortopantomogram (OPG) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare the measurements obtained via 2D and 3D image. The study included OPG and CBCT radiographs of twenty two subjects taken using Planmeca Promax 3D Mid. Evaluation of the styloid process were done twice using the measurement tool software (Planmeca Romexis 2.9.2.R) and an average value was taken. Twenty one subjects were chosen instead as one case could not be measured on CBCT. Data were analysed statistically using paired t test with p<0.05 indicates statistical significance. The average radiographic length of styloid process as measured on OPG is 23.70 (SD = 6.67) mm on the right side and 24.09 (SD = 7.06) mm on the left side. For CBCT, the mean radiographic length is 27.60 (SD = 6.97) mm and 27.91 (SD = 7.24) mm on the right and left side respectively. Paired t test analysis showed statistically significant difference in sample mean length of styloid process measured with OPG and CBCT with (p=0.000, p=0.002 respectively). In summary, the use of CBCT in measuring styloid process should be considered in diagnosing Eagle’s syndrome as it represent more accurate measurement because of 3D visualization as compared to OPG which often presents with under measurement.

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Soft tissue cephalometric measurement among Malaysian Malay and Chinese 

Melvin Saw Jian Hao, Maisarah Abu Talib, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Rehana Basri, Nor Farid Mohd Noor School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Soft tissue cephalometric analysis was applied for orthodontic treatment planning.This study aimed to obtain the standardized values of individuals of Malaysian Malay and Chinese for further relevant research such as treatment planning and aesthetical considerations. This is a retrospective study where 440 (n=440, of which 305 were Malays and 135 were Chinese) standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients selected through simple random sampling were profiled using Holdaway’s analysis. There were significant differences between the Malays and Chinese in their skeletal profile convexity, superior sulcus depth, inferior sulcus to the H line and nose prominence. Between Malay females and males, there were significant differences in superior sulcus depth, soft tissue subnasale to H line, basic upper lip thickness, upper lip thickness and nose prominence. Between Chinese males and females, there were differences in their skeletal profile convexity, upper lip to H line, basic upper lip thickness and upper lip thickness. Independent T test was used to assess the disparities in race and gender. The values with p < 0.05 were considered significant. In conclusion, the findings demonstrated the difference between standardized norms and the unique profiles of Malaysian Malays and Chinese. There are significant gender disparities in the soft tissue cephalometric measurements among Malaysian Malay and Chinese subjects.

Temporary  anchorage  device  stability  ;  monocortical  versus  bicortical  anchorage technique 

Lim Shuang Ying, Fateen Nur Ain Mohd Azmi, Wael Ahmed Bayomy Mohamed, Rozita Hassan School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Orthodontic anchorage such as miniscrews are useful in many clinical cases as it is less bulky compared to traditional osteointegrated implants. This study was done to evaluate the relationship between splinted and non-splinted miniscrews with monocortical and bicortical bone. AbsoAnchor miniscrews (10mm x 1.5mm) were used and the miniscrews were divided into four groups; non-splinted monocortical miniscrews, non-splinted bicortical miniscrews, splinted monocortical miniscrews and splinted bicortical miniscrews. The miniscrews were screwed into bovine bone blocks prepared and the pull-out strength for each group of orthodontic miniscrews was measured using Instron 8874; a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute was applied. Six readings were taken for each group and the average reading for each group was obtained. The significance comparison of the average pull-out strength readings between all the groups were accessed using four sets of paired t-test with 95% confidence interval (P<0.05). Average result for each groups’ pull-out strength was non-splinted monocortical 155.08 (SD =45.78) Newton (N), non-splinted bicortical miniscrews 201.83 (SD =69.14) N, splinted monocortical miniscrews 300.15 (SD = 37.18) N and splinted bicortical miniscrews 305.87 (SD =43.91) N. There was a significant difference in pull-out strength between each group except for the pair of splinted monocortical and splinted bicortical miniscrews. Non-splinted bicortical miniscrews had a significant higher pull-out strength than non-splinted monocortical miniscrews. In conclusion, both splinted monocortical and splinted bicortical miniscrews had higher pullout strength than non-splinted counterpart. On the other hand, pull-out strength of splinted bicortical miniscrews was higher than the splinted monocortical miniscrews, however, the difference was not significant.

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Photogrammetric analysis of commonly  interpreted reference points of Malay  face in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia 

Nurul Amira Husna Abd Rauf, Anis Nuraini Abd Halim, Ramizu Shaari, Shaifulizan Ab rahman, Akram Hassan School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Reference points are the crucial facial points for analysis in the orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment. From this study, we measure the norms for malay facial profile.To quantify average measurements of nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle,vertical facial dimension(middle facial height,lower facial height), incisal display and upper lip length in Malay population with comparison of males and females, a total of 25 Class I female and 25 Class I male aged 19-30 years old from Malay ethnic group were randomly selected among dental students and staffs. The photographic setup consisted of a tripod that held a digital SLR camera. Photographs were taken in a standard protocol. Photos taken in JPEG format were digitalized and analysed using MITK Benchwork 2014.03. Two angular norm values, and four vertical measurements of facial were determined. All the data were assessed using independent T-test with 95% confidence interval. The standard deviation and mean of middle facial height, lower facial height, upper lip length and incisal display for male are 32.10±391.34 mm, 51.56±474.23 mm, 18.20±162.72 mm and 10.06±13.99 mm whereas for female are 31.90±367.80 mm, 44.26±415.45 mm, 18.97±146.07 mm and 8.99±14.87 mm. For angular measurements of nasolabial angle and mentolabial angle, the standard deviation and mean for male are 22.12±103.30, 12.40±129.02,whereas for female are 5.47±103.28, 9.52±122.71.This study has given a projection of data regarding Malay facial norm in Malaysia.

