BRIDGESBRIDGESEngineer-It ClassEngineer-It Class

Summer 2004Summer 2004

HistoryHistory

• Primitive Peoples:Primitive Peoples:– LogsLogs– Slabs of RocksSlabs of Rocks– Intertwined Vines or RopesIntertwined Vines or Ropes

• Roman Empire—First Great Bridge BuildersRoman Empire—First Great Bridge Builders– Timber Truss BridgesTimber Truss Bridges– Masonry Arch BridgesMasonry Arch Bridges

• EuropeansEuropeans– Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use

• Nineteenth Century—Nineteenth Century—– Modern Long BridgesModern Long Bridges– Moveable BridgesMoveable Bridges

Rock BridgesRock Bridges

Wadi Rum Rock Bridge

View under Rainbow Bridge, a massive sandstone bridge in

Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah, includes a

dried up streambed. "Rainbow Bridge, Utah."

Rope BridgesRope Bridges

Log BridgesLog Bridges

LOG BRIDGELOG BRIDGE

Members of a Denver Members of a Denver and Salt Lake and Salt Lake Railroad Company Railroad Company (D&SL) survey crew (D&SL) survey crew pose on a pose on a loglog bridgebridge over the over the Colorado River in Colorado River in Gore Canyon Gore Canyon (Grand County), (Grand County), Colorado. Colorado.

View of a settlement in (probably) Utah; shows a log bridge, a stream, and houses. People sit on a porch; a United States flag waves from a pole.

U.S. Army soldiers from the Ohio Engineers, building a small log bridge over a ditch, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois

LOG BRIDGELOG BRIDGEView of hot springs site enclosed by stone and View of hot springs site enclosed by stone and wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, COSprings, CO

Covered BridgesCovered Bridges

COVEREDCOVEREDBRIDGEBRIDGE

• Bridges. Old Bridges. Old covered covered bridge, bridge, Jackson River, Jackson River, Va.Va.

Structure of covered bridge. Wallingford, Vermont

Covered Bridge, Glen Canyon, Santa Cruz

County, CA

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

• Must carry own weight and weight of trafficMust carry own weight and weight of traffic– Must withstand force of high windsMust withstand force of high winds– Must consider effects of contraction and/orMust consider effects of contraction and/or– Expansion due to temperature changesExpansion due to temperature changes– Most common materialsMost common materials

• Wood—temporaryWood—temporary• Steel—for long, strong spansSteel—for long, strong spans• Reinforced concrete—attractive designs but difficult Reinforced concrete—attractive designs but difficult

to work with on large bridgesto work with on large bridges• Prestressed concrete—stronger than reinforced, Prestressed concrete—stronger than reinforced,

cheaper than steelcheaper than steel

TYPES OF BRIDGESTYPES OF BRIDGES

•FixedFixed

•MoveableMoveable

•OtherOther

Beam or Girder Beam or Girder BridgesBridges

FIXEDFIXED

• Beam or GirderBeam or Girder– Two parallel beams w/ flooring Two parallel beams w/ flooring

supported by pierssupported by piers– Span can be supported by trestleSpan can be supported by trestle– Used for hwy over/underpasses or small Used for hwy over/underpasses or small

stream crossingsstream crossings– Example—Covered BridgeExample—Covered Bridge

Cars on a suspension bridge over a river, possibly in Colorado.

enz_bridge.jpg

Millennium Bridge, LondonMillennium Bridge, London

ostruz.jpg www.prevodi-vertalingen.com/.../ ostruz.html

Truss BridgesTruss Bridges

FIXEDFIXED

• TrussTruss– Beam bridge strengthed by trusses Beam bridge strengthed by trusses

(structural spts joined to form triangles (structural spts joined to form triangles with tie rods)with tie rods)

– Lighter than ordinary beam sections of Lighter than ordinary beam sections of equal lengthequal length

– Useful for longer bridgesUseful for longer bridges

Timber Truss BridgeTimber Truss Bridge

Continuous Truss Continuous Truss BridgesBridges

View west of an iron truss bridge crossing the Colorado River on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Montrose line at Grand Junction, Colorado; people and horses are on a sand bar.

View of the bridge crossing the White River at Meeker, CO on the Mesa and Flag Creek road.

