Bridge Construction

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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONBRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Bridge Construction

BY Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Atty Gab-Allah

(Zagazig University)

الرحيم الرحمن الله الرحيم بسم الرحمن الله بسم

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OUTLINEOUTLINE

1.1. INTRODUCTION.INTRODUCTION.

2.2. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS.BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS.

3.3. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT.BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT.

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1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION

Importance of bridges.Importance of bridges.

Objective:Objective: Review latest bridge construction systems.Review latest bridge construction systems.

Scope:Scope: Highway bridges (90%).Highway bridges (90%). Prestressed concrete (most recent developments).Prestressed concrete (most recent developments). Superstructures.Superstructures.

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2. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS 2. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

System Code Description

A Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girders

B Incremental Launching Construction (Deck Pushing System)

C Cast-in-place, Balanced Cantilever Construction

D Precast Segmental, Balanced Cantilever Construction

E Flying Shuttering System

F Cable-Stayed Bridges

G Suspension Bridges

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Suitability of Bridge Construction Systems Suitability of Bridge Construction Systems Sys. Site

Cond.Structure

LevelSpan Lengths Structure

DepthOther Aspects

A Inaccess. High Short(40 - 80 m)

Variable Sharp curvatures & superelevations.

B Inaccess. High Short(40 - 80 m)

Constant Straight or slightly-curved superstructures.

C Inaccess. High Long(up to 250 m)

Variable Crossing navigable waterways.

D Inaccess. High Long(up to 200 m)

Variable Crossing navigable waterways.

E Inaccess. High Short(40 – 70 m)

Variable Long viaducts with short spans.

F Inaccess. Very High Long(200 to 1,000

m)

Variable Crossing deep rivers, deep valleys, and mountains.

G Inaccess. Very High Very Long(500 to 2,000

m)

Variable Crossing deep rivers, deep valleys, and mountains.

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(A) Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girders(A) Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girders

Construction SequenceConstruction SequencePost-Tensioning of GirdersPost-Tensioning of Girders

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Advantages:Advantages:• Economy, speed, and improved quality of mass Economy, speed, and improved quality of mass

production.production.

• Sharp curvatures & superelevations.Sharp curvatures & superelevations.

• Inaccessible sites.Inaccessible sites.

• No interference with traffic.No interference with traffic.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• Casting yard, transport and erection equipment.Casting yard, transport and erection equipment.

• Unsuitability for complex roadway geometry.Unsuitability for complex roadway geometry.

Precast, Prestressed Concrete GirdersPrecast, Prestressed Concrete GirdersBridge Construction

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(B) Incremental Launching (Deck Pushing)(B) Incremental Launching (Deck Pushing)

Construction SequenceConstruction Sequence

Inc. Launching ConstructionInc. Launching Construction

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Advantages:Advantages:• Inaccessible sites.Inaccessible sites.

• Riding learning curve (Repetitive operations).Riding learning curve (Repetitive operations).


Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• Casting yard and pushing equipment.Casting yard and pushing equipment.

• Increase in longitudinal prestressing (cantilever Increase in longitudinal prestressing (cantilever moments).moments).

• Large labor force during launching. Large labor force during launching.

• Unsuitability for complex roadway geometry.Unsuitability for complex roadway geometry.

Incremental Launching (Deck Pushing)Incremental Launching (Deck Pushing)Bridge Construction

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(C) Cast-in-Place, Balanced Cantilever(C) Cast-in-Place, Balanced Cantilever(Cantilever Carriage System)(Cantilever Carriage System)


Cantilever Carriage Cantilever Carriage ConstructionConstruction

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Advantages:Advantages:• Inaccessible sites.Inaccessible sites.

• Long navigation channels.Long navigation channels.

• No interference with traffic or navigation.No interference with traffic or navigation.

• High labor efficiency.High labor efficiency.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• Special equipment and skilled labor.Special equipment and skilled labor.

• High precision required.High precision required.

• Increase in reinforcement (cantilever moments).Increase in reinforcement (cantilever moments).

• Limited length of segments.Limited length of segments.

• Low construction rate.Low construction rate.

Cast-in-Place, Balanced CantileverCast-in-Place, Balanced Cantilever(Cantilever Carriage System)(Cantilever Carriage System)

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(D) Precast Segmental, Balanced Cantilever(D) Precast Segmental, Balanced Cantilever


Precast Segmental Precast Segmental ConstructionConstruction

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Precast Segmental, Balanced CantileverPrecast Segmental, Balanced Cantilever

Advantages:Advantages:• Economy, speed, and improved quality of mass Economy, speed, and improved quality of mass

production. production.

