Broadband Overpower Line

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Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

fter years of development! technolo"y to deliver hi"h-speed data over the

e#istin" electric power delivery networ$ has emer"ed in the mar$etplace. %alled

broadband over power line &BPL'! this technolo"y offers an alternative means of

providin" hi"h-speed internet access! (oice over )nternet Protocol &(o)P'! and other

broadband services! usin" medium- and low- volta"e lines to reach customers* homes

and businesses.

Broadband over Power Line &BPL'! also $nown as Power Line

%ommunications &PL%' is a disruptive communications technolo"y that enables

power line infrastructure landlords &electric utilities + property owners' and their

system operator partners to deliver a suite of )nternet Protocol &)P' based services

usin" their e#istin" power distribution infrastructure.

BPL transmits hi"h fre,uency data si"nals throu"h the same power cable

networ$ used in carryin" electrical power to household/or business subscribers. )n

order to ma$e use of BPL! subscribers install a modem that plu"s into an ordinary

electrical wall outlet and pay a subscription fee similar to those paid for other types of)nternet service.

1.1 Evolution of BPL

BPL is based on PL% technolo"y developed in 0 by 1+1 Bell 1elephone

Laboratories! and which has been used for internal and low-speed data

communication applications since that time by the electric power utilities. Based on

PL% technolo"y! some customer premises e,uipment &%P2' such as intercomsystems! have used the embedded electrical wire to avoid the cost of special wirin".

)n 2urope and most of the rest of the world! PL% standards allow for communications

over the 3-43 volt power "rid at fre,uencies of 3 567 to 83 567. )n the 9nited

:tates! the standards for the 3 volt power "rid allow the use of fre,uencies above

83 567 as well. Power utilities use the fre,uencies below 43 567 for internal

applications such as telemetry and monitorin" and control of e,uipment at remote

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sub-stations. )n the 3s! development be"an on broadband over power line &BPL'!

which has since then been re"ionally standardi7ed.

@espite the spread of broadband technolo"y in the last few years! there are

si"nificant areas of the world that don=t have access to hi"h-speed )nternet. Ahen

wei"hed a"ainst the relatively small number of customers )nternet providers would

"ain! the incremental e#penditures of layin" cable and buildin" the necessary

infrastructure to provide @:L or cable in many areas! especially rural! is too "reat.

But if broadband could be served throu"h power lines! there would be no need to

build a new infrastructure. nywhere there is electricity there could be broadband.

1echnolo"y to deliver hi"h-speed data over the e#istin" electric power delivery

networ$ is closer to reality in the mar$etplace. By combinin" the technolo"ical

principles of radio! wireless networ$in"! and modems! developers have created a way

to send data over power lines and into homes at speeds between 833 $ilobits and

me"abits per second &e,uivalent to @:L and cable'. 1he technolo"y evolution in the

ne#t few years is important from a perspective of future competitive position of BPL

as new networ$s are built and alternative technolo"ies emer"e.

Broadband access and services are delivered usin" a variety of technolo"ies!

networ$ architectures and transmission methods. 1he most si"nificant broadband

technolo"ies include?

@i"ital :ubscriber Line &@:L'

%oa#ial %able

:atellite

@:L is a very hi"h-speed connection to )nternet that uses the same wires as a

re"ular telephone line. standard telephone installation in the 9nited :tates consists

of a pair of copper wires. 1his pair of copper wires has sufficient bandwidth for

carryin" both data and voice. (oice si"nals use only a fraction of the available

capacity on the wires. @:L e#ploits this remainin" capacity to carry information on

the wire without affectin" the line*s ability to carry voice conversations.

But there are several limitations of @:L describe below ?

1he ,uality of connection depends upon the pro#imity to the provider*s central



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office! closer the better

eceivin" data is faster than sendin" data over the internet

@:L is not available everywhere

;or millions of people! television brin"s news! entertainment and educational

pro"rams into their homes. Cany people "et their 1( si"nal from cable television

&%1(' because cable 1( provides better reception and more channels.

