Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Innovative ...sp.bridges.transportation.org/Documents/SHRP_R-19a... · subsystems, and components that historically limit the service life

Bridges for Service Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Life Beyond 100 Years: Innovative Systems, Innovative Systems, Subsystems and Subsystems and ComponentsComponentsSHRP 2 | Project R19A

SHRP 2SHRP 2-- Project (R19A)Project (R19A)

Project Title: Bridges for Service Life Project Title: Bridges for Service Life beyond 100 Years: beyond 100 Years:

Innovative Systems, Subsystems, Innovative Systems, Subsystems, and Componentsand Components

Principal Investigator: Dr. Atorod Azizinamini, P.E.Principal Investigator: Dr. Atorod Azizinamini, P.E.University of NebraskaUniversity of Nebraska--LincolnLincoln

Program Officer: Dr. Monica StarnesProgram Officer: Dr. Monica Starnes

Project ObjectivesProject Objectives

--The objective of this project is to improve existing systems, The objective of this project is to improve existing systems, subsystems, and components that historically limit the service lsubsystems, and components that historically limit the service life ife of bridges, and to identify and prove promising concepts for of bridges, and to identify and prove promising concepts for alternative systems, subsystems, and components. alternative systems, subsystems, and components.

--Project will focus on bridges with maximum span Project will focus on bridges with maximum span length of 300 feet.length of 300 feet.

Objectives (ContObjectives (Cont’’d)d)

Identify promising concepts and details that will result in 100 Identify promising concepts and details that will result in 100 plus plus Years of service lifeYears of service life

Identify the promising approaches, details and concepts that wilIdentify the promising approaches, details and concepts that willlEnhance the service life of existing bridgesEnhance the service life of existing bridges

With the help of R19B project develop AASHTO With the help of R19B project develop AASHTO formatted languageformatted language

National Bridge Research Organization (NaBRO), Division of NebraNational Bridge Research Organization (NaBRO), Division of Nebraska Transportation Centerska Transportation CenterUniversity of NebraskaUniversity of Nebraska--LincolnLincoln

Task 1

Conduct Literature Search and Surveys

Task 2

Evaluate and rank the bridge elements

Task 3

Interim Report of Task 1 and 2

Task 4

Develop promising concepts for modified

and new systems

Task 5

Recommend an experimental proof-of-

concept work plan

Phas

e I


Task 6

Conduct the approved experimental proof-of-concept plan

Task 7

Develop recommendations for AASHTO-formatted LRFD

Task 8

Submit a Final Report including recommendations for future research

Phas

e II

Partial list of activities to identify Partial list of activities to identify The research areas related to The research areas related to service lifeservice life

11-- Survey of Survey of DOTsDOTs and literature searchand literature search22-- Input from AASHTO bridge subInput from AASHTO bridge sub--committeescommittees33-- Individuals outside of research teamIndividuals outside of research team44-- Input from industryInput from industry55-- Analysis of NBI (limited)Analysis of NBI (limited)66-- Life cycle cost data analysis (limited Life cycle cost data analysis (limited –– Life 365)Life 365)77-- Technology, strategy and ranking tablesTechnology, strategy and ranking tables88-- Research teamResearch team’’s expertises expertise99-- Ranking of problems Ranking of problems 1010-- Survey of HDR and PBS&J officesSurvey of HDR and PBS&J offices


Draft Phase I report Covers the Draft Phase I report Covers the Following TopicsFollowing Topics (535 pages)(535 pages)

--Concrete DurabilityConcrete Durability--Bridge DeckBridge Deck--SubstructureSubstructure--BearingsBearings--Expansion joints, joints and Expansion joints, joints and jointlessjointless bridgesbridges--Fatigue and FractureFatigue and Fracture--Structural steel corrosion protectionStructural steel corrosion protection--Steel bridge systemsSteel bridge systems--Concrete bridge systemsConcrete bridge systems

Observation:Observation:

--Lack of quantitative data to assess field Lack of quantitative data to assess field Performance of bridge componentsPerformance of bridge components

--NBI data in digital form is only available forNBI data in digital form is only available forPeriod between 1999 and 2008Period between 1999 and 2008

--PONTIS data is limited, difficult to have anPONTIS data is limited, difficult to have anAccess to and has a very short historyAccess to and has a very short history

Typical NBI Data Analysis ResultsTypical NBI Data Analysis Results-- Effect of ReinforcementEffect of ReinforcementTypes on Conditional Rating of All Deck TypesTypes on Conditional Rating of All Deck Types

Observation:Observation:

Available information on performance of many Available information on performance of many Bridge components are qualitative in nature. Bridge components are qualitative in nature.