Maximum mouth opening among students of University of Indonesia 

Alya Rahmania, Farisza Gita, Ira TantiFaculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia

Normal mouth opening can be measured by maximum mouth opening (MMO). MMO has been defined as the greatest distance between the incisal edges of the maxillary central incisor to the incisal edges of the mandibular central incisors when the mouth is open as wide as possible to the painless limit. Unfortunately, the variability of MMO makes the evaluation difficult. There are several studies that had investigated the measurement of MMO among different population in the world, but there aren’t any in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to measure the MMO among students of University of Indonesia and to analyze the difference of MMO in between gender and height groups. Cross sectional study was conducted on 182 students aged 17-22 from University of Indonesia. MMO and height were recorded by digital caliper and stature meter. The mean of MMO regardless gender and height is 40.5 6.0 mm. Independent t test showed significant differences between male (44.8 4.9 mm) and female (37.6 4.9 mm), with male significantly higher than female (p<0.05). One way ANOVA test also showed significant difference between the higher and lower height groups (p<0.05). Thus, MMO differ significantly in between gender and height groups.

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Morphometric  analysis  of  the mandibular  canal  and  its  relationship with  impacted mandibular third molar using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) 

Lee Win Nie, Nur Amira Azreen binti Abdul Halim, Asilah Yusof, Marzuki Omar School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

This retrospective study aimed to determine the linear dimension of the mandibular canal and its relationship with impacted mandibular third molar using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Malaysian population. CBCT images of 90 subjects (33 males and 57 females) with the age of 18 years old and above were included. Images were taken using Planmeca Promax 3D (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) with standard exposure protocols and reconstructed using Planmeca Romexis 2.9.2 (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) software. The anatomical position of the mandibular canal in relation to the impacted mandibular third molar was morphometrically measured. 60% (n=54) of the impacted mandibular third molars were left-sided and significant difference was detected between sexes and sides of mandibular third molar impaction (p=0.010).The mean (SD) for linear distance of the mandibular canal proximal to the impacted mandibular third molar tooth was 2.9mm (0.93mm) while the linear distance between the mandibular canal and the impacted mandibular third molar was -0.7mm (2.33mm). The mean (SD) of the depth of impaction of the impacted mandibular third molar tooth was 8.9mm (4.51mm). There was no statistical difference between sexes for these three measurements with p-value of 0.200, 0.624 and 0.932 respectively. The mandibular canal is in close proximity with impacted mandibular third molar and therefore should be considered during surgical removal of the tooth. However, due to the variability of the depth of impaction, radiographic assessment, preferably CBCT should ideally be performed for every patient before surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar.

Correlation between size of orbital floor defect and choice of implant material 

Chieng Kai Wen, Aqilah Najwa, Marzuki Omar, Johari Yap School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Orbital floor fractures secondary to trauma is not uncommon. The resultant defect often needs to be reconstructed. Various materials can be used to repair the defect including autogenous bone graft, synthetic implants such as porous polyethylene and titanium. The aim of this study was to find the correlation between area size of orbital floor fracture and operator’s choice of implant material in Hospital USM. This is a cross-sectional study whereby 19 subjects with unilateral orbital floor fracture whom had undergone surgery in HUSM and had been reviewed for at least six months were chosen. The CT images of these subjects were obtained from archive images from Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) server at radiology department HUSM. The area sizes of the orbital floor fracture were estimated from the CT imaging using Osirix Imaging Software © Pixmeo SARL and recorded. The sample’s treatment records were retrieved and the choice of implant material was recorded for each patient. Complications with each implant material after surgical correction of orbital floor fracture were also recorded. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test which showed that there is no significant association between the area size of orbital floor fracture and operator’s choice of implant material with p>0.05. In conclusion, eventhough there was no statistically significant association between the area size of orbital floor fracture and operator’s choice of implant material, the median showed that titanium was used for larger sized orbital floor defects, medpore for medium-sized and autograft for the smaller orbital floor defects.

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Salivary flow in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the characteristics of the subject  

Mindy Frieda Anissa, Rosiliwati Wihardja, Sri Tjahajawati Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Sekeloa Selatan I Bandung Jawa Barat

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Polyuria which is one of the common symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus causes an imbalance of body fluid to intracellular and extracellular dehydration. The condition leads to reduced production of saliva of major and minor salivary glands. The purpose of this study was to determine salivary flow in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the characteristic subject.This is a descriptive study with consecutive sampling techniques with the data being presented in tables and graphs. The population consisted of 60 patients, divided into two equally sized groups – those with type 2 controlled and those with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of patient with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, 11 people (36.67%) showed normal salivary flow rate, 10 people (33.33%) had low salivary rate, another 9 people (30%) suffered from hyposalivation. In the group of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, as many as one person (3.33%) showed normal salivary flow rate, 16 people (53.33%) was low, and 13 (43.33%) hyposalivation. It can be concluded from this study the salivary rate of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus was less than that of controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Age estimation based on the tooth post‐developmental changes 

Karen Lio Su Ying, Hilwa Hanin Abd Halim, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Yanti Johari, Zarina JaafarSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between area and length of transparent dentin, area and width ratio of root canal and normalised chronological age. The research was conducted on sixty-three extracted anterior teeth and premolars of Northeastern Malaysian with known age and sex. Measurements were made digitally from x-ray for analysis of the root canal area over the total root area (RCA/RAX) ratio and width ratios of the pulp cavity in three root levels. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally. Root dentin transparency on sectioned teeth was observed with naked eye and scored using Gustafson’s and Johanson’s methods. Measurements of root dentin transparency were made under stereomicroscope for analysis of translucent dentin length over total root length (TDL/TRL) ratio and translucent dentin area over the total root area (TDA/RAS) ratio. The coefficient of correlation of Gustafson score with normalized chronological age is the strongest (r=0.738, p<0.001) and the sexual dimorphism was statistically significant. Johanson score and RCA/RAX ratio had significant strong correlation with normalized chronological age too, which were r=0.689, p<0.001 and r=0.489, p=0.008 respectively. The result showed reduction of pulp size with increasing normalized chronological age. Only width ratio at point B showed significant strong correlation with normalized chronological age (r=0.575, p=0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between TDL/TRL ratio, TDA/RAS ratio and normalized chronological age. In conclusion, scoring methods still produce better estimation than linear and area measurement of transparent dentine while only width ratio at point B provide strong correlation.