Cany people who have cable 1( can now "et a hi"h-speed connection to the

)nternet from their cable provider. %able modems allow subscribers to access hi"h-

speed data services over cable systems that are "enerally desi"ned with hybrid fiber-

coa#ial &6;%' architecture. %able modem service is primarily residential! but may

also include some small business service.

1he disadvanta"e of coa#ial cable is that when there are heavy-access users! are

connected to the channel! you will have to share the entire bandwidth! and may see

your performance de"rade as a result. )t is possible that! in times of heavy usa"e with

many connected users! performance will be far below the theoretical ma#imums.

:atellite )nternet access is ideal for rural )nternet users who want broadband

access. :atellite )nternet does not use telephone lines or cable systems! but instead

uses a satellite dish for two-way &upload and download' data communications.

9pload speed is about one-tenth of the 833 $bps download speed. %able and @:L

have hi"her download speeds! but satellite systems are about 3 times faster than a

normal modem. 1wo-way satellite )nternet consists of appro#imately a two-foot by

three-foot dish! two modems &uplin$ and downlin$'! and coa#ial cables between dish

and modem. 1he $ey installation plannin" re,uirement is a clear view to the south!

since the orbitin" satellites are over the e,uator area. nd! li$e satellite 1(! trees and

heavy rains can affect reception of the )nternet si"nals.

. %omparison of ccess 1echnolo"ies

1.2 Arhiteture of BPL

Broadband over Power Lines networ$ is overlaid on the medium-volta"e and

low-volta"e se"ments of the power distribution system. 6i"h-speed bac$haul



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connections can be brou"ht to the BPL networ$ at substations or elsewhere alon" the

medium volta"e circuit. n mbient node provides connectivity between the

bac$haul connection and the medium volta"e se"ment of the BPL networ$. 6i"h

speed data travels over this medium-volta"e se"ment to remote locations where is it

transferred to the low-volta"e se"ment or to a wireless interface for the final le" to

the end user or networ$ element bein" mana"ed. simplified view is shown is ;i"ure

..

;i"ure . BPL >etwor$ rchitecture

1he dia"ram below &)nductive %ouplin" )njection 1echni,ue' shows how the

BPL injector converts the )P data traffic into an ; si"nal in a si"nal cable. 1he si"nal

is then injected into the C( or L( cable by induction usin" ferrite cores. 1his is



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$nown as Dinductive couplin"E and can be done without switchin" off power. n

alternative injection techni,ue! $nown asDconductive couplin"E connects the si"nal

cable directly to the electricity cables but re,uires the power to be switched off durin"

connection for safety reasons.

;i"ure . )nductive %ouplin" )njection 1echni,ue

1he end-user simply connects a BPL modem to any power soc$et in the

buildin" for access to the BPL ; si"nal. 1he BPL modem converts the ; si"nal

bac$ into )P data. 1he enduser user then connects the BPL modem into a computer!

server! switch! or wireless access point.

1.! CO"PONENT# O$ BPL NET%OR&

1he entire BPL networ$ can be built from a few basic types of components?

F Coupler' that transfer the communications si"nal to and from power lines.

F No(e' that receive and transmit the si"nal from the medium and low volta"e power

lines. >odes can be either terminal &receivin" and transmittin" between



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medium and low volta"e lines'! epeaters &receivin" and transmittin" on a

medium volta"e line'! or a combination of both.

F "o(e)' that transfer the communications si"nal to and from end users. 1he

modem is typically connected to either a router or the user=s personal

computer. )n addition to an 2thernet interface! some models of mbient=s

BPL modems contain a standard telephone jac$ for internet telephony

applications.

NIC' convert the di"ital data to communication si"nals appropriate for the power

lines and convert the broadband over power lines si"nals bac$ into di"ital

data. >)%s also provide error correction and security functions. 2ach node

can contain up to three >)%s! dependin" upon the node=s function. 2ach >)%

is connected to either a primary &medium volta"e' or secondary &low

volta"e' power line throu"h a coupler.