Next slide shows an example. Next slide shows an example.

This slide shows This slide shows DOTsDOTs opinion on expectedopinion on expectedService life and maximum movement allowedService life and maximum movement allowedFor compression seal expansion joints.For compression seal expansion joints.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Lon

gitu

dena

l Mov

emen

t A

llow

ed (

in)

Max

imum

Obs

erve

d Se

rvic

e L

ife

(yea

r)

Compression Seal Joint

Service Life

Movement

Low Medium HighFreeze‐Thawcycle zone

Research TeamResearch TeamMembers forMembers forR19AR19A

Research Team Members & Affiliations Expertise

Uni

vers

ity o

f Neb

rask

a-Li

ncol

n

Atorod Azizinamini, Ph.D., P.E. Project Director, UNL

Steel Bridges, Seismic Design, High Performance Materials

Maher K. Tadros, Ph.D., P.E. UNL

Concrete Bridges

Andrzej S. Nowak UNL

Risk, Reliability, and Life-Cycle Analysis

PBS&

J

Glenn F. Myers, P.E. PBS&J Bridge Design

Morad G. Ghali, P.E. PBS&J

Bridge Designer, Concrete Bridges

HD

R

Edward H. Power HDR

Bridge Design and Management, Steel Bridges

Richard T. Horton HDR Bridge Design

Research TeamResearch TeamMembers forMembers forR19AR19A

Research Team Members & Affiliations Expertise

Pers

onal

C

onsu

ltant

H. Celik Ozyildirim Personal Consultant Durability of Concrete

Vec

tor

Cor

rosi

on

Tech

nolo

gies

David W. Whitmore, P.Eng. Vector Corrosion Technologies

Corrosion

KTA

Eric S. Kline KTA Coating

Geo

rgia

In

stitu

te o

f Te

chno

logy

Donald W. White Georgia Institute of Technology

Analysis and Simulation

Uni

vers

ity

of

Del

awar

e

Dennis R. Mertz, Ph.D., P.E. University of Delaware

Fatigue and Fracture, AASHTO Code

Will

iam

K

enne

th

Engi

neer

s, LL

C

Michelle L. Tragesser, P.E. 100% women-owned, Civil and Structural Engineering Consultant Firm and Certified PBE with US DOT

Seismic Design of Bridges

CO

WI

Carola Katharina Edvardsen COWI

Design for Service Life- European Approach

Ove Sørensen COWI

Design for Service Life- European Approach

Research Associate Area Involved

Uni

vers

ity o

f Neb

rask

a-Li

ncol

n

Nima Ala Bearing, Joints

Kyle Burner Joints

Marcelo Dasilva Concrete Durability, Corrosion

Luke Glaser Joints, Concrete Durability

Saeed Javidi Niroumand Joints, Corrosion

Ardalan Sherafati Bearing, Joints

Aaron Yakel Research Associate

Kormel Hanna Concrete Bridges

• New / improved systems, subsystems, components –

Proof of concept

• Analysis methods, examples, details, etc.

• Recommendations for AASHTO- formatted LRFD design and construction specifications.

• Stand alone document devoted to Design for Life.

Project Products will includeProject Products will include……

• New / improved systems, subsystems, components –

Proof of concept






National Bridge Research Organization (NaBRO), Division of Nebraska Transportation CenterUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln

Body of Knowledge Helping us to Body of Knowledge Helping us to Design, Construct and Maintain BridgesDesign, Construct and Maintain Bridges


Current specifications address Current specifications address

Durability and strength Durability and strength

With major emphasis on strengthWith major emphasis on strength

Need to Develop Need to Develop ““Design for LifeDesign for Life”” DocumentDocument

Project deliverables will include developmentProject deliverables will include developmentOf a document devoted to Design for LifeOf a document devoted to Design for Life

Development of this document is approved. However, theDevelopment of this document is approved. However, theExact content is yet to be defined. Inputs from Exact content is yet to be defined. Inputs from DOTsDOTs andandProfession in general will be obtained while developing Profession in general will be obtained while developing This documentThis document

Preliminary thoughts onPreliminary thoughts on““Design for LifeDesign for Life”” DocumentDocument

The intent of this document will be to provide the The intent of this document will be to provide the information bridge design professionals and bridge information bridge design professionals and bridge owners need to consider factors that are important to owners need to consider factors that are important to serviceservice--life of bridges. This document will be in the life of bridges. This document will be in the form of a guide. It will include chapters that will form of a guide. It will include chapters that will parallel current AASHTO Specifications. parallel current AASHTO Specifications.