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Evaluation  of  permanent  teeth  extraction  indication  in  the  patients  attending dental hospital of Universitas Indonesia 

Atikah Amalina Ghaisani, Rachmita Anne, Corputty Johan. E. MDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, 16424 Depok, West Java, Indonesia

Tooth loss continues to be a health problem in many parts of the world. Based on data from the 2013 Basic Health Research in Indonesia, the Decay, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMF-T) index in Indonesia is 4.6 with Missing Teeth (MT) component value 2.9. It shows that the high rate of tooth loss is still very high.This study aims to describe an overview of distribution and frequency of permanent teeth extraction in Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia (RSKGM FKG UI) patients from January 1st 2012 till December 31st 2014 as an evaluation of the adequacy of dental care and the development of oral health programs. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted at the RSKGM FKG UI in June to August 2015. The secondary data of patients were obtained from the medical records of the RSKGM FKG UI during the research period. The results showed that the indication for tooth extraction was pulp and root necrosis (45.6%), followed by tooth impaction (30.6%), orthodontic reason (13.8%), malposition (4.7%), periodontal diseases (2.6%), fractures (1.1%), prosthodontic reason (0.4%) and other reasons (1.5%). Extraction cases were found more in women (64%) in the age group 11-30 years (44.9%) with the bachelor degree level (42.2%), and mandibular molars (45.9 %). The highest rank in indications of permanent teeth extracted was pulp and root necrosis, which is a continuation of the decay process, followed sequentially by tooth impaction, orthodontic reason, malposition, periodontal disease, fracture, other reasons and prosthodontics reason.

Gingival biotypes identification among Malay subjects : A pilot study 

Manjitra Sukumaram, Mohamad Yusof Rashid, Zurairah Berahim, Haslina Taib, Yanti JohariSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Gingival biotypes play an important role in predicting prognosis and treatment outcome of the periodontal plastic procedure and restorative dentistry in general around the aesthetic region. Therefore, this pilot study was carried out to detect the differences in the gingival biotype present in the male and the female Malay population in Kelantan. In this study we recruited 24 male and 24 female aged from 18 to 47 who fulfilled all the inclusion criteria with healthy upper anterior teeth and periodontal status. The gingiva and the incisors morphometric were examined and measured using William’s periodontal probe. Crown width and crown length ratio (CW/CL), gingival width (GW), papilla height (PH), probing depth (PD) and gingival thickness (GT) were recorded. William’s probe was inserted into the gingival sulcus and the transparency of probe determined the GT. All the parameters and photo of upper front teeth were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPPS version 22.0 and non-parametric test was employed. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. There was no significant difference of the gingival biotypes between male and female subjects (p=0.68). The majority of the subjects (more than 80%) has thin biotypes at both lateral and central incisors. Thin biotype is significantly associated with narrow gingival width (p=0.019). In conclusion, management of anterior region in Malay patients requires careful and proper treatment procedures as thin gingival biotypes may influence tissue response and disparities in the aesthetic outcome.

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A  study  of  presence/impaction  and/or  agenesis  of  third  molar  tooth  germs  in relationship with ABO blood group in orthodontic patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). 

Yap Hao Zhi, Che Ku Farah Najwa Che Ku Aziz, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Wan Suriana Wan Ab RahmanSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

In last few decades, several studies have been carried out to investigate relationships between ABO blood groups and the incidence of certain oral and dental disease, limited number of studies have been carried out to explore the relationship between third molar agenesis and different blood group. The purpose of study is to determine the presence/impaction and/or agenesis of third molar tooth germs in relationship with the ABO blood group in orthodontic patients in HUSM. This is a cross sectional study on secondary data whereby 271 subjects (n=271) was randomly selected from HUSM’s orthodontic clinic. Number of patients with blood group type A is 73 (n=73), type B is 75(n=75), type AB is 56(n=56) and type O is 67(n=67). Patients’ blood group is determined using Tyle’s method and orthopantomograph (OPG) is used to assess third molar status and angulation of impaction according to Winter’s classification. The data were analysed statistically using SPSS version 22 with Pearson’s Chi-Square test. The result shows no relationship between the ABO blood group and impaction status (p=0.52) and no significance association between ABO blood group and agenesis of third molars (p=0.321). The most common type of impaction based on angulation is mesioangular, as the incidence of blood group A is (n=77), B is (n=67), AB is (n=66) and O is (n=60). Blood group A has the highest incidence of agenesis (n=34), followed by blood group B (n=32). In conclusion, there is no association between impaction status and ABO blood group in orthodontic patients in HUSM.

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Minimum  inhibitory  concentration  (MIC)  of  ethyl  acetate  extract  of  blood  cockle (Anadara granosa) on the growth of streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 

Ayu Galih Permata Dewi Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia

Blood cockle (Anadara granosa) contains antibacterial compounds that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis as a pioneer in the formation of dental plaque. In dentistry, blood cockle has potency to be used as a source of active ingredients mouthwash. The purpose of this study was to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract of blood cockle (A.granosa) on the growth of S.sanguinis ATCC 10556. The study was laboratory experimental using serial dilution method. The concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of blood cockle used in this experiment were 0.5 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.125 mg/mL. The result of this study shows that bacteria colonies were reduced almost 100% in 0.5 mg/mL, while they were reduced ≥ 50% in 0.25 mg/mL. On the other hand, 0.125 mg/mL unable to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556. It is concluded that 0.25 mg/mL ethyl acetate extract of blood cockle was minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556.