1.* %or+in, of BPL

)n order to provide data communication! the initial BPL systems coupled radio

fre,uency &;' data si"nals into the e#istin" electric power lines. 1he hi"h fre,uency

data si"nals are transmitted throu"h the same power lines that carry low fre,uency

electricity to the household or business. 1his enables both si"nals to coe#ist on the

same wire.

;rom the specific technolo"ical perspective! the basic idea of BPL technolo"y

is to modulate a radio si"nal with data and send it throu"h power lines in a band of

fre,uencies which are not used for supplyin" electricity. 1he fre,uencies used and the

encodin" scheme have a si"nificant influence on the efficiency and the speed of BPL

service. 1he encodin" scheme which is used by most of the BPL providers is

Ortho"onal ;re,uency @ivision Cultiple#in" &O;@C'. O;@C is a techni,ue used

for transmittin" lar"e amounts of di"ital data over a radio wave. O;@C splits the

radio si"nals into multiple smaller sub-si"nals that are then transmitted at different

fre,uencies to the receiver. 1he transmission of data by O;@C alon" several of the

carrier fre,uencies simultaneously increases speed and reliability. @ata loss occurs

when electrical distribution is interrupted by electrical devices turned on and off.



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O;@C uses small pac$ets to deliver data within the home! losin" only small amounts

of data rather than the whole si"nal.

nother encodin" scheme which is used in BPL is @irect :e,uence :pread

:pectrum &@:::'. @::: is one of two types of Dspread spectrum techni,uesE

wherein a data si"nal at the transmitter is combined with a hi"her data rate bit

se,uence! or chippin" code! that divides the user data accordin" to a spreadin" ratio.

1he chippin" code is a redundant bit pattern for each bit that is transmitted! which

increases the si"nal*s resistance to interference. 1he redundancy of data helps in

recoverin" the bits that are corrupted durin" data transmission.

;rom the system en"ineerin" perspective! BPL provides effective data

communication throu"h a combination of the electric networ$ within the home or

office! the power distribution "rid! and the bac$bone networ$ which transfers the data

si"nal from the )nternet :ervice Provider &):P' to the power lines. BPL systems ta$e

advanta"e of one of the lar"est and the most pervasive networ$s! the power

distribution "rid.

1he power distribution "rid is made up of a number of components aimed at

deliverin" electricity to customers! and includes overhead and under"round Cedium

(olta"e &C(' and Low (olta"e &L(' power lines and associated transformers. ;irst!

power is "enerated at power stations and distributed around a medium to lar"e

"eo"raphical area via 6i"h (olta"e &6(' lines. :econd! in areas where power needs

to be distributed to consumers! transformers will be used to convert this hi"h volta"e

into a lower volta"e to transport over C( power lines. 1hese transformers are

"enerally located at electrical sub-stations operated by the utility or power supplier.

:uch C( power lines will be used to transport electricity around smaller

"eo"raphical areas such as small towns. ;inally! for the purposes of usin" electricity

in the home or business a transformer is used to reduce the volta"e down to safer and

more mana"eable volta"es at the customer*s house or business premises. 1his power

is usually transported over L( power lines. 1hese L( power lines include the lines

that traverse a customer*s home or business.

;i"ure .4 shows the simplified Cedium (olta"e &C(' BPL access networ$.

1he BPL si"nal in this networ$ is transmitted over the C( system from a head-end in



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the local networ$! and for the purpose of final distribution of BPL service to the end

user! either a local repeater to counter the si"nal-bloc$in" effect of the local

transformer! or alternatively a Ai-;i wireless L> access point can be used. )n such

countries as the 9nited :tates where the local electricity supply is 3(! medium

volta"e &C(' systems deliver power very close to many premises with a very

localised transformer providin" the final 3( supply to relatively few premises!

which can be as low as between one and si# homes in rural areas.