Preliminary thoughts onPreliminary thoughts onContents of Contents of

““Design for LifeDesign for Life”” DocumentDocument

--chapters devoted to each of the main bridge chapters devoted to each of the main bridge elements, such as bearings, joints, bridge deck, etc.elements, such as bearings, joints, bridge deck, etc.

--commentary elaborating on background commentary elaborating on background and other related informationand other related information



--summary of best practice guidelines for major summary of best practice guidelines for major bridge elements, components and systems. bridge elements, components and systems. Examples include a list of possible retrofits for Examples include a list of possible retrofits for fatigue prone details and best practice fatigue prone details and best practice recommendations for coating.recommendations for coating.



-- recommendations for developing a recommendations for developing a ““birth certificatebirth certificate”” concept for the purpose of concept for the purpose of maintenance and retrofit maintenance and retrofit

-- guidelines for lifeguidelines for life--cycle cost analysiscycle cost analysis

-- inclusion of technology and strategy tables inclusion of technology and strategy tables



Technology and Strategy Tables will be Technology and Strategy Tables will be Included in the Included in the ““Design for LifeDesign for Life”” Document Document

Technology Tables:Technology Tables:

For various bridge systems and components, technology For various bridge systems and components, technology tables help designers with: tables help designers with:

a)a) ServiceService--life issues needing considerationslife issues needing considerations

b) Identifying important information about b) Identifying important information about each issue. each issue.

c) Ultimately helps designers to select the best c) Ultimately helps designers to select the best solution from strategy tablessolution from strategy tables

Strategy tables:Strategy tables:

These tables provide designers with different strategies, These tables provide designers with different strategies, mostmost capable of achieving 100 plus years of service life. capable of achieving 100 plus years of service life. These tables, include following information:These tables, include following information:

a) limitations, restraints and important factors a) limitations, restraints and important factors

b) maintenance informationb) maintenance information

c) areas of further research, if any c) areas of further research, if any

Service Life Issue

Solutions Advantage Disadvantage

Failure Modes

Expected Service

Life

System Preservation

Requirements

Areas for Further

Research

Membrane Prevent moisture

infiltration,

Varying performance.

Difficult to install on curved or

rough decks and to maintain quality and

thickness during field installation.

Blisters and pinholes

Low Depends on the asphalt

overlay usually 8 to

12 years

Need repeated applications

Longevity of membrane on

different quality concrete

UHPC stay in place form for marines structures

Prevent infiltration of

aggressive solutions

Cost Delamination High N/A Manufacturing procedures

Stainless steel

High resistance to corrosion.

Initial cost Cracking High Selection of the proper SS

Longevity of different SS

FRP High

resistance to corrosion.

FRP prone to degradation from

environmental factors

Fracture High Protection from the environment Durability of FRP

Z bars

Epoxy coated steel

Create protective

layer over the steel and increase the electrical

resistance

Epoxy coating can be damaged during handling,

shipping and storage corrosion can initiate under

the coating

Coating disbondment

Medium 10-50 years

Require replacement when

corrosion starts

Minimizing holidays

MMFX High

resistance to corrosion

High strength, no yield point Cracking Medium Availability Longevity of

MMFX

Drainage design

Minimize saturation

Continuous maintenance

Corrosion and

degradation High Maintenance N/A

Cor

rosi

on o

f rei

nfor

cem

ent

Post Tension

Puts the concrete in

compression minimizing cracks that

facilitate the penetration of

chlorides

Post tensioning ducts and grout are concerns in

resisting corrosion

Loss of prestress due to corrosion

of the strands

High

Concrete is low permeability and that the strands

are not corroding

Condition of grouts and strands

in ducts

Strategy TablesStrategy Tables-- Bridge DeckBridge DeckTo achieve durable concrete bridge deck, To achieve durable concrete bridge deck, There needs to be an strategy with respectThere needs to be an strategy with respectTo each one of the following service lifeTo each one of the following service lifeIssues.Issues.

Freeze and Thaw Freeze and Thaw Abrasion and Wear Abrasion and Wear AlkaliAlkali--Silica Reactivity Silica Reactivity AlkaliAlkali--Carbonate ReactivityCarbonate ReactivityCorrosion of ReinforcementCorrosion of Reinforcement

Strategy Reinforcing Bar Type

Cracking Criteria

Cover Criteria

Permeability Criteria

Pre/Post-Tensioning

Criteria

Other Protection Methods

Maintenance Requirements Comments

SC01 SS 316/ 2205 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A None SC02 ECR N/A High Low 2-Way N/A Low

SC03 ECR Low High Mod. N/A N/A Mod. No history on service

life?