Comparison of efficacy and bleaching  safety between professional home bleaching agent and over‐the‐counter bleaching agent on human natural tooth. 

Japsimretjit Kaur Manjit Singh, Matsurah Sengut, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Zuryati Ab Ghani, Normastura Abd Rahman School Of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

There is wide range of bleaching modalities available for tooth whitening nowadays. This study was done to investigate the efficacy and effects of bleaching on human natural tooth. Specifically, the objectives were to compare the colour changes, microhardness and surface roughness of the human natural tooth after bleaching with professional home bleaching agent and over the counterbleaching agent. 57 human natural tooth were embedded in acrylic of 2.5mm thickness and 14 x 8 mm surface area. The samples were stained with human blood before they were divided into 3 groups (n=19 per group) of control (C), Opalescence PF 15% (PB) and Whitelight Tooth Whitening set (WL) before being treated with the respective bleaching agents for 10 days. Colorimetric measurements (L*, a* and b* values) were recorded pre-staining, post-staining and post-bleaching while microhardness and surface roughness measurements were recorded for pre-bleaching and post-bleaching. Colour changes after bleaching was noticed in all groups. The microhardness for PB and WL group increased after bleaching while surface roughness remains the same for all the groups. There were no significant differences in colour changes changes after staining, colour changes after bleaching and changes in surface roughness between the three groups. Significant difference were noticed for differences in microhardness after bleaching regime with significance of C group against PB group (p<0.001) being higher than C group against WL group (p=0.003).As a conclusion, both professional home bleaching and over-the-counter bleaching agents showed similar efficacy with no effect on surface roughness and both caused an increase in microhardness.

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Evaluation  of  microleakage  in  combined  amalgam‐composite  resin  class  II restoration 

Ng King Hua, Mohamad Aiman Mohd Sabri, Sam’an Malik Masudi School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Microleakage has been defined as the passage of ions, molecules, fluids or bacteria between a cavity wall and restorative material. This study aimed to access and compare marginal seal at tooth-material and material-material interfaces at the proximal box in combined amalgam/composite resin restorations. Mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavities were prepared in 25 premolars with carbide bur. The distal proximal box was restored with Silverfil amalgam (Dunia Perwira, Malaysia) until reaching the height of pulpal floor. Dental tissues were then etched with 37% phosphoric acid (ScotchbondTM Universal Etchant; 3M-ESPE) and a bonding agent (3M ESPE, USA) was applied and cured. Composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M-ESPE) was placed in layers in the mesial proximal box first, then all occlusal, and light cured. Marginal adaptation was evaluated at the following interfaces: amalgam-tooth (A), amalgam-composite resin (AC) and composite resin-tooth (C). Microleakage was evaluated by means of methylene blue infiltration after a week of water storage and thermocycling regimen (1500 cycles) at 5°C- 55°C. Microleakage was assessed as percentage depth of horizontal dye penetration (infiltration extent/cavity extension). ANOVA showed statistically significant difference between A-C and AC-C (p<0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between A-AC interfaces (p>0.05). Mean and standard deviation of microleakage values were A, 88.39(24.23), AC, 76.27(31.79) and C, 34.23(43.24), according to Tukey's test. The results showed that amalgam/composite resin interface exhibited the lowest microleakage scores. Since composite resin restorations exhibited lower microleakage scores than combined composite resin and amalgam, it is concluded that composite resin alone or in combination with amalgam is effective to reduce microleakage in class II restorations.

Evaluation of different hygiene instruments on titanium implant fixture 

Sharon Wong Kah Khei, Nur Fatin Mohamed Pauzi@Ramli, Akram Hassan, Haslina TaibSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Roughened surfaces of the exposed fixture due to peri implantitis can contribute to accumulation of bacterial plaque thus, deteriorates the integrity of the implant. This study aimed to assess the effect of different hygiene instruments on titanium implant fixture surface. This is an experimental clinical study whereby nine Bego implant fixtures (n=9) were used. All 9 samples were mounted on 2cm x 2cm x 2cm stone stands and were randomly divided into 3 groups based on different hygiene instruments and methods: Control (n=3), Airflow (AF) abrasive system (n=3) , and rubber cup (RC) with pumice (n=3). All samples were treated for 2 minutes each. The treated fixtures were irrigated with normal saline and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The samples were air dried, wrapped in sterile 2cm x 2cm dry gauze and stored in individually labeled and sealed compartments. One fixture was randomly selected from the three groups and observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Surface roughness of each specimens were described according to SEM images using x1000 and x2000 magnifications. SEM showed that fixture from control group was not a smooth surface and revealed machine lines due to milling process. The fixture from AF group had generalized micropores and craters but machine lines were slightly diminished. The fixture from RC group showed semicircular lines of rubber cap and diminished machine lines. Based on the findings, the titanium implant fixture surface treated with air powder abrasive systems revealed the less invasive and more effective compared to surface treated with rubber cup and pumice under present test condition.