;i"ure .4 Cedium (olta"e BPL ccess >etwor$



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;i"ure .8 Low (olta"e BPL ccess >etwor$

;i"ure .8 shows the Low (olta"e &L(' BPL access networ$! common in

2urope and parts of sia- Pacific. )n this case! the system head-end is the local step-

down transformer! and the L( wire is used for the broadband data distribution. )n

countries where the local electricity supply is 3-43(! the local step down

transformer is usually located further from the final customer! and can distribute

power to typically tens of hundreds of customers.



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Chapter 2 TA-ONO" O$ BPL

BPL can be broadly cate"ori7ed into two types?

. ccess BPL

. )n-6ouse BPL

2.1 ACCE## BPL

ccess BPL systems utili7e the power distribution networ$! owned! operated

and controlled by an electricity service provider! as the means of broadband delivery

to and from premises such as the home or office. ccess BPL systems use injectors!repeaters! and e#tractors to deliver hi"h-speed broadband services to the end-user.

;i"ure . ccess BPL

1he ccess BPL networ$ belon"s to broadband service providers. )n this! the

service provider with the help of some injection devices injects data si"nals into the

medium and low volta"e power distribution power networ$ in order to provide

)nternet access. BPL si"nals may be injected onto power lines in several ways on or

between different conductors. :ince BPL si"nals cannot usually pass throu"h an



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electric distribution transformer! additional e,uipment is usually re,uired to allow the

data si"nal to bypass distribution transformers! or to re"enerate data! in order to "et

the data si"nal into a consumer*s home.

2.1.1 En( to En( Ae'' BPL

2nd-to-end ccess BPL systems use either a combination of C( and L( power

lines or L( power lines only. 1hese systems represent the classical architectures for

ccess BPL. )n this case the BPL si"nal is injected onto and carried by the C(

power line. 1he BPL si"nal is then transferred to the L( power line via couplers or

throu"h the L( transformer and delivered directly to the end-user. )n the case of L(

only BPL systems! the BPL si"nal is injected onto the L( power line at the

transformer or the utility meter.

2.1.2 /ri( Ae'' BPL

6ybrid systems use a combination of power lines and wireless transmission.

;or e#ample! a hybrid system may inject a BPL si"nal onto an C( power line and

use a special e#tractor to translate the si"nal into a wireless channel which is

delivered to the end-user.



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;i"ure . 6ybrid ccess BPL

s shown in ;i"ure .! the hybrid ccess BPL system uses repeaters and

e#tractors which are capable of transmittin" and receivin" wireless si"nals to and

from end-users.

2.2 IN/OU#E BPL

)n-house BPL systems utili7e electric power lines not owned! operated or

controlled by an electricity service provider! such as the electric wirin" in a privately

owned buildin". Broadband devices are connected to the in-buildin" wirin" and use

electrical soc$ets as access points

1he only thin" that the user has to do is plu" the modem into the soc$et and

connect it to the computer.

)n-6ouse BPL ma$es use of indoor adapters to transmit data si"nals over

e#istin" interior electric wires within a home! and to connect the data si"nals to

various appliances.



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;i"ure . )n-6ouse BPL

)n-house BPL systems use the electrical outlets available within a buildin" to

transfer information between computers and other home electronic devices and

appliances which eliminate the need to install additional wires amon" devices.

Cu'to)er pre)i'e e3uip)ent 4CPE5

1here are such customer premise e,uipment in BPL networ$! which is describe

below.

U#B /o)e Plu,

6ome Plu" dditional dapter with 2thernet or 9:B port G )nternet access

e#tension and home networ$in" usin" your e#istin" household power circuit.



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;i"ure .4 9:B 6ome Plu"

Ethernet /o)e plu,

s shown in ;i"ure .8! a BPL modem is plu"HandHplay and is rou"hly the si7e

of a common power adapter. )t plu"s into a common wall soc$et! and an 2thernet

cable runnin" to your computer finishes the connection. Aireless versions are also

available.



