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Broadband Optical networksBroadband Optical networks: : Recent technology achievements and Recent technology achievements and deployment opportunities in Greecedeployment opportunities in Greece

Yannis Tomkos, Ph.D.Yannis Tomkos, Ph.D.Head of Head of ““High Speed Networks & Optical CommunicationsHigh Speed Networks & Optical Communications”” Research GroupResearch Group

19.5 km 19.5 km MarkopoulouMarkopoulou Ave., PO. BOX 68, 190 02 Peania, Ave., PO. BOX 68, 190 02 Peania, AthensAthens, , GreeceGreece

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Athens Information TechnologyAthens Information Technology

Athens Information Technology is a nonAthens Information Technology is a non--profit center profit center focusing on graduate education and ICT researchfocusing on graduate education and ICT research

It was founded in 2002 by the INTRACOM Group of It was founded in 2002 by the INTRACOM Group of Companies.Companies.Largest private investment of its kind in GreeceLargest private investment of its kind in Greece

AITAIT’’ss mission:mission:–– To establish a Center of Excellence for Research To establish a Center of Excellence for Research

and Education in the areas of Software Engineering, and Education in the areas of Software Engineering, Telecommunications/Networking, Embedded Telecommunications/Networking, Embedded Systems and Electronics; Systems and Electronics;

–– To foster the development of high quality To foster the development of high quality Information and Communication Technologies Information and Communication Technologies professionals. professionals.

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High Speed Networks and Optical High Speed Networks and Optical Communications (NOC)Communications (NOC)

The The mission mission of the NOC group is to perform research on of the NOC group is to perform research on technologies, algorithms, protocols, architectures and technologies, algorithms, protocols, architectures and transport schemes for evolving hightransport schemes for evolving high--speed networksspeed networks

Objectives:Objectives:HighHigh--speed, highspeed, high--capacity network capacity network service protocols and architectures service protocols and architectures

Novel network architectures and Novel network architectures and innovative transport solutions for innovative transport solutions for telecommunication services and grid telecommunication services and grid computing applicationscomputing applicationsPromote new application specific Promote new application specific product opportunities product opportunities

TechnoTechno--economic studies for economic studies for broadband networksbroadband networks

Research output:Research output:

Numerous publicationsNumerous publicationsMany EU projectsMany EU projectsInternational recognitionInternational recognition

Resources:Resources:Infrastructure (hardware lab, Infrastructure (hardware lab, software lab)software lab)4 faculty members4 faculty members2 researchers (4 to be hired)2 researchers (4 to be hired)

Several Several M.ScM.Sc. students. students

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NOC Group NOC Group -- Funded ResearchFunded Research

•• Project Project BReATHBReATH -- Broadband eBroadband e--Services and Access for the Home.Services and Access for the Home.–– FP6/SSA having as main objective to FP6/SSA having as main objective to stimulate and support the transfer of knowstimulate and support the transfer of know--how and best how and best

practices in planning and delivering broadband services to the Epractices in planning and delivering broadband services to the EU New Member States and U New Member States and Associated Candidate CountriesAssociated Candidate Countries

•• Project TRIUMPH Project TRIUMPH -- Transparent Ring Interconnection Using MultiTransparent Ring Interconnection Using Multi--wavelength wavelength PHotonicPHotonic switches.switches.

–– FP6/STREP having as main objective to FP6/STREP having as main objective to toto provide Transparent Ring Interconnection Using provide Transparent Ring Interconnection Using MultiMulti--wavelength wavelength PHotonicPHotonic switches and processing to significantly increase the network switches and processing to significantly increase the network functionality and capacityfunctionality and capacity

•• Project LUCIFER Project LUCIFER –– Lambda User Controlled Infrastructure for EU ResearchLambda User Controlled Infrastructure for EU Research–– FP6/IP having as main objective the development of advanced optiFP6/IP having as main objective the development of advanced optical networks supporting cal networks supporting

Grid Applications for the enhancement of European Research Grid Applications for the enhancement of European Research •• Project Project ePHOTON/ONeePHOTON/ONe