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Antibacterial evaluation of GIC incorporated with coumarin derivatives 

Nurulhuda Mohd Noor, Savithri Rajandran, Fatimah Suhaili Abdul Rahman, Dasmawati Mohamad, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the synthesized coumarin derivatives as an antibacterial agent incorporated with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Fuji II GIC was used as a control. Fabrication of GIC-RUA and GIC-RUC paste was made at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5 % w/w of RUA and RUC by adding the synthesized coumarin derivatives to powdered GIC (Fuji II). The antibacterial activity of each GIC was evaluated against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion test. Further study was carried out on the material tested using microdilution method against Streptococcus sanguinis. The result was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test by IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Based on the agar diffusion test, results indicated that both RUA and RUC significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans in which RUC is more potent inhibitor compared to RUA. From the kinetic bacteria growth test, it showed that 0.5% GIC-RUC already inhibit bacteria growth compared to GIC-RUA at 1.5%. In conclusion, coumarin derivatives can effectively act as antibacterial agent when incorporated with GIC.

Effect  of  saliva  and  blood  contamination  after  bonding  procedure  on  shear  bond strength of nanohybrid composite resin to enamel 

Ariana Maulina Putria, Citra Kusumasarib, Endang Suprastiwib Undergraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Composite resin is very sensitive and vulnerable to contamination that occurs in oral cavity. This study aimed to determine the effect of saliva and blood contamination after bonding on shear bond strength of composite to enamel and to compare several decontamination procedures. 25 human premolars, mounted in acrylic blocks, were grinded on buccal surface to prepare flat superficial enamel surface. They were randomly divided into 5 groups based on type of contamination and decontamination procedures. Group A (n=5) as control group were etched, bonded, and applied composite resin. Group B (n=10) after bonding procedure and polymerization, samples were contaminated by saliva for 15 seconds, 5 samples were rinsed by water and air-dried (group B1), and the rests were cleaned by cotton pellet soaked in alcohol (group B2). Group C (n=10) had the same intervention as Group B, but the contamination was using blood. All samples were incubated at 370C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength was tested using a Universal Testing Machine with load cell 50kgF and test speed 0.5 mm/min. The highest bond strength was seen in control group (14.78±0.89), while group C2 (blood-alcohol) showed the lowest bond strength (9.03±1.10). Significant differences (p<0.05) were seen among all groups, except B1 (saliva-rinse-air dry) compared to control group (p>0.05), and B2 (saliva-alcohol) compared to C1 (blood-rinse-air dry) (p>0.05). In conclusion, contamination of saliva and blood after bonding decreased the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel. Decontamination with water and air is sufficient in restoring the bond strength, similar to control group.

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Knowledge,  attitude,  exposure  and  future  intention  of  Universiti  Sains  Malaysia medical and dental students towards exclusive breastfeeding. 

Khairun Nadzirah Khairul Azman, Ida Dahlia Ab Aziz, Noraini Mohamad, Norkhafizah Saddki School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months is the optimal way of feeding infants. As future health professionals, it is important for medical and dental student to have good knowledge and attitude about exclusive breastfeeding. This cross-sectional study is aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, exposure and future exclusive breastfeeding intention among dental and medical student of Universiti Sains Malaysia. A total of 162 students participated in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect variables of interest. Most students knew breast milk reduces risk of lung infection in babies (95.1%), provides more protection against allergy than formula milk (98.8%), and helps in proper development of baby’s teeth and gum. Most students (97.3%) also knew about the advantages of brestfeeding to mothers. However, more than half (53.7%) thought that expressed milk can be warmed in a microwave and the remaining can be stored again. Most students (95.1%) strongly agreed that exclusive breastfeeding is easier to be practiced than formula feeding and that it is the best choice for working mothers (73.5%). More than 80% of students were exposed to exclusive breastfeeding and 93.2% intend to breastfeed their children in the future. Exclusive breastfeeding intention of the students’ was significantly associated with their ethnicity, exposures and attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding. This study concludes that medical and dental students in USM have good knowledge, attitude and future intention towards exclusive breastfeeding. Ethnicity of the students, their past exposures to exclusive breastfeeding and attitude towards the practice are associated with their future exclusive breastfeeding intention.

Dental attendance among elderly to Hospital USM dental Clinic.

Muhammad Ilman A Wahab, Muhammad Izzul Norman, Mohd Zulkarnain Sinor, Basaruddin Ahmad, Azirrawani AriffinSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

With increasing age, elderly that attend to the dental clinic to seek dental treatment come with various medical problems. In this study, we want to determine the pattern of attendance among elderly to dental clinic and what are their main oral health problems as well as their medical problems. This cross-sectional study evaluated among 98 elderly patients that came to HUSM Dental Clinic from 1st January 2014 to 30th June 2014. Data were obtained from the treatment records of each patients collected from the Unit Rekod Perubatan Hospital USM. Elderly aged 60 years old and above were identified and their sociodemographic data, dental chief complaint and medical history were recorded into a form. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Edentulism (30.6%) is the most oral health concern among the elderly that bring them to the dental clinic, followed by cavitated tooth (21.4%), mobile tooth (16.3%) and tooth pain (13.3%). Meanwhile, most of the elderly came to the dental clinic with a medical history of hypertension (69.4%), followed by diabetes (35.7%) heart disease (20.4%) and musculoskeletal disorder (13.3%). To conclude, edentulism is the main reason why elderly came to the dental clinic and most of them presented with hypertension which will affect dental treatment. Thus, it is important for the dental personnel especially dental students to have knowledge of screening geriatric patient with various medical illnesses.

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Oral  health  profile  of  complete  denture  patients  treated  by  USM  undergraduate students. 