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;i"ure .8 2thernet 6ome Plu"



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Chapter ! TEC/NOLO6ICAL DE7ELOPE"ENT#

Because of low speed! low functionality and hi"h development cost! BPL

technolo"y was never seriously considered as a communication medium! even thou"h

it has been operational since the 3s. 6istorically! BPL was not only a control

mechanism for electrical utilities! but also was ori"inally desi"ned to send simple

commands over power lines at such low fre,uencies as 33-03 $67. :uch a

mechanism ma$es both remote monitorin" and dia"nostics possible even over lon"

distances. Core recently! BPL has been used in Dsmart homesE. :mart homes can

provide such automated applications as entry! entertainment! and comfort systems!

and can be networ$ed and controlled from a central location. simple form of BPL

also provides the basis for intercom systems.

)n the mid 03s! e#periments on hi"her fre,uencies were carried out to

analy7e the technolo"ical characteristics of the electric power "rid as a medium for

data transfer. ;re,uencies especially in the ran"e of 8-833 $67 were tested. )n these

tests! both the si"nal to noise levels and the attenuation of the si"nal by the power

"rid were important topics for measurements. 1hese tests were underta$en both in2urope and in the 9nited :tates.

!.1 Tehnolo,ial o)ple8it an( it' hallen,e'

1he introduction of BPL technolo"ies around the world has not been received

with universal! unbridled enthusiasm due lar"ely to interference concerns. 1he

interference characteristics associated with BPL can be divided into two broad

cate"ories? &' conducted and &' radiated. )n the ;%% eport + Order 34-48!ccess BPL systems are e#empted from the conducted emissions limits in ;%% Part

8 rules because measurin" the conducted emissions presents a safety ha7ard due to

the -43 $ilovolt ener"y on the power lines. )nstead! the ;%% has focused on

compliance with established radiated emission re,uirements.

!.2 Tehnolo,ial I''ue



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Power lines were not desi"ned for data transmission! but were ori"inally

created to deliver power at 83 to I3 67. Broadband data can be transmitted at

different fre,uencies! over the same wires! however! in order to enable hi"h-speed

and lon"-distance transmission of data on power lines several technolo"ical obstacles

have to be overcome. 1hese include data interference or electrical si"nal interference!

the distance over which data can travel while still providin" "ood ,uality! and the

lac$ of international standards and specifications. 1he technolo"ical issues of BPL in

this section deal with how BPL should be implemented to minimi7e interference with

other services such as amateur radio fre,uencies and international standardi7ation

efforts for BPL technolo"y to increase reliability! interoperability! and security of

broadband transmission over power lines.

!.! Ra(io $re3uen Interferene 4R$I5

1here is limit of ; si"nal "iven below.

BPL Operatin" Below 3 C67

BPL Operatin" bove 3 C67

;) has been one of the most serious potential obstacles to BPL. BPL systems have

been shown to produce ; interference with nearby radio receivers! within up to J8meters for mobile radios and 83 meters for fi#ed radios! accordin" to the merican

adio elay Lea"ue &L'. lso! various elements or structures in or near the

powerlines readily become radiators or antennas at the hi"h fre,uencies at which BPL

data are transmitted. 1his presents a problem of interference with a variety of radio

services.



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Chapter * BENE$IT# O$ BPL

@espite the proliferation of broadband access methods in many countries! some

advanta"es could still be attained by rollin" out BPL.

Re(ution in o't an( 9ei,ht a' o)pare( to or(inar 9irin,

:ince it uses the e#istin" infrastructure! BPL could mean that low-cost

broadband could be made a reality in areas that cannot "et @:L! cable or wireless

broadband. 2ven homes in e#tremely remote areas could now potentially "et

broadband! without havin" to resort to the hi"h latency satellite broadband.

;i"ure 4. %ost %omparison

ccordin" to a report conducted by the :hpi"ler Kroup! results su""est that BPL may

be in the middle of the pac$ as far as deployment costs are concerned.