• No interference with traffic or navigation.No interference with traffic or navigation.

• Low labor requirement for both fabrication and Low labor requirement for both fabrication and erection operations. erection operations.

• Adaptability to curvatures and superelevation. Adaptability to curvatures and superelevation.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• Casting yard, transport and erection equipment. Casting yard, transport and erection equipment.

• High precision required.High precision required.

• Increase in reinforcement (cantilever moments).Increase in reinforcement (cantilever moments).

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Two Phases:Two Phases:• Concreting Phase.Concreting Phase.• Advancing Phase. Advancing Phase.

(E) Flying Shuttering System(E) Flying Shuttering System


Flying Shuttering DetailsFlying Shuttering Details

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Advantages:Advantages:• Long viaducts with short spans.Long viaducts with short spans.


• High construction progress rate High construction progress rate

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• Special equipment.Special equipment.

• Unsuitability for long spans. Unsuitability for long spans.

Flying Shuttering SystemFlying Shuttering SystemBridge Construction

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(F) Cable-Stayed Bridges(F) Cable-Stayed Bridges

Longitudinal:Longitudinal:(a)(a) RadiatingRadiating(b)(b) HarpHarp(c)(c) FanFan(d)(d) StarStar

Transverse:Transverse:(a)(a) Single Plane – VerticalSingle Plane – Vertical(b)(b) Single Plane - Vertical/LateralSingle Plane - Vertical/Lateral(c)(c) Double Plane – VerticalDouble Plane – Vertical(d)(d) Double Plane - SlopingDouble Plane - Sloping

Cable Arrangements:Cable Arrangements:

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Balanced CantileverBalanced Cantilever(Cast-in-Place)(Cast-in-Place)

Free CantileverFree Cantilever

Cable-Stayed BridgesCable-Stayed BridgesConstruction Systems:Construction Systems:

• Balanced Cantilever.Balanced Cantilever.• Free Cantilever.Free Cantilever.• Deck pushing.Deck pushing.

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Stay TechnologyStay Technology

Anchorage System forAnchorage System forParallel-Wire CablesParallel-Wire Cables

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Cable-Stayed BridgesCable-Stayed Bridges

Advantages:Advantages:• High clearance for traffic or navigation.High clearance for traffic or navigation.

• Suitability for long spans.Suitability for long spans.

• Less material quantities (smaller depths). Less material quantities (smaller depths).

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• High risks involved in bridge construction.High risks involved in bridge construction.

• High tech. required (very long span lengths).High tech. required (very long span lengths).

• High degree of control required on quality, time High degree of control required on quality, time and budget.and budget.

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(G) Suspension Bridges(G) Suspension Bridges Bridge Construction

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Suspension BridgesSuspension Bridges

Advantages:Advantages:• Suitability for very long spans.Suitability for very long spans.

• High clearance for traffic or navigation.High clearance for traffic or navigation.

• Less material quantities (smaller depths). Less material quantities (smaller depths).

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• High risks involved in bridge construction.High risks involved in bridge construction.

• High tech. required (very long span lengths).High tech. required (very long span lengths).

• High degree of control required on quality, time High degree of control required on quality, time and budget.and budget.

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DEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDSDEVELOPMENTS & FUTURE TRENDSIN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONIN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Balanced Cantilever Construction:Balanced Cantilever Construction:

Overhead GantriesOverhead Gantries(Carry form travelers (Carry form travelers

to next pier)to next pier)

Temporary Cable StaysTemporary Cable Stays(Support cantilever(Support cantilever

moments)moments)

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Cable-Stayed Bridges:Cable-Stayed Bridges:Innovative Features of William Natcher Bridge:Innovative Features of William Natcher Bridge:

•Continuity of superstructure at anchor piers with Continuity of superstructure at anchor piers with approach girders, eliminating expansion joints.approach girders, eliminating expansion joints.

•Concrete counterweight instead of conventional Concrete counterweight instead of conventional tiedowns at anchor piers (to resist uplift).tiedowns at anchor piers (to resist uplift).

Transition atTransition at Anchor PierAnchor Pier

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Cable-Stayed Bridges:Cable-Stayed Bridges:Innovative Features of William Natcher Bridge:Innovative Features of William Natcher Bridge:

•Simple details of cable-to-girder anchoring system.Simple details of cable-to-girder anchoring system.•Efficient prefab composite steel cable-to-tower Efficient prefab composite steel cable-to-tower

anchoring system.anchoring system.

