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Brennstoffe aus solarthermischen Prozessen – Stand und Perspektiven
Workshop Gemeinsame Initiative Energiesystem 2050 –FT3, Jülich, 3. Mai 2015
Dr. Martin Roeb und Dr. Christian [email protected]
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• Background: Political, Economical, Ecological, Technical• Concentrating Solar Systems• Solar fuels technology scale-up• Project examples• Outlook
Introduction
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• Goals of the EU until 2020 (20/20/20)• 20% higher energy efficiency• 20% less GHG emission• 20% renewable energy
• Goal of the EU until 2050: • 80% less CO2 emissions than in 1990
• G7 Goals, Elmau, Germany• 100% Decarbonisation until 2100• 100 bln $/year for climate actions in developing
countries, large share by industrial investment
Political Drivers: Examples – EU Sustainable Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan 2007) G7 Goals (2015)
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Development of EU GHG emissions [Gt CO2e]
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Temperature Levels of CSP Technologies
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Paraboloid: „Dish“
Solar Tower (Central ReceiverSystem)
Parabolic Trough / Linear Fresnel
3500°C
1500°C
390°C
150°C50°C
Solar Towers
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‐PS10, Ivanpah, Torresol‐PSA CRS, CESA‐1, ‐Solar‐Two, Daggett,
8 km = 5 mls.377 MWe
http://www.ivanpahsolar.com/
CSP Market Development according to IEA
0,7
0,9
1,6
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,6
9.2
4.0
2.5
0.60.4
0.8
20162015
7.6
3.21.9
0.0
31.4%
2017
10.9
4.2
2.5
1.00.61.0
2.5
0.3 0.30.6
2014
5.9
2.5
2.2
0.2 0.3
2013
4.2
1.4
2.2
0.2 0.2
2012
2.8
0.8
CAGR: 31.4%USSpainChinaIndiaOther OECDOther non-OECD (~MENA & South Africa)
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Potential Solar High Temperature Applications underInvestigation
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Reforming of natural gas
Gasification of coal and biomass
Water and CO2 splitting
Thermochemical storage
Recycling of sulfuric acid
Processing of ores
Calcination / Cement production
Ammonia / Fertilizer Production
Metal Smelting and Recycling
Glass production
High Temperature Electrolysis
Potential of Solar Energy
Power/fuel production of solar plant of the size of Lake Assuan equals (energetically) the entire crude oil production of the Middle East!!
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Principle of Solar Fuel Production
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Kohlenstoffdioxid(CO2)Wasser (H2O)
Synthesegas (H2 + CO)
Wasserstoff (H2)
Flüss. Kraftstoff z.B. Fischer-Tropsch-Anlage
CSPPhotovoltaik
Windenergie Geothermie
Transport
Solar hydrogen production:From raw material to fuelWater +
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12
Efficiency comparison for solar hydrogen production from water (Siegel et al., 2013)*
Process T[°C]
Solar plant Solar-receiver+ power [MWth]
η T/C
(HHV)
η Optical η Receiver
ηAnnual
EfficiencySolar – H2
Elctrolysis (+solar-thermal power)
NA Actual Solar tower
Molten Salt 700
30% 57% 83% 13%
High temperature steam electrolysis
850 Future Solar tower
Particle 700
45% 57% 76,2% 20%
Hybrid Sulfur-process
850 Future Solar tower
Particle 700
50% 57% 76% 22%
Hybrid Copper Chlorine-process
600 Future Solar tower
Molten Salt700
44% 57% 83% 21%
Metaloxide two step Cycle
1800 Future Solar dish
Particle Reactor
< 1
52% 77% 62% 25%
*N.P. Siegel, J.E. Miller, I. Ermanoski, R.B. Diver, E.B. Stechel, Ind. Eng.Chem. Res., 2013, 52, 3276-3286.
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Technical Optimization in all Dimensions necessary
104 – 102 m Solar Plant
Site
Solar field
Simulation
Environmental impact
102 – 101m Receiver
Design
Simulation
Construction
Testing
Next-Generation-
Development
101 – 10-2m Receiver-
components
MaterialsDesign
Heat and
Mass transport
Simulation
Testing and
Development
10-2 – 10-8 m Reactive Systems
Simulation
SynthesisChemical Charactristics
Physical Characteristics
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Solar Field Development
The field has to bedesigned for itsapplication:• Location• Concentration ratio
to achieve theProcess temperature
• At high concentration(1000 suns) secondary opticshave to be taken intoaccount
T (K)E.A. Fletcher, R.L. Moen, Science, 197 (1977) 1050-1056.
M. Schmitz et al., Solar Energy 80 (2006) 111–120.
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Scale evolution
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TGA Lab-scale furnace test rig
Solar receivers
Example how a technology is developedThe HYDROSOL concept
1. Water Splitting
H2O + MOredMOox + H2
2. Regeneration
MOoxMOred + ½ O2
O
H H
O O
900 °C
1300 °C
Net Reaction: H2O H2 + ½ O2
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HYDROSOL Development
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Hydrosol I2002 – 2005
Hydrosol Plant - Design for CRS tower PSA, Spain
• European FCH-JU project
• Partner: APTL (GR), HELPE (GR), CIEMAT (ES), HYGEAR (NL)
• 750 kWth demonstration ofthermochemical water splitting
• Location: Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain, 2016
• Use of all heliostats
• Reactor set-up on the CRS tower
• Storage tanks and PSA on theground
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Sulfur-based thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production: on-sun operation on Solar Tower Jülich
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Radiation shield
Solar absorber behind quartz glass window
Secondary concentrator
• 07 – 09/2015: Assembly of pilot plant on research platform• 09 – 10/2015: Initial operation with water/first test with sulphuric acid
• Water volume flow: 600 ml/min• Absorber temperature: ~1200 °C @ 50 kW solar power on aperture• Gas outlet temperature (steam): ~1000 °C• Lessons Learned: e.g. reactor temp. too low, secondary cooling not
sufficient, system is generally resistant to sulphuric acid• 11/2015 – today: Modification of pilot plant/preparation of 2nd on-sun test
• E.g. enhanced secondary cooling, changed catalyst location
Solar Ammonia Production
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Haber‐Bosch ProcessNH3
H HO
H H
Ce2Ox
O
1100°C 1400°C
H2From water
CuOx
N N
O O
O O
880°C 840°C
N2From air
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O2
CuOx+1
CuOx
N₂
Oxidation
Reduction
Qin (Concentrated Solar Power)
Qout
Copper Oxide
Air
Tred: 880°C, Tox : 840 °C
11kW/Kmol of Air
Air separation based on model material: Copper oxide
DLR Strategie-Projekt: Future Fuels –Flüssige Energie für Strom, Wärme und globalen Transport
• DLR Strategie-Projekt Future Fuels vernetzt 8 Institute in6 multilateralen Teilprojekten,um das Potential zukünftiger flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe zu untersuchen
TP 0 Koordination
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EU STAGE-STE - Task „Technology assessment of
solar thermochemical fuelproduction“
- Entwicklung von Flowsheets- Bewertung von Technologien
für verschiedene Szenarien- Einordnung in die
europäischen Energieprogramme (SET Plan)
- Ökonomische Analyse
Flowsheet einer thermochemischen Wasserstoffanlage
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OutlookSpecific Solar Fuel Demonstration Tower needed!
CRS Tower PSA, Spain Solar Fuels Tower, Location?2008 and 2016 2020
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• High concentration > 1000• Heliostats fit to receiver size• Field control adapted to fuel production processes
EU Project Sun-to-Liquid – Current state of field design
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Thank you very much for your attention!