Po''iilit of it' u'e for ')art appliane'



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1he idea behind this is that you can control appliances with your P%. Ahile

these devices could potentially be connected with 2thernet to a @:L connection! BPL

offers a much neater solution! since a sin"le plu" ac,uires both the device*s electricity

and its data. :ome propose this as an aid for people with mobility problems.

%irele'' Co))uniation an e po''ile

One possible alternative is to use BPL as the bac$haul for wireless

communications! by for instance han"in" Ai-;i access points or cell phone base

stations on utility poles! thus allowin" end-users within a certain ran"e to connect

with e,uipment they already have. )n the near future! BPL mi"ht also be used as a

bac$haul for AiC networ$s.

Po9er Co)pan an u'e BPL for ''te) (ata o))uniation

nee('

utomated meterin".

(olta"e control.

emote e,uipment monitorin".

2ner"y mana"ement.

/i,h 'pee( net9or+

Cedia ;usion ama7ed customers and ):Ps with promises of speeds up to .8 Kbps.

6owever! to date! the company has failed to brin" such promises to mar$et. )nstead!

speeds of appro#imately Cbps are standard. :uch a system would ,uic$ly saturate

but manufacturers are wor$in" on improvin" the technolo"y to provide connections

of "reater speed! potentially ma$in" the technolo"y viable.



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C/APTER : PROBLE"# ; #OLUTION#

BPL technolo"y has some problems and its solutions also! describe below.

:.1 PROBLE"#

BPL is more e#pensive! because more comple# technolo"ies are to be used in

the chips. 1he power lines would need repeaters to maintain si"nal inte"rity and since

the data si"nal cannot pass throu"h transformers &in which case it would be lost'! they

must be bypassed.

outin" data around transformers can be costly. :ince power supply networ$s

vary from country to country! the cost of transformer bypassin" can vary.

1o "enerali7e! houses ta$e in a low volta"e &L('! so the medium volta"e &C('

used for transmission must pass throu"h a C(/L( transformer before it can enter a

house.

1he cost of transformer bypassin" is not the sole economic headache for

potential providers. :ince powerlines were never intended to be used for

pi""ybac$in" data! a number of problems arose when tryin" to do so. 1hese include

hi"h attenuation at hi"h fre,uencies and noise &internal and e#ternal'. s has been

mentioned earlier! this leads to the necessity for a lot of error correction/prevention in

any protocols usin" power lines as a physical layer.

One thin" that cannot be resolved however is a failin" in the electrical

properties of the powerlines themselves. 1hey act as aerials because they are not

shielded. 1his means that they can pic$ up noise and transmit it on as well as emitinterference. 9nfortunately! BPL operates at the same fre,uencies as short wave radio

and low-band (6;. 1his can render various radio systems includin" those of

"overnments unusable. mateur radio enthusiasts the world over seem to be united in

their distaste for what BPL does to the airwaves. 1his interference has historically

scuppered BPL trials. "ood e#ample of this is the >or. Aeb trial that be"an in 0

in Canchester. @espite complaints about the interference and warnin"s from the



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adio communications "ency! the company consistently rubbished criticism and

insisted that the roll out would ta$e place. By the end of ! the company had been

closed down. )n Mapan! the technolo"y will not be adopted because of the interference

problem.

nother problem with BPL is security. :ince it transmits on a shared medium!

li$e cable broadband! this ma$es it easier to snoop the line. 2ven thou"h 2uropean

operators have to spend less on transformer bypasses as has been already e#plained!

the fact that the L( si"nal can potentially "o to several hundred homes is not very

secure. 1he same line "oin" into many homes means the same traffic "oin" down that

line. 1his provides an opportunity for hac$ers to ac,uire sensitive data.

:.2 #OLUTION#

1he only proposed solution to the radio interference BPL causes is one

proposed by %orridor :ystems. 1hey propose to use microwaves instead of the lower

fre,uency bands to transmit the data! meanin" that radio e,uipment should not be

interfered with. :upposedly! this could lead to data rates of up to I Cbps.