White Water Creek Bridge, Spanning White Water Creek, Bernard vicinity, Dubuque County, IA

Truss BridgeTruss Bridge

View of a trestle bridge that crosses Arastra Gulch near Silverton (San Juan County), Colorado.

Jefferson Barracks BridgeLocation: Mississippi River, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri

Simple Truss BridgesSimple Truss Bridges

FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio RiverPaducah, Kentucky

                                                                   

FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio RiverPaducah, Kentucky

www.modjeski.com/projects/ servproj/paducah.htm

gcdranet.homelinux.com/davehonan/ bridges/il.html Cairo

Ohio River ferry and railroad bridge, Metropolis, IL

Arch BridgesArch Bridges

FIXEDFIXED

• ArchArch– One or more archesOne or more arches– Masonry, reinforced concrete or steelMasonry, reinforced concrete or steel– Roadway on toop of arches or Roadway on toop of arches or

suspended by cablessuspended by cables– Spans can be longer than beam or trussSpans can be longer than beam or truss

AquaductAquaduct

Old stone bridge at Bull Run Battlefield. Manassas, Virginia.

Stone bridge in Rock Creek Park.

Stone bridge, Elizabeth Park, Hartford, Ct..

Old Stone Bridge, Boonton, N.J..

Stone Bridge at Bowling Green, Gallatin vicinity, Sumner County, TN

Segovia, Spain

Franklin Park, Ellicott Bridge, Emerald Necklace, Boston, MA

Pont du GardPont du Gard

Arch bridge, Bellows Falls, Vt..

Bayonne Bridge, Spanning Kill Van Kull between Bayonne & Staten Is, Bayonne, Hudson County, NJ

Kill van Kull Bridge

[Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

[Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.

http://www.brokk.com/images/jpg/sando.jpg

Sydney, Australia

www.bardaglea.org.uk/.../ bridge-types-arch.html

Arches can also be set above the deck as on the Sydney harbour bridge in Australia. This allows much more space beneath for ships to pass under.

Blue Water Bridge

Blue Water Bridges are a major international crossing over the St. Clair river at the southern end of Lake Huron

Eads Bridge, St. Louis

Port Mann Bridge, Coquitlam-Surrey BCThis graceful steel arch, once the third-longest of its kind in the world, carries the Trans-Canada highway across the Fraser River. In 2002 its capacity was increased with the addition of an eastbound high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, bringing the total to five

www.balsabridge.com/ bridge-van.htm

Cantilever Cantilever BridgesBridges

FIXEDFIXED

• CantileverCantilever

• Double-ended brackets supporting a Double-ended brackets supporting a center spancenter span

• Shore end of each cantilever firmly Shore end of each cantilever firmly anchoredanchored

• Center supported by pierCenter supported by pier

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec

Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

On June 15, 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch.  Cooper called this a "not serious" problem.  In the inspection report in August, 1907, it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and "appeared bent".  Although this condition was a bit more concerning, the work continued.

Scotland's Firth of Forth

A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure. The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890, 2.5 KM (1.5 miles) across Scotland's Firth of Forth.  Note reflection of photographer

from glass frame. http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/forthbridge.htm

http://www.brantacan.co.uk/cantilever.htm

Lewis and Clark Bridge (Longview-Rainier Bridge) across the Columbia River.

[Queensboro Bridge, Roosevelt Island, New York, N.Y.].

Astoria bridge

Suspension Suspension BridgesBridges

FIXEDFIXED

• SuspensionSuspension– Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported

by overhead cables strung between two or by overhead cables strung between two or more towersmore towers

– Longest spansLongest spans– CostlyCostly– Difficult to designDifficult to design– Highly susceptible to winds and swayingHighly susceptible to winds and swaying– Cables can be up to three feet in diameterCables can be up to three feet in diameter

Tanana River suspension bridge.

http://tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photo/Tanana_Bridge.html

Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, JapanAkashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

Brooklyn BridgeBrooklyn Bridge

The 3rd Carquinez Strait Bridge will replace the original bridge that was built in 1927.

Ambassador BridgeAmbassador Bridge

Ambassador BridgeAmbassador Bridge

Golden Gate Golden Gate BridgeBridge

Golden Gate Golden Gate StructuresStructures

When it opened in 1964, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was the world's longest suspension span. Today, its length is surpassed only by the Humber Bridge in England.

