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8/3/2019 BRM Road to Research Methodology - Handouts FINAL
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Research Methodology
WHAT IS RESEARCH? SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE? MOVEMENT FROM KNOWN TO UNKNOWN? SCIENTIFIC & SYSTEMATIC INQUIRY TO A PROBLEM /SEARCH FOR PERTINENT INFORMATION
ON A SPECIFIED TOPIC? ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXISTING STOCK OF KNOWLEDGE?
PROCESS OF RESEARCH DEFINING THE PROBLEM FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS SUGGESTING SOLUTIONS COLLECTING, ORGANISING & ANALYSING DATA MAKING DEDUCTIONS & CONCLUSIONS TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS INTERPRETING THE RESULT WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT. OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH to find out answers to the questions through the application of
scientific procedures
TYPES OF RESEARCH EXPLORATIVE to gain familiarity with a phenomenon / to achieve new insights into it DESCRIPTIVE to portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual or a situation
etc. (survey method used) ANALYTICAL analysis and critical evaluation of already available facts or information APPLIED (action/solution) / FUNDAMENTAL (basic or pure) QUANTITATIVE (use of variables) / QUALITATIVE (use of attributes) CONCEPTUAL / EMPRICAL (based on observation / experiment) HISTORICAL etc.
PROBLEM FORMULATION Well begun is half done"-- Aristotle, quoting an old proverb. DIG WHERE YOU STAND
WHERE DO RESEARCH TOPICS COME FROM ? PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN YOUR FIELD /AREA OF WORK LITERATURE IN OUR SPECIFIC FIELD PROPOSALS FROM GOVT./COMPANIES etc. CREATION OF OWN MIND
IS THE STUDY FEASIBLE? -Trade offs between rigour & practicality (resources, time, and circumstances REVIEW THE LITERATURE JUMPING INTO A POOL FROM A HIGH BOARD CAN TAKE ONE TO A GREATER DEPTH IDENTIFY DIRECTLY RELEVANT, INFORMATIVE, AND RELATED LITERATURE
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION IDENTIFICATION & SELECTION OF THE VARIABLES DATA COLLECTION Primary, Secondary TOOLS &TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
DATA PREPARATION (tabulation) DESCRIBING THE DATA (descriptive stat.) TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS (inferential stat.)
REPORT WRITING SAMPLING METHODS PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE/PURE RANDOM SYSTEMATIC (every 9th , 15th ) MULTISTAGE RANDOM (bigger to smaller units e.g. state-district-subdivision-localities) STRATIFIED (heterogeneous to homogenous strata, then random e.g. age, salary etc.) CLUSTER divide into clusters-random selection of cluster/s, then selecting all or a few units (
ideally each cluster a miniature of the population - clusters highly heterogeneous within butdifference among clusters to be minimum)
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING PURPOSIVE/JUDGEMENTAL (by choice or design, not by chance) CONVENIENT
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TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (personal, mail, etc) INTERVIEW (personal, telephone, etc)
ISSUES INVOLVED IN SURVEY CAN THE POPULATION BE ENUMETRATED? IS THE POPULATION LITERATE ARE THERE LANGUAGE ISSUES? WILL THE POPULATION COOPERATE?
QUESTION ISSUES CONTENT, WORDING, FORMAT STRUCTURED/UNSTRUCTURED, OPEN ENDED/CLOSED TYPES OF QUESTION, COMPLEXITY, SEQUENCE, LENGTHY/SHORT
SAMPLING ISSUES ADRESSESES?, PHONE NUMBERS?, LIST UPTO DATE? CAN RESPONDANTS BE LOCATED?, ARE THEY BUSY?
ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES COSTS, FACILITIES, TIME, PERSONNEL, etc.
LAYOUT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT PRELIMINARY PAGES MAIN TEXT END MATTER
PRELIMINARY PAGES TITLE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, & DIAGRAMS etc.
Main Text INTRODUCTION - it should cover
The problem Objective Scope of the study Review of relevant literature Hypothesis Definitions of the concepts used if any
Methodology Adopted How was the study carried out How was the data collected Analytical tools used An out line of the study
ANALYSIS AND THE RESULTS extending over several chapters presented in logical sequencewith supporting data, tables, charts if any
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS- if any Inference Constraints/ limitations Suggestions for further research SUMMARY CUSTOMARY TO CONCLUDE THE RESEARCH REPORT(In brief the research problem, the methodology, and the major findings)
END MATTER Abbreviations if used
Annexure / Appendices Bibliography (in proper format)
A list of books pertinent to the research including the references consulted Arranged in alphabetical order Books, magazines, newspapers, websites etc. separately (Whatever method is selected
must remain consistent)
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Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Causal Research
(Unaware of Problem) (Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined)
Our sales are declining and What kind of people are buying Will buyers purchase more of
we dont know why. our product? Who buys our our products in a new package?
competitors product?
Would people be interested Which of two advertising
in our new product idea? What features do buyers prefer campaigns is more effective?
in our product?
Degree of Problem Definition
Stages of the Research Process
Problem Discoveryand Definition
ResearchDesign
Sampling
DataGathering
Data Processingand Analysis
Conclusions andReport
Discovery andDefinition
and so on
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Problem
discovery
Problem definition(statement of
research objectives)
Secondary
(historical)
data
Experiencesurvey
Pilotstudy
Casestudy
Selection of
exploratory research
technique
Selection ofbasic research
method
Experiment SurveyObservation
Secondary
Data StudyL ab oratory F ie ld Interview Q uest io nn aire
Selection of
Sample Design
Sampling
Probability Non-probability
Collection of
data
(fieldwork)
Editing and
coding
data
Dataprocessing
Interpretationof
findings
Report
Data
Gathering
Data
Processing
and
Analysis
Conclusionsand Report
Research Design
Problem Discovery
and Definition
The formulation of the problem
is often more essential than itssolution
Albert Einstein
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