)n the 9:! the >ational ssociation for mateur adio &or L! which has

been one of BPL*s most vehement critics' has ac$nowled"ed that such a technolo"y

would not interfere with radio si"nals used by amateur radio enthusiasts. 1he

electroma"netic spectrum is ,uite con"ested! however! and usin" the -3 K67 bands

may just spawn more opponents to BPL.

adio astronomers! who ma$e use of several protected fre,uency bands from

C67 all the way up to J8 K67! may be BPL*s ne#t opponents. Kiven that the -

3 K67 bands are especially important in this field of study! and that %orridor

:ystems* -3 K67 BPL has not yet under"one e#tensive trials &or even been

implementedN'! we can only speculate at this time.



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Chapter < APPLICATION#

;ollowin" are the various applications of BPL.

. BPL can provide communications connectivity for @istribution utomation

applications such as remote capacitor control! automatic meter readin" and remote

O>/O;; capabilities! amon" others.

. BPL can be used to create an )P access networ$ to solve the Last-Cile dilemma.

:ince the Krid is available throu"hout the country! BPL is simply an add-on to that

e#istin" electrical infrastructure which will allow every consumer to "ain access to

the )nternet. %ustomer applications such as AAA access! (oice over )nternet

Protocol! video on demand. 1here are a number of basic applications for this BPL

technolo"y? telemedicine! and distance learnin" can be established on these systems.

. :ince the BPL networ$ touches all of the electrical components connected to the

electrical "rid! there is an opportunity to install monitorin" and security devices

anywhere on the Krid which has been BPL enabled. 1he BPL networ$ provides -way hi"h-speed communications to all of these devices. @evices could include?

:ecurity %ameras

Biolo"ical %ontaminant detection

Kas / %hemical detection

%orrosion monitorin"

Pipeline Conitorin"

et

Power5omE! 2(Opowerline.



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. )n ustria! the service is commercially offered in the city of Lin7 under the brand

name :peed-Aeb.

. )n :cotland! the service is offered in the cities of %rieff and %ampbeltown under

the name of Broadband.

4. )n the 9:! the service is offered by? Pennsylvania Power + Li"ht! %iner"y!

Pro"ress 2ner"y! %ity of Canassas &municipal owned utility'! %entral (ir"inia %o-op.

Other commercial deployments are already in operation in %hina! 6on" 5on"!

:in"apore and 5orea.



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CONCLU#ION

s it is emer"in" technolo"y! the ne#t few years will decide whether BPL can

compete in the broadband mar$et.

BPL offers a method of broadband access for those livin" in isolated areas! who have

no other viable means of broadband access. 1herefore! it seems plausible that when

BPL will become available in rural areas! it will be a moderate success. 6owever! this

success is unli$ely to be lon"-term! since telecommunications companies are already

contemplatin" rollin" out ;116 &;iber to the 6ome' connections to all of their

customers sometime in the future. 1herefore! it appears that BPL will be little more

than a stop"ap solution.



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BIBLIO6RAP/

. http ?// en .wi$ipedia .or" /wi$i /Power H line H communication

. http ?// ntr" .cs .tcd .ie /under"rad /4 ba .38/ "roup / inde# .html

. http ?// www .oecd .or" /dataoecd /80/I/430J8.pdf

4. http ?// www .state .nj .us /publicadvocate /utility /docs /BPLwhitepaper .pdf

8. http ?// www .ncs ."ov /library /tech H bulletins /33J/ tib H3J-3.pdf

I. http?//www .icce .ca /eic /site /smt - "st .nsf /vwapj /bpl - e /33J.html

J. http ?// www .becs .ac .in />ewspaper /)ndian Q3 2#press Q3 rd Q3 u"ust .pdf

0. http?//www.wave-report.com/tutorials/bpl.htm

. http ?// www .rivier .edu /journal /OM -33I- :prin" /M 3- 19LL .pdf

3. http ?// www.final-yearprojects.co.cc/


Documents

Broadband Overpower Line