Goh Sim Ying, Azirrawani Ariffin, Mohd Zulkarnain Sinor School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Complete dentures are important for mastication, speech and aesthetics. However, their impact on the oral health and Quality of Life (QoL) of these patients is questionable. The objective of this study was to assess the oral health profile and QoL of complete denture patients treated by USM undergraduate students. Seventy four patients (n=74) consented and completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaires (Malay version) at least one month following provision of the complete dentures provided by USM undergraduates from 2013 to 2015. Data on age, sex, years of complete denture experience and years of complete edentulism were retrieved from their clinical records. SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyse the data. While the other items appeared to be unaffected or minimally affected by their dentures, 45% of the patients claimed to have chewing difficulties. Almost similarly, “discomfort in eating any food” and “problems with food sticking to the dentures” were reported in 47% and 49% of patients respectively. Overall, 65% of the patients claimed to have prevented eating certain food when wearing dentures. In spite of these, the QoL was never affected in 69% of the patients. In conclusion, the items related to eating seemed to be mostly affected although not often, by their dentures in most of the patients. However their global QoL remain unaffected.

Effect of color shade and LED  light source distance on diametral tensile strength of bulk‐fill composite restorative material   

Dela Medina, Elizhabet Napitupul, ,Yosi Kusuma Eriwati, Bambang IrawanUndergraduate student, bDepartment of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia

Mechanical properties of bulk-fill composites were determined by an adequate polymerization, which influenced by several factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of color shades and LED light source distance on the diametral tensile strength of bulk-fill composite restorative material. Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill composite resin (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Lichetenstein) was formed into 50 cylindrical specimens with 3mm in thickness and 6mm in diameter according to ADA specification no 27 (1993). Each group consists of 10 specimens and divided by its color shade, IVA (Vita: A2-A3), IVB (Vita B1-B2), and IVW (bleached shades). Those 3 groups were prepared with 0mm curing distance. Another 2 groups were prepared with various curing distance: 3mm and 5 mm. Curing of the composites were done using LED Light Curing Unit Bluephase Style resin (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Lichetenstein) for 10 seconds. Diametral tensile strength was determined after 24 hours using Shimadzu AG5000 Universal Mechanical Testing Machine with test speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and LSD’s post hoc test to delineate ares of significant (p<0.05). Specimens with color shade of IVW showed the highest diametral tensile strength among the groups and significantly higher (p<0.05) than the diametral tensile strength of shade IVA. However, the differences in LED light source distance did not show significant difference (p>0.05) on diametral tensile strength. In conclusion, the finding of this study demonstrated that diametral tensile strength of bulk-fill composite resin could be affected by its color shades.

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Characterization  of  chitosan‐gelatin membrane  incorporated with  cinnamaldehyde for potential wound healing application in oral cavity 

Putri Wulan Sari, Ahmad Ridwan, Nunuk Purwanti, Dedy Kusuma Yulianto, Anne Handrini DewiUndergraduate student, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer that has a potential use in drug delivery system. Cinnamaldehyde as an anti-inflammatory agent is suggested for wound healing application. However direct incorporation cinnamaldehyde to the formulation need more attention since its low water solubility and have a crosslinking effect like the other aldehyde group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cinnamaldehyde concentration on characterization of chitosan-gelatin membrane as drug delivery system. Chitosan-gelatin membrane was prepared by mixing emulsion system that consists of cinnamaldehyde, PEG 400 and VCO with homogenized chitosan-gelatin solution. Specimen was cut in 1.5X1.5cm for the cinnamaldehyde groups and control group. In this present study, chitosan-gelatin membrane incorporated with cinnamaldehyde at level 1%, 2% and 3% (v/v) were prepared to examine swelling ratio, weight loss, contact angle, surface roughness and folding endurance. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to describe surface structure and the chemical bonding were investigated by Fourier Transformed Infrared (F-TIR).One way Anova and LSD analysis of swelling ratio and weight loss demonstrated that there were a significant differences between all cinnamaldehyde groups and a control group (p<0.05). The statistic result proved a significant difference only between cinnmaldehyde 3 % and control group on contact angle and surface roughness (p<0.05). The incorporation of cinnamaldehyde 3% into chitosan-gelatin membrane was found increasing the folding endurance significantly among the other groups (p<0,05). In conclusion, the result demonstrated that the chitosan-gelatin membrane are suitable for cinnamaldehyde delivery system.

A  10  years  evaluation  of  removable  orthodontic  treatment  at  School  of  Dental Sciences, HUSM 

Fradella Sandy Telasai, Sa’idatul Aklima Salleh, Md Nazmul Hassan, Mohammad Khursheed Alam School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia.

Orthodontic treatments are involved in the correction of maxillary and mandibular inter and intra-arch tooth relationships abnormalities. The aim of this study is to determine the type and reason of using removable orthodontic appliances at School of Dental Sciences, HUSM. This study also determines the relationship between the Index of Treatment Need (IOTN), focusing on type of malocclusions, and removable orthodontic appliance used. The investigation was performed on archived records of randomly selected, 151 patients (114 female, 37 male), treated between 2004 to 2014. Eight types of appliance components were evaluated from the removable appliances used, which are; labial bow, springs, bite plane, canine retractor, twin block and expansion screw. Patients treated with fixed appliance were also included in the study. Patients were analyzed according to their age, gender, race and type of malocclusion. SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyze the results. The frequency of removable appliances was found as follows: labial bow 43.7%, springs 23.8%, canine retractor 6%, anterior and posterior bite plane 26.5%, screw expansion 7.9% and twin block 3.3%. In addition, 40.3% of removable appliance were used for skeletal class I malocclusion and 15.8% of those were used in incisal relationship class II as compared to fixed appliance. From the analysis, labial bow are the most commonly used followed by bite planes which were associated with overjet and crossbites. Other components were also used frequently. Twin block had a quite seldom use. From the analysis, there were no relationship between the IOTN and removable appliances.

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Assessment  of  periodontal  status  in  patients with  rheumatoid  arthritis:    A  pilot study. 