–– FP6/NoE having as main objective to unite optical networks reseaFP6/NoE having as main objective to unite optical networks research efforts across Europerch efforts across Europe•• Greece Greece –– UK Bilateral Project funded by GSRT and British CouncilUK Bilateral Project funded by GSRT and British Council

–– Autonomous optical networks for global grid computing applicatioAutonomous optical networks for global grid computing applicationsns•• Industry project with Intel Industry project with Intel

–– The goal is to The goal is to jointly explore specific physical phenomena in optical communicajointly explore specific physical phenomena in optical communication links and tion links and their interaction with specific equipment in order to understandtheir interaction with specific equipment in order to understand performance limitationperformance limitation

•• Project COST 291 Towards Digital Optical NetworksProject COST 291 Towards Digital Optical Networks–– The primary objective of this COST action is to focus on novel nThe primary objective of this COST action is to focus on novel network concepts and etwork concepts and

architectures exploiting the features and properties of photonicarchitectures exploiting the features and properties of photonic technologies, to enable future technologies, to enable future telecommunications networkstelecommunications networks

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The technical partThe technical part……

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OutlineOutline

•• Traffic growth as a driver for new networksTraffic growth as a driver for new networks

–– Conventional and new Services/ Applications Conventional and new Services/ Applications

•• Implications for Broadband NetworksImplications for Broadband Networks

–– Access, metro and core network segmentsAccess, metro and core network segments

•• Broadband Optical NetworksBroadband Optical Networks

–– New technology advancements New technology advancements

•• Broadband Access Optical NetworksBroadband Access Optical Networks

–– TechnoTechno--economic analysis for a broadband economic analysis for a broadband access optical network deployment in Athensaccess optical network deployment in Athens

•• ConclusionsConclusions

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New services/applications and their New services/applications and their implications for access, metro and implications for access, metro and

core networks segmentscore networks segments

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The conventional argument The conventional argument …… Traffic growthTraffic growth

•• Drivers for the deployment of additional network capacity Drivers for the deployment of additional network capacity (traffic demands double every 8(traffic demands double every 8--12 months)12 months)

–– Predicted increase in internet traffic volumePredicted increase in internet traffic volume

–– Increase of worldwide broadband users (72% in 2003)Increase of worldwide broadband users (72% in 2003)

–– The emergence of new residential broadband services The emergence of new residential broadband services

–– The emergence of 3G mobile networksThe emergence of 3G mobile networks

•• Processing speed of electronics doubles every 18 months Processing speed of electronics doubles every 18 months while the memory access speed increases by only 5% per while the memory access speed increases by only 5% per yearyear

•• Problem with electronic processing of future data trafficProblem with electronic processing of future data traffic

•• Optical Networks can satisfy the traffic demandsOptical Networks can satisfy the traffic demands–– enormous transmission bandwidth and long reach transmission enormous transmission bandwidth and long reach transmission capability with excellent signal quality resulting in high throucapability with excellent signal quality resulting in high throughput ghput and low delays and low delays

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The new applicationsThe new applications

• Conventional telecom applicationsConventional telecom applications……

•• Disaster Recovery Disaster Recovery •• Distributed Storage Area NetworksDistributed Storage Area Networks•• Grid ComputingGrid Computing

–– HighHigh--speed networking technology has been the cornerstone speed networking technology has been the cornerstone for the evolution of Grid networking from its inspection for the evolution of Grid networking from its inspection

•• …… will continue to be so in the futurewill continue to be so in the future

•• Customer Owned NetworksCustomer Owned Networks–– The network becomes an asset, rather than a serviceThe network becomes an asset, rather than a service

•• Analogy to time sharing computing in the early Analogy to time sharing computing in the early ‘‘70s versus 70s versus customer owned computers customer owned computers

•• Killer applications???Killer applications???