Verrazano

Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsing, Tacoma, Washington, 1940On the morning of November 7, 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound. The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world. Roadway of Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisting violently in a windstorm, Tacoma, Washington, 1940

Cable-Stayed Cable-Stayed BridgesBridges

FIXEDFIXED

• Cable-StayedCable-Stayed

• Suspended by cables that run Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from directly down to roadway from central towerscentral towers

• Less costly than suspensionLess costly than suspension

• Quickly constructableQuickly constructable

• Spans must be limited in lengthSpans must be limited in length

Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

Clark Bridge in Alton, ILClark Bridge in Alton, IL

Clark Bridge in Alton, Clark Bridge in Alton, ILIL

Clark Bridge in Alton, ILClark Bridge in Alton, IL

Dames Port Florida

Dames Port Florida

Dames Port Florida

Swing BridgesSwing Bridges

MOVEABLEMOVEABLE

• SwingSwing

• Central span turned 90 degrees on Central span turned 90 degrees on pivot pier placed in middle of pivot pier placed in middle of waterwaywaterway

• Double swing possibleDouble swing possible

Catalog AdvertisementCatalog Advertisement

Moveable BridgeMoveable Bridge

BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQBRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQ

Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

Coleman Bridge, Spanning Phelps Brook, on Windsor Bush Road, at th, Windsor, Berkshire County, MA

Bascule BridgesBascule Bridges

MOVEABLEMOVEABLE

• BasculeBascule– One or two sections not supported by One or two sections not supported by

pierspiers– Balanced on one end by counterweightsBalanced on one end by counterweights– Section jackknifes up to allow passage Section jackknifes up to allow passage

of shipsof ships– Most common type of highway Most common type of highway

drawbridgedrawbridge

View of an elevated train crossing the Van Buren Street Railroad Bridge which spanned the Chicago River from the Loop to the Near West Side community area in Chicago, Illinois.

View of a bascule bridge over the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.

Haarlem old lifting bridge.

Lifting bridges are moveable bridges which enable boats to pass. They vary from simple wooden designs such as many seen in the Netherlands to large steel structures which carry heavy roads such as the bascule bridge in Docklands.

Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raised positionraised position

Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge

Erie Avenue BridgeNewberry Bridge

Vertical Lift Vertical Lift BridgesBridges

MOVEABLEMOVEABLE

• Vertical LiftVertical Lift– Central span extends between two Central span extends between two

towerstowers– Balanced by counterweightsBalanced by counterweights– Variation of this type is bridge over Variation of this type is bridge over

Shatt-al-arab River in Iraq—Roadway Shatt-al-arab River in Iraq—Roadway sinks into water to allow ships to pass sinks into water to allow ships to pass over itover it

Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge

Cape Cod Canal Railroad BridgeBuzzards Bay, Massachusetts

Leamington Lift Bridge, Scotland

Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey

to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey

to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL

The vertical lift bridge that carries US-41 across the Portage Canal.

Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

Bailey BridgesBailey Bridges

OTHEROTHER

• BaileyBailey– Small truss bridge made in sectionsSmall truss bridge made in sections– Assembled on shoreAssembled on shore– Pushed out from shore to cover spanPushed out from shore to cover span– Transportable to new sitesTransportable to new sites

BaileyBailey

Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road, Italy

Pontoon BridgesPontoon Bridges

OTHEROTHER

• PontoonPontoon– Floats on waterFloats on water– Can be disassembled and moved to new Can be disassembled and moved to new

sitesite– Supported by pontoons or bargesSupported by pontoons or barges

The U.S. Army's Sava River bridge is taken apart at nightfall and put together in the

morning

View of James River Pontoon Bridge, from south side, above Jones' Landing.

Pontoon bridges, North Anna, constructed by the 50th N.Y.V. Engineers, below railroad bridge, where a portion of the 2nd Corps, under Gen. Hancock crossed 23rd May, 1864

Broadway Landing, Va. Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox

Evergreen Floating BridgeEvergreen Floating Bridge

Evergreen Bridge.The official name of the bridge is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge at Evergreen Point, after a popular former governor who was in office when the bridge opened.

Combined BridgesCombined Bridges

[Stony Brook glen, Shawmut Bridge, Dansville, N.Y.].

Knie_bridge

Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

Old Alton Bridge

Name that BridgeName that BridgeGive the type for each.Give the type for each.