Brief Response

• How did works of literature and art like Charles Dickens’ novels make people aware of social issues?

• In their art they pointed out poverty, child abuse, pollution, etc.

• Because their work was entertaining it reached a larger group of readers or viewers.

• Some of those readers and viewers formed associations to work for social improvement and government reforms.

Liberal Reform in Industrial Britain

pp. 258, 262

Rotten borough

• British practice of giving many votes to districts with a few rich people

• And few votes to districts having many poor people.

• British reformers sought to end this, and did.

electorate

• The people who are eligible to vote in a district

• Reforms in Britain, France, and the US allowed more and more people to vote from the 19th to 20th centuries.– Lower-class men– Women– 18 year-olds

Secret ballot

• New system were voters did not have to declare publicly whom they were voting for.

• Encouraged more people to vote.

Secret ballot

• People cast their vote without announcing publicly

Queen Victoria• British monarch, 1837 to 1901• EC: Values of the Victorian Age (3)

– Duty– Thrift– Honesty– Hard work– Respectability– Strict moral code– Manners

Wilhelm II, Germany, grandson

Czar Nicholas II, Russia, grandson

Missing: George VI, Britain, Grandson

Wilhelm II, Germany

Czar Nicholas II, Russia

George VI, Britain

Benjamin Disraeli

• Conservative (Tory) Party leader in the 1860s

• EC: Tory reforms included (2)• Reform Bill, 1862• Vote for many working class men

Gladstone asking Disraeli to do something sensational to give the papers something to write about

William Gladstone

• Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister in the 1860s,

• EC: Liberal reforms included (2)• Vote for farm workers and most other men• Secret ballot

Parliamentary democracy

• A form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by the members of the ruling party, not by the public.

• They are also responsible to those members• Includes the Prime Minister and other ministers.

Liberal Control of Parliament

• As Parliament’s liberal seat-holders increased, it began responding to various groups’ demands.

• Free trade: – International trade with no quotas, tariffs, or other

regulations or restrictions.• Quota: max number of something allowed• Tariff: tax on imports

– Businessmen wanted access to the largest markets possible.

– Consumers would benefit from competition and a wider selection of goods.

• To cancel a government law or act.• The Corn Laws were repealed.

– British grain farmers kept the price high by prohibiting imports to protect their profits.

– Liberal reformers wanted to allow more grain imports to lower prices so lower class people could afford good.

Repeal:

Abolition movement:

• Growing number of British people demanded that their government ban slavery

• Britain was the first to make it illegal in 1807• It ended slavery in its colonies in 1833.• British Navy sent out

– To destroy slave selling locations in Africa– To confiscated slave cargoes at sea.

• Most other countries were slow to follow, regrettably

Crime and Punishment—

• The beginning of the modern criminal justice system began at this time.

• Capital offense:– A crime punished by death.– Some felt that death was a bit strict for many offenses—

• Shoplifting• Livestock stealing• Impersonating officials/veterans• Executions were public, with some turning into crowded spectacles.

– Criminals’ bodies would be put on display or given to medical schools.

– Soon, only piracy, murder, treason, and arson were capital offenses.

What to do with hardened criminals?

• Penal colony: • Nations with colonies could banish their convict

there. • Britain used Georgia before the Revolution

– Later it used Australia and New Zealand.

• France used Guyana, in South America

Ireland’s Problems with the English.

• Absentee landlord:• English owners of Irish lands, but not living in

Ireland.– They exacted high rents on Irish tenant farmers

• Irish people were near or at poverty

– They could evict Irish tenants for no reason and often did.

• They also had to pay tithes (church tax) to the Protestant Anglican Church (English) even though they were Catholic.

Home rule:

• Self government for a part of an empire. • Irish demanded it.• Charles Stewart Parnell’s movement demanded

that Irish be allowed to run their own local affairs, and Britain would run its foreign matters.

• The “Irish Question” dragged on for decades in Parliament and disrupted other British legislation.

Other rising Industrial Powers

• The United States of America

• Started as a business nation

• Plentiful resources

• Investors and government supported new businesses and development

• Public education gave more people a chance to promote their ideas, even working class.

Other rising Industrial Powers

• France

• Plentiful resources

• When not having some liberal revolution, French business and government developed a strong capitalist system.

• Public education promoted opportunities for many French people to succeed in business.

Other rising Industrial Powers

• Germany• Plentiful resources• Once Prussia unites the other German

kingdoms around 1870, the Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck forced an intense modernization on the country.

• Public education promoted opportunities for many to succeed in business.

• Germany outproduces Britain by 1900.

Other rising Industrial Powers

• Imperial Japan• Very limited resources• Once Meiji emperor took power from the Tokugawa

Shogunate, around 1870, the new government forced an intense modernization on the country.

• Public education promoted opportunities for many to succeed in business.

• Japan outproduces all Asian nations by 1890 and begins taking places in China and Korea for resources.

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Standards Check, p. 259

• Question

• The electorate was expanded to include middle-class men.

• Seats in Parliament were redistributed to reflect the movement of population out of rotten boroughs.

Standards Check, p. 260

• Question:

• Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability

• Promoted reform because they were widely adopted by people at all levels of society.

Thinking Critically, p. 261

• 1

• Aristocrats; because they stood to lose the most power in Parliament.

• 2

• It gave the House of Commons more political power than the House of Lords.

Standards Check, p. 261

• Question

• Suffrage was extended to almost all men

• The secret ballot was adopted

• The House of Lords lost its power to veto tax bills.

Standards Check, p. 263

• Question:

• Both reforms were driven by a sense of morality and duty

EC: Was Social Reform Good for Communism? (4)

– No,

– Government economic and social reforms for the lower classes satisfied many demands and improved their standard of living.

• More people could take advantage of and benefit from the capitalist economy.

Standards Check, p. 265

• Question:

• Laws that …..

• improved public health and housing for workers

• provided for free elementary education for all children,

• protected the well-being of the poor and disadvantaged.

Standards Check, p. 265

• Question:

• Large groups of people often include people who have many different views, even if they share the same goal.

Thinking Critically, p. 266

• 1

• 1851-1860

• 2

• A human-made disaster

• Although the potato crops were ruined by nature, people starved

• remaining food supplies were exported for money by the English absentee landlords.

Standards Check, p. 267

• Question:

• Harsh laws and the poor government response to the potato famine led many Irish people to – mistrust the British– support Irish nationalism.

p. 268, thinking critically

• 1.• A.

– The chance for a better life– Large amount of land and job opportunities– Religious freedom

• B.– With voluntary migration,

• people make their own decisions• The “push factors” might not lead all people to leave, and different migrants

might be pulled to different destinations

– With involuntary migration, • the push to leave comes from the government or other outside forces, which

might also determine where the migrants move to.

Brief Response

• How do you think supporters of Social Darwinism would explain the difference in wealth between the rich and the poor?

• Do you think this explanation is accurate? • Why or why not?