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Broadband Traffic demand assumptions:Broadband Traffic demand assumptions:Implications for access networksImplications for access networks

•• Access terminal equipment serves ~1.000 customersAccess terminal equipment serves ~1.000 customers–– At early stages of broadband needs to provide At early stages of broadband needs to provide packetizedpacketized voice voice

and internet traffic. Assuming that the capacity needed is 150kband internet traffic. Assuming that the capacity needed is 150kb/s /s per user for voice and 0.5Mb/s per user for internet/data then tper user for voice and 0.5Mb/s per user for internet/data then the he average traffic demands per subscriber will be 50kb/s (assuming average traffic demands per subscriber will be 50kb/s (assuming a 6:1 concentration ratio for voice and 20:1 for data)a 6:1 concentration ratio for voice and 20:1 for data)

•• In that case the required OLT switch/router capacity is about In that case the required OLT switch/router capacity is about 150Mb/s150Mb/s

–– With the increase of data access speed demands and the addition With the increase of data access speed demands and the addition of next generation Broadband Services (Voice: 150kb/s per user, of next generation Broadband Services (Voice: 150kb/s per user, Data: 4Mb/s per user, Broadcast video: 4Mb/s per channel, Data: 4Mb/s per user, Broadcast video: 4Mb/s per channel, VoDVoD: : 4Mb/s per channel, no HDTV) then the average traffic demands 4Mb/s per channel, no HDTV) then the average traffic demands per subscriber will be about 5Mb/s per subscriber (assuming a 6:per subscriber will be about 5Mb/s per subscriber (assuming a 6:1 1 concentration ratio for voice, 20:1 for data, 20:1 for concentration ratio for voice, 20:1 for data, 20:1 for VoDVoD and and 200ch Broadcast TV)200ch Broadcast TV)

•• In that case the required switch/router capacity is about 6Gb/s!In that case the required switch/router capacity is about 6Gb/s!

Based on projections by CIENA

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Broadband Traffic demand assumptions:Broadband Traffic demand assumptions:Implications for metro and core networksImplications for metro and core networks

•• Metro access ring serves 20.000 customersMetro access ring serves 20.000 customers–– At early stages of broadband needs to have 4Gb/s switch/router cAt early stages of broadband needs to have 4Gb/s switch/router capacityapacity–– With NG Broadband Services needs to have 40Gb/s switch/router caWith NG Broadband Services needs to have 40Gb/s switch/router capacity!pacity!

•• Metro core ring serves 200.000 customersMetro core ring serves 200.000 customers–– At early stages of broadband needs to have 40Gb/s switch/router At early stages of broadband needs to have 40Gb/s switch/router capacitycapacity–– With NG Broadband Services needs to have 400Gb/s switch/router cWith NG Broadband Services needs to have 400Gb/s switch/router capacity!apacity!

•• Backbone Core ring serves 2.000.000 customersBackbone Core ring serves 2.000.000 customers–– At early stages of broadband needs to have 400Gb/s switch/routerAt early stages of broadband needs to have 400Gb/s switch/router capacitycapacity–– With NG Broadband Services needs to have 2Tb/s switch/router capWith NG Broadband Services needs to have 2Tb/s switch/router capacity!acity!

Based on projections by CIENA

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Broadband Optical NetworksBroadband Optical NetworksNew technology advancementsNew technology advancements

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Global Area Network

Wide Area Network

Metropolitan/Regional Area Optical Network

Corporate/Enterprise Clients

Cable modemNetworks

Client/Access Networks

FTTH

Mobile

SDH/SONET

ATM

PSTN/IP

ISPGigabit Ethernet

Cable

FTTB

ATM

Cable modemNetworks

Client/Access Networks

FTTH

Mobile

SDH/SONET

ATM

PSTN/IP

ISPGigabit EthernetGigabit Ethernet

Cable

FTTB

ATM

Technology Drivers

GAN• Capacity 10 Tb/s/fibre (2015)• Max transmission speed 100 Gb/s• Unregenerated distance > 10,000 km

WAN• Capacity 2.5-40 Tb/s/fibre• Max transmission speed, 40 Gb/s• No of λ/fibre = 500-1000• Unregenerated distance ≈3000 km

MA(O)N• Capacity: >Tb/s• Distance: 20-200 km

Client/Access

• Integrating IP&Backbone (control)• Gigabit Ethernet:

• low cost WDM

Services• Fast provisioning

OXC

OXC

OADMOADM

OTN

IST OPTIMIST Roadmap (www.ist-optimist.org)

Optical Transport Network (OTN)Optical Transport Network (OTN)

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SDH based Network Architecture (1G)SDH based Network Architecture (1G)