Cable-to-Girder Cable-to-Girder ConnectionConnection

Cable-to-Tower Cable-to-Tower ConnectionConnection

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Cable-Stayed Bridges:Cable-Stayed Bridges:Innovative Features of Suez Canal Bridge:Innovative Features of Suez Canal Bridge:

•First major cable-stayed bridge in Egypt First major cable-stayed bridge in Egypt and Middle East.and Middle East.

•Highest Hwy bridge in the world (70-m Highest Hwy bridge in the world (70-m navigation clearance).navigation clearance).

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Cable-Stayed Bridges:Cable-Stayed Bridges:Main Cable-Stayed Portion:Main Cable-Stayed Portion:

• 730-m-long (440-m main span, and 163-m side spans).730-m-long (440-m main span, and 163-m side spans).• 154-m-high RC pylons (slip-formed).154-m-high RC pylons (slip-formed).• Assembly of steel deck segments using Assembly of steel deck segments using high-friction grip high-friction grip

boltsbolts and and robot-weldingrobot-welding. . • Erection of deck segments using two erection girders.Erection of deck segments using two erection girders.• New type of parallel wire strands (New-PWS).New type of parallel wire strands (New-PWS).

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Suez Canal Bridge:Suez Canal Bridge:

Approach Spans (40-m):Approach Spans (40-m):•Advanced shoring system (Flying Shuttering).Advanced shoring system (Flying Shuttering).

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Developments in Suspension Bridges:Developments in Suspension Bridges:

Suspension Bridges with Significant Jump in Span Length

Year Name of Bridge Country Span Length

(m)

1826 Menai U.K. 177 1883 Brooklyn U.S.A. 486 1937 Golden Gate U.S.A. 1,280 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Japan 1,991 ? * Messina Strait Italy 3,300 ? * Gibraltar Strait Spain/Moraocoo 5,000

* Design completed.

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Developments in Suspension Bridges:Developments in Suspension Bridges:

Development Trends:Development Trends:

•Stronger, lighter decks (minimize dead load).Stronger, lighter decks (minimize dead load).

•Aerodynamic-shaped decks (minimize wind effects).Aerodynamic-shaped decks (minimize wind effects).

•Multi-box deck system (increase torsional stiffness).Multi-box deck system (increase torsional stiffness).

•New cable materials, stronger and lighter than steel New cable materials, stronger and lighter than steel (such as Carbon Fiber Composite Cables, CFCC).(such as Carbon Fiber Composite Cables, CFCC).

•Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite technology:technology:

• Modular deck systems.Modular deck systems.

• Cable and tendon systems.Cable and tendon systems.

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3. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT3. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPTMajor Bridge Projects in EgyptMajor Bridge Projects in Egypt

Sys. Major Applications Span Lengths(m)

Comp.Date

A 6th of October Bridge (Ramsis/Ghamra).Ring Road 9-D Bridge.

33 – 40 40

1988 1998

B Zamalek Elevated Road.Dessouk Overhead Bridge.

31@25, [email protected], [email protected], 5@40, 34

19861987

C Al-Giza New Bridge.6th of October Bridge.Abou El-Ela Bridge.Rod El-Farag Bridge.New Benha Bridge.Al-Warrak Bridge

104, 2@69110, 2@100, 2@70

115, 2@69130, 2@75120, 2@69120, 2@60

196919761986199019902000

D Has Not Been Applied

E 6th of October Br. (Ghamra/ Autostrad).Suez Canal Bridge, Approach Spans.

4240

1998 2001

F 6th of October Br.(Ghamra/Autostrad).Suez Canal Bridge, Main Spans.

133 (66.5 in each side)404, 2@163

1998 2001

G Has Not Been Applied

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Bridge Construction Systems Applicable forBridge Construction Systems Applicable forDifferent Site Conditions in EgyptDifferent Site Conditions in Egypt

# Site Conditions System Code

System Description

I Under Running

Traffic

A B E

Precast concrete girders. Incremental launching. Flying shuttering.

II Across Navigable

Waterways

C D F

Cantilever carriage. Precast segmental construction. Cable-stayed bridges.

III Deep Waterways and

Mountains F G

Cable-stayed br. (up to 1000 m). Suspension bridges (> 1,000 m).

IV At Accessible Sites A B E

Precast concrete girders. Incremental launching. Flying shuttering.

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Thank you for listeningThank you for listening

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