Nadiah Suhaimi, Natasha Kamaruzaman, Haslina Taib, Wan Majdiah Wan Mohamad, Wan Syamimee Wan Ghazali, School of Dental Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis has been reported in recent literature; however, the findings are still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the proportion and status of periodontal disease among rheumatoid arthritis patients in Hospital USM. The association between severity of periodontal disease and rheumatoid factor was also determined. A comparative cross sectional study was conducted at the Dental Clinic of Hospital USM. In this study, data on age, gender, ethnicity, history of rheumatoid arthritis, plaque score, gingivitis score, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were collected. A sum of 16 rheumatoid arthritis and 16 non-rheumatoid arthritis patients with median age of 33.50 (IQR26) were examined (n=32). Data obtained were analysed with SPSS version 22 using non-parametric test with p<0.05 taken as significant. It was found that all rheumatoid arthritis and 93.8% of non-rheumatoid patients have periodontal disease (p=1.000 by Fisher’s exact test). There were no significant differences in periodontal parameters between rheumatoid arthritis and non-rheumatoid arthritis patients; p=0.940, 0.346, 0.985, and 0.119 for plaque score, gingivitis score, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss respectively. There was also no significant association between severity of periodontal disease and rheumatoid factor (p=1.000). Findings from this limited data showed that periodontal disease is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Functional ability of masticatory muscle In treated mandibular fracture cases using Surface Electromyography (sEMG) 

Stefanie Yong E Ping, Zuriana Mohd Adirus @ Mohd Idrus, Rehana Basri, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Shaifulizan Ab. Rahman. School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

Mandibular fractures occur frequently and account for more than half of all maxillofacial fractures. The mandible is then subject to complications after treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the function of the masticatory muscles in patients who have been treated for mandibular fractures in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) in relation to quality of life, clinical findings and surface electromyography (sEMG) findings of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Subject group refer to patients who underwent treatment for mandibular fracture in HUSM. Subjects were interviewed using a quality of life questionnaire adapted from the University of Washington Quality of Life Scale-Version 4 and then assessed clinically. The function of the masticatory muscles were then assessed using sEMG and the results compared to that of the control group of patients who never had mandibular fracture.A total of 15 control and 5 subject patients underwent the assessment. All the patients in the subject group experienced a decrease in quality of life in at least one criteria. 80% of patients had pain, paraesthesia, difficulty in chewing and change in appearance. 40% had speech difficulty. 20% had increased anxiety and overall decrease in mood. Clinical examination showed 60% of patients had facial asymmetry, 40% had tenderness and clicking of temporomandibular joint, and 40% had decreased mouth opening. Statistical analysis of the parameters showed significant difference (p<0.05) for both masseter and temporalis muscles during rest, chewing and clenching except for the right masseter muscle during rest. In conclusion, the function of the masticatory muscles was significantly affected even after treatments have been given post mandibular fracture in relation to their quality of life, clinical findings and sEMG results.

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Effect  of  saliva,  blood,  and  gloves  contamination  on  compressive  strength  of nanohybrid composite resin 

Annisa Widiandini, Citra Kusumasari, Endang Suprastiwi Undergraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia.

The aims of this study were to determine the effect of saliva, blood, and gloves contamination on the compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resin. Twenty four specimens (n=24) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=4) based on the type of contamination. Group 1 as control group, Group 2 as saliva contamination group, Group 3 as blood contamination group, Group 4 as gloves contamination group. The specimens were prepared using a cylindrical split mold with 8.0 mm height and 4.0 mm diameter in which the materials were inserted incrementally. The upper layer of the composite was contaminated with saliva, blood, or gloves. After the contamination, the surfaces were rinsed for 10s with water stream from an air-water syringe, followed by air drying for 5s. The curing time of each increment was 20s. The specimens were kept in distilled water and incubated at 37C for 24 hours. The specimens were tested using Universal Testing Machine (Shimadzu Autograph AG 5000) with load cell of 500 kgf running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 with One-way ANOVA statistical test. The mean and standard deviation values (MPa) for compressive strength were Group 1= 151.57 ± 17.97, Group 2= 159.94 ± 18.55, Group 3= 134.91 ± 25.53, Group 4= 151.72 ± 17.34. All groups did not show statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the compressive strength. In conclusion, saliva, blood, and gloves contamination do not affect the compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resin.

Oral mucosal lesions : A 1‐year  data review of dental patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia  

Nur Kamaliah Tng Mohd Salleh Tng, Tham Yuen Wern, Nurhafizah Ghani, Masitah Hayati Harun, Nik Aloesnisa Nik Mohd Alwi School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) lesions are commonly encountered in patients at a dental clinic. OMLs include changes to the mucosal integrity, colour, texture and swellings. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of OMLs in patients attending Dental Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (Hospital USM). A cross sectional study using secondary data was used. Dental records of patients seen in dental clinic from January to December 2014 were obtained. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the results. Forty three patients presented with oral mucosal lesions. The age in the sample range 0.5 to 77 years with the mean of 48.95 ± 19. The highest lesion was non-malignant ulcer (40.0%) and followed by oral lichen planus (31.1%). Patients with exophytic lesions contributed about 17.8%. Candida related lesion and keratotic lesion was about 11.1% each out of all patients with oral mucosa lesion. Patients diagnosed with herpetic lesion were 2.2% and other lesions were 4.4%. The highest site of occurrence of OMLs was buccal mucosa with frequency of 41.3%. There was no significant association between demographic and behavioral factors. As a conclusion, the highest lesion of oral mucosal was non malignancy ulcer and lowest lesion was herpetic lesion.

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Comparison of various preparation and isolation methods on calcium measurement of dried shrimp (Macrobrachium sp.)Ivana Florentina, Harun A. Gunawan, Niniarty Z. DjamalUndergraduate student, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia.