LEC: Local Exchange CarrierIEC: Interexchange CarrierTM: Terminal MultiplexerADM: Add-drop MultiplexerDCS: Digital Crossconnect System

IEC Ring

3/3, 3/1

OC-48/OC-192(2F, 4F BLSR)

OC-48(2F, 4F BLSR)

3/1/0

LEC Metro CoreRing

LEC Metro AccessRing

OC-12/OC-3 UPSR

LEC Metro Access

Voice

L2L3

ADM

ADM

IEC Mesh

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

Voice

L2L3

L2

Voice

L3 ADM

ADM

PL

TM

TM

TM

TM

TM

TM

TM

TM

DCSDCSDCSDCSDCSDCS

DCSDCSDCS

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Optical Networking EvolutionOptical Networking Evolutionwww.ait.gr

time

Tec

hnol

ogy

evol

utio

n

WDM transmission

OADM OADM

WDM transmission with add/drop

OADMOADM

OADM

OADMWDM rings with node addressing

OADMOADM

OADM

OADMOADM

WDM rings with full connectivity

Interconnected ringsand mesh topologies

X

X

X

X

OADM

X

X

X

X

X

Circuit S

witching

OBS/OPS

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Network architectureNetwork architecture

•• Highly layered, complex network architectureHighly layered, complex network architecture

•• Too high granularity for todayToo high granularity for today’’s bandwidth s bandwidth requirementsrequirements

•• Duplication of functions across layersDuplication of functions across layers

•• Poor scalability for data servicesPoor scalability for data services

•• Slow service turnSlow service turn--upup

•• High operating and capital costsHigh operating and capital costs

Service layer

IP layer

ATM layer

SDH layer

Optical layer

Service layer• grooming and switching• TDM, ATM, IP, GigE, …

Optical express layer

•• Simple, fast transportSimple, fast transport

•• Scaleable and flexible core networkScaleable and flexible core network

•• Transparent wavelengthsTransparent wavelengths

•• Cost effective solution Cost effective solution

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Passive Optical NetworksPassive Optical Networks

•• PONsPONs are based on Time Division Multiplexing/Time Division Multiple are based on Time Division Multiplexing/Time Division Multiple Access principles. Access principles. –– In the downstream data are distributed through broadcasting to aIn the downstream data are distributed through broadcasting to all ll ONTsONTs. . –– The upstream is controlled by the OLT that assigns transmission The upstream is controlled by the OLT that assigns transmission windows windows

to each ONT. to each ONT. –– The information controlling the operation of The information controlling the operation of ONTsONTs is carried inis carried in--band on the band on the

downstream channel. downstream channel.

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Optical Access Network StandardsOptical Access Network Standards•• The standardization effort is mainly driven by two standardizatiThe standardization effort is mainly driven by two standardization bodies: the FSAN and on bodies: the FSAN and

the IEEE 802.3 EFM Group. the IEEE 802.3 EFM Group. •• BB--PON:PON: The first Broadband PON (BThe first Broadband PON (B--PON) recommendation was drafted by FSAN and PON) recommendation was drafted by FSAN and

was standardized by the ITUwas standardized by the ITU--T G.983.1 in 1998. This first standard refers to an ATM T G.983.1 in 1998. This first standard refers to an ATM based Bbased B--PON system and defines in detail its specifications, which incluPON system and defines in detail its specifications, which include several de several optical parameters such as line coding, transmit power ranges, roptical parameters such as line coding, transmit power ranges, receiver sensitivity etc. eceiver sensitivity etc.

•• GG--PON:PON: The next generation of ITU PON protocol is the Gigabit PON (GThe next generation of ITU PON protocol is the Gigabit PON (G--PON) PON) developed by FSAN and designated as ITUdeveloped by FSAN and designated as ITU--T G.984. GT G.984. G --PON allows both ATM cells and PON allows both ATM cells and variable length packets to be transmitted through the same PON. variable length packets to be transmitted through the same PON. The packet format The packet format used in Gused in G--PONsPONs is generic and any packet based service can be transported. GPOis generic and any packet based service can be transported. GPO N N enables 2.5Gbps converged data and voice services for the last menables 2.5Gbps converged data and voice services for the last mile.ile.