SC04 ECR N/A N/A N/A N/A Membrane High (20-25 yr)

SC05 Black Bar N/A N/A N/A N/A Membrane High (20-25 yr)

SC06 Black Bar High High Low N/A ECE-PreTreat Mod.

Applied to green

concrete

SC07 Black Bar N/A N/A N/A N/A Cathodic Protection Mod.

Impressed current or sacrificial

anode SC08 Black Bar N/A High Low 2-way N/A Low

SC09 None Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Uses

Arching Action

Corrosion protection ofCorrosion protection ofReinforcement in bridge deckReinforcement in bridge deck-- ininStrategy table formatStrategy table format-- Chloride Chloride

exposure from topexposure from top

Preliminary Findings Preliminary Findings –– Subject to UpdatesSubject to Updates

Use of MembranesUse of MembranesIn many countries flat horizontal concrete surfaces,In many countries flat horizontal concrete surfaces,Such as deck is protected using membranes. Such as deck is protected using membranes.

These countries reportThese countries report

11-- limited service life issues and satisfactory performancelimited service life issues and satisfactory performanceLevelsLevels

22-- Easy maintenance and retrofitEasy maintenance and retrofit

While many European countries have had a veryWhile many European countries have had a veryGood experience with membranes, in U.S., for mostGood experience with membranes, in U.S., for mostPart, we continue not to ignore use of membranes Part, we continue not to ignore use of membranes

•• New / improved systems, New / improved systems, subsystems, components subsystems, components ––

Proof of conceptProof of concept






Desired Characteristics of Bridges Designed for Desired Characteristics of Bridges Designed for 100+ Years of Service Life100+ Years of Service Life

a) Components should be designed considering thea) Components should be designed considering thesystemsystem

JointJoint PavementPavementDeckDeck Approach slabApproach slabDeckDeck Expansion jointExpansion joint

Sleeper Sleeper slabslabGirderGirderAbutmentAbutment

Bearing Bearing GirderGirder

Bearing Bearing AbutmentAbutment


Desired Characteristics of Bridges Designed for 100+ Desired Characteristics of Bridges Designed for 100+ Years of Service LifeYears of Service Life

b) Replaceableb) Replaceable



c) Predictable Service Lifec) Predictable Service Life

80

20

40

60

Cover, mm

√ Years

Service life: Design: 100 yearsExpected: 15 years

Specified value

Real value

ClCl-- ingressingress

2 5 10 15 25 50 100 Age,

initiation

age

deterioration

accept limit

service life

Tuutti

propagation


d) d) InspectabilityInspectability



e) Maintenance Plane) Maintenance Plan



ff) Economy ) Economy –– Life cycle cost analysis needs to beLife cycle cost analysis needs to bePart of design processPart of design process

Some Some ObservationObservation with respect towith respect toJoints and jointless Bridge SystemsJoints and jointless Bridge Systems

And Joints in GeneralAnd Joints in General

Initial Thinking in developing strategyInitial Thinking in developing strategytables for joints and jointless bridgestables for joints and jointless bridges

11--Most common joints used provide maximum movements Most common joints used provide maximum movements of about 3 to 4 inches and they have to be replaced within 5of about 3 to 4 inches and they have to be replaced within 5to 30 years. Within this movement range the best option to to 30 years. Within this movement range the best option to

achieve long service life is the eliminate joints and to use achieve long service life is the eliminate joints and to use integral abutment.integral abutment.

44-- In the foreseeable future there will be bridges In the foreseeable future there will be bridges with joints. The service life of many joints with joints. The service life of many joints ranges between 5 and 30 years and ranges between 5 and 30 years and accommodations needs to be made to replace accommodations needs to be made to replace them with minimal interruption to traffic. them with minimal interruption to traffic. Project will develop ideas for rapid replacement.Project will develop ideas for rapid replacement.

SummarySummary

Research team has identified number of solutions forResearch team has identified number of solutions forIssues that can enhance the service life of existing andIssues that can enhance the service life of existing and

New bridges. The next step will be to carry out theNew bridges. The next step will be to carry out theApproved Research areas. Approved Research areas.

Project is scheduled to be completed Project is scheduled to be completed By Dec 2011.By Dec 2011.