Dried shrimps or ebi (Macrobrachium sp.) is one of Indonesia’s natural resources which easily obtained and assumed to contain high calcium level. The objective of this study was to know the exact calcium level in ebi and analyze the effects of various preparation and isolation methods in calcium level measurement. Ebi was divided in two preparation groups, the heated (oven) preparation and non heated respectively. Heat preparation was done at 80ºC for 20 minutes. Sample in each preparation group was divided into three different isolation methods, dilution, acid digestion, and dry ashing group. In dilution, sample was shaken in deionized water, where in acid digetion method used microwave-assisted digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and in dry ashing, sample was ashed using furnace from 26ºC to 550ºC, then added with nitric and hydrochloride acids. The measurement was done use atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with 422.7 nm wavelength by comparing to calcium chloride standards of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm. Results showed that the highest calcium level were 8,853 ppm (non heated preparation group) and 7,749 ppm (heated preparation group) both using the acid digestion isolation method. There was strong and positive correlation in calcium measurement between the preparation and the isolation methods. Acid digestion showed the ability to break the chemical bonds between the calcium and the organic material in ebi, therefore eased the calcium measurement. In conclusion, ebi prepared using non heated and isolated using acid digestion, showed the highest calcium measurement result.

Vascular anomalies : A 15 year experiences of vascular anomalies in head and neck in HUSM from 1997‐2011 – A clinical audit

Syirrin Faldhira Haziq Mazlan, Nur Shaqira Atiqa Mohd Saad, Abdullah Pohchi, Roselinda Ab. RahmanSchool of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Vascular anomalies are the type of congenital anomalies that involve vascular system. It can be divided into hemangiomas or vascular tumors and vascular malformations (VM). This study was done to determine the pattern of vascular anomalies in head and neck region that treated in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) since 1997-2011. This was a retrospective study of twenty-seven records of all vascular anomalies cases diagnosed and treated in HUSM over period of 15 years. Data were analysed statistically using SPSS 22.0. Sociodemographic result showed that all 27 cases diagnosed as vascular malformation were mostly Malays (77.8%) with male to female ratio is 1: 1.25. Patients’ age were ranged from 1 to 67 years old, predominantly in the first decade (33.3%) and second decade (33.3%) of life. Most of the malformation occurred mainly in the brain region (44.4%). Based on the angiographic data, most feeder vessels were from facial artery (14.8%), posterior cerebral artery (14.8%) and anterior cerebral artery (11.1%). Most of the cases underwent embolization (37.0%), surgical excision (22.2%), intralesional laser theraphy (14.8%), stereotactic radiosurgery (7.4%), and sclerotheraphy (3.7%). 14.8% of the patients were only diagnosed for having VM in HUSM but did not get treatment here. There were 5 cases reported recurrences after treatments. In conclusion, pattern of vascular anomalies in head and neck case that treated in HUSM were quite identical with published study worldwide. However, there is still confusion regarding some parts of vascular anomalies such as the terminology used and treatment modalities.

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Evaluating  the presence of oral protozoa  in gingival crevicular  fluid  from patients with periodontal disease – A pilot study 

Nurul Husna Abdul Harith, Nur Fathiah Amran, Raja Azman Raja Awang, Zeehaida Mohamad , Mior Azrizal M. Ibrahima, Suharni Mohamad School of Dental Sciences, bSchool of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

This pilot study describes a pilot evaluation of Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) and Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax)in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontal diseases who attended dental clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. This study aimed to determine and compare the occurrence of E. gingivalis and T. tenaxfrom healthy and diseased sites from patients with periodontal diseases. A total of six patients with periodontal diseases (n=6) were recruited in this study. Six samples were taken from each patient in whom three samples were chosen from healthy sites and three samples were chosen from diseased sites. The gingival crevicular fluid was collected by using sterile paper points. All the samples were sent to the parasitological laboratory and stained with Giemsa before examination under microscope. There were no oral parasites seen during parasitological examination in all 72 slides taken from six patients with periodontal diseases. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that there was absence of E. gingivalis and T. tenax in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontal diseases. These results obtained may be due to small sample size. Increasing the number of sample size in the study may give better results.

Skin frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) extract gel accelerates angiogenesis and collagen synthesis in post extraction wound healing process: in vivo study  

Afina Alfasia, Bayu Anggoro Aji, Mega Denada Aldila, Hans Kristian Wibowo, Berilla Silsila Surbakti, Tetiana Haniastuti Faculty of Dentistry, bDepartment of Oral Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Tooth extraction is a common procedure in dentistry. This procedure causes disruptions of normal structure and function of tissue. Frog (Fejerfarya limnocharis) is one of amphibian which can be found easily in Indonesia. Frog skin contains bioactive compounds such as saponins, alkaloid, and bradykinin which has good effects in wound healing. This research aimed to study the effect of 70% frog skin extract gel on angiogenesis and collagen synthesis in post extraction wound healing process. The subject of this study consisted of 45 guinea pigs which were divided into 3 groups. After tooth extraction was performed on the right mandibular incisors, the sockets were filled with either 15 µl 70% frog skin extracts gel (treatment group), 15 µl povidone iodine (positive control group), or 15 µl aquadest (negative control group). Guinea pigs were sacrificed on days 3rd, 7th, and 14th after the extraction. The mandibles of the guinea pig were processed histologically and stained with hematoxylin eosin and Mallory. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) among groups, indicating that the frog skin extract gel stimulated angiogenesis and collagen synthesis. Post hoc analysis showed significant difference of the number of blood vessels and collagen between treatment and negative control groups in all observation periods. In addition, there was no significant difference of the number of blood vessels and collagen between treatment and positive control groups. In conclusion, 70% frog skin extract gel accelerates angiogenesis and collagen synthesis of post extraction wound healing in guinea pig.

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