•• EE--PON:PON: EFM introduced Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EFM introduced Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONsEPONs), in which a point ), in which a point to multipoint network topology is implemented with passive opticto multipoint network topology is implemented with passive optical splitters, and optical al splitters, and optical fiber fiber PMDsPMDs to support native Ethernet transport. The Eto support native Ethernet transport. The E--PON standard has adopted the PON standard has adopted the BB--PON and GPON and G--PON wavelength plan (i.e. 1310nm wavelength band in upstream andPON wavelength plan (i.e. 1310nm wavelength band in upstream and1490nm wavelength band in downstream). 1490nm wavelength band in downstream).

•• GESON:GESON: The Gigabit Ethernet Switched Optical Network (GESON) is based The Gigabit Ethernet Switched Optical Network (GESON) is based on Gigabit on Gigabit Ethernet as the transport protocol and it Ethernet as the transport protocol and it contains an active element, i.e. a switch contains an active element, i.e. a switch aggregator, between the OLT and the aggregator, between the OLT and the ONTsONTs. This is in contrast to . This is in contrast to PONsPONs that do not that do not contain any active/electronic devices between the OLT and contain any active/electronic devices between the OLT and ONTsONTs..

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Some interesting recent developmentsSome interesting recent developments

•• As a result of the new services and their implications on networAs a result of the new services and their implications on networks, several ks, several new technologies are or will be soon introduced in networks carrnew technologies are or will be soon introduced in networks carrying live ying live traffictraffic

•• 40Gb/s is a reality 40Gb/s is a reality –– IP routers are equipped with 40Gb/s interfacesIP routers are equipped with 40Gb/s interfaces–– WDM systems are capable of supporting 40Gb/s transportWDM systems are capable of supporting 40Gb/s transport–– Several Several RFPsRFPs and field trials are underwayand field trials are underway

•• FTTxFTTx is here and will dominate the accessis here and will dominate the access–– JapanJapan’’s NTT invest 50B USD in FTTH deployment (30M homes!)s NTT invest 50B USD in FTTH deployment (30M homes!)–– SBC and SBC and VerizonVerizon have similar planshave similar plans

•• 100GE is becoming a reality 100GE is becoming a reality –– First 100GE transceiver and lab experimentsFirst 100GE transceiver and lab experiments–– According to the historical data for the growth of Ethernet rateAccording to the historical data for the growth of Ethernet rates (10s (10--fold fold

increase every 5increase every 5--6 years) it is expected that by 2012 100GE will be 6 years) it is expected that by 2012 100GE will be introduced in some networksintroduced in some networks

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TechnoTechno--economic Analysis economic Analysis

A tool for the evaluation of plans related A tool for the evaluation of plans related with Broadband Optical Access Network with Broadband Optical Access Network

deploymentdeployment

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TechnoTechno--economic value analysiseconomic value analysis

•• TechnoTechno--economic value analysis studies are an important economic value analysis studies are an important part of business plans and are used with the goal to part of business plans and are used with the goal to compare important economic parameters such as capital compare important economic parameters such as capital expenditure (expenditure (CapExCapEx), operational expenditure (), operational expenditure (OpExOpEx), life), life--cycle costs, revenue streams, discounted cash flows and cycle costs, revenue streams, discounted cash flows and technotechno--economic evaluation measures such as the net economic evaluation measures such as the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR)present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR)–– These studies can offer a measurable output to assist and supporThese studies can offer a measurable output to assist and support t

the decision making process on issues of strategic importance the decision making process on issues of strategic importance

•• For the case of broadband network deployment a bottomFor the case of broadband network deployment a bottom--up up model may be used to perform the technomodel may be used to perform the techno--economic studieseconomic studies

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DBRevenues Pricing

Operational & Maintenance

Costs

OPEX

Life Cycle Costs Tariffs & Taxes

Net Present Value

PaybackPeriod

Internal Rate

of Return

Financial Factors

Carrier’s Discounted Cash Flows

Business Case based upon value Business Case based upon value analysis: Bottomanalysis: Bottom--Up ModelUp Model

First Installed Costs

Traffic Demand

Technology

CapitalExpenditure

Infrastructure

Equipment

SERVICES

Initial Capital Investment

Demand for Broadband Services

CAPEX

Coverage

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Case studyCase study

Ethernet PON vs. Active Ethernet PON vs. Active Switched Ethernet Switched Ethernet

for an Athens metro area for an Athens metro area

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EPON vs. GESONEPON vs. GESON• GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive

Optical Network)

• GEPON Technology Chain– OLT, optical fiber1, passive splitter,

optical fiber2, ONU, VDSL (500m)

• GEPON Technology Characteristics– OLT to ONU span up to 20Km– Bandwidth per ONU without

multicasting for 1:32 split = 31.25Mbps

• GEPON Technology Costs– Low cost components in the field

(splitters = 400€)

• GESON (Gigabit Ethernet Switched Optical Network)

• GESON Technology Chain– Core switch, optical fiber1,

aggregation switch, optical fiber2, ONU, VDSL (500m)

• GESON Technology Characteristics– Core Switch to ONU span up to

240Km– Bandwidth per ONU without

multicasting = 1Gbps

• GESON Technology Costs– Costly components in the field

(aggregation switch= 5000€-10000€)

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Service areas, customer classes, Service areas, customer classes, traffic demands and other traffic demands and other asumptionsasumptions

•• Service areaService area–– KifisiasKifisias Avenue (north)Avenue (north)

•• Customer classesCustomer classes–– Residential doubleResidential double--play services: 3Mb/s downstream per customerplay services: 3Mb/s downstream per customer–– Residential tripleResidential triple--play services: 13Mb/s downstreamplay services: 13Mb/s downstream–– Small and Medium Enterprises (Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEsSMEs): 6Mb/s guaranteed symmetric ): 6Mb/s guaranteed symmetric –– Large Large EnteprisesEnteprises ((LEsLEs): 13Mb/s guaranteed symmetric): 13Mb/s guaranteed symmetric

•• Traffic demands (based on Traffic demands (based on ““educatededucated”” assumptions)assumptions)–– Number of customers per customer class estimated/projected basedNumber of customers per customer class estimated/projected based on data from the on data from the

national statistic agency, national statistic agency, EuroStatEuroStat and other reliable sourcesand other reliable sources–– 7 years study period (20057 years study period (2005--2011)2011)–– 20% of the households will have double play broadband access by 20% of the households will have double play broadband access by 20112011–– 2% Triple Play subscribers by 20112% Triple Play subscribers by 2011–– 60% of 60% of SMEsSMEs will have broadband access by 2011will have broadband access by 2011–– 100% of 100% of LEsLEs will have broadband access by 2011will have broadband access by 2011–– Network Operator with a 20% market shareNetwork Operator with a 20% market share–– Green field deployment Green field deployment –– Buried fiber Buried fiber

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Network topology/equipmentNetwork topology/equipment

•• Results for GEPONResults for GEPON •• Results for GESONResults for GESON

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Economic Comparison Economic Comparison GEPON vs. GESONGEPON vs. GESON

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Evaluation of resultsEvaluation of results

• LEs and Residential double play subscribers are the main contributors to revenues and traffic demands

• Main contributor to CAPEX is the fiber deployment– Not if combination of buried and aerial fiber is used

• GESON requires larger CAPEX primarily due to the cost of the aggregation switches

• Both solutions are comparable in terms of payback period– GEPON performs slightly better than GESON– NPV becomes positive after 5 years

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AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment

•• I would like to thank our student who I would like to thank our student who produced the results of the case study produced the results of the case study –– George Papanastasiou, AIT George Papanastasiou, AIT MsITTMsITT studentstudent

•• I would also like to thank the AIT NOC group I would also like to thank the AIT NOC group membersmembers

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Thank you!Thank you!For further information visit:For further information visit:

http://www.ait.edu.gr/research/RG2/overview.asp http://www.ait.edu.gr/research/RG2/overview.asp

or contact: or contact:

Dr. Yannis TomkosDr. Yannis TomkosAssociate Dean, AIT Associate Dean, AIT Head of Head of ““High Speed Networks and Optical CommunicationsHigh Speed Networks and Optical Communications”” Research GroupResearch GroupEE--mail: mail: itom@ait.gritom@ait.grTel:Tel: 